View source for Engineering:STS-95

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = STS-95
| names_list         = [[Astronomy:Space Transportation System|Space Transportation System]]-95
| image              = KSC-JohnGlenn-0016 (31144904130).jpg
| image_caption      = [[Biography:John Glenn|John Glenn]] in the Spacehab Single Module during flight
| insignia           = STS-95 Patch.svg
| spacecraft         = {{OV|103}}
| mission_type       = Bioscience research<br />Astronomy
| operator           = [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID          = <!-- Wikidata -->
| SATCAT             = <!-- Wikidata -->
| orbits_completed   = 
| distance_travelled = {{convert|5800000|km}}<ref name=mission/>
| mission_duration   = 9&nbsp;days, 19&nbsp;hours, 54&nbsp;minutes, 2&nbsp;seconds<ref name=mission/>
| launch_mass        = 
| landing_mass       = {{convert|103321|kg}}<ref name="sfde_sts95"/>
| payload_mass       = {{convert|11130|kg}} {Spacehab)<ref name = "presskit1"/>
| launch_site        = Kennedy, [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
| launch_date        = {{Start date text|29 October 1998, 19:19:34|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name=mission>{{cite web|title = Shuttle Missions: STS-95|work=Mission Archives| publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]| url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-95.html| access-date =5 May 2018}}</ref>
| landing_date       = {{End date text|7 November 1998, 17:04|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name=mission/>
| landing_site       = Kennedy, [[Organization:Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF&nbsp;Runway&nbsp;33]]
| crew_size          = 7
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|Curtis L. Brown Jr.|Steven W. Lindsey|Pedro Duque|Scott E. Parazynski|Stephen K. Robinson|Chiaki Mukai|John H. Glenn Jr.}}
| crew_photo         = STS-95 crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Top: Parazynski, Robinson, Mukai, Duque, Glenn; Bottom: Lindsey, Brown
| apsis              = gee
| orbit_epoch        = 
| orbit_reference    = [[Astronomy:Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{convert|550|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{convert|561|km}}
| orbit_period       = 96 min
| orbit_inclination  = 28.45 degrees
| programme          = [[Engineering:Space Shuttle program|Space Shuttle program]]
| previous_mission   = [[Engineering:STS-91|STS-91]] (91)
| next_mission       = [[Engineering:STS-88|STS-88]] (93)
}}
'''STS-95''' was a [[Engineering:Space Shuttle|Space Shuttle]] mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 29 October 1998, using the orbiter [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]. It was the 25th flight of ''Discovery'' and the 92nd mission flown since the start of the Space Shuttle program in April 1981. It was a highly publicized mission due to former [[Astronomy:Project Mercury|Project Mercury]] astronaut and United States Senator John H. Glenn Jr.'s return to space for his second space flight. At age 77, Glenn became the [[Astronomy:List of spaceflight records#Age records|oldest person]] to go into space, a record that remained unbroken for 23 years until 82-year-old [[Biography:Wally Funk|Wally Funk]] flew on a suborbital flight on [[Engineering:Blue Origin NS-16|Blue Origin NS-16]], launching on 20 July 2021, which in turn was broken by William Shatner at age 90 on 13 October 2021 and then by Ed Dwight on May 19, 2024. Glenn, however, remains the oldest person to reach Earth orbit. This mission is also noted for inaugurating [[ATSC standards|ATSC]] [[Engineering:HDTV|HDTV]] broadcasting in the U.S., with live coast-to-coast coverage of the launch. In another first, Pedro Duque became the first Spaniard in space.

The mission's objectives involved investigating life-sciences experiments, using the SpaceHab module to perform these experiments on Senator Glenn. Scientific objectives on this mission were not limited to furthering an understanding of the human body, but also to increase astronomical understanding with regards to the Sun, and how it affects life on Earth. The Spartan 201 spacecraft was released by the crew, flying free from the Shuttle, studying the acceleration of the [[Astronomy:Solar wind|solar wind]] that originates in the Sun's [[Physics:Solar corona|solar corona]]. The mission lasted just under ten days, with ''Discovery'' completing its voyage by landing at the Kennedy Space Center's [[Organization:Shuttle Landing Facility|Shuttle Landing Facility]].

