View source for Engineering:STS-1

{{Short description|First Space Shuttle mission, first orbital flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = STS-1
| names_list         = [[Astronomy:Space Transportation System|Space Transportation System]]-1
| image              = Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg
| image_caption      = The launch of STS-1, April 12, 1981
| image_size         = 300px
| mission_type       = [[Engineering:Flight test|Test flight]]
| operator           = [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID          = 1981-034A
| SATCAT             = 12399
| mission_duration   = 2{{nbsp}}days, 6{{nbsp}}hours, 20{{nbsp}}minutes, 53{{nbsp}}seconds (achieved)
| distance_travelled = {{cvt|1729348|km}}
| orbits_completed   = 36
| spacecraft         = [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']]
| launch_date        = April 12, 1981, 12:00:04{{nbsp}}[[Physics:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket      = [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']]
| launch_site        = Kennedy Space Center, [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_contractor  = [[Company:Rockwell International|Rockwell International]]
| crew_size          = 2
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|John Young|Robert L. Crippen}}
| landing_date       = April 14, 1981, 18:20:57{{nbsp}}UTC
| landing_site       = [[Organization:Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards Air Force Base]], Runway{{nbsp}}23
| orbit_reference    = [[Astronomy:Geocentric orbit|Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{cvt|246|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{cvt|274|km}}
| orbit_inclination  = 40.30°
| orbit_period       = 89.88 minutes
| apsis              = gee
| instruments        = Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI)
| insignia           = Sts-1-patch.png
| insignia_caption   = STS-1 mission patch
| insignia_size      = 200px
| crew_photo         = Sts-1 crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Young and Crippen
| crew_photo_size    = 300px
| programme          = '''[[Engineering:Space Shuttle program|Space Shuttle program]]'''
| previous_mission   = [[Engineering:Approach and Landing Tests|Approach and Landing Tests]] (ALT)
| next_mission       = [[Engineering:STS-2|STS-2]]
}}

'''STS-1''' ([[Astronomy:Space Transportation System|Space Transportation System]]-1) was the first [[Engineering:Orbital spaceflight|orbital spaceflight]] of [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]'s [[Engineering:Space Shuttle program|Space Shuttle program]]. The first [[Engineering:Space Shuttle orbiter|orbiter]], [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']], launched on April 12, 1981,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/041381sci-nasa-columbia-3.html | title='Yeeeow!' and 'Doggone!' Are Shouted on Beaches as Crowds Watch Liftoff }}</ref> and returned on April 14, 1981, 54.5 hours later, having orbited the Earth 37 times. ''Columbia'' carried a crew of two—mission commander John W. Young and pilot Robert L. Crippen. It was the first American crewed space flight since the [[Engineering:Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] (ASTP) in 1975. STS-1 was also the maiden test flight of a new American spacecraft to carry a crew, though it was preceded by [[Engineering:Approach and Landing Tests|atmospheric testing]] (ALT) of the orbiter and ground testing of the Space Shuttle system.

The launch occurred on the 20th anniversary of [[Astronomy:Vostok 1|Vostok 1]], the first human spaceflight, performed by [[Biography:Yuri Gagarin|Yuri Gagarin]] for the [[Place:Soviet Union|USSR]]. This was a coincidence rather than a celebration of the anniversary; a technical problem had prevented STS-1 from launching two days earlier, as was planned.

== Crew ==
{{Spaceflight crew
| terminology = Astronaut

| position1   = Commander
| crew1_up    = John W. Young
| flights1_up = Fifth

| position2   = Pilot
| crew2_up    = Robert L. Crippen
| flights2_up = First
}}

Commander John Young and pilot Robert Crippen were selected as the STS-1 crew in early 1978. Young stated that as the Chief of the Astronaut Office he recommended himself to command the mission.<ref name="stevens19810406">{{cite news|last1=Stevens|first1=William K.|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=April 6, 1981|title=New Generation of Astronauts Poised for Shuttle Era|page=A1|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/06/us/new-generation-of-astronauts-poised-for-shuttle-era.html|access-date=July 14, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Young, with four previous missions, was the most experienced astronaut in NASA at the time and was also the only member of NASA Astronaut Group 2 still in service. He flew twice on the [[Astronomy:Project Gemini|Project Gemini]] and twice on the [[Astronomy:Apollo program|Apollo program]], walked on the Moon in 1972 as the Commander of [[Engineering:Apollo 16|Apollo 16]], and became Chief of the Astronaut Office in 1974. Crippen, part of NASA Astronaut Group 7 after the cancellation of the [[Organization:Manned Orbiting Laboratory|Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] (MOL), was a rookie and would become the first of his astronaut group to fly in space. Prior to his selection on STS-1, Crippen participated in the Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test (SMEAT) and also served as a capsule communicator (capcom) for all three [[Engineering:Skylab|Skylab]] missions and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP).

