View source for Engineering:SS Exochorda

:''This article describes a post-war "new 4 Aces" ship.  A pre-war ship of the same name was a member of the original "4 Aces."''
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:SS Exochorda Post-War 01.jpg|300x5000px|click for larger image]]
|Ship caption= SS ''Exochorda'' of the New "4 Aces," circa 1950}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship flag={{flagicon|US|size=56px}}
|Ship country=United States
|Ship name=SS ''Exochorda''
|Ship namesake=SS ''Exochorda'' of the ''pre-war'' "4 Aces"
|Ship builder=[[Company:Bethlehem Steel|Bethlehem Steel]], Sparrow Point Shipyard, Sparrow Point, MD
|Ship christened=USS Dauphin (APA-97)
|Ship renamed= ''Exochorda'' (1948), {{SS|Stevens}} (1967)
|Ship laid down=2 December 1943 (as cargo ship)
|Ship launched= 10 June 1944 (as {{USS|Dauphin|APA-97}})
|Ship sponsor=Mary B. Cooke (as USS ''Dauphin'')<ref name="Caviar & Cargo">{{Cite book
  | last = Goldberg
  | first = Mark
  | title = "Caviar & Cargo" The C3 Passenger Ships
  | publisher = North American Maritime Books
  | year = 1992
  | volume = 2
  | isbn = 978-0685700594 
  }}</ref>
|Ship acquired=1947 (as ''Exochorda'')
|Ship in service= November 1948 (as ''Exochorda'')
|Ship out of service= 1959
|Ship honors= One Battle star, Navy Occupation Service Medal (as ''Dauphin'')
|Ship fate= Sold for scrap 1975 (as ''Stevens''). Scrapped in Chester, PA, Kearny, NJ, Raritan Bay port, 1979 
}}

{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=Hull type C3-S-A3
|Ship displacement=14,893 tons
|Ship tonnage=  9,644 dead weight tons; 7,300 cargo tons
|Ship length=473 ft, 1 in<ref name="Caviar & Cargo"/>
|Ship beam=66 ft, 2 in<ref name="Caviar & Cargo"/>
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft=25 ft
|Ship propulsion=Geared turbine engines, single screw, 8,000 hp
|Ship capacity= 125 Passengers, 131 crew, 392,000 ft<sup>3</sup> cargo
|Ship notes=Maritime Commission hull no. 4419 while under construction,<ref name="Caviar & Cargo"/> later MC hull no. 1675<ref name="Navsource Dauphin">{{cite web
|last = Priolo
| first = Gary P
| title = NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive
| url = http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/03/03097.htm
| access-date = 2008-10-07}}</ref>
}}
|}

'''SS ''Exochorda''''' was a 473-foot, 14,500-ton [[Engineering:Cargo liner|cargo liner]] in service with American Export Lines from 1948 to 1959{{Cref|a}}. A member of the line's post-war quartet of ships, "4 Aces", ''Exochorda'' sailed regularly from New York on a Mediterranean route.<ref name="News From the Field of Travel">{{cite news 
 | first = Diana
 | last = Rice
 | title = News from the field of travel
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4061FFE385A157B93C3A91783D85F4C8485F9
 | format = PDF, ''fee required''
 | work = {{wipe|New York Times}}
 | page = X9
 | date = 1948-08-01
 | access-date = 2008-06-08  
}}</ref>  Originally built in 1944 as the military attack transport USS Dauphin (APA-97), the ship was extensively refurbished prior to her service as a passenger-cargo liner.<ref name=" Exochorda Ready For Maiden Voyage ">{{cite news 
 | title = Exochorda ready for maiden voyage
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30615F8385A157B93C5AB178BD95F4C8485F9
 | format = PDF, ''fee required''
 | work = {{wipe|New York Times}}
 | page = 55
 | date = 1948-10-27
 | access-date = 2008-05-29  
}}</ref>  Following her service as a cruise liner, the vessel served as the floating dormitory ship {{SS|Stevens}} for the students of [[Organization:Stevens Institute of Technology|Stevens Institute of Technology]], a technological university, in Hoboken, NJ.  At the end of her service life she was scrapped, in 1979.

