View source for Engineering:Thompson submachine gun

{{Short description|American submachine gun}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Thompson Submachine Gun, Caliber .45
| image              = File:Campbell Thompson.jpg
| image_size         = 330
| caption            = Colt M1921A Thompson with a 100-round drum magazine.
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Engineering:Submachine gun|Submachine gun]]
| is_ranged          = yes
| service            = 1921–present<ref>{{cite web |title=What Weapons Did Ukraine Capture in the Soledar Mines? |date=21 May 2023 |url=https://armourersbench.com/2023/05/21/what-weapons-did-wagner-capture-in-the-soledar-mines/ |publisher=The Armourer's Bench |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522135436/https://armourersbench.com/2023/05/21/what-weapons-did-wagner-capture-in-the-soledar-mines/ |archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>
| used_by            = See ''Users''
| wars               = {{plainlist|
*West Virginia coal wars
*Irish War of Independence
*Second Honduran Civil War<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/diario-de-la-guerra-de-honduras-30-de-enero-30-de-abril-1924/| title=Diario de la Guerra de Honduras: 30 de enero-30 de abril 1924, Mario Rivas}}</ref>
*1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt<ref>Toivo Miljan, ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia'', Scarecrow Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8108-4904-6}}</ref>
*Irish Civil War<ref name="Hart, p. 187–188">{{harvnb|Hart|2003|pp=187–188}}</ref>
*Basmachi Conflict<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall|first=Alex|title=The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxfJBQAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|date=August 11, 2010|isbn=9781136938245 }}</ref><ref name="Thompson SMG Soviet Russia">{{cite web|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2019/09/19/forgotten-history-of-thompson-smg-in-secret-police-and-army-of-soviet-russia/|last=Onokoy|first=Vladimir|publisher=TheFirearmBlog|date=September 19, 2019|title=Forgotten History of Thompson SMG in Secret Police and Army of Soviet Russia}}</ref>
*Sandino Rebellion<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934 |url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1928a/PC280104b-Brown.html |publisher=Sandinorebellion.com |access-date=2011-12-25}}</ref>
*Castellammarese War
*Chaco War{{sfn|Scarlata|2014}}
*Revolution of 1934
*Spanish Civil War
*[[Social:World War II|World War II]]<ref name="bishop1998"/>
*Indonesian National Revolution
*Iran crisis of 1946<ref name="ISMG">{{cite web|url=https://silahreport.com/2021/06/21/iranian-submachine-guns-1941-1979/|title=Silah Report Podcast V33: Iranian Submachine Guns (1941–1979)|date=21 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622073640/https://silahreport.com/2021/06/21/iranian-submachine-guns-1941-1979/|archive-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref>
*Chinese Civil War{{sfn|McNab|2002|p=47}}
*First Indochina War<ref name="Indochina"/>
*Greek Civil War{{sfn|Sazanidis|1995|pp=293–294}}
*Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
*1948 Arab–Israeli War<ref name="Arabs"/>
*Malayan Emergency<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Weapons of the Malay CTs 1948–1960 |url=http://17thdivision.tripod.com/thepeacethatwasnt/id7.html |website=17thdivision.tripod.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603154049/https://17thdivision.tripod.com/thepeacethatwasnt/id7.html|archive-date=June 3, 2023}}</ref>
*Korean War<ref name="bishop1998"/>
*Cuban Revolution
*Algerian War
*Vietnam War<ref name="bishop1998"/>
*Bay of Pigs Invasion
*Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
*The Troubles{{sfn|Hart|2003|p=191}}
*Araguaia Guerrilla War<ref>{{cite web |title=A GUERRILHA DO ARAGUAIA: Memória, esquecimento e Ensino de História na região do conflito. |url=https://repositorio.uft.edu.br/bitstream/11612/398/1/Jos%C3%A9%20Humberto%20Gomes%20Barbosa%20-%20Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf}}</ref>
*Turkish invasion of Cyprus<ref>{{cite web|url=https://smallarmsreview.com/turkish-thompson-submachine-guns/|title=Turkish Thompson Submachine Guns|publisher=Small Arms Review|last=Herbst|first=Robert|date=13 December 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529143111/https://smallarmsreview.com/turkish-thompson-submachine-guns/|archive-date=May 29, 2023 }}</ref>
*United States invasion of Panama
*Somali Civil War<ref name=somalia>{{cite web | url=https://smallarmsreview.com/somalia-weapons-we-used-weapons-we-captured/| title=SOMALIA: Weapons We Used, Weapons We Captured| date=August 1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114221/https://smallarmsreview.com/somalia-weapons-we-used-weapons-we-captured/|archive-date=March 24, 2023}}</ref>
*Yugoslav Wars<ref name="Yugoslav Army"/>
*Iraq War<ref name ='SAS 2012 10'/>
*Russian invasion of Ukraine<ref name="Wagner">{{cite web|url=https://armourersbench.com/2023/05/21/what-weapons-did-wagner-capture-in-the-soledar-mines/|title=What Weapons Did Wagner Capture in the Soledar Mines?|date=May 21, 2023|work=The Armourer's Bench|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522135436/https://armourersbench.com/2023/05/21/what-weapons-did-wagner-capture-in-the-soledar-mines/|archive-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref>}}
| designer           = John T. Thompson
| design_date        = 1917–1920
| manufacturer       = {{plainlist|
*Auto-Ordnance Company (originally)
*The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited
*Colt
*Savage Arms
*RPB Industries}}
| production_date    = 1921–1945
| number             = Approximately 1.75 million of all variants,{{sfn|Yenne|2009|p={{page needed|date=July 2018}}}} including:{{plainlist|
* 562,511 M1928A1
* 285,480 M1
* 539,143 M1A1}}
| variants           = See Variants section
| weight             = {{plainlist|
*{{convert|10.8|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}} empty (Thompson M1928A1)<ref name=TM9_2200_59>{{cite book |last=War Department |title=TM 9-2200 Small Arms, Light Field Mortars and 20-mm Aircraft Guns |url=https://archive.org/details/TM92200SmallArmsLightFieldMortarsAnd20mmAircraftGuns |publisher=War Department |date=1943-10-11 |page=[https://archive.org/details/TM92200SmallArmsLightFieldMortarsAnd20mmAircraftGuns/page/n123 59]}}</ref>
*{{convert|10|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}} empty (Thompson M1A1)}}<ref name=TM9_2200_57>{{cite book |last=War Department |title=TM 9-2200 Small Arms, Light Field Mortars and 20-mm Aircraft Guns |url=https://archive.org/details/TM92200SmallArmsLightFieldMortarsAnd20mmAircraftGuns |publisher=War Department |date=1943-10-11 |page=[https://archive.org/details/TM92200SmallArmsLightFieldMortarsAnd20mmAircraftGuns/page/n59 57]}}</ref>
| length             = {{plainlist|
*{{convert|33.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} (M1928A1 with compensator)<ref name = TM9_2200_59/>
*{{convert|31.9|in|mm|abbr=on}} (M1/M1A1)<ref name = TM9_2200_57/>}}
| part_length        = {{plainlist|
*{{convert|10.52|in|mm|abbr=on}}<ref name = TM9_2200_59/>
*{{convert|12|in|mm|abbr=on}} (with Cutts compensator)}}
| cartridge          = {{plainlist|
*.45 ACP (11.43×23mm)
*[[Engineering:10mm Auto|10mm Auto]] (Limited quantity of FBI conversions)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2018/7/18/full-powerfull-auto-the-thompson-goes-metric-and-the-mp5-goes-american/|title=Full Power/Full Auto: The Thompson Goes Metric And the MP5 Goes American|website=www.americanrifleman.org}}</ref>}}
| range              = 164 yds (150 m<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.guns.ru/smg/usa/thompson-e.html|title=Thompson 1921 Submachine Gun |date=27 October 2010 |publisher=Modern Firearms}}</ref>)
| velocity           = {{convert|285|m/s|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}
| action             = Blowback, Blish Lock
| rate               = {{plainlist|
*900rpm (M1921)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=McCollum |first=Ian |date=2018-10-09 |title=The Marines' First SMG: 1921/28 Thompson Gun |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/the-marines-first-smg-1921-28-thompson-gun/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*600-725rpm (M1928)<ref name = TM9_2200_59/> 
*700–800rpm (M1A1)<ref name = TM9_2200_57/> }}
| feed               = 20 or 30 round box magazine, 50 or 100 round [[Engineering:Drum magazine|drum magazine]]<ref name = TM9_2200_59/>
(M1 and M1A1 models do not accept drum magazines)
}}

The '''Thompson submachine gun''' (also known as the '''"Tommy gun"''', '''"Chicago typewriter"''', '''"Chicago piano"''', '''"trench sweeper"''', or '''"trench broom"''') is a blowback-operated, [[Engineering:Selective fire|selective-fire]] [[Engineering:Submachine gun|submachine gun]], invented and developed by United States Army Brigadier General John T. Thompson in 1918. It was originally designed to break the stalemate of [[Earth:Trench warfare|trench warfare]] of [[Social:World War I|World War I]], although early models did not arrive in time for actual combat.