''Columbia'' carried Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU) for both Young and Crippen in the event of an emergency spacewalk. If such an event occurred, Crippen would go outside the orbiter, with Young standing by in case Crippen required assistance.<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-1 Press Kit|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_001_STS-001_Press_Kit.pdf|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 28, 2012|page=36|year=1981|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005843/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_001_STS-001_Press_Kit.pdf|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

{{asof|1981|04}} Young and Crippen trained the longest for a space mission before flying in NASA history. If STS-1 had launched in March 1979 as originally scheduled "We'd have been launched about halftrained", Young said. As no one had flown the shuttle before, they helped design the craft's controls, including 2,214 switches and displays in the cockpit — about three times as many on the Apollo command module — and many contingency procedures. STS-1 carried 22 manuals, each three inches thick and together weighing {{cvt|29|kg}}; the procedure for an electronics failure from a cooling system malfunction had 255 steps.{{r|stevens19810406}}

=== Backup crew ===
{{Spaceflight crew
| terminology = Astronaut

| position1   = Commander
| crew1_up    = Joe H. Engle

| position2   = Pilot
| crew2_up    = Richard H. Truly

| notes       = This crew flew on [[Engineering:STS-2|STS-2]].
}}

=== Support crew ===
* Daniel C. Brandenstein (ascent CAPCOM) <ref name="sts1transcript">[https://archive.org/details/STS-1 STS-1 Transcript]. Internet Archive. Retrieved October 19, 2012.</ref>
* Henry W. Hartsfield<ref name="sts1transcript"/>
* Joseph P. Allen (entry CAPCOM) <ref name="sts1transcript"/>

== Mission parameters ==
* '''[[Physics:Mass|Mass]]:'''
** ''Orbiter liftoff:'' {{cvt|99453|kg}}
** ''Orbiter landing:'' {{cvt|88662|kg}}
** ''DFI payload:'' {{cvt|4909|kg}}
* '''[[Astronomy:Apsis|Perigee]]:''' {{cvt|246|km}}
* '''[[Astronomy:Apsis|Apogee]]:''' {{cvt|274|km}}
* '''[[Astronomy:Orbital inclination|Inclination]]:''' 40.30°
* '''[[Astronomy:Orbital period|period]]:''' 89.88 minutes

== Suborbital mission plan ==
During the original planning stages for the early Space Shuttle missions, NASA management under the Carter Administration felt a need to undertake initial tests of the system prior to the first orbital flight. To that end, Vice President Walter F. Mondale as chairman of the National Space Council suggested a suborbital flight landing at the emergency landing site at Dakar, Senegal. NASA further suggested that STS-1, instead of being an orbital flight, be used to test the [[Engineering:Space Shuttle abort modes|Return To Launch Site (RTLS) abort scenario]]. This involved an abort being called in the first few moments after launch, and using its main engines, once the SRBs had been jettisoned, to power it back to the launch site. This scenario, while potentially necessary in the event of an early abort being called, was seen as being extremely dangerous. Young overruled both proposals, and STS-1 went ahead as the first orbital mission.<ref name=test2>{{cite web|url=http://www.tested.com/science/space/460233-space-shuttles-controversial-launch-abort-plan/|title=The Space Shuttle's Controversial Launch Abort Plan|last1=Dunn|first1=Terry|date=February 26, 2014|website=tested.com|access-date=January 3, 2022|archive-date=December 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208090538/http://www.tested.com/science/space/460233-space-shuttles-controversial-launch-abort-plan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The NASA managers were swayed by Young questioning the need for the test, and the weight of his opinion was especially strong as he was someone who not only had been to the Moon twice, but had walked on it.<ref name=test2/> He would fly the Space Shuttle again on the [[Engineering:STS-9|STS-9]] mission, a ten-day flight in 1983.

{{blockquote|Let's not practice Russian roulette, because you may have a loaded gun there.|John W. Young on testing the Return To Launch Site Abort.<ref name=test2/>}}

== Mission summary ==
[[File:STS-1 Space Shuttle Columbia discarded external tank.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|The external tank is released from the Space Shuttle orbiter.]]

The first launch of the Space Shuttle occurred on April 12, 1981, exactly 20{{nbsp}}years after the [[Astronomy:Vostok 1|first crewed space flight]], when the [[Engineering:Space Shuttle orbiter|orbiter]] ''Columbia'' lifted off from Pad A, [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Launch Complex 39]], at the Kennedy Space Center. The launch took place at 12:00:04{{nbsp}}[[Physics:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. A launch attempt two days earlier was scrubbed because ''Columbia''{{'}}s four primary general purpose IBM System/4 Pi computers (GPCs) failed to provide correct timing to the backup flight system (BFS) when the GPCs were scheduled to transition from vehicle checkout to flight configuration mode.

{{LaunchAttempt
| date1           = April 10, 1981, 12:00:00 UTC
| result1         = Scrubbed
| reason1         = Technical
| decision_date1  =
| decision_clock1 = −18 minutes
| weathergo1      =
| notes1          = Timing problem in one of ''Columbia''{{'}}s general purpose IBM System/4 Pi computers. A software patch was installed to correct.<ref>{{cite web|title=Space Shuttle Mission Summary |url=https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/reference/TM-2011-216142.pdf|publisher=NASA Johnson Space Center|access-date=February 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222121120/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/reference/TM-2011-216142.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2016|url-status=dead|date=February 11, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

| date2          = April 12, 1981, 12:00:04
| result2        = Success
}}

Not only was this the first launch of the Space Shuttle, but it marked the first time that solid-fuel rockets were used for a NASA crewed launch (although previous systems had used solid-fuel motors for their [[Astronomy:Launch escape system|escape towers]] or retro rockets). STS-1 was also the first U.S. crewed space vehicle launched without an [[Engineering:Uncrewed spacecraft|uncrewed]] powered test flight. The STS-1 orbiter, ''Columbia'', also holds the record for the amount of time spent in the [[Organization:Orbiter Processing Facility|Orbiter Processing Facility]] (OPF) before launch – 610 days, the time needed for the replacement of many of its [[Engineering:Space Shuttle thermal protection system|heat shield tiles]].