==Acquisition==
After World War II, American Export Lines purchased four [[Engineering:Type C3-class ship|C3-class]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/03/03097.htm|title = Attack Transport APA-97 Dauphin}}</ref> ''Windsor''-class [[Engineering:Attack transport|attack transport]]s built by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp. at Sparrow's Point, Maryland, had them refitted as passenger-cargo liners, and placed them in service as the new "4 Aces."<ref name="Export lines plan new '4 Aces' fleet">{{cite news 
 | first = 
 | last = 
 | author = 
 | title = Export lines plan new '4 Aces' fleet
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5A147B93C1AB1788D85F438485F9
 | format = PDF, ''fee required''
 | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}}
 | publisher = 
 | pages = 
 | page = S11
 | date = 1947-03-23
 | accessdate = 2008-05-26
 | language = 
 | quote = 
}}</ref> USS ''Dauphin'' became ''Exochorda''.

While in US Navy service from 1944 to 1948 ''Dauphin'' was awarded one battle star in the assault on and occupation of Okinawa and earned the Navy Occupation Service Medal for landing cargo and troops in Japan.  She was present in Tokyo Bay for the Surrender Ceremony of World War II, 2 September 1945.<ref name="Allied Ships Present">{{cite web
|url= http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq69-2.htm
|title= Allied Ships Present in Tokyo Bay During the Surrender Ceremony, 2 September 1945
|access-date= 2008-05-01
|author= Department of the Navy - Naval Historical Center 
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19991008061542/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq69-2.htm
|archive-date= 1999-10-08
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>

Following the war, in November 1947, the ships were returned to dry dock at the Hoboken Yard of Bethlehem Steel Corporation for conversion into passenger cargo ships for American Export Lines.{{Cref|c}}  ''Dauphin'' became ''Exochorda'' of the post-war "4 Aces",{{Cref|b}} taking her new name from her predecessor in the pre-war fleet.<ref name="Export lines set to resume routes">{{cite news 
 | title = Export lines set to resume routes
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B16FC345A1B7B93C0A8178ED85F4C8485F9
 | format = PDF, ''fee required''
 | work = {{wipe|New York Times}}
 | page = 55
 | date = 1948-05-12
 | access-date = 2008-05-26  
}}</ref>

==Extensive refurbishment==
[[File:Aug 1961 The Aces with Deck Plans Pg01 Crop01.jpg|left|300x5000px|thumb|Brochure photo of SS&nbsp;''Exochorda''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s nearly identical sister ship SS ''Excalibur'', circa 1961, in the New "4 Aces."]]
Fashioning the modern (1948) cruise liner ''Exochorda'' from ''Dauphin'' required stripping the vessel to the bare hull and machinery. An entirely new superstructure was built that included passenger staterooms located primarily on promenade and "A" decks.

Noted industrial decorator Henry Dreyfuss, whose many designs included the "Twentieth Century Limited" locomotive (1938) for the New York Central Railroad, and the  [[Engineering:Model 500 telephone|"500" desk telephone]] (1949), the Bell System standard for 45 years, designed the interiors.   Zalud Marine Corporation executed the design, including joiner work, that included thousands of feet of carpet, specially woven fabrics and an unusual amount of glass.

''Exochorda'' was among the first ships with fully air-conditioned staterooms, many of which were also soundproofed.  The ship's glass-enclosed promenade deck featured a built-in swimming pool and play area adjacent to a modern bar and smoking room.

Sea safety standards were unusually high and included modern (1948) smoke detection, fire control and fireproofing.

On the day following her final sea trials, 26 October 1948, the ship was formally delivered to American Export Lines at the company's terminal at Exchange Place, Jersey City, NJ.  Delivery had been delayed due to a faulty valve that needed replacement.  ''Exochorda'' departed on her maiden voyage in November 1948.

