View source for Engineering:SpaceX CRS-28

{{Short description| 2023 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS}}

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = SpaceX CRS-28
| names_list         = SpX-28
| image              =Crs-28-sep-1024x576.jpg
| image_caption      =CRS-28 detached from upper stage
| mission_type       = [[Astronomy:International Space Station|ISS]] resupply
| operator           = [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]
| mission_duration   = {{time interval|5 June 2023 15:47|30 June 2023 14:30|show=dhm}}
| spacecraft         = {{ComV|Cargo Dragon|208}}
| spacecraft_type    = [[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon 2|Cargo Dragon]]
| manufacturer       = [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]
| dry_mass           = {{cvt|9525|kg}}
| dimensions         = Height: {{cvt|8.1|m}}<br/>Diameter: {{cvt|4|m}}
| launch_date        = 5 June 2023, 15:47 UTC<ref name="launch_date">{{cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/5345 |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - SpX CRS-28 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=crs-28 | title=SpaceX }}</ref>
| launch_rocket      = [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9]], [[Engineering:List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters|B1077.5]]
| launch_site        = Kennedy Space Center, [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_contractor  = [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]
| landing_date       = 30 June 2023, 14:30 UTC
| landing_site       = [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]]
| recovery_by        = [[Engineering:Shannon (ship)|Shannon (ship)]]
| orbit_reference    = [[Astronomy:Geocentric orbit|Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_inclination  = 51.66°
| docking            = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
  | docking_target   = [[Astronomy:International Space Station|ISS]]
  | docking_type     = dock
  | docking_date     = 6 June 2023, 09:54 UTC
  | undocking_date   = 29 June 2023, 16:30 UTC
  | docking_port     = ''Harmony'' zenith
  | time_docked      = {{time interval|6 June 2023 09:54|29 June 2023 16:30|show=dhm}}
 }}
| cargo_mass         = <!-- {{cvt|0|kg}} -->
| cargo_mass_press   = <!-- {{cvt|0|kg}} -->
| cargo_mass_unpress = <!-- {{cvt|0|kg}} -->
| cargo_mass_fuel    = <!-- {{cvt|0|kg}} -->
| cargo_mass_gas     = <!-- {{cvt|0|kg}} -->
| cargo_mass_water   = <!-- {{cvt|0|kg}} -->
| insignia           = SpaceX CRS-28 Patch.png
| insignia_caption   = SpaceX CRS-28 mission patch
| insignia_size      = 200px
| programme          = '''[[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|Commercial Resupply Services]]'''
| previous_mission   = [[Engineering:SpaceX CRS-27|SpaceX CRS-27]]
| next_mission       = [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-19|Cygnus NG-19]]
| programme2         = '''[[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon 2#Cargo Dragon flights|Cargo Dragon flights]]'''
| previous_mission2  = [[Engineering:SpaceX CRS-27|SpaceX CRS-27]]
| next_mission2      = [[Engineering:SpaceX CRS-29|SpaceX CRS-29]]
}}

'''SpaceX CRS-28''', also known as '''SpX-28''', is a [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|Commercial Resupply Service mission]] to the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] (ISS) launched on 5 June 2023.<ref name="launch_date" /> The mission was contracted by [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] and flown by [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]] using [[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon 2|Cargo Dragon]] [[Engineering:Cargo Dragon C208|C208]]. It was the eighth flight for SpaceX under NASA's [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services#Commercial Resupply Services phase 2 - Awards and flights flown|CRS Phase 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reckart |first=Timothy |date=2022-06-15 |title=Microgravity Research Flights |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/iss-research/microgravity-research-flights/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=NASA}}</ref>

== Cargo Dragon ==
{{Main|Engineering:SpaceX Dragon 2}}
SpaceX plans to reuse the Cargo Dragons up to five times. The Cargo Dragon will launch without SuperDraco abort engines, without seats, cockpit controls and the life support system required to sustain astronauts in space.<ref name="nasa-oig-18016" /><ref name="spacex-dragon2" /> [[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] improves on [[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon|Dragon 1]] in several ways, including lessened refurbishment time, leading to shorter periods between flights.<ref name="sfn201908022">{{cite web|author=Clark, Stephen|date=2 August 2019|title=SpaceX to begin flights under new cargo resupply contract next year|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/|access-date=29 September 2020|publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref>

The new Cargo Dragon capsules under the NASA CRS Phase 2 contract will land east of Florida in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=nasa-oig-18016/><ref name=sfn20190802/>