The NASA mission objective for the maiden flight was to accomplish a safe ascent into orbit and return to Earth for a safe landing of Orbiter and crew. The only payload carried on the mission was a Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) package, which contained sensors and measuring devices to record the orbiter's performance and the stresses that occurred during launch, ascent, orbital flight, descent and landing. All 113 flight test objectives were accomplished, and the orbiter's [[Engineering:Spaceworthiness|spaceworthiness]] was verified.

During the final T−9{{nbsp}}minute holding period, Launch Director George Page read a message of good wishes to the crew from President Ronald Reagan, ending with, "John, we can't do more from the launch team than say, we wish you an awful lot of luck. We are with you one thousand percent and we are awful proud to have been a part of it. Good luck gentlemen."

Ignition of the three [[Engineering:RS-25|RS-25]] main engines was sensed as a sharp increase in noise. The stack rocked "downwards" (towards the crew's feet), then back up to the vertical, at which point both [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|Solid Rocket Boosters]] (SRBs) ignited. Crippen likened lift-off to a "steam catapult shot" (such as when an aircraft is launched from an aircraft carrier). The stack's combined northwards translation and climb above the launch tower's lightning rod were readily apparent to Young. After clearing the tower the stack began a right roll (until the +Z axis or vertical fin pointed) to a launch azimuth of 067° True <ref>{{cite report|title=Mission Operation Report Space Shuttle Program STS-1 Postflight Report|publisher=NASA|date=1981}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> (in order to achieve an orbital inclination of 40.30°), and pitched to a "heads down" attitude (to reduce loading on the wings <ref>{{cite report|title=Why The Wings Stay On The Space Shuttle Orbiter During First Stage Ascent|author=C. F. Ehrlich Jr |publisher=AIAA}}</ref>). Simultaneously control was passed from the launch team in Florida to [[Engineering:Flight controller|Flight Director]] Neil Hutchinson's Silver team in Flight Control Room 1 (FCR 1) in {{wipe|Texas}} with astronaut Dan Brandenstein as their CAPCOM.

''Columbia'''s main engines were throttled down to 65% thrust to transit the region of [[Physics:Max q|Max Q]], the point during ascent when the shuttle undergoes maximum aerodynamic stress. This occurred 56 seconds into the flight at Mach{{nbsp}}1.06.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126160832/https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2017|title=Space Shuttle Missions Summary, NASA TM-2011-216142|author=Legler R. D. and Bennett F. V.|publisher=NASA|date=2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The wind corrected value was {{cvt|29|kPa}} (predicted {{cvt|28|kPa}}, limit {{cvt|30|kPa}}). The two SRBs performed better than expected causing a lofted trajectory, and were jettisoned after burnout at 2 minutes and 12 seconds (at {{cvt|53000|m}} altitude, {{cvt|2800|m}} higher than planned). After 8 minutes and 34 seconds [[Physics:Mission Elapsed Time|Mission Elapsed Time]] (MET), the main engines were shut down (MECO, at altitude {{cvt|118000|m}}) and the external tank was jettisoned 18 seconds later to eventually break up and impact in the [[Earth:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Two twin-engined [[Engineering:Orbital Maneuvering System|Orbital Maneuvering System]] (OMS) engine burns of 86 seconds duration initiated at 10 minutes and 34 seconds MET and 75 seconds duration at 44 minutes 2 seconds MET inserted ''Columbia'' into a {{cvt|246|xx|248|km}} orbit. This subtle deviation from the original plan<ref>{{cite report|title=Mission Operation Report Space Shuttle Program STS-1 Launch |publisher=NASA|date=1981}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> of {{cvt|240|km}} circular went largely unnoticed. In fact, it adjusted the spacecraft's orbital period to take account of the April 10, 1981, scrub, so that attempts could still be made to use [[Engineering:KH-11 Kennen|KH-11]] [[Astronomy:Reconnaissance satellite|reconnaissance satellite]]s to image ''Columbia'' on orbit.<ref name="White">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R370CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |title=Into the Black: The Extraordinary Untold Story of the First Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the Astronauts Who Flew Her (revised)|last1=White|first1=Rowland|last2=Truly|first2=Richard |date=2017|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=9781501123634|page=243}}</ref> Overall Young commented that there was a lot less vibration and noise during launch than they had expected. However, the sensations accompanying the first firing of the large [[Engineering:Reaction control system|Reaction Control System]] (RCS) jets surprised the crew. Crippen commented "it's like a big cannon just fired ... you don't like them the first time you hear them". Young reported that "the entire cabin vibrates ... it felt like the nose was being bent".