==Artwork==
All artwork for the new 4 Aces ships had been selected by interior designer Henry Dreyfuss.<ref name="Excalibur is Set for Maiden Voyage">{{cite news 
 | title = Excalibur is set for maiden voyage
 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B10FF3854177A93C6AB1782D85F4C8485F9
 | format = PDF, ''fee required''
 | work = {{wipe|New York Times}}
 | page = 51
 | date = 1948-09-24
 | access-date = 2008-06-19  
}}</ref>  Dreyfuss had commissioned artist Miné Okubo{{Cref|d}} to create a mural reflecting the ship's Mediterranean sailing route, to be located in the ship's main foyer.<ref name="Modern Art Goes to Sea">{{Cite news
| title = Modern Art Goes to Sea
| newspaper = Fortune
| pages = 94
| date = June 1949
}}</ref> Other notable artwork included white-on-black depictions of life at sea — whimsical "doodles" by artist Saul Steinberg<ref name="News From the Field of Travel"/> — which added subtle context to Promenade's bar and smoking lounge.{{Cref|e}} While in the dining lounge, passengers were treated to Loren MacIver's{{Cref|f}} mural portrayal of trade and commerce activities along the sailing route.  Despite being pictured in the promenade's forward lounge in many "4 Aces" print advertisements, sculptor Mitzi Solomon had created only two unique marble carvings that were used on other "4 Aces" vessels.<ref name="Excalibur is Set for Maiden Voyage"/>

==Timeline of vessel==
*USS ''Dauphin'' (APA-97)
**22 December 1943 — Laid down (as cargo ship)<ref name="Caviar & Cargo"/>
**10 June 1944 — Completed as Windsor-class military attack transport and launched by Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard, Sparrows Point, Maryland
**23 September 1944 — Transferred to Navy and commissioned as ''Dauphin''
**2 September 1945 — Present at the Surrender Ceremony of World War II in Tokyo Bay
**30 April 1946 — ''Dauphin'' decommissioned
**1948 — ''Dauphin'' sold for commercial service
*SS ''Exochorda''
**1948 — Refurbished as passenger-cargo ship, SS ''Exochorda'', for American Export Lines
**2 November 1948 — Maiden voyage of ''Exochorda''
**1948–1959 — ''Exochorda'' served as passenger-cargo ship sailing from New York to the Mediterranean
**15 March 1959 —  Exochorda towed to Bethlehem Steel Corp. for preparation to be placed in reserve fleet<ref name="McDonald v US">{{cite court
  |litigants=Alexander McDonald v. US, Bethlehem Steel Company                  
  |vol=321
  |reporter=F.2d
  |opinion=437
  |pinpoint=
  |court=United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit
  |date=1963-08-01
  |url=http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/321/321.F2d.437.14086.html
}}</ref>
**1959–1967 — Returned to the US Maritime Administration and mothballed in Hudson River Reserve Fleet at Stony Point, NY
**June 1967 — The U.S. Maritime Administration announced plans to sell the former cruise liner, ''Exochorda'', for either non-transportation use or scrap
**28 September 1967 — Announcement of Stevens Institute of Technology's bid of $130,301 for ''Exochorda''
**October 1967 — US Maritime Administration awards ''Exochorda'' to Stevens Institute of Technology for $130,301 to be used as a floating dormitory
**4 October 1967 — ''Exochorda'' was towed from the Hudson River Reserve Fleet in Jones Point, N.Y. to the Hoboken Yard of Bethlehem Steel Corporation in Hoboken, New Jersey to be refurbished as a dormitory
**10 November 1967 — Vessel towed from the Bethlehem Steel Corporation to the school-owned Eight Street Pier, [[Organization:Stevens Institute of Technology|Stevens Institute of Technology]], Hoboken, NJ
*{{SS|Stevens}}
**November 1967 — Christened SS ''Stevens''
**January 1968 — First student residents of ''Stevens'' moved aboard
**23 May 1975 — Last student leaves ''Stevens''
**26 August 1975 — Last Voyage: towed from Hoboken NJ to a shipyard in Chester, PA
**1975–1979 — Partially dismantled in Chester, PA
**March 1979 — Resold to scrappers at Kearny, NJ