The launch was rare in that the official launch weather forecast provided by the 45th Weather Squadron was 100 percent for favorable weather for launch as well as the Shuttle Landing Facility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/STS-95_Archive.txt|title=Forecast improves to 100 percent 'go' for Shuttle launch|date= 28 October 1998|publisher=CBS News|access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref>

Bill Clinton became the second sitting U.S. president to witness a crewed space launch, joined by his wife Hillary on the roof of the Launch Control Center, and the only one to witness a Space Shuttle launch (President Richard Nixon witnessed the launch of [[Engineering:Apollo 12|Apollo 12]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=President Clinton Attends Launch|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/history/50thgallery/1998-10-29-1.html|date=October 29, 1998|publisher=NASA|access-date=January 28, 2023|archive-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404152227/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/history/50thgallery/1998-10-29-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Crew==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology       = Astronaut
|position1         = Commander
|crew1_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} Curtis L. Brown Jr.
|flights1_up       = Fifth
|position2         = Pilot
|crew2_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} Steven W. Lindsey
|flights2_up       = Second
|position3         = Mission Specialist 1
|crew3_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} Stephen K. Robinson
|flights3_up       = Second
|position4         = Mission Specialist 2<br>Flight Engineer
|crew4_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} Scott E. Parazynski
|flights4_up       = Third
|position5         = Mission Specialist 3
|crew5_up          = {{flagicon|ESP}} Pedro Duque
|flights5_up       = First
|agency5_up        = [[Organization:European Space Agency|ESA]]
|position6         = Payload Specialist 1
|crew6_up          = {{flagicon|JPN|1947}} Chiaki Mukai
|flights6_up       = Second and last 
|agency6_up        = NASDA
|position7         = Payload Specialist 2
|crew7_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} John H. Glenn Jr. (U.S. Senator D-OH)
|flights7_up       = Second and last
|notes=This was the final Space Shuttle mission with an astronaut from the pre-shuttle era (Glenn).}}

=== Crew seat assignments ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Seat<ref name="sfde_sts95">{{cite web|title=STS-95|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-95.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
! Launch
! Landing
|rowspan=8| 150px<br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
|-
! 1
|colspan=2| Brown
|-
! 2
|colspan=2| Lindsey
|-
! 3
| Duque
| Robinson
|-
! 4
|colspan=2| Parazynski
|-
! 5
| Robinson
| Duque
|-
! 6
|colspan=2| Glenn
|-
! 7
|colspan=2| Mukai
|}

==Mission highlights==
[[File:Glenn and STS-95 Go to Space.jpg|thumb|The seven crew members pose for photographers prior to participating in a training session]]
[[File:STS-95 landing.jpg|thumb|STS-95 lands at the [[Organization:Shuttle Landing Facility|Shuttle Landing Facility]], 7 November 1998]]
[[File:STS-95 launch.jpg|thumb|Launch of STS-95]]

The primary objectives included conducting a variety of science experiments in the pressurized Spacehab module, the deployment and retrieval of the Spartan free-flyer payload, and operations with the HST Orbital Systems Test (HOST) and the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH) payloads carried in the payload bay.<ref name = "presskit1">{{cite web
  | title = Sts-95 science spans inner universe to outer space
  | work = Shuttle Press Kit: STS-95
  | publisher = [[Organization:National Aeronautics and Space Administration|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
  | year = 1998
  | url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/presskit/1998/sts-95.pdf
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150505042052/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/presskit/1998/sts-95.pdf
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = 5 May 2015
  | access-date = 24 October 2008
  }}</ref>

===Spacehab===
The Spacehab module flown on STS-95 was provided by Spacehab, Inc., a private company. The Spacehab system provided additional pressurized workspace for experiments, cargo and crew activities. Spacehab modules supported various Shuttle science missions along with several of the joint Shuttle-Mir missions.

For STS-95, a single-module Spacehab flew in the forward portion of ''Discovery''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s payload bay, with the crew gaining access to the module through the airlock tunnel system. A variety of experiments sponsored by NASA, the Japanese Space Agency (NASDA) and the [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]] (ESA) focused on life sciences, microgravity sciences and advanced technology during the flight.