Once on-orbit both crew members safed their ejection seats and unstrapped. The next critical event was payload bay door opening. This was essential to allow heat rejection from ''Columbia''{{'}}s systems via the doors' space radiators. Failure to open these by the end of the second orbit would have resulted in a return to Earth at the end of the fifth orbit, before the limited capacity of the flash evaporator cooling system was exceeded. As they opened the doors the crew noticed that they had sustained damage to thermal protection system (TPS) tiles on the OMS pods. This was televised to the ground. Shortly afterwards Young, then Crippen doffed their emergency ejection suits.

The majority of the crew's approximately 53{{nbsp}}hours in [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|low Earth orbit]] was spent conducting systems tests. Despite the scheduling impact of efforts to image ''Columbia''{{'}}s TPS by utilising external assets, these were all accomplished. They included: Crew Optical Alignment Sight (COAS) calibration, star tracker performance, [[Engineering:Inertial measurement unit|Inertial Measurement Unit]] (IMU) performance, manual and automatic RCS testing, radiation measurement, propellant crossfeeding, hydraulics functioning, fuel cell purging and photography. The OMS-3 and OMS-4 burns at 006:20:46 and 007:05:32 MET respectively raised this orbit to {{cvt|273.9|xx|274.1|km}} (compared to a planned {{cvt|280|km}} circular). These two firings were single engined utilising the crossfeed system.<ref>{{cite book|title=STS-1 Orbiter Final Mission Report|author=Cohen A.|publisher=NASA JSC Mission Evaluation Team|date=1981|pages=7 to 10}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The crew reported a cold first night on board despite acceptable temperature indications. They found the second night comfortable after settings were adjusted.

During the second day of the mission, the astronauts received a phone call from Vice President George H. W. Bush. President Ronald Reagan had originally intended to visit the Mission Control Center during the mission, but at the time was still recovering from an assassination attempt which had taken place two weeks before the launch (Reagan had only returned home to the White House the day prior to the launch).

The crew awoke from their second sleep period earlier than planned. Preparations for return to Earth began with breakfast. Stowing of cabin items, flight control system checkout, data processing system reconfigurations, and then ejection suit donning followed. In Houston, the Crimson team headed by their [[Engineering:Flight controller|Flight Director]] [[Engineering:Don Puddy|Don Puddy]] came on duty in FCR{{nbsp}}1 for the mission's final shift. His CAPCOM was astronaut Joseph P. Allen with [[Biography:Frederick Hauck|Frederick Hauck]] assisting. Payload bay door closing was a critical milestone to ensure vehicle structural and thermal integrity for re-entry. If power closing had failed, Crippen was trained to conduct a one-man [[Astronomy:Extravehicular activity|extravehicular activity]] (EVA) to manually winch them closed. With cabin switch positions verified, the crew strapped into their ejection seats. Meanwhile, [[Organization:Johnson Space Center|Johnson Space Center]] (JSC) pilots Charlie Hayes and Ted Mendenhall were airborne over {{wipe|California}}'s [[Organization:Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards Air Force Base]] area in a [[Engineering:Shuttle Training Aircraft|Shuttle Training Aircraft]] (STA) performing a final check of landing weather conditions.

[[Engineering:Auxiliary power unit|Auxiliary Power Unit]]s (APUs) 2 and 3 were started (to provide flight control hydraulic pressure). The 160-second twin-engine OMS de-orbit burn took place during the 36th orbit over the southern Indian Ocean and changed the orbital parameters from {{cvt|270|xx|274|km}} to {{cvt|270|xx|0|km}}. This ensured atmospheric capture of the spacecraft close enough to the planned landing site to have sufficient energy for a controlled glide landing, but not so close that energy would have to be dissipated at a rate exceeding its structural capability. Young then slowly pitched ''Columbia'' up to the wings level nose high entry attitude. Both crew members armed their ejection seats during this pitch around. Nearly half an hour later APU 1 was started as planned. Shortly afterwards, ''Columbia'' entered an approximately 21-minute long communications blackout. This was due to a combination of ionisation (16 minutes) and lack of ground station coverage between Guam and Buckhorn Tracking Station at Dryden Flight Research Facility.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tracking and Data Acquisition/Space Operations |publisher=NASA |series=NASA Historical Data Books |number=SP-4012 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/vol6/vol_vi_ch_4.pdf |access-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref> Entry Interface (EI) was reached over the eastern [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]] {{cvt|8110|km}} from the landing site at a speed of around {{cvt|28240|km/h}}. EI is merely an arbitrarily defined geodetic altitude of {{cvt|120000|m}} employed by NASA for the purposes of trajectory computations and mission planning. Above this altitude, the spacecraft is considered to be outside the "sensable atmosphere".<ref>{{cite book|title=How Apollo Flew to the Moon |author=Woods W.D.|publisher=Springer-Praxis|isbn=978-1-4419-7178-4|date=2011|page=469}}</ref>