The Thompson saw early use by the United States Marine Corps during the Banana Wars,<ref name="schroeder1927">{{Citation|last=Schroeder|first=Michael J.|title=Digital Resources: The Sandino Rebellion Digital Historical Archive, Nicaragua, 1927–1934|date=2019-03-26|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.77|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.77|isbn=978-0-19-936643-9|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref> the United States Postal Inspection Service, the Irish Republican Army, the Republic of China, and the FBI following the Kansas City Massacre.

The weapon was also sold to the general public. Because it could be obtained so easily, the Thompson became notorious during the Prohibition era as the [[Engineering:Signature weapon|signature weapon]] of various organized crime syndicates in the United States in the 1920s. It was a common sight in the media at the time, and was used by both law enforcement officers and criminals.{{sfn|Bearse|1994|p=210}}

The Thompson was widely adopted by the U.S. armed forces during [[Social:World War II|World War II]], and was also used extensively by other Allied troops during the war. Its main models were designated as the M1928A1, M1 and M1A1 during this time. More than 1.5 million Thompson submachine guns were produced during World War II.<ref name="Iannamico 1999" />

It is the first weapon to be labelled and marketed as a "submachine gun".<ref name="James">{{cite web|last=James|first=Gary|date=1996–2006|title=Development of the Thompson Submachine Gun|url=http://www.nfatoys.com/tsmg/web/history.htm}}</ref>

The original selective-fire Thompson variants are no longer produced, although numerous semi-automatic civilian versions are still being produced by the manufacturer Auto-Ordnance. These models retain a similar appearance to the original models, but have various modifications in order to comply with US firearm laws.

==History and service==
[[File:Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Brigadier General John T. Thompson holding an M1921 Thompson]]

===Development===
Brigadier General John T. Thompson, who spent most of his career in the ordnance department of the U.S. Army, was the original inventor and developer of the Thompson submachine gun. He envisioned it as being a fully [[Engineering:Thompson Autorifle|automatic rifle]] in order to replace the bolt-action service rifles then in use (such as the American [[Engineering:M1903 Springfield|M1903 Springfield]]).

Thompson came across a patent issued to the American inventor John Bell Blish in 1915, while searching for a way to allow his weapon to operate safely without the complexity of a [[Engineering:Recoil operation|recoil]] or [[Engineering:Gas-operated reloading|gas-operated reloading]] mechanism. Blish's design (then known as the [[Engineering:Blish lock|Blish Lock]]) was based on the supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces under pressure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hatcher |first=Julian S. |title=Hatcher's Notebook |publisher= Military Service Publishing Co. |year=1947 |page=44}}</ref> Thompson gained financial backing from the businessman Thomas F. Ryan and proceeded to found a company, which he named the Auto-Ordnance Company, in 1916, for the purpose of developing his new "auto rifle".

The Thompson was primarily developed in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Unofficial Tommy Gun Page |url=http://www.nfatoys.com/tsmg/ |website=www.nfatoys.com}}</ref> Its principal designers were Theodore H. Eickhoff, Oscar V. Payne, and George E. Goll. By late 1917, the limits of the [[Engineering:Blish lock|Blish Lock]] were discovered (which is essentially an extreme manifestation of static friction), and, rather than the firearm working as a locked breech, the weapon was instead designed to function as a friction-delayed blowback action. It was found that the only cartridge currently in service suitable for use with the new lock was the .45 ACP. General Thompson envisioned a "one-man, hand-held machine gun" chambered in .45 ACP to be used as a "trench broom" for the ongoing [[Earth:Trench warfare|trench warfare]] of [[Social:World War I|World War I]]. Oscar V. Payne designed the new firearm along with its stick and drum magazines. The project was titled "Annihilator I". Most of the design issues had been resolved by 1918; however, the war ended two days before prototypes could be shipped to Europe.<ref name="Frank Iannamico 1928">{{harvnb|Iannamico|2000|page={{page needed|date=December 2011}}}}</ref>

At an Auto-Ordnance board meeting in 1919, in order to discuss the marketing of the "Annihilator", with the war now over the weapon was officially renamed the "Thompson Submachine Gun". While other weapons had been developed shortly prior with similar objectives in mind, the Thompson was the first weapon to be labeled and marketed as a "submachine gun".<ref name="James"/> Thompson intended for the weapon to provide a high volume of automatic, man-portable fire for use in trench warfare—a role for which the [[Engineering:M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle|Browning Automatic Rifle]] (BAR) had been determined ill-suited.{{sfn|Fitzsimons|1977|p=272}} The concept had already been developed by German troops using their own Bergmann MP 18 (the world's first submachine gun) in concert with their ''Sturmtruppen'' tactics.<ref>Gudmundsson, Bruce. (1995). ''Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914–1918''. Praeger Press. {{page needed|date=December 2011}}</ref>

===Early use===
The first Thompson entered production as the M1921. It was available to civilians, but, because of the weapon's high price, initially saw poor sales. The Thompson (with one Type XX 20 round "stick" magazine) had been priced at $200 in 1921 (roughly {{Inflation|US|200|1921|fmt=eq}}).

[[File:Joseph McCarty, circa 1930 (17505960029).jpg|left|thumb|278x278px|US Marine holding an M1928 Thompson during the Banana Wars]]


The major initial complaints concerning the Thompson were its cumbersome weight, its inaccuracy at ranges over {{convert|50|yd|m}}, and its lack of penetrating power using the .45 ACP cartridge.<ref name="rt66.com">{{cite web |author=Bert Kortegaard |url=http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/SmallArms/thompson.htm |title=M1A1 Thompson Submachine Gun |publisher=Rt66.com |date=2000-09-21 |access-date=2011-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217064700/http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/smallarms/thompson.htm |archive-date=2011-12-17 }}</ref>

The Thompson was first used in combat in June 13, 1921, when West Virginia state troopers fired on the mountainside near Lick Creek, where striking miners were firing at passing cars. By the time of the Battle of Blair Mountain, 37 had been acquired by the West Virginia state police and 56 were in the hands of coal companies and local law enforcement. The guns were also shipped to various hardware stores in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=National Rifle |title=An Official Journal Of The NRA {{!}} Guns of the Battle of Blair Mountain |url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/guns-of-the-battle-of-blair-mountain/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=An Official Journal Of The NRA |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the first batches of Thompsons were bought (in America) by agents of the Irish Republic (notably the Irish politician Harry Boland). The first test of the Thompson in Ireland was performed by Irish Republican Army unit commander Tom Barry, of the West Cork Brigade, in the presence of IRA leader Michael Collins.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryan|first= Meda |year=2003|title=Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter|publisher= Mercier Press|page= 125 |isbn=1-85635-425-3}}</ref> They purchased a total of 653 units, though US customs authorities in New York seized 495 of the units in June 1921. The remainder found their way to the Irish Republican Army by way of Liverpool, England, and were used in the last month of the Irish War of Independence (1919–21).{{sfn|Hart|2003|pp=184–185}} After a truce with the British in July 1921, the Irish Republican Army imported more units, which were used in the subsequent Irish Civil War (1922–23). The Thompson was not found to be very effective in Ireland; having only caused serious casualties in 32 percent of the action in which it was used.<ref name="Hart, p. 187–188" />