===Spartan===
The Spartan 201-5 free-flyer was deployed and retrieved using the Shuttle's mechanical arm. It was designed to investigate physical conditions and processes of the hot outer layers of the Sun's atmosphere, or [[Physics:Solar corona|solar corona]].<ref name = "presskit1"/> While deployed from the Shuttle, Spartan gathered measurements of the solar corona and [[Astronomy:Solar wind|solar wind]]. NASA expected that information collected during this mission would lead to a much better understanding of the solar winds that directly influence orbiting satellites and weather conditions on Earth which in turn impact television and phone communications.<ref name = "presskit1"/> This was the fifth flight for the Spartan payload; it originally flew on the [[Engineering:STS-56|STS-56]] mission in April 1993.<ref name="Spartan1">{{cite press release
 |title=Spartan 201-05 to Fly on STS-95 
 |publisher=[[Organization:National Aeronautics and Space Administration|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] 
 |year=1998 
 |url=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/spacesci/spartan.pdf 
 |access-date=25 October 2008 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030202338/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/spacesci/spartan.pdf 
 |archive-date=30 October 2008 
 }}</ref> 
On its previous mission, [[Engineering:STS-87|STS-87]] in November 1997, Spartan developed problems shortly after being deployed from the Shuttle and had to be brought back into the Shuttle's payload bay by spacewalk.<ref name="Spartan1"/> These problems were due with the attitude control system for fine pointing toward solar targets, and Spartan was cleared for use again on STS-95. Its mission was to successfully perform the same experiments from the previous year.<ref name="Spartan1"/>

===HOST===
The [[Astronomy:Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope]] Orbital Systems Test (HOST) platform carried experiments to validate components planned for installation during the [[Engineering:STS-103|third Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission]] and to evaluate new technologies in an earth orbiting environment. There were four experiments on the HOST platform. The NICMOS Cooling System allowed for zero-g verification of a reverse turbo [[Physics:Brayton cycle|Brayton cycle]] cryocooler, which allowed for longer life operation than the dewar system used on Hubble at the time. The HST 486 computer allowed for the identification of any radiation-susceptible parts in the [[Astronomy:DF-224|DF-224]] replacement computer to be carried on the third servicing mission, and demonstrate hardware and software responses to Single Event Upsets (SEUs). A solid state recorder compared on-orbit operation of the flight-spare solid state recorder with the unit installed in Hubble. A fiber optic line test used the same 4&nbsp;kbit/s data stream that was sent to the orbiter's Payload Data Interrogator (PDI) and routed to a laptop computer for post-flight comparison.<ref name="esasts95">{{cite web|title=SpaceHab (STS-95)|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/SpaceHab|publisher=European Space Agency|access-date=February 24, 2023}}</ref>

===IEH===
The International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH) payload involved a half dozen different experiments mounted on a support structure which was carried in ''Discovery''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s payload bay. The six experiments that made up the IEH payload were the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (SEH) payload, which obtained EUV and FUV fluxes that are required when studying the Earth's upper atmosphere; an Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for Astronomical Research (UVSTAR) payload designed to measure EUV fluxes which could be used to form images of extended plasma sources (ex. [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]], hot stars, etc.); the STAR-LITE payload which made observations of extended and diffused astrophysical targets; the CONCAP-IV payload designed to grow thin films via physical vapor transport; the Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT) payload which was managed by the Department of Defense Space Test Program, and involved a small deployable satellite that stored and transmitted digital communications to PANSAT ground stations; and a [[Astronomy:Getaway Special|Getaway Special]] (GAS) payload.<ref name="esasts95"/>

===Medical experiments on Glenn===
According to the ''New York Times'', Glenn "won his seat on the shuttle flight by lobbying NASA for two years to fly as a human guinea pig for geriatric studies", which were named as the main reasons for his participation in the STS-95 mission.<ref name=nytaltman>{{cite news|last=Altman|first=Lawrence K.|title=Glenn Unable to Perform Experiment Planned for Space Flight|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/21/us/glenn-unable-to-perform-experiment-planned-for-space-flight.html|access-date=15 February 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=21 October 1998}}</ref> This series of experiments conducted on Glenn during the mission was sponsored by NASA and the [[Organization:National Institute on Aging|National Institute on Aging]],<ref name="glenn_med">{{cite report|title=Scientists Reveal Findings of Successful Microgravity Experiments Flown on Historic John Glenn Space Shuttle Mission |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/03/000308183721.htm|date=March 9, 2000|website=Science Daily|publisher=NASA Marshall Space Flight Center|access-date=February 24, 2023}}</ref> and based on the fact that the aging process and a space flight experience share a number of similar physiological responses.<ref name = "presskit1"/> The investigations were expected to gather information which may provide a model system to help scientists interested in understanding aging.<ref name="glenn_med"/> Some of these similarities include bone and muscle loss, balance disorders and sleep disturbances.<ref name = "presskit1"/> Shortly before the flight, researchers learned that Glenn had to be disqualified from another of the flight's two main priority human experiments (about the effects of [[Chemistry:Melatonin|melatonin]]) because he did not meet one of study's medical conditions; he still participated in two other experiments about sleep monitoring and protein use.<ref name=nytaltman/>
Data provided from Glenn during this mission was compared to data obtained from Glenn's ''Friendship 7'' orbital mission in 1962.