Most of this first orbiter entry was flown automatically. An initial [[Physics:Angle of attack|angle of attack]] of 40° had to be maintained until through the most severe aerodynamic heating after which it was gradually reduced. At about {{cvt|100000|m}} altitude a light pink air glow caused by entry heating became visible, and both crew members lowered their visors. ''Columbia'' had to maneuver {{cvt|583|km}} "cross range" of its orbital ground track to reach the planned landing site during the entry. Consequently, a roll into a right bank was flown when the air density had increased sufficiently to raise dynamic pressure to {{cvt|570|Pa}} (with speed still in excess of [[Physics:Mach number|Mach 24]] and approximately {{cvt|78000|m}} altitude). Automatic roll reversals to control energy dissipation rate and cross range steering were performed at around Mach 18.5 and Mach 9.8.<ref>{{cite book|title=Entry Guidance Training Manual|author=James J.|publisher=NASA JSC Mission Operation Directorate|date=1988}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The crew clearly observed the coast of {{wipe|California}} as ''Columbia'' crossed it near Big Sur at Mach 7 and {{cvt|41000|m}}. Both the Mach 4.8 and Mach 2.8 roll reversals were automatically initiated and manually completed by John Young. The last RCS jet firing took place at an altitude of {{cvt|17000|m}} — {{cvt|4300|m}} lower than desired (due to a predicted risk of combustion chamber explosion).

Young again took manual control for the remainder of the flight as they went subsonic approaching the Heading Alignment Circle (HAC). A wide left turn was flown to line up with lake bed runway{{nbsp}}23, whilst [[Engineering:Northrop T-38 Talon|T-38]] "Chase{{nbsp}}1", crewed by astronauts Jon McBride and [[Biography:George Nelson (astronaut)|"Pinky" Nelson]] joined formation. Main gear touch down occurred on runway{{nbsp}}23 at Edwards Air Force Base, at {{cvt|339|km/h}} [[Physics:Equivalent airspeed|equivalent airspeed]], slightly slower and around {{cvt|800|m}} further down the runway than planned. This was the result of a combination of better than predicted Orbiter lift-to-drag ratios and tail wind. Touch down time was 18:21{{nbsp}}UTC on April 14, 1981.<ref name=scienceksc>{{cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.html|title=STS-1 Overview|publisher=NASA|access-date=August 22, 2010|archive-date=August 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823203017/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> As they rolled to a stop, Young remarked over the radio, "This is the world's greatest all electric flying machine. I'll tell you that. That was super!"

''Columbia'' was returned to Kennedy Space Center from California on April 28, 1981, atop the [[Engineering:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft|Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]]. The 36-orbit, {{cvt|1729348|km}} flight lasted 2{{nbsp}}days, 6{{nbsp}}hours, 20{{nbsp}}minutes and 53{{nbsp}}seconds.<ref name=scienceksc/>

=== Mission anomalies ===
[[File:EM-0084-01.ogg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|STS-1 touches down at Edwards Air Force Base,]]
[[File:Columbia STS-1 training.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|STS-1 crew in Space Shuttle ''Columbia''{{'}}s cabin. This is a view of training in 1980 in the Orbiter Processing Facility.]]

STS-1 was the first orbital test flight of what NASA claims was, at the time, the most complex flying machine ever built.<ref name="NASAOkolski">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/sts25th/tech.html|publisher=NASA|title=Shuttle Technology|first=Gabriel|last=Okolski}}</ref> Roughly 70 anomalies were observed during and after the flight, owing to the many components and systems that could not otherwise be adequately tested. These included:

* Similar to the [[Engineering:Apollo 4|first Saturn V launch]] in 1967, engineers underestimated the amount of noise and vibration produced by the Space Shuttle.<ref name=drop/> Shock waves from the SRB thrust were deflected up into the orbiter's tail section, which flexed the wing flaps and bent several fuel tank supports; Columbia could have had trouble landing if the flaps had been damaged.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cushioning System Tested for Space Shuttle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/18/us/cushioning-system-tested-for-space-shuttle.html |work=The New York Times |issue=45075 |volume= 131|date=18 September 1981 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180125053119/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/18/us/cushioning-system-tested-for-space-shuttle.html |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> An improved [[Physics:Sound suppression system|sound suppression system]] was later installed in LC-39A to damp vibrations.<ref name=drop>{{cite web |url=http://quest.nasa.gov/qna/questions/FAQ_Shuttle_Launch.htm|title=FAQ: Why do you drop water under the shuttle as the engines start?|publisher=NASA|date=January 5, 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515113630/http://quest.nasa.gov/qna/questions/FAQ_Shuttle_Launch.htm|archive-date=May 15, 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Pilot Crippen reported that, throughout the first stage of the launch up to SRB separation, he saw "white stuff" coming off the External Tank and splattering the windows, which was probably the white paint covering the External Tank's thermal foam.<ref name="STS-1 Technical Crew Debriefing page 4-4"/>
* The astronauts' on-orbit visual inspection showed significant damage to the thermal protection tiles on the [[Engineering:Orbital Maneuvering System|OMS/RCS]] pods at the orbiter's aft end, and John Young reported that two tiles on the nose looked like someone had taken "big bites out of them".<ref name="STS-1 Technical Crew Debriefing page 4-4">STS-1 Technical Crew Debriefing, page 4-4</ref> The {{wipe|United States Air Force}} also photographed the orbiter using a [[Engineering:KH-11 KENNEN|KH-11 KENNEN]] reconnaissance satellite. Due to the top secret nature of the satellite, only a small number of NASA personnel were aware of this, and they had arranged for the photography prior to the launch as a precaution to make sure no damage had been done to the thermal tiles on the underside of the orbiter, as there had never been a flight of a crewed spacecraft before where the heat shield was exposed to the vacuum of space for the entire duration of the mission. Young and Crippen were instructed to perform maneuvers with the RCS thrusters to align ''Columbia'' so that the KH-11 could photograph it, but were not informed of the reason for them. Aligning the shuttle's low Earth orbit with the KH-11's polar orbit was a somewhat tricky move, and launch on April 12 was scheduled for a few minutes after the launch window opened, due to the need to get the KH-11 into correct orientation for imaging the shuttle. Images obtained confirmed that damage to ''Columbia'' was not serious.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3219/1|title=The Space Review: Passing in silence, passing in shadows|website=thespacereview.com}}</ref><ref name="king19810413">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4rRkAAAAIBAJ&pg=5544%2C1256886|title=NASA says missing tiles no threat to shuttle|newspaper=The Madison Courier|date=April 13, 1981|agency=Associated Press|access-date=January 22, 2013|author=King, James R.}}</ref> Post-flight inspection of ''Columbia'' confirmed that approximately 16 undensified tiles near the OMS pod had been lost during ascent.<ref name=STS-1-AR>{{cite news|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/news/columbia/anomaly/STS1.pdf|title=STS-1 Anomaly Report|date=February 27, 2003|publisher=NASA|access-date=July 14, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007035617/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/news/columbia/anomaly/STS1.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2006|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* ''Columbia'''s aerodynamics at high [[Physics:Mach number|Mach number]]s during reentry were found to differ significantly in some respects from those estimated in pre-flight testing. A misprediction of the location of the center of pressure (due to using an [[Physics:Ideal gas|ideal gas]] model instead of a [[Physics:Real gas|real gas]] model) caused the computer to have to extend the body flap by sixteen degrees rather than the expected eight or nine. Also, the first roll manoeuvre resulted in lateral and directional oscillations during which side slip angles of up to 4° were reached. This was twice as high as predicted.<ref name=STS-1-AR/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4E51uFAP7IQJ:ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940006365_1994006365.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjwyAKkS0Wa0VG5mRVHma6eLMmiDlY0K-rMbA2v4A9nbj4mp-3H5Sulcz4xbKV7nHIurn6w8bqFjEgJpKcRkTUZeJP7GAmPB36OxGpaJCNtFDmDaRwsgtmH5z1XpHp6OGHFGuco&sig=AHIEtbTZaunOq2H9MFtGoFCgmN6sMxN0Jw|title=Space Shuttle Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Aerothermodynamic Flight Research and the Comparison to Ground Test Results|first1=Kenneth|last1=Iliff|first2=Mary|last2=Shafer|pages=5–6|date=June 1993|access-date=February 16, 2013|publisher=Google Docs}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Analysis attributed the cause to unexpectedly large rolling moments due to yaw RCS jet firings. During the early stages of entry, orbiter roll control is achieved as a result of [[Physics:Slip (aerodynamics)|sideslip]] modulation.
* The orbiter's heat shield was damaged when an [[Physics:Overpressure|overpressure]] wave from the [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|solid rocket booster]] caused a forward RCS oxidizer strut to fail.<ref name=STS-1-AR/>
* The same overpressure wave also forced the orbiter body flap – an extension on the orbiter's underbelly that helps to control pitch during reentry – into an angle well beyond the point where cracking or rupture of its hydraulic system would have been expected. Such damage would have made a controlled descent impossible, with John Young later admitting that had the crew known about this, they would have flown the shuttle up to a safe altitude and ejected, causing ''Columbia'' to be lost on the first flight. Young had reservations about ejection as a safe abort mode due to the fact that the SRBs were firing throughout the ejection window, but he justified taking this risk because, in his view, an inoperative body flap would have made landing and descent "extremely difficult if not impossible."<ref name="boyle">{{cite news|author=Boyle, Alan (quoting a recollection of James Oberg)|title=Cosmic Log: April 8-14, 2006|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12243173/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/cosmic-log-april--/|access-date=January 8, 2018|agency=NBC News|quote=After the flight, mission commander John Young was shown those videos. His reaction was severe. 'Had I known the body flap had been deflected so far off position', he told associates, 'I'd have concluded the hydraulic lines had been ruptured and the system was inoperative'. Without a working body flap, a controlled descent and landing would have been extremely difficult if not impossible. The pitch control thrusters might or might not have been enough to provide control. The shuttle might have tumbled out of control and disintegrated at very high speed and altitude ... 'I'd have ridden the vehicle up to a safe altitude', he later stated, 'and while still in the ejection envelope [the range of speed and altitude for safely firing the ejection seats] I'd have pulled the ring'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041006a.html|title=L+25 Years: STS-1's Young and Crippen |publisher=collectSPACE}}</ref>
* The strike plate next to the forward latch of ''Columbia''{{'}}s external tank door was melted and distorted due to excess heat exposure during reentry. This heat was attributed to an improperly installed tile adjacent to the plate.<ref name=STS-1-AR/>
* During remarks at a 2003 gathering, John Young stated that a protruding tile gap filler ducted hot gas into the right main landing gear well, which caused significant damage, including the buckling of the landing gear door.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Foust|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/15/1|title=John Young's shuttle secret|publisher=Space Review|date=April 14, 2003|access-date=August 22, 2010}}</ref> He said that neither he nor Crippen were told about this incident and he was not aware that it had happened until reading the postflight mission report for STS-1, also adding that the gas leak was noted in the report, but not the buckling of the landing door. (The buckling of the door is in fact in the anomaly report, anomaly STS-1-V-49).<ref name=STS-1-AR/>

Despite these problems, the STS-1 mission was completed successfully, and in most respects ''Columbia'' performed optimally. After some modifications to the Shuttle and to the launch and reentry procedures,<ref>{{cite book|title=STS-1 Orbiter Final Mission Report|author=Cohen A.|publisher=NASA JSC Mission Evaluation Team|date=1981|pages=152–237}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ''Columbia'' flew the next four Shuttle missions.