== Payload ==
NASA contracted for the CRS-28 mission from SpaceX and therefore determines the primary payload, date of launch, and [[Astronomy:Orbital elements|orbital parameters]] for the [[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon|Cargo Dragon]].<ref name=nasa-spacex-crs/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasas-spacex-crs-28-mission-overview|title=NASA's SpaceX CRS-28 Mission Overview|accessdate=2023-09-04}}</ref>

* '''Science investigations:''' {{cvt|266|kg}}
* '''Vehicle hardware:''' {{cvt|491|kg}}
* '''Crew supplies:''' {{cvt|1098|kg}}
* '''Spacewalk equipment:''' {{cvt|48|kg}}
* '''Computer resources:''' {{cvt|4|kg}}

'''ISS Roll Out Solar Arrays (iROSA)'''
Third pair of new solar arrays using XTJ Prime space solar cells. They were delivered to the station in the unpressurized trunk of the SpaceX Cargo Dragon spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/documents/embed/link/LF2255DA3DD1C41C0A42D3BEF0989ACAECE3053A6A9B/file/D0CE42612418D93FC850A8B8383F306148EC43CCAE2D|title=Current and Future Operations and Challenges with International Space Station|work=ISS Program Office|publisher=NASA|date=15 October 2020|access-date=2 May 2021|format=PDF|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504134825/https://www.nationalacademies.org/documents/embed/link/LF2255DA3DD1C41C0A42D3BEF0989ACAECE3053A6A9B/file/D0CE42612418D93FC850A8B8383F306148EC43CCAE2D|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The installation of these new solar arrays will require two spacewalks each: one to prepare the worksite with a modification kit and another to install the new panel.<ref name="sfn20210113">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/01/13/boeing-says-assembly-complete-on-first-set-of-new-space-station-solar-arrays/|title=Boeing says assembly complete on first set of new space station solar arrays|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=13 January 2021|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/11/26/spacex-launches-dragon-cargo-ship-to-deliver-new-solar-arrays-to-space-station/ | title=SpaceX launches Dragon cargo ship to deliver new solar arrays to space station – Spaceflight Now }}</ref>

== Research ==
'''NASA Glenn Research Center''' studies:<ref name=grc-research/>

=== CubeSats ===
[[Engineering:CubeSat|CubeSats]] planned for this mission:

[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html#id=8248 '''SC-ODIN''']

SC-ODIN is a student-led Earth observation mission developed at Concordia University and supported by the [https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/ Canadian Space Agency (CSA)] as part of the [https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/cubesat/what-is-the-canadian-cubesat-project.asp Canadian CubeSat Project (CCP) initiative]. The mission's primary objective is to help improve our understanding of airborne particles in the atmosphere. This is significant for developing climate-aerosol models that are valuable in the context of advancing climate science. The 3U CubeSat uses a high performing [[Engineering:CMOS|CMOS]] sensor ([https://gomspace.com/shop/payloads/earth-observation.aspx GomSpace NanoCam]) as its primary payload to take color images of Lake Colhué Huapí in Argentina and the coastal regions of Namibia. Using image processing techniques, researchers can extract [https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/Documents/Aerosol_Optical_Depth.pdf aerosol optical depth (AOD)] measurements to study the role and impact of dust storms on Earth's climate system. This research is co-led with Université de Montréal. A secondary payload consists of RADFET radiation sensors to monitor the [https://radhome.gsfc.nasa.gov/radhome/tid.htm total ionizing dose (TID)] that the spacecraft is exposed to. The collected data will improve humanity's understanding of the effects of radiation on various components and hardware by characterizing the radiation environment in [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|low Earth orbit (LEO)]].<ref name="CRS28 cubesats">{{cite news|title=World's 1st 'hacking sandbox' satellite and more to ride on SpaceX's next NASA cargo launch
|author=Josh Dinner |date=June 2, 2023|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-cargo-crs-28-international-space-station-science|publisher=space.com|access-date=July 4, 2023}}</ref>

'''[https://hackasat.com/moonlighter/ Moonlighter]'''
This 3U CubeSat was designed by [https://aerospace.org/fact-sheet/moonlighter-fact-sheet Aerospace Corporation] as a cyber test platform and developed in partnership with Space Systems Command (SSC) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Its purpose is to advance space cybersecurity by providing the national security space community with the ability to test and learn in real-time in orbit. Once deployed in summer 2023, Moonlighter’s first mission is to host challenges for the [https://hackasat.com Hack-A-Sat 4] Final Event, which is the first Capture the Flag hacking competition with on-orbit challenges taking place at DEF CON 31 in the [https://www.aerospacevillage.org/ Aerospace Village].<ref name="CRS28 cubesats"/>

'''[https://usst.ca/cubesat/ RADSAT-SK]'''