===Trivia===

Glenn was the oldest person, and the third sitting member of Congress, to fly into space. He was preceded by U.S. Senator from Utah Jake Garn ([[Engineering:STS-51-D|STS-51-D]]) and U.S. Representative (later Senator) from Florida Bill Nelson ([[Engineering:STS-61-C|STS-61-C]]). At the time, Glenn was Ohio's senior or ranking Senator. Other astronauts who later entered politics include [[Biography:Harrison Schmitt|Harrison Schmitt (Apollo 17)]], later U.S. Senator from New Mexico, [[Biography:Jack Swigert|Jack Swigert (Apollo 13)]], who was elected to Congress in the state of Colorado but died before being sworn in, and U.S. Senator from Arizona Mark Kelly ([[Engineering:STS-108|STS-108]], [[Engineering:STS-121|STS-121]], [[Engineering:STS-124|STS-124]], and [[Engineering:STS-134|STS-134]]).

In a reprise of his first space flight, while in orbit, Glenn was greeted again by the citizens of Perth and Rockingham in Australia.<ref name="perth">{{cite news|date=30 October 1998|title=John Glenn greets Perth|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/john-glenn-greets-perth-1.164833|access-date=22 June 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306202832/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/john-glenn-greets-perth-1.164833 |archivedate=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> They left their private and municipal lights on while the ''Discovery'' passed overhead, just like they did during his ''Friendship 7'' flight.<ref name = "perth"/>

{{multiple image
 | width = 150
 | direction = vertical
 | footer = This is the first mission with the NASA "meatball" insignia (above) displayed on a [[Engineering:Space Shuttle orbiter|Space Shuttle orbiter]], replacing the "worm" logotype (below).
 | image1 = NASA logo.svg
 | alt1 = NASA meatball
 | image2 = NASA Worm logo (gray).svg
 | alt2 = NASA worm
}}
This is the first mission wherein a [[Engineering:Space Shuttle orbiter|Space Shuttle orbiter]] (''[[Engineering:Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' in this mission) uses NASA's [[Astronomy:NASA insignia#NASA "meatball" insignia|meatball insignia]] on its [[Engineering:Space Shuttle orbiter#Markings and insignia|markings]]. It replaced the [[Astronomy:NASA insignia#NASA "worm" logotype|worm logotype]] that all orbiters had. ''[[Engineering:Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'', ''[[Engineering:Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Engineering:Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'' would follow in their respective missions of [[Engineering:STS-88|STS-88]], [[Engineering:STS-101|STS-101]], and [[Engineering:STS-109|STS-109]]. Space Shuttle orbiters ''[[Engineering:Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]]'' and ''[[Engineering:Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'' didn't have this change, for ''Enterprise'' became the property of [[Organization:Smithsonian Institution|The Smithsonian]] in 1985 and ''Challenger'' was [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|destroyed]] in 1986.

== Crew award ==
The crew of STS-95 was awarded the [[Organization:Space Foundation|Space Foundation]]'s Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award in 1999. The award is given annually to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to public awareness of space programs.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090203060101/http://www.nationalspacesymposium.org/symposium-awards]}}</ref>

== Anomalies ==
The drag chute door detached and fell from the orbiter at main engine ignition. There was some concern that the drag chute could deploy prematurely prior to touchdown, and the decision was made not to use the chute during landing rollout. Wheel brakes and speedbrakes were sufficient to bring ''Discovery'' to a stop on Runway 33 at the Shuttle Landing Facility.<ref name="anamoly">[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/news/columbia/anomaly/STS95.pdf NASA.gov]</ref>

An RCS leak venting from a thruster on the left-hand [[Engineering:Orbital Maneuvering System|OMS]] pod was observed in orbit. An isolation valve was used to disable the jet.<ref name="anamoly" /> Attitude control was maintained by system redundancy; there were 44 jets located around the orbiter.