== Mission insignia ==
The artwork for the official mission insignia was designed by artist Robert McCall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_001_STS-001_Press_Kit.pdf |title=STS-1 Press Kit|publisher=NASA|date=April 1981|access-date=January 23, 2022|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005843/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_001_STS-001_Press_Kit.pdf|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It is a symbolic representation of the Space Shuttle. The image does not depict the black wing roots present on the actual Shuttle.

== Anniversary ==
[[File:STS 1 25 anniv.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|The plaque of the Young-Crippen Firing Room in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center.]]

The ultimate launch date of STS-1 fell on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's Vostok 1, the first spaceflight to carry a human crew. In 2001, [[Astronomy:Yuri's Night|Yuri's Night]] was established to celebrate both events. In a tribute to the 25th anniversary of the first flight of Space Shuttle, Firing Room 1 in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center – which launched STS-1 – was renamed the Young-Crippen Firing Room. NASA described the mission as "the boldest test flight in history".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/sts1/index.html|title=NASA – STS-1|publisher=NASA|access-date=August 12, 2010|archive-date=February 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207013810/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/sts1/index.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== External tank ==
STS-1 and [[Engineering:STS-2|STS-2]] were the only two shuttle flights to have the External Tank painted white. To reduce the Shuttle's overall weight, all flights from [[Engineering:STS-3|STS-3]] onward used an unpainted tank. The use of an unpainted tank provided a weight saving of approximately {{cvt|272|kg}},<ref name="et_paint">NASA [http://marshallstar.msfc.nasa.gov/8-19-99.pdf "NASA Takes Delivery of 100th Space Shuttle External Tank"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307072913/http://marshallstar.msfc.nasa.gov/8-19-99.pdf|date=March 7, 2016}} Press release p. 99–193 16 August 1999 Retrieved July 17, 2013 {{PD-notice}}</ref> and gave the External Tank the distinctive orange color which later became associated with the Space Shuttle.

== In popular culture ==
The song "Countdown" by Rush, from the 1982 album ''Signals'', was written about STS-1 and the inaugural flight of ''Columbia''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/jscfeatures/articles/000000502.html|title=25 years later, JSC remembers shuttle's first flight|date=2006|issue=502|work=JSC Features|publisher=Johnson Spaceflight Center|access-date=March 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719110312/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/jscfeatures/articles/000000502.html|archive-date=July 19, 2009|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The song was "dedicated with thanks to astronauts Young and Crippen and all the people of NASA for their inspiration and cooperation".

The footage of the launch was commonly played on MTV throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and was the first thing shown on the channel, along with footage of Neil Armstrong on the Moon and the launch of [[Engineering:Apollo 11|Apollo 11]].

[[IMAX]] cameras filmed the launch, landing, and mission control during the flight, for a documentary film entitled ''Hail Columbia'', which debuted in 1982 and later became available on [[Engineering:DVD|DVD]]. The title of the film comes from the pre-1930s unofficial American national anthem, "Hail, Columbia".

The beginning of the song "Hello Earth", on Kate Bush's 1985 ''Hounds of Love'' album, contains a short clip of dialogue between ''Columbia'' and Mission Control, during the last few minutes of its descent, beginning with "Columbia now at nine times the speed of sound..."

In 2006, "Collateral Damage," the 12th episode of the ninth season of the long-running Canadian-American military science fiction television show ''Stargate SG-1'', a childhood flashback shows that the character Lieutenant Colonel Cameron Mitchell witnessed the launch with his father live on television at the age of ten, one of the events that led to him becoming a {{wipe|United States Air Force}} pilot.

== Wake-up calls ==
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the [[Astronomy:Project Gemini|Project Gemini]], and first used music to wake up a flight crew during [[Engineering:Apollo 15|Apollo 15]].<ref name="chronology">{{cite news|first=Colin|last=Fries|title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls|date=June 25, 2007|publisher=NASA|url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|access-date=August 13, 2007|archive-date=December 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220093919/https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> A special musical track is chosen for each day in space, often by the astronauts' families, to have a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or in reference to the day's planned activities.<ref name="wakeup">{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls|access-date=June 29, 2016|publisher=NASA|date=May 13, 2015|archive-date=December 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220093919/https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Flight day
! Song
! Artist/composer
|-

| Day 2
| "Blast-Off Columbia"
| Written by Jerry W. Rucker, a NASA shuttle technician; sung by Roy McCall
|-