During the failed 1924 coup Estonian communists used Thompsons in an attempt to storm the Tallin barracks; meanwhile the MP 18 was used by the defenders. this was possibly the first engagement where submachineguns were used on both sides.<ref name=":0" />

The Thompson achieved early notoriety in the hands of Prohibition and [[Finance:Great Depression|Great Depression]]-era gangsters and the lawmen who pursued them. It was also depicted in Hollywood films during this era, most notably regarding the St Valentine's Day Massacre. The Thompson guns used in the massacre are still being held by the Berrien County Sheriff's Department.<ref>{{cite news|title=St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Tale of two guns|first1=Brent|last1=Ashcroft|url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/st-valentines-day-massacre-tale-of-two-guns/103-41411998|work=ABC 10 News}}</ref> The Thompson has been referred to by one researcher as the "gun that made the twenties roar".<ref name="NMAH">{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=126|title=Thompson Model 1928 Submachine Gun|publisher=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution|access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=William J. |last=Helmer|title=The Gun That Made the Twenties Roar|publisher= MacMillan|year=1969|isbn=978-0-02-550890-3|page={{page needed|date=December 2011}}}}</ref>

Around 200 M1921 Thompsons were sold in 1926 to the United States Postal Inspection Service<ref>[http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/inspectors/a6p1.html Smithsonian National Postal Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611180052/http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/inspectors/a6p1.html|date=2007-06-11}}, Postal Inspectors: The Silent Service, Unexpected Duties. "The Postal Inspection Service became the first law enforcement agency to purchase the Thompson submachine gun ..."</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=McCollum |first=Ian |date=2018-10-09 |title=The Marines' First SMG: 1921/28 Thompson Gun |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/the-marines-first-smg-1921-28-thompson-gun/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Marines Guard the US Mail 1921 |url=https://marines.togetherweserved.com/usmc/newsletter/38/Marines%20Guard%20the%20US%20Mail%201921.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=marines.togetherweserved.com}}</ref> so they could protect the mail from a spate of robberies.<ref name="Fitz2487">{{harvnb|Fitzsimons|1977|p=2487}}</ref> These weapons were loaned to the United States Marine Corps which was, at that time, tasked with guarding mail shipments; this prompted the US Navy to formally test the Thompson. The Navy requested a reduction in the rate of fire. Auto-Ordnance complied, modifying the weapons by adding a substantial amount of mass to the actuator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stilwell |first=Blake |date=2022-06-10 |title=The intense rules for US Marines who protected mail from gangsters |url=https://www.wearethemighty.com/popular/intense-rules-for-marine-guards/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=We Are The Mighty |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In 1927 a number of Thompsons would be shipped to Marines in China and Nicaragua.<ref name="schroeder1927" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=National Rifle |title=An Official Journal Of The NRA {{!}} Guns of the "Banana Wars" Part Two |url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/guns-of-the-banana-wars-part-two/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=An Official Journal Of The NRA |language=en}}</ref>The Navy subsequently ordered 500 guns, designated the Model of 1928.<ref name=":1" />  

The Thompson saw popularity as a point-defense weapon for countering ambushes by Nicaraguan guerrillas (in the Banana Wars) and led to the creation of four-man fire teams which had as much firepower as a nine-man rifle squad. Federal sales were then followed by sales to police departments in the US, as well as to various international armies and constabulary forces; chiefly in Central and South America.<ref name="Fitz2487" />

In 1926, the Cutts Compensator (a [[Engineering:Muzzle brake|muzzle brake]]) was offered as an attachment option for the Thompson. Models with the compensator were cataloged as ''No. 21AC,'' at the original price of $200. The plain Thompson (without the attachment) was designated ''No. 21A'' at a reduced price of $175.<ref name="Frank Iannamico 1928"/>

In 1928, Federal Laboratories took over distribution of the weapon from Thompson's Auto-Ordnance Corporation.<ref name="ramsour">Robert "Bo" Ramsour II. "The FBI and the Thompson Submachine Gun". ''Soldier of Fortune'' magazine, July 18, 2010, {{page needed|date=December 2011}}</ref> The new cost was listed as $225 per weapon ({{Inflation|US|225|1928|fmt=eq}}), with $5 per 50-round drum and $3 per 20-round magazine.<ref name="ramsour"/>

Thompsons had also been widely used throughout China, where several Chinese warlords and their military factions running various parts of the fragmented country made purchases of the weapon, and subsequently produced many local copies.

[[File:Corporal, East Surrey Regiment 1940.jpg|thumb|A British soldier equipped with a Thompson M1928 submachine gun in November 1940.]]

Nationalist China acquired a substantial number of Thompson guns for use against Japanese land forces. They began producing copies of the Thompson in small quantities for use by their armies and militias. In the 1930s, Taiyuan Arsenal (a Chinese weapons manufacturer) produced copies of the Thompson for Yan Xishan, the then  warlord of Shanxi province.

The FBI had also acquired Thompsons in 1933 following the Kansas City Massacre.<ref name="ramsour"/>

A number of these guns were acquired by a construction company in Brazil,{{Who|date=September 2022}} after construction of a federal road in Sergipe was disrupted by armed Cangaçeiros in December 1937 who violently opposed any attempts to build roads near their territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mello |first=Frederico Pernambucano de |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879852051 |title=Guerreiros do sol : violência e banditismo no Nordeste do Brasil |date=2011 |isbn=978-85-63610-05-8 |edition=5a edição revista e atualizada |location=São Paulo |pages=332 |oclc=879852051}}</ref>

===World War II===
In 1938, the Thompson submachine gun was adopted by the U.S. military and was used during [[Social:World War II|World War II]].

There were two military types of Thompson submachine gun:

* The '''M1928A1,''' which had provisions for both box and drum magazines, utilized the Cutts muzzle brake, had cooling fins on the [[Engineering:Gun barrel|barrel]], and employed a delayed blowback action with the charging handle on the top of the receiver.
* The '''M1''' and '''M1A1,''' which had provisions for box magazines only, did not have cooling fins on the barrel, had a simplified rear sight, and employed a straight blowback action with the charging handle on the side of the receiver.
Over 1.5 million military Thompson submachine guns were produced during World War II.<ref name="Iannamico 1999"/>

[[File:Thompson Magazine.JPG|thumb|Drum and box magazines]]

====Magazine developments====
Military users of the M1928A1 units had complaints of the "L" 50-round drum magazine. The British Army criticized "the [magazine's] excessive weight, [and] the rattling sound they made" and shipped thousands back to the U.S. in exchange for 20-round box magazines. The Thompson had to be cocked, bolt retracted, ready to fire, in order to attach the drum magazine. The drum magazine also attached and detached by sliding sideways, which made magazine changes slow and cumbersome. They also created difficulty when clearing a cartridge malfunction ("jam"). Reloading an empty drum with cartridges was a difficult and involved process in which the 50 rounds would be inserted and then the magazine wound up until a minimum of 9 to 11 loud "clicks" were heard before seating the magazine into the weapon.

In contrast, the "XX" twenty-round box magazine was light and compact. It tended not to rattle, and could be inserted with the bolt safely closed. The box magazine was quickly attached and detached, and was removed downward, making clearing jams easier. The box magazine tripped the bolt open lock when empty, facilitating magazine changes. An empty box was easy to reload with loose rounds. However, users complained that it was limited in capacity. In the field, some soldiers would tape two "XX" magazines together, in what would be known as [[Engineering:Jungle style (firearm magazines)|"jungle style"]], to quicken magazine changes.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2011/2/15/thompson-submachine-gun-the-tommy-gun-goes-to-war/|title=Thompson Submachine Gun: The Tommy Gun Goes to War|access-date=2016-02-04|magazine=American Rifleman|author=Bruce Canfield}}</ref>

Two alternatives to the "L" 50-round drum and "XX" 20-round box magazines were tested December 6, 1941, at Fort Knox, Kentucky. An extended thirty-round box magazine and a forty-round magazine, which were made by welding two 20-round magazines face to face, jungle style, were tested. The testers considered both superior to either the "XX" box or "L" drum. The 30-round box was approved as the new standard in December 1941 to replace the "XX" and "L" magazines.{{sfn|Iannamico|2000|pp=161, 173, 175}} (The concept of welding two box magazines face-to-face was also carried over to the [[Engineering:United Defense M42|M42]] submachine gun.)