==Inaugural HDTV broadcast==
The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) provided live coverage of the lift-off as the public launch of the [[Engineering:High-definition television|high-definition television]] system in the United States.<ref name="bnet1">{{cite news
 |last=Albiniak 
 |first=Paige 
 |title=HDTV: Launched and Counting. 
 |work=Broadcasting and cable 
 |publisher=BNET 
 |date=2 November 1998 
 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5053/is_199811/ai_n18386452?tag=content;col1 
 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001092322/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5053/is_199811/ai_n18386452?tag=content%3Bcol1 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-date= 1 October 2009 
 |access-date=24 October 2008 
 }} 
</ref> The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.<ref name = "bnet1"/> The [[Company:Harris Corporation|Harris Corporation]] provided the equipment necessary for transmitting and receiving the broadcast.<ref name = "bnet1"/> The coverage was hosted by former CBS News anchor [[Biography:Walter Cronkite|Walter Cronkite]], and former [[Astronomy:Project Gemini|Gemini]]/Apollo-era astronaut [[Biography:Pete Conrad|Pete Conrad]].<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Space Shuttle Discovery: John Glenn Launch
  | publisher=Internet Movie Database
  | year = 1998
  | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0384554/
  | access-date =25 October 2008}}</ref>

==Wake-up calls==
NASA had begun a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during [[Engineering:Apollo 15|Apollo 15]].<ref name="chronology">{{cite news 
 |first=Colin 
 |last=Fries 
 |title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls 
 |date=25 June 2007 
 |publisher=NASA 
 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf 
 |url-status=live 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225231200/https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf 
 |archive-date=25 December 2017
 }}</ref> Each track is specially chosen and often has a particular meaning to an individual member of the crew, or it is somehow applicable to their situation.<ref name="chronology" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Flight Day
! Song
! Artist
! Played for
|-
| Day 2
| "What a Wonderful World"
| Louis Armstrong
| Scott Parazynski
|-
| Day 3
| "Cachito"
| Nat King Cole
| Pedro Duque
|-
| Day 4
| "This Pretty Planet"
| Tom Chapin
| Steven Lindsey
|-
| Day 4
| "Halelujahs"
| Chris Rice
| Steven Lindsey
|-
| Day 5
| "Moon River"
| Andy Williams
| [[Biography:John Glenn|John Glenn]]
|-
| Day 6
| "The House Is Rockin'"
| Stevie Ray Vaughan
| Steve Robinson
|-
| Day 7
| "Wakaki Chi" ("Young Spirit")
| Keio University "cheering song"
| Chiaki Mukai
|-
| Day 8
| "I Know You're Out There Somewhere"
| The Moody Blues
| Curtis Brown
|-
| Day 9
| "Voyage into Space"
| Peter Nero
| [[Biography:John Glenn|John Glenn]]
|-
| Day 10
| "La Cucaracha"
| 
| Pedro Duque
|}

==Mission insignia==
The STS-95 mission insignia was designed by the crew, and evokes the scientific, engineering and historic elements of the flight.<ref name="symbol">{{cite web|title=The Symbolism of a Patch |publisher=Space.com |date=16 July 1999 |url=http://www.space.com/news/spaceshuttles/sts93_patch.html |access-date=25 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517064842/http://www.space.com/news/spaceshuttles/sts93_patch.html |archive-date=17 May 2009 }}</ref>
It depicts a stylized blue Space Shuttle with yellow, red, and blue streamers coming from its stern that represent the global benefits of the mission's science experiments and the solar science objectives of the Spartan satellite.<ref name="symbol"/> A small [[Astronomy:Project Mercury|Mercury]] [[Engineering:Space capsule|space capsule]] is depicted orbiting the Shuttle, and the red streamer extends up towards the center of the Shuttle to form a "7". The capsule and the number seven are in reference to Glenn's historic association with the [[Engineering:Mercury Seven|Mercury Seven]] astronauts and their spacecraft: all of the crewed Mercury spacecraft had "7" as part of their name.<ref name="symbol"/> The mission payloads—microgravity material science, medical research for humans on Earth and in space, and astronomy—represent three major scientific fields and are symbolized in the insignia by rocket plumes.<ref name="symbol"/>

==See also==
* [[Biography:John Glenn|John H. Glenn Jr.]]
* [[Astronomy:List of human spaceflights|List of human spaceflights]]
* [[Engineering:List of Space Shuttle missions|List of Space Shuttle missions]]
* [[Astronomy:Mercury-Atlas 6|Mercury-Atlas 6]]
* [[Outline of space science]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-95/mission-sts-95.html NASA mission summary]
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle92.htm STS-95 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526033416/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle92.htm |date=26 May 2009 }}

{{Space Shuttle Discovery}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}
{{Orbital launches in 1998}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:STS-095}}
[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]

{{Sourceattribution|STS-95}}