View source for Engineering:Technology transfer in computer science

'''Technology transfer in computer science''' refers to the [[Engineering:Technology transfer|transfer of technology]] developed in [[Computer science|computer science]] or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the [[Finance:Private sector|private sector]]. These technologies may be abstract, such as algorithms and data structures, or concrete, such as open source software packages.
== Examples ==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2014}}Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include:
{| class="wikitable"
!Year of transfer
!Technology
!
Field(s)
!Originally developed at
!Transfer method(s)
!Commercialised at
!Patented
!Used by
|-
|c. 1964
|[[BASIC]]
|Programming languages
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Organization:Dartmouth College|Dartmouth College]]
|[[Freeware]]
|Computer manufacturers and others
|No
|Numerous BASIC dialects
|-
|1974 (Internet Protocol published)

1992 (interconnection)
|The Internet
|Computer networking

The Internet
|{{Flagdeco|US}}Advanced Research Projects Agency
|RFC

1992 law permitting commercial interconnection
|Numerous companies
|No
|Millions of web sites and other internet properties
|-
|1981
|[[KMS (hypertext)|KMS]]
|[[Hypertext]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Organization:Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon University]]
|Spin-out
|Knowledge Systems
|No
|?
|-
|1984
|[[Software:MATLAB|MATLAB]]
|Programming languages

Scientific computing

[[Software:List of numerical analysis software|Numerical computing]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Organization:University of New Mexico|University of New Mexico]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://uk.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-origins-of-matlab.html|title = The Origins of MATLAB|date = 2004|accessdate = 19 November 2014|website = Mathworks.com|publisher = |last = Moler|first = Cleve}}</ref>
|Incorporation and rewrite<ref name=":0" />
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Company:MathWorks|MathWorks]]
|No (original)

Yes (from 2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://uk.mathworks.com/company/aboutus/policies_statements/patents.html|title = Patents|date = |accessdate = 19 November 2014|website = Mathworks.com|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
|Millions of users
|-
|c. 1985
|HyperTIES
|[[Hypertext]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}University of Maryland<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hyperties/|title = Hypertext Research: The Development of HyperTIES|date = |accessdate = 22 November 2014|website = Human Computer Interaction Lab|publisher = University of Maryland|last = |first = }}</ref>
|Licensing<ref name=":1" />
|{{Flagdeco|US}}Cognetics Corporation
|?
|Union Carbide, [[Company:Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard]], others<ref name="cognetics-hyperties">{{cite web|url=http://www.leadersintheknow.biz/AboutUs/OurHistory/tabid/174/Default.aspx|title=Cognetics History|publisher=Cognetics Corporation|accessdate = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1990 (initial software)

1994 (Netscape)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://arstechnica.com/business/2011/10/before-netscape-forgotten-web-browsers-of-the-early-1990s/|title = Before Netscape: the forgotten Web browsers of the early 1990s|date = 11 October 2011|accessdate = 22 November 2014|website = [[Ars Technica]]|publisher = |last = Lasar|first = Matthew}}</ref>
|[[World Wide Web]]
|[[Hypertext]]

[[World Wide Web]]
|{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}[[Organization:CERN|CERN]]
|Unfettered use (no patents)
Consortium (to create recommended standards)
|{{Flagdeco|US}}Netscape and others
|No
|Millions of web sites
|-
|1991
|[[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]]
|Computer networking

The Internet

[[Information retrieval]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Organization:University of Minnesota|University of Minnesota]]
|RFC

[[Freeware]]
|Numerous companies
|No
|Numerous Gopher sites
|-
|1998
|[[PageRank]]
|[[Information retrieval]]

[[World Wide Web]]

Algorithms
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Organization:Stanford University|Stanford University]]
|Spin-out
|{{Flagdeco|US}}Google
|Yes
|[[Software:Google Search|Google Search]]
|-
|2004 (software)

2011 (incorporation)
|[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]
|Programming languages

[[Object-oriented programming]]
|{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}[[Organization:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
|Open source
|{{Flagdeco|US}}Typesafe Inc. and others
|?
|Play, [[Software:Akka (toolkit)|Akka]] and others
|-
|2013
|CRDTs
|[[Distributed computing]]
|{{Flagdeco|France}}INRIA and others
|?
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Company:Basho Technologies|Basho Technologies]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://basho.com/introducing-riak-2-0/|title = Introducing Riak 2.0: Data Types, Strong Consistency, Full-Text Search, and Much More|date = 29 October 2013|accessdate = 29 November 2014|website = |publisher = [[Company:Basho Technologies|Basho Technologies]]|last = |first = }}</ref>
|No
|[[Software:Riak|Riak]]<ref name=":2" />
|}

== References ==
[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Computing-related lists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Technology transfer in computer science|1}}