====M1 development====
The staff of Savage Arms looked for ways to simplify the M1928A1, and produced a prototype in February 1942, which was tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground in March 1942. Army Ordnance approved adoption (as the M1) in April 1942. M1s were made by Savage Arms and by Auto-Ordnance. M1s were issued with the 30-round box magazine and would accept the earlier 20-round box, but would not accept the drum magazine.{{sfn|Iannamico|2000|pp=94–97}}

[[File:Ww2 158.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Marine fires on a Japanese position using an M1 Thompson submachine gun during an advance on Okinawa in May 1945.]]

====Combat use====
The Thompson was used in World War II in the hands of Allied troops as a weapon for scouts, non-commissioned officers (corporal, sergeant, and higher), and patrol leaders, as well as commissioned officers, tank crewmen, and soldiers performing raids on German positions. In the European theater, the gun was widely utilized in British and Canadian commando units, as well as in the U.S. Army paratrooper and Ranger battalions, where it was issued more frequently than in line infantry units because of its high rate of fire and its stopping power, which made it very effective in the kinds of close combat these special operations troops were expected to undertake. Military Police were fond of it, as were paratroopers, who "borrowed" Thompsons from members of mortar squads for use on patrols behind enemy lines.<ref>Webster, David K. ''Parachute Infantry'' <!--publisher, place, & date?-->{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref> The gun was prized by those lucky enough to get one and proved itself in the close street fighting that was encountered frequently during the invasion of France. A Swedish variant of the M1928A1, the ''Kulsprutepistol m/40'' (submachine gun, model 40), served in the Swedish Army between 1940 and 1951. Through Lend-Lease, the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] also received the Thompson, but due to a shortage of appropriate ammunition, its use was not widespread.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Bishop |first= Chris |title= The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II |place= New York |publisher= Orbis Publishing Ltd |year= 1998 |isbn= 978-0-7607-1022-7 }} {{page needed|date=December 2011}}</ref>

In the Malayan Campaign, the Burma Campaign and the Pacific Theater, Lend-Lease-issue Thompsons were used by the British Army, Indian Army, Australian Army infantry and other [[Organization:Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. They used the Thompson extensively in jungle patrols and ambushes, where it was prized for its firepower, though it was criticized for its hefty weight and poor reliability. In New Guinea, the Thompson was the only submachine gun available to the Australian Army for most of the vital Kokoda Track campaign in 1942. It became so prized that soldiers routinely picked up Thompson guns dropped by killed or wounded comrades. However, the weight of the ammunition and difficulties in supply eventually led to its replacement in Australian Army units in 1943 by Australian-made submachine guns, the Owen and Austen.<ref>Moremon, John (2022). "The Tommy Gun in Jungle Warfare: The Use and Usefulness of the Thompson Submachine Gun for Australian Soldiers on the Kokoda Trail, New Guinea, 1942," ''Vulcan: The Journal of the History of Military Technology'', 9(1), 84-117. {{doi|10.1163/22134603-09010005}}</ref> Thompsons were also given to the {{wipe|Royal Australian Air Force}} and Royal Australian Navy.

In Burma and India, British forces largely replaced the Thompson with the Sten gun. New Zealand commando forces in the South Pacific campaign initially used Thompsons but switched them for the more reliable, lighter, and more accurate Owen during the Solomon Islands and Guadalcanal campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2IP-Comm-t1-body1-d13.html|title=Chapter XII — Guadalcanal – NZETC|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz}}</ref> The U.S. Marines also used the Thompson as a limited-issue weapon, especially during their later island assaults. The Thompson was soon found to have limited effect in heavy jungle cover, where the low-[[Physics:Velocity|velocity]] .45 bullet would not penetrate most small-diameter trees or protective armor vests. {{anchor|Remington-Thompson}}(In 1923, the Army had rejected the .45 Remington–Thompson, which had twice the energy of the .45 ACP).{{sfn|Bearse|1994|p=213}} In the U.S. Army, many Pacific War jungle patrols were originally equipped with Thompsons in the early phases of the New Guinea and Guadalcanal campaigns, but soon began employing the Browning Automatic Rifle in its place as a point defense weapon.{{sfn|George|1981|p=400}}

The Army introduced the U.S. [[Engineering:M3 submachine gun|M3]] and M3A1 submachine guns in 1943 with plans to produce the latter in numbers sufficient to cancel future orders for the Thompson, while gradually withdrawing it from the first-line service. However, due to unforeseen production delays and requests for modifications, the M3/M3A1 never replaced the Thompson, and purchases continued until February 1944. Though the M3 was considerably cheaper to produce, at the end of World War II, the Thompson, with a total wartime production of over 1.5 million, outnumbered the M3/M3A1 submachine guns in service by nearly three to one.<ref name="Iannamico 1999">{{cite book|last=Iannamico|first=Frank|title=The U.S. M3-M3A1 Submachine Gun|location=Harmony, Maine|publisher= Moose Lake Publishing|isbn=978-0-9701954-4-9|year=1999| pages= 14, 55}}</ref>

===After World War II===
[[File:Mandelbaum Gate Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Two Israeli policemen, armed with Thompsons meet a Jordanian legionnaire near the Mandelbaum Gate {{circa|1950}}]]

Thompson submachine guns were used by both sides during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.{{sfn|Yenne|2009|p=263}} Following the war, Thompsons were issued to members of Israel's elite Unit 101, upon the formation of that unit in 1953.<ref name="Eilam">{{cite book|last= Uzi|first= Eilam|title= Eilam's Arc: How Israel Became a Military Technology Powerhouse|publisher= Sussex Academic Press|year= 2011|page=7}}</ref>

During the Greek Civil War, the Thompson submachine gun was used by both sides. The Hellenic Armed Forces, gendarmerie and police units were equipped with Thompson submachine guns supplied by the British and later in the war by the United States. The opposing Communist fighters of the Democratic Army of Greece were also using Thompson submachine guns, either captured from government forces or inherited from ELAS. ELAS was the strongest of the resistance forces during the period of Greek Resistance against the Germans and Italians and were supplied with arms from both the British and the United States. After the demobilization of ELAS, an unspecified number of arms were not surrendered to the government but kept hidden and were later used by the Democratic Army of Greece.<ref name="Sazanidis">{{harvnb|Sazanidis|1995|pp=293–295}}</ref>

The Thompson also found service with the KNIL and the Netherlands Marine Corps during their attempt to retake their former colony of Indonesia.<ref name="ArmsControl">{{cite book|title=The Control of local conflict : a design study on arms control and limited war in the developing areas|volume=3|last1=Bloomfield|first1= Lincoln P.|last2=Leiss|first2=Amelia Catherine<!--|last3=Legere|first3= Laurence J.|last4= Barringer|first4= Richard E.|last5=Fisher|first5= R. Lucas|last6= Hoagland|first6= John H.|last7=Fraser|first7= Janet|last8=Ramers|first8=Robert K-->|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA324492.pdf#page=86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804022404/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA324492.pdf#page=86|url-status=live|archive-date=August 4, 2020|date=30 June 1967|hdl=2027/uiug.30112064404368|pages=81, 89}}</ref> Later by Indonesian infiltrators during the 1965 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.{{sfn|Bloomfield|Leiss|1967|p=191}}

By the time of the Korean War in 1950, the Thompson had seen much use by the U.S. and South Korean military, even though the Thompson had been replaced as standard-issue by the M3/M3A1. With huge numbers of guns available in army ordnance arsenals, the Thompson remained classed as Limited Standard or Substitute Standard long after the standardization of the M3/M3A1. Many Thompsons were distributed to the US-backed Nationalist Chinese armed forces as military aid before the fall of Chiang Kai-shek's government to [[Biography:Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]]'s communist forces at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 (Thompsons had already been widely used throughout China since the 1920s, at a time when several Chinese warlords and their military factions running various parts of the fragmented country made purchases of the weapon and then subsequently produced many local copies). During the Korean War, US troops were surprised to encounter communist Chinese troops armed with Thompsons (amongst other captured US-made Nationalist Chinese and American firearms), especially during unexpected night-time assaults which became a prominent Chinese combat tactic in the conflict. The gun's ability to deliver large quantities of short-range automatic assault fire proved very useful in both defense and assault during the early part of the war when it was constantly mobile and shifting back and forth. Many Chinese Thompsons were captured and placed into service with American soldiers and marines for the remaining period of the war.