| Day 3
| "Reveille"
| Houston DJs Hudson and Harrigan
|-
|}

== Pad fatalities ==

An accident occurred on March 19, 1981, that led to the deaths of three people. During a countdown test for STS-1, a pure [[Chemistry:Nitrogen|nitrogen]] atmosphere was introduced in the aft engine compartment of Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' to reduce the danger of an explosion from the many other potentially dangerous gases on board the orbiter.<ref name="baen.com"/><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/20/us/shuttle-passes-test-a-worker-is-killed.html|title=SHUTTLE PASSES TEST; A WORKER IS KILLED|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=March 20, 1981|newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> At the conclusion of the test, pad workers were given clearance to return to work on the orbiter, even though the nitrogen had not yet been purged due to a recent procedural change. Three technicians, John Bjornstad, Forrest Cole, and Nick Mullon, entered the compartment without air packs, unaware of the danger since nitrogen gas is odorless and colorless, and lost consciousnesses due to [[Medicine:Hypoxia (medical)|lack of oxygen]].<ref name="wired.com"/> Several minutes later, another worker saw them and tried to help, but passed out himself.<ref name="White"/> The fourth did not alert anyone, but was himself seen by two other people.<ref name="White"/> Of those two, one alerted a security guard and another went to help the unconscious group.<ref name="White"/> The security guard entered the compartment with an air pack and removed the five men from the compartment.<ref name="wired.com"/>

Security procedures delayed ambulances from arriving on the scene by several minutes.<ref name="wired.com">{{cite magazine|last1=Long|first1=Tony|title=March 19, 1981: Shuttle Columbia's First Fatalities |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/03/march-19-1981-shuttle-columbias-first-fatalities/|access-date=January 27, 2017|magazine=WIRED|date=March 19, 2009}}</ref> Bjornstad died at the scene; Cole died on April 1 without ever regaining consciousness, and Mullon suffered permanent brain damage and died on April 11, 1995, from complications of his injuries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010406093326/http://www-lib.ksc.nasa.gov/lib/chrono.html NASA – 1981 KSC Chronology Part 1 – pages 84, 85, 100; Part 2 – pages 181, 194, 195] {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>Sam Kean ''The Disappearing Spoon'' (2010), p. 188</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7T4sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s80EAAAAIBAJ&dq=shuttle%20accident&pg=3967%2C4335362 "One Dead In Shuttle Accident"] ''Spartanburg, SC – Herald-Journal Newspaper'', March 20, 1981</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222852/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/42072452/ns/today-today_tech/ "Space shuttle worker dies in fall at launch pad"] ''MSNBC.com – 3rd paragraph from bottom of article.'', March 14, 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/233002105/|title=The Orlando Sentinel from Orlando, Florida on April 13, 1995 · Page 192|date=April 13, 1995 }}</ref> These were the first launchpad deaths at Cape Canaveral since the [[Engineering:Apollo 1|Apollo 1]] fire, which killed three astronauts during preparations for the crewed Moon landing missions.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

The incident did not delay the launch of STS-1 less than a month later, but pilot Robert Crippen gave an on-orbit tribute to Bjornstad and Cole.<ref name="baen.com"/> A three-month inquiry determined a combination of a recent change in safety procedures and a miscommunication during the operations were the cause of the accident.<ref name="wired.com"/> A report called ''LC-39A Mishap Investigation Board Final Report'' was released with the findings.<ref name="baen.com"/> The names of John Bjornstad, Forrest Cole and Nicholas Mullon are engraved on a monument at the US Space Walk of Fame in Florida.<ref name="baen.com"/>


== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
Image:Columbia STS-1 arrival at launch pad.jpg|''Columbia''{{'}}s arrival at Complex 39A, on 29 December 1980.
Image:Columbia.sts-1.01.jpg|''Columbia'' at Launch Complex 39A, on 12 April 1981.
Image:R. Crippen and J. Young KSC-81P-0140.jpg|Commander John Young (right) and Pilot Robert Crippen (left) suit up for launch, on 12 April 1981.
Image:Sts1-liftoff-columbia.triddle.jpg|''Columbia'' lifts off at the beginning of STS-1.
Image:STS-1 Columbia Cargo Bay.jpg|''Columbia''{{'}}s cargo bay and aft section, on 12 April 1981.
Image:Columbia landing on Rogers dry lake.triddle.jpg|''Columbia'' landing on Rogers Dry Lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base, on 14 April 1981.
Image:S81-30852.jpg|''Columbia'' after its successful landing.
Image:STS-1 control room.jpg|An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in Houston during ''Columbia''{{'}}s landing phase.
Image:S81-32625.jpg|''Columbia'', mated to the [[Engineering:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft|Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]], arrives at Kennedy Space Center after STS-1 to be prepared for its next mission.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Astronomy:List of human spaceflights|List of human spaceflights]]
* [[Engineering:List of Space Shuttle missions|List of Space Shuttle missions]]
* [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite magazine|title=''Columbia''{{'}}s Astronauts' Own Story: Our Phenomenal First Flight|magazine=National Geographic|first1=John W.|last1=Young|first2=Robert L.|last2=Crippen|pages=478–503|volume=160 |issue=4|date=October 1981|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle01.htm STS-1 video highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905150453/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle01.htm |date=September 5, 2015 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGX6xzUjKNQ NBC News coverage of launch of STS-1]
* {{IMDb title|id=0084043|title=Hail Columbia!}}

{{Space Shuttle Columbia}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}

[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]

{{Sourceattribution|STS-1}}