RADSAT-SK is a joint project between the USST, The University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Polytechnic, and the Canadian Space Agency and has three technical objectives. The first of which is the validation and testing of a new type of radiation dosimeter being developed by faculty at the College of Engineering. This new type of sensor is much smaller and cheaper than current space-grade dosimeters. Along with the dosimeter the project scientists will also be testing the use of high-concentration melanin as a radiation shield in space. This research is also being conducted at the U of S by faculty at the college of pharmacology. Lastly, RADSAT-SK will have an earth-imaging camera onboard in the hope that the science team can capture some images of Saskatchewan from space that they can share with the province.<ref>{{cite news|title=USask student satellite to be launched to the International Space Station|author=Layne Ransom|date=May 29, 2023|url=https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2023/usask-student-satellite-to-be-launched-to-the-international-space-station.php|publisher=University of Saskatchwewan|access-date=July 4, 2023}}</ref>

'''[https://space.uwo.ca/research/Missions%20and%20Instruments/cubesat_project/index.html Ukpik-1]'''


[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=8259 ESSENCE]

The Educational Space Science and ENgineering CubeSat Experiment Mission (Nanoracks-ESSENCE) includes scientific and technical research activities. The scientific tasks focus on Earth observation of arctic ice, permafrost thaw and forest coverage in Northern Canada, and the measurement of solar energetic protons. The payloads are a fisheye camera and a proton detector. They are designed to help fight climate change by improving our understanding of solar proton events to better design and protect spacecraft for a successful mission. The technical task is to examine the effectiveness and robustness of novel attitude navigation and control theory and algorithms using reaction wheels and magnetorquers. Specifically, the task is to demonstrate the attitude control of spacecraft using two reaction wheels with our algorithms by assuming the third one has failed. In case of attitude actuator failure in a fully actuated spacecraft, such control measures provide a means to recover the mission, although with possible degraded performance.

== Launch and docking==
The CRS-28 resupply mission was originally planned to launch on 4 June 2023, at 16:12:41 UTC. However, the countdown was stopped at T-01:49:08, and SpaceX scrubbed the mission and postponed it to the day after due to high winds in the recovery area. SpaceX announced, about 45 minutes afterward, the new T-0, planned for 15:47 UTC. The Falcon 9 rocket and the Cargo Dragon spacecraft lifted off at the new T-0, from the Kennedy Space Center's Space Launch Complex-39A. The first stage separation happened at T+02:38 and the Falcon 9 landed at T+09:05 on the A Shortfall of Gravitas droneship. At T+12:11, the Cargo Dragon separated from the second stage.

Dragon docked to the International Space Station's Harmony module on Tuesday, June 6, at 09:54 UTC.<ref>{{cite news|title=SpaceX Dragon CRS-28 cargo capsule docks with space station to deliver vital supplies|author=Mike Wall|date=June 6, 2023|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-crs-28-cargo-mission-docking|publisher=space.com|access-date=July 4, 2023}}</ref>

On June 7, SpaceX announced on Twitter that on the previous day the Dragon 2 fleet as a whole had accumulated 1,324 days in orbit, surpassing the [[Engineering:Space Shuttle|Space Shuttle]] program's total time in space. SpaceX also said that the mission was the 38th mission to ISS for Dragon 1 and 2 capsules, which exceeded the Shuttle's 37 ISS missions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=2023-06-09 |title=SpaceX Dragon breaks 2 space shuttle orbital records |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-breaks-space-shuttle-records |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Astronomy:Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station|Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=nasa-spacex-crs>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/spacex.html |title=SpaceX Commercial Resupply |work=ISS Program Office|publisher=NASA|date=1 July 2019 |access-date=4 April 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name=nasa-oig-18016>{{cite report|url=https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf|title=Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Center|author=Office of Inspector General |publisher=NASA|volume=IG-18-016|pages=24, 28–30|date=26 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name=spacex-dragon2>{{cite web|url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-no-crew-dragon-spaceship-reuse-nasa-astronaut-launches/cargo-dragon-2-required-modifications/|title=Dragon 2 modifications to Carry Cargo for CRS-2 missions|publisher=Teslarati|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=sfn20190802>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/|title=SpaceX to begin flights under new cargo resupply contract next year|author=Clark, Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=2 August 2019|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=grc-research>{{cite web|url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/iss-research/|title=ISS Research Program|work=Glenn Research Center|publisher=NASA|date=1 January 2020|access-date=4 April 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}

{{Dragon spaceflights}}
{{Falcon rocket launches}}
{{Uncrewed ISS flights}}

[[Category:SpaceX Dragon 2]]
[[Category:SpaceX payloads contracted by NASA]]
[[Category:Supply vehicles for the International Space Station]]

{{Sourceattribution|SpaceX CRS-28}}