The Yugoslav Army received 34,000 M1A1 Thompsons during the 1950s as part of a ''US Military Aid to Yugoslavia Agreement''. These guns were used during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s.<ref name="Yugoslav Army">{{cite book|title=Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth|first1=David A. |last1=Dyker |first2= Ivan |last2= Vejvoda|edition=1st|date= 9 December 1996|location= London|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 9781317891352 |page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VmPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT169}}</ref>

During the Cuban Revolution, the Thompson submachine gun was used by both Batista's army and Fidel Castro's guerrillas. Both the latter and the Brigade 2506 also used some during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.<ref name="Cuba">{{cite book|title=The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961|series = Elite 166|first=Alejandro |last=de Quesada |date=10 Jan 2009|isbn=9781846033230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE-1CwAAQBAJ|pages= 9, 60–61}}</ref>

During the Vietnam War, some South Vietnamese army units and defense militia were armed with Thompson submachine guns, and a few of these weapons were used by reconnaissance units, advisors, and other American troops. It was partially replaced by the [[Engineering:MAC-10|MAC-10]], albeit during Vietnam, the fully automatic fire provided by the [[Engineering:M16 rifle|M16]] made the Thompson less effective than it previously had been. Still, not only did some U.S. soldiers have use of them in Vietnam, they encountered them as well. The Viet Cong liked the weapon and used both captured models as well as manufacturing their own copies in small jungle workshops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/WestPointMilitaryMuseum/SubmachineGuns/pages/12VietCongHomemadeThompsonSubmachineGun.htm|title=12 Viet Cong Homemade Thompson Submachine Gun|website=www.williammaloney.com|access-date=2018-05-13|archive-date=2019-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118074643/http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/WestPointMilitaryMuseum/SubmachineGuns/pages/12VietCongHomemadeThompsonSubmachineGun.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Australian government destroyed most of their Thompson machine carbines in the 1960s. They shipped their remaining stocks to arm the forces of Lon Nol's Khmer Republic in 1975. They were then captured and used by the Khmer Rouge.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

During the Troubles (1969–1998), the Thompson was again used by the Irish Republican paramilitaries. According to historian Peter Hart, "The Thompson remained a key part of both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA arsenals until well into the 1970s when it was superseded by the Armalite and the [[Engineering:AK-47|AK-47]]."{{sfn|Hart|2003|p=191}}

The Thompson was also used by U.S. and overseas law enforcement and police forces, most prominently by the FBI. The FBI used Thompsons until they were declared obsolete and ordered destroyed in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Vanderpool|first=Bill|title=Bring Enough Gun|magazine=American Rifleman|date= October 2013 |pages=80–85&115–116}}</ref>

==Collector interest==
Because of their quality and craftsmanship, as well as their gangster-era and WWII connections, Thompsons are sought as collector's items. There were fewer than 40 pre-production prototypes. The Colt Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in Hartford, Connecticut was contracted by the Auto-Ordnance Corporation to manufacture the initial mass production of 15,000 Thompson Submachine Guns in 1920. An original Colt Model 1921 A or AC, Model 1927 A or AC, Model 1928 Navy A or AC, properly registered in working condition with original components can easily fetch from US$25,000 to $45,000+ depending on condition and accessories. For WWII, approximately 1,700,000 Thompson Submachine Guns were produced by Auto-Ordnance and Savage Arms, with 1,387,134 being the simplified World War II M1 and M1A1 variants (without the Blish lock and oiling system{{sfn|Fitzsimons|1977|p=2488}}).

A Model 1921A believed to have been owned by Bonnie and Clyde, but without historical documentation to substantiate this provenance, sold at auction on January 21, 2012, in Kansas City for $130,000.<ref>Rice, Glenn E. "$210K for Bonnie & Clyde Tommy Gun, shotgun" [http://www.kansascity.com/2012/01/21/3383602/bonnie-and-clyde-gun-goes-for.html <u>The Kansas City Star</u>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214035724/http://www.kansascity.com/2012/01/21/3383602/bonnie-and-clyde-gun-goes-for.html |date=2013-12-14 }} 21 Jan. 2012</ref>

==Features==
===Operating characteristics===
[[File:Thompson1928a1.jpg|thumb|Thompson M1928A1, field stripped]]
Early versions of the Thompson, the Model 1919, had a fairly high cyclic rate of fire, as high as 1,200&nbsp;rounds per minute (rpm), with most Model 1921s at 800&nbsp;rpm. This rate of fire, combined with a rather heavy trigger pull and a stock with an excessive drop, increases the tendency for the barrel to climb off target in automatic fire.<ref name="Dunlap, Roy F. 1948 p. 299"/><ref name="George, John 1981 p. 395">{{harvnb|George|1981|p=395}}</ref> In 1927, the U.S. Navy ordered 500 Thompsons but requested a lower rate of fire. Thompson requested that Payne develop a method of reducing the cyclic rate of fire. Payne then replaced the actuator with a heavier one, and replaced the recoil spring with a stiffer one; the changes reduced the rate of fire from 800 to the 600&nbsp;rpm of the U.S. Navy Model 1928. Later M1 and M1A1 Thompsons averaged also 600&nbsp;rpm.<ref name="Dunlap, Roy F. 1948 p. 299">{{harvnb|Dunlap|1948|p=299}}</ref> Compared to more modern submachine guns, the Thompson is quite heavy, weighing roughly the same as the contemporary M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle, and requires a lot of cleaning. This was one of the major complaints about the weapon by U.S. Army personnel to whom it was issued.<ref name="rt66.com"/>

[[File:Thompson 21 field stripped.jpg|thumb|left|Thompson 1921, field stripped]]

Although the drum magazine provided significant firepower, in military service it was found to be overly heavy and bulky, especially when slung on the shoulder while marching.<ref name="George, John 1981 p. 395"/> The M1928A1 Thompson drum magazine was rather fragile, and cartridges tended to rattle inside it, producing unwanted noise.{{sfn|Pegler|2010|p=26}} For these reasons, the 20-round and later 30-round box magazines soon proved most popular with military users of the M1928A1, and drum compatibility was not included in the design of the wartime M1 and M1A1 models. The Thompson was one of the earliest submachine guns to incorporate a double-column, staggered-feed box magazine design, which undoubtedly contributed to the gun's reputation for reliability. In addition, the gun performed better than most after exposure to rain, dirt, and mud.<ref name="rt66.com"/>

The selective-fire (semi or fully automatic) Thompson fires from the "open bolt" position, in which the bolt is held fully to rearward by the sear when cocked. When the trigger is depressed, the bolt is released, traveling forward to chamber and simultaneously fire the first and subsequent rounds until either the trigger is released or the ammunition is exhausted. This eliminates the risk of "cook-off", which can sometimes occur in closed-bolt automatic weapons.

===Disassembly===
The 1928 variant can be disassembled easily by first detaching the stock, then sliding off the lower receiver and then simply removing the internal parts, cleaning them, and then putting it back together. When opened up, the Thompson features a small number of parts that need to be removed including the spring, bolt, Blish Lock, and actuator bolt.

==Variants==
===Prototypes===
====Persuader and Annihilator====
There were two main experimental models of the Thompson. The ''Persuader'' was a belt-fed version developed in 1917/18. It was partially built, but never completely finished. The ''Annihilator'', serial no. Ver 10 prototypes were similar in appearance to the later models, but without the rear sight and butt stock mounts. The Annihilator prototypes first were fed from a 20-round box magazine, but later, the 50- and 100-round [[Engineering:Drum magazine|drum magazine]] models were developed.

====Model 1919====
Starting with the Serial no. 11, the Model 1919 takes the final appearance of the later Thompsons with the rear sights and butt stock. The Model 1919 was limited to about 40 units; the first built did not use the drums, as it was too difficult to fire. Many variations have been noted within this model. The weapons had very high cyclic rates up to 1,500&nbsp;rpm.{{sfn|Bearse|1994|p=210}} This was the weapon Brigadier General Thompson demonstrated at Camp Perry in 1920. A number of Model 1919s were made without butt stocks, rear and front sights, but the final version closely resembled the later Model 1921. This model was designed to "sweep" trenches with bullets. The New York City Police Department was the largest purchaser of the M1919. Some experimental calibers aside from the standard .45 ACP (11.4x23mm) were the .22LR, .32 ACP, .38 ACP, and 9mm.<ref name="Fitz2487"/>

====.351 WSL variant====
Only one prototype was made in .351 WSL using a standard 20" barrel which had a ROF of 1000rpm.