==Notes==
{{Cnote|a| A ship named ''Exochorda'' and member of the ''pre-war'' "4&nbsp;Aces" is not in the lineage of the ''post-war'' ''Exochorda''. The pre-war ''Exochorda'' had been converted to military transport {{USS|Harry Lee}}, later sold to Turkish Maritime Lines and renamed Tarsus.<ref name="History of the Lee">{{cite web
|url= http://www.ussharrylee.com/
|title= History of the Lee
|access-date= 2008-05-01
|first= Vincent L.
|last= Saldutti
}}</ref>}}

{{Cnote|b| In 1964, American Export Lines merged with Isbrandtsen Co., becoming American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines.}}

{{Cnote|c| Brochures and print ads published by American Export Lines identified their quartet of ships as "4&nbsp;Aces", as opposed to "Four Aces" [[:Image:4 Aces 1948 Print Ad 01.jpg|(see 4&nbsp;Aces ad)]].}}

{{Cnote|d| Miné (pronounced "MEE-nah") Okubo, a Japanese American author and artist, was best known for her book, ''Citizen 13660'', published in 1946 and winner of the 1984 American Book Award.  Through artistry and brief text, the book recounts her experience while being held in the Japanese American internment camps at Tanforan and Topaz, during 1942.<ref name="Okubo Web Bio">{{cite web
  | last = Hanstad| first = Chelsie
  | title = Miné Okubo 1912-2001
  | publisher = The University of Minnesota 
  | url = http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/okubo_mine.html
  | access-date = 2008-06-20|display-authors=0}}</ref>  By virtue of its location, Okubo's Mediterranean mural was in view of all ''Exochorda'' passengers entering or leaving the ship by way of the main gangplank, which connected to the main foyer.}}

{{Cnote|e| Saul Steinberg, a cartoonist and illustrator, well known for his many "New Yorker" magazine cover drawings, created large murals for ''Exochorda'' and other "4 Aces" ships.<ref name="AEL Sailing and Rates 1950">{{cite journal
  | last = American Export Lines
  | title = Mediterranean Passenger Service by the New '4 Aces' (Brochure)
  | journal = Sailings and Rates
  | volume = 4
  | pages = 40
  | date = May 1950
  }}</ref> ''Stevens'' contained three Steinberg murals, all located in the aft lounge on the Promenade deck.  A large, 11-panel mural was located above the bar, and two smaller, single-panel murals were located on the walls opposite the bar, one on the starboard side and one on the port. The large mural aboard sister ship, ''Texas Clipper'', the former ''Excambion'', was the subject of a Texas Parks and Wildlife Department [http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/newsmedia/videos/vnr/ video] that described the serendipitous discovery of the mural prior to sinking ''Texas Clipper'' as an artificial reef off Brownsville, Texas.  When asked to estimate the value of unusually large (22 ft.) mural,—according to Dale Shively, Artificial Reef Coordinator for Texas Parks and Wildlife—the Steinberg Foundation responded, "not millions of dollars, but it's probably at least six figures".<ref name="Steinberg Mural Video">{{cite video
 |people      = Dale Shivley
 |title       = The Texas Clipper
 |medium      = News video
 |publisher   = Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
 |url         = http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/newsmedia/videos/vnr/
 |location    = Brownsville, Texas
 |access-date  = 2008-06-20
 |date        = 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622110549/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/newsmedia/videos/vnr/
 |archive-date = 2008-06-22
}}</ref>}}

{{Cnote|f| An accomplished American artist from New York, Loren MacIver painted a different dining room mural for each of the new "4 Aces" ships.<ref name="AEL Sailing and Rates 1950"/>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/03/03097.htm Photo: USS ''Dauphin'' (APA-97); NavSource Online]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exochorda}}
[[Category:Cargo liners]]

{{Sourceattribution|SS Exochorda}}