====Thompson .30 Carbine====
The layout and ergonomics of the Thompson submachine gun were also considered for the role of a Light Rifle before the adoption of the M1 Carbine. An example known as the "Calibre .30 Short Rifle" was based on the M1921/27 variants.<ref>The Ultimate Thompson Book by Tracie L. Hill</ref> However, it was turned down without testing due to logistical problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/10/20/thompson-tommy-gun-smg-30-carbine-version/|title=Thompson "Tommy Gun" SMG... .30 Carbine Version -|date=20 October 2016}}</ref>

====.30-06 variant====
A .30–06 variant was intended as a rival to the M1918 BAR. It had an extended receiver with a recoil buffer and was fed from 20-round magazines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1397698A/en|title=Gun}}</ref>

===Production===
====Model 1921====
[[File:Thompson 1921 submachine gun.jpg|thumb|Thompson Model 1921.]]
The Model 1921 (M1921) was the first major production model. Fifteen thousand were produced by Colt for Auto-Ordnance. In its original design, it was finished more like a sporting weapon, with an adjustable rear sight, a blued, finned barrel and vertical foregrip (or pistol grip) and the Blish lock. The M1921 was quite expensive to manufacture, with the original retail price around $200, because of its high-quality wood furniture and finely machined parts. The M1921 was famous throughout its career with police and criminals and in motion pictures. This model gained fame from its use by criminals during Prohibition, and was nicknamed "tommy gun" by the media.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Cara |title='The Gun That Made The '20s Roar': Inside The Blood-Soaked History Of The Infamous Tommy Gun |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/tommy-gun |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=All That's Interesting |date=27 June 2022}}</ref>

====Model 1923====
The Model 1923 was a heavy submachine gun introduced to potentially expand the Auto-Ordnance product line and was demonstrated for the U.S. Army. It fired the more powerful .45 Remington–Thompson [[Engineering:Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] which fired a heavier {{convert|250|gr|oz g|abbr=on|lk=on}} bullet at muzzle velocities of about {{convert|1,450|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} and energy about {{convert|1170|ftlb|J|abbr=on|lk=on}}, with greater range than the .45 ACP. It introduced a horizontal [[Engineering:Forearm (firearm component)|forearm]], improved inline stock for accuracy, {{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on}} barrel, [[Engineering:Bipod|bipod]], and [[Engineering:Bayonet|bayonet]] lug. The M1923 was intended to rival the [[Engineering:M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle|M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle]] (BAR), with which the Army was already satisfied. The Army did not give the Model 1923 much consideration, so it was not adopted. In addition to the .45 Remington–Thompson, the M1923 Thompsons were to be made available to prospective buyers in several calibers, including .45 ACP, 9mm Parabellum, 9mm Mauser, and .351 Winchester Self-loading.<ref>Small Arms Review, Vol. 26, No. 5, p. 35</ref>

====Model 1921AC (1926)====
While not a new model in the usual sense of incorporating major changes, in 1926 the Cutts Compensator (a [[Engineering:Muzzle brake|muzzle brake]]) was offered as an option for the M1921; Thompsons with the compensator were cataloged as No. 21AC at the original price of $200.00, with the plain M1921 designated No. 21A at a reduced price of $175.00.<ref name="Frank Iannamico 1928"/> The Model 1921 was thereafter referred to as Model 1921A or Model 1921AC, though some collectors still refer to it as the Model 1921.

====Model 1928====
[[File:Thompson submachine gun at Alcatraz.jpg|thumb|left|A deactivated M1928 Thompson submachine gun at Alcatraz, San Francisco Bay.]]

The Model 1928 was the first type widely used by military forces, with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps as major buyers through the 1930s. The original Model 1928s were Model 1921s with weight added to the actuator, which slowed down the cyclic rate of fire, a United States Navy requirement. On these guns, the model number "1921" on the receiver was updated by stamping an "8" over the last "1". The Navy Model 1928 has several names among collectors: the "Colt Overstamp", "1921 Overstamp", "28 Navy", or just "28N".

The 1928 Thompson would be the last small arm adopted by the U.S. Army that used a year designation in the official nomenclature. With the start of World War II, major contracts from several countries saved the manufacturer from [[Finance:Bankruptcy|bankruptcy]]. A notable variant of the Model 1928 with an aluminum receiver and tenite grip, buttstock, and forend, was made by Savage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.machinegunbooks.com/eleven.html |title=Thompson Gallery |publisher=www.MachineGunBooks.com |access-date=2011-12-25}}</ref>

====M1928A1====
[[File:Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg|thumb|M1928A1 at Fort Knox, Kentucky, June 1942]]

The M1928A1 variant entered mass production before the attack on Pearl Harbor, as on-hand stocks ran out. Changes included a horizontal forend, in place of the distinctive vertical foregrip ("[[Engineering:Pistol grip|pistol grip]]"), and a provision for a military [[Engineering:Sling (firearms)|sling]]. Despite new U.S. contracts for Lend-Lease shipments abroad to China, France, and the United Kingdom, as well as the needs of American armed forces, only two factories supplied M1928A1 Thompsons during the early years of World War II. Though it could use both the 50-round drum and the 20- or 30-round box magazines, active service favored the box magazines as the drums were more prone to jamming, rattled when moving, and were too heavy and bulky on long patrols. 562,511 were made. Wartime production variants had a fixed rear sight without the triangular sight guard wings and a non-ribbed barrel, both like those found on the M1/M1A1.

In addition, the Soviet Union received M1928A1s, included as standard equipment with the M3 [[Engineering:Light tank|light tank]]s obtained through Lend-Lease. These submachine guns were used to a limited extent by the Red Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pamyat-naroda.ru/documents/view/?id=238922686|title = Память народа::Поиск документов частей}}</ref>

Some M1928A1 Thompsons were used by the French before and during the Battle of France (1940) under the designation "Pistolet-mitrailleur 11 mm 43 (C.45) M. 28 A1."

An M1928A1 with an unusual inline stock, modified with elevated sights to increase accuracy, also was produced. Some Thompsons were built with a folding stock, similar to M1A1 Carbines used by Allied tank crews, drivers and paratroopers and submarine raiders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forgottenweapons.com/experimental-thompson-stock/|title=Experimental Thompson Stock|work=Forgotten Weapons|date=2012-12-07}}</ref>

===Service variants===

====Thompson Machine Carbine (TMC)====
In 1940, Commonwealth troops in Egypt and North Africa were issued commercial model Lend-Lease Colt- and Savage-manufactured M1928s. Section leaders carried them instead of pistols or rifles. Many of the Colt models had French-language manuals packed with them as they had been abruptly diverted to England after the fall of France. They soon discovered that the weapon was prone to jamming due to sand. To fix this, the armorers removed the Blish Lock and replaced it with a hex bolt to keep the cocking handle and bolt together. The 20-round Type XX magazines had their peep-holes welded shut to keep sand out and the 50-round Type L drums were discontinued. Ammunition was scarce as it was either in small lots of Lend-Lease commercial ammo or obtained from adjacent American troops. It was later replaced by the 9mm Sten gun and Lanchester SMG.

Models used in the Pacific by Australian troops had their sling swivels remounted on the left side to allow it to be fired more easily while prone. A metal sling mount was fitted to the left side of the wooden buttstock. Ammunition was manufactured in Australia or obtained from adjacent American troops. It was later replaced by the Owen Machine Carbine.

====M1====
[[File:Thompson submachine gun Firecontrols.jpg|thumb|Fire controls on an M1 Thompson. Front lever is the selector switch, set for single shot.]]

Responding to a request for further simplification, the M1 was standardized in April 1942 as the '''United States Submachine Gun, Cal. .45, M1'''. Rate of fire was reduced to approximately 600–700&nbsp;rpm.

First issued in 1943, the M1 uses a simple blowback operation, with the charging handle moved to the side. The flip-up adjustable Lyman rear sight was replaced with a fixed L sight. Late M1s had triangular guard wings added to the rear L sight, which were standardized on the M1A1. The slots adjoining the magazine well allowing the use of a drum magazine were removed. A new magazine catch with the provision for retaining drum magazines removed, was produced, but most M1s and later M1A1s retained the original. The less expensive and more-easily manufactured "stick" magazines were used exclusively in the M1, with a new 30-round version joining the familiar 20-round type. The Cutts compensator, barrel cooling fins, and Blish lock were omitted while the [[Engineering:Stock (firearms)|buttstock]] was permanently affixed. Late production M1 stocks were fitted with reinforcing bolts and washers to prevent splitting of the stock where it attached to the receiver. The British had used improvised bolts or wood screws to reinforce M1928 stocks. The M1 reinforcing bolt and washer were carried over to the M1A1 and retrofitted to many of the M1928A1s in U.S. and British service. Late M1s also had simplified fire control switches, also carried over to the M1A1. Certain M1s had issues with high rate of fire climbing up to ~800 RPM. The exact cause remains unknown but was resolved with the transition to the M1A1.<ref>[https://smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2163 M1 Vs M1A1 Thompson Submachine Gun Cyclic rate]</ref>

====M1A1==== <!-- M1A1 links here -->
[[File:ThompsonM1A1VWM.jpg|thumb|right|The M1A1 Thompson submachine gun on display at the Virginia War Museum.]]

The M1A1, standardized in October 1942 as the '''United States Submachine Gun, Cal. .45, M1A1''', could be produced in half the time of the M1928A1, and at a much lower cost. The main difference between the M1 and M1A1 was the bolt. The M1 bolt had a floating firing pin and hammer, and the bolt of the M1A1 had the firing pin machined to the face of the bolt, eliminating unnecessary parts. The reinforced stock and protective sight wings were standard. The 30-round magazine became more common. In 1939, Thompsons' cost the government $209 apiece. By the spring of 1942, cost-reduction design changes had brought this down to $70. In February 1944, the M1A1 reached a low price of $45 each, including accessories and spare parts, although the difference in price between the M1 and M1A1 was only $0.06. By the end of the war, the M1A1 was replaced with the even lower-cost M3 (commonly called the "Grease Gun").

===Semi-automatic===
====Model 1927====
The Model 1927 was the open bolt semi-automatic version of the M1921. It was made by modifying an existing Model 1921, including replacing certain parts. The "Thompson Submachine Gun" inscription was machined over to replace it with "Thompson Semi-Automatic Carbine", and the "Model 1921" inscription was also machined over to replace it with "Model 1927." Although the Model 1927 was semi-automatic only, it was easily converted to fully automatic by installing a full-auto Model 1921 fire control group (internal parts). Most Model 1927s owned by police have been converted back to full-auto.{{sfn|Iannamico|2000|p=21}} The original Model 1927 is classified as a machine gun under the National Firearms Act of 1934 (a) by being "readily convertible" by swapping parts and (b) by a [[Engineering:Open bolt#Legality|1982 BATF ruling]] making all open bolt semi-automatic firearms manufactured after the date of this ruling classified as machine guns.

====Model 1927A1====
The Model 1927A1 is a semi-automatic replica version of the Thompson, originally produced by Auto-Ordnance of West Hurley, New York for the civilian collector's market from 1974 to 1999. It has been produced since 1999 by Kahr Arms of Worcester, {{wipe|Massachusetts}}. It is officially known as the "Thompson Semi-Automatic Carbine, Model of 1927A1." The internal design is completely different to operate from the closed bolt and the carbine has a barrel length of {{convert|16.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} (versus open bolt operation and barrel length of {{convert|10.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} for the fully automatic versions). Under federal regulations, these changes make the Model 1927A1 legally a rifle and remove it from the federal registry requirements of the National Firearms Act. These modern versions should not be confused with the original semi-automatic M1927, which was a slightly modified M1921 produced by Colt for Auto-Ordnance.

The Model 1927A1 is the semi-automatic replica of the Thompson Models of 1921 and 1927. The "Thompson Commando" is a semi-automatic replica of the M1928A1. The Auto-Ordnance replica of the Thompson M1 and M1A1 is known as the TM1 and may be found marked "Thompson Semi-Automatic Carbine, Caliber .45M1".

====Model 1927A3====
The Model 1927A3 is a semi-automatic, .22 caliber version of the Thompson produced by Auto-Ordnance in West Hurley.

====Model 1927A5====
The Model 1927A5 is a semi-automatic, .45 ACP pistol version of the Thompson originally produced by Auto-Ordnance in West Hurley from the 1970s until the early 1990s or late 1980s. It featured an aluminum receiver to reduce weight. It has since been replaced with the Kahr Arms TA5 Pistol, which features a 10.5" barrel and steel receiver, unlike the 1927A5's 13" barrel and aluminum receiver.

As per the NFA (National Firearms Act of 1934), the "1927A5 .45 ACP Pistol" is simply classified as a "Firearm" (Any type of firearm with an overall length of 26" or greater, that does not have a buttstock) as it neither fits the definition of a Pistol or Rifle under federal law. This categorization also legally allows it to have 1921 or 1928 style foregrip equipped, unlike other "pistol style" Thompson variants, without an AOW (Any Other Weapon) Tax Stamp.
[[File:BATFE Firearm Classification Letter.jpg|left|thumb|Auto-Ordnance 1927A5 DOJ BATFE Firearm Classification Letter]]

====1928A1 LTD====
The 1928A1 LTD is a civilian semi-automatic conversion by Luxembourg Defense Technology (LuxDefTec) in Luxembourg. They are made from original 1928A1 guns of various appearance (with or without Cutt's compensator, ribbed or smooth barrels, adjustable or fixed sights), that were imported Lend-Lease guns from Russia.

===Export variants===
====BSA Thompsons====
In an attempt to expand interest and sales overseas, Auto-Ordnance entered into a partnership with and licensed the [[Company:Birmingham Small Arms Company|Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited]] (BSA) in England to produce a European model. These were produced in small quantities and have a different appearance than the classic style. The '''BSA 1926''' was manufactured in 9mmP and [[Engineering:7.63×25mm Mauser|7.63mm Mauser]] and were tested by various governments, including France, in the mid-1920s. It was never adopted by any military force, and only a small number were produced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gotavapen.se/gota/artiklar/kpist/stengun.htm |title=Submachine guns of UK – BSA Thompson 1926 – Thompson 1928A1 – Lanchester – Sten and Sterling |publisher=Gotavapen.se |date=2010-09-08 |access-date=2011-12-25}}</ref>

===RPB Thompsons===
====Special purpose variant====
A special purpose machine pistol variant of the Thompson is manufactured by RPB Industries of Atlanta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://img822.imageshack.us/img822/8272/3053620dzpobzua.jpg |title=Archived copy |website=img822.imageshack.us |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206075121/http://img822.imageshack.us/img822/8272/3053620dzpobzua.jpg |archive-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Suppressed variant====
A version with a threaded barrel for suppressors, side folding stock, and modified sights.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Civilian ownership==
===Canada===
All variants and modified versions of Thompson submachine guns (even semiautomatic-only versions) are prohibited by name in Canada, as part of Prohibited Weapons Order No. 13 in 1995. Consequently, they cannot be legally imported or owned except under very limited circumstances. For example, to own one the person must be "[[Social:Grandfather clause|grandfathered]]" and have owned one before the bill was passed against it. The submachine gun is not grandfathered like in the U.S., only the owner. The submachine gun can only be sold to other grandfathered individuals; this keeps prices extremely low as the number of permitted licensed individuals is very small and dwindling with time. Eventually, all prohibited guns will be out of circulation.<ref>[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-98-462/page-2.html#h-4 List of Restricted and Prohibited Firearms], Canadian Firearms Centre (CFC)</ref>{{rp|Part 1.86}}<ref>[http://www.cfc-cafc.gc.ca/factsheets/prohibited_e.asp Prohibited Firearms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820143113/http://www.cfc-cafc.gc.ca/factsheets/prohibited_e.asp |date=2007-08-20 }}, Canadian Firearms Centre (CFC)</ref>

===United States===
[[File:1921mc.jpg|thumb|Firing the M1928 Thompson]]
The perceived popularity of submachine guns such as the Thompson with violent gangsters in the 1920s and 1930s was one of the main reasons given for passage of the National Firearms Act by the United States Congress in 1934. One of its provisions was that owners of fully automatic firearms were required to register them with the predecessor agency of the modern Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). The law also placed restrictions on the possession, transfer, and transport of the weapons.

There are several U.S. made [[Engineering:Automatic firearm|automatic]] and [[Engineering:Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]] variants, copies, or replicas. The semi-automatic versions are less regulated by federal law.

===United Kingdom===
The possession of any fully automatic firearm is prohibited in the UK by the Firearms Act 1968; prohibited firearms can be possessed under Section 5 authority from the Home Office, but these are not issued for sporting purposes. A fully automatic firearm that has been converted to semi-automatic fire, such as the Model 1927, is prohibited by the Firearms Act 1988, as is any centre-fire purpose-made semi-automatic weapon, such as the Model 1927A1. It is now effectively impossible for a firearm of this type to be legally possessed by a member of the general public, except in certified deactivated condition or where specifically manufactured as a semi-automatic in caliber .22LR.

===Germany===
The gun, in a government approved semiautomatic conversion or clone, can legally be owned by hunters and sport shooters. With a design date prior to 1942 it is not considered a "weapon of war." Only the fully automatic version is a prohibited weapon. As a long gun, it can be bought by hunters (even if it cannot be used to actually hunt for legal reasons). There are disciplines in government approved sport shooting rulebooks that allow this type to be used, therefore the gun can be bought by sport shooters, too.

==Users==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
*{{flag|Algeria}} Used by the National Liberation Front<ref>{{cite book|title=The Algerian War, 1954–62|series= Men-at Arms 312|publisher=Osprey Publishing|place= London |year=1997|isbn=978-1-85532-658-3|first= Martin |last=Windrow|page=46}}</ref>
* {{flag|Argentina}}: M1928 and M1 Thompson{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=194}}
*{{flag|Belgium}}: Used by the Belgian Army and ''Gendarmerie'' post-WW2, and it remained in service with the Gendarmerie until 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumortier |first1=M. |title=Technische Gids voor Infanterie Onderofficier |date=1953 |publisher=Infanterieschool |pages=BW-16 - BW-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bals |first1=Robert |last2=Buts |first2=Leo |last3=Pets |first3=Jef |title=Handvuurwapens van de Belgische Rijkswacht |url=http://erfgoedgilde.be/wapensrijkswacht.pdf |website=Erfgoedgilde |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Bolivia}}: M1921 used during the Chaco War.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=La Guerra del Chaco: fighting in El Infierno Verde: Part 2: tanks, airplanes, submachine guns: all played a role in this bloody conflict over some of the world's most godforsaken real estate|magazine=Shotgun News|date=May 2014|first=Paul|last= Scarlata}}</ref> M1A1 used by police<ref>{{cite web |title=World Infantry Weapons: Bolivia |url=https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_sa_bolivia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124203425/https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_sa_bolivia |archive-date=2016-11-24 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Brazil|1968}}: Adopted by the Pernambuco military police and used against cult members during the 1938 Pau de Colher massacre.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEMÓRIA E IDENTIDADE NA TRAJETÓRIA DOS ÓRFÃOS DE PAU DE COLHER: ACONTECIMENTOS, PESSOAS, LUGARES |url=https://historiar.uvanet.br/index.php/1/article/download/65/51|publisher=Revista Historiar|access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref> 8 Thompsons were bought for the Federal District's special police; Each of the four ''shock detachments'' was armed with two Thompsons, two Suomi KP31s, and two Bergmann submachineguns<ref>{{Cite book |last=Castro Gomes |first=Angela |title=Vargas e a crise dos anos 50}}</ref> The M1 was Used by the Brazilian forces from WWII<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maximiano|first1=Cesar|last2=Bonalume|first2=Ricardo N|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6HVtOSmWAEC&q=Brazilian+Expeditionary+Force+WWII|title=''Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II''|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9781849084833|series=Men at Arms 465|page=45}} </ref> until the mid-1980s.
*{{flagicon|British Raj}} [[History:British Raj|British India]]: Widely used by the Indian Army in the Malayan Campaign,{{sfn|McNab|2002|p=131}} in the European theatre{{sfn|McNab|2002|p=133}} and Burma Campaigns
*{{flag|Canada|1921}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/weapons/smgs/thompson.htm|title=Thompson Submachine Gun|access-date=2009-09-22|publisher=www.canadiansoldiers.com}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Catalonia|name=Catalan State}}<ref name="Spain"/>
*{{flag|Cuba}}{{sfn|Yenne|2009|pp=111–114}}
*{{flag|People's Republic of China}}: Unlicensed copies<ref name="History"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/SmallArms/thompson.htm|title=M1A1 Thompson submachine gun|access-date=2009-09-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217064700/http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/smallarms/thompson.htm|archive-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
*{{flag|Republic of China}}{{sfn|McNab|2002|p=47}}
*{{flag|Croatia}}<ref name="bishop1998">{{cite book|last=Bishop|first= Chris|title=Guns in Combat|publisher= Chartwell Books, Inc|year=1998|isbn=0-7858-0844-2|page={{page needed|date=December 2011}}}}</ref>
*{{flag|Dominican Republic}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=De La Cruz |first1=Jose E. Matos |title=Ejercito, La Historia Del Ejercito |date=2016 |isbn=978-9945-445-14-5 |page=309 |edition=1}}</ref>
*{{flag|Egypt}}: Simplified copies of the Thompson were manufactured under license after WW2, with barrels and magazines imported from the United States. Those copies used 20 round stick magazines and lacked a flash hider.<ref name="Egyptian Thompson copy">{{cite web|url=http://tsdr.ru/avtomat-tompson-kalibr-45|title=Автомат Томпсон, калибр .45|work=Сайт про оружие, оружие всех времен и народов, виды оружия|date=2012-09-25}}</ref>
*{{flag|Ethiopia}}: M1928A1 and M1 issued to Ethiopian forces during the Korean War<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gunsmagazine.com/guns/royal-tiger-imports-ethiopian-arms/|title=ROYAL TIGER IMPORTS ETHIOPIAN ARMS|date=August 2022 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Finland}}:In 1924 two M1921s were ordered by the headquarters of the Civil Guard. A number of M1928A1s were captured from Soviet forces in WWII. By late 1944 there were 47 Thompsons in inventory <ref>{{Cite book |last=Palokangas |first=Markku |title=Sotilaskäsiaseet Suomessa 1918 - 1988}}</ref>
*{{flag|France}}:<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.auto-ordnance.com/AO-1.html|title=History of the Thompson submachine gun|access-date=2009-09-22|author=Charles H. Smith|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308023225/http://auto-ordnance.com/AO-1.html|archive-date=2009-03-08}}</ref> The M1928A1 was used as the ''Pistolet-mitrailleur 11 mm 43 (C.45) M. 28 A1''.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 1956-03-19|title= Manuel du Grade TTA 116|language= fr|publisher= Berger-Levrault|page= 274}}</ref> The M1A1 was also used.<ref name="Algeria">{{cite magazine|language=fr|magazine=Gazette des Armes |issue=220 |date=March 1992|title=L'armement français en A.F.N.|pages=12–16|url=http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-220-mars-1992/page-12-13-texte-integral}}</ref>
*{{flag|Germany}}: US supplied Thompsons were used by the Bundeswehr before the adoption of the G3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bavarianm1carbines.com/bundeswehr.html|title=Germany and the U.S. M1 Carbine}}</ref>
*{{flag|Greece|old}}: Used by Greek armed forces, resistance fighters, ''Gendarmerie'' and police units during World War II and immediately postwar period.<ref name="Sazanidis"/>{{sfn|McNab|2002|p=123}}
* {{flag|Guatemala}}: M1A1 used Policía Nacional Civil up to 2014<ref name="Police America">{{cite magazine|title=Police Small Arms Arsenals in the Northern Central American Triangle|date=4 December 2015|volume=7|issue=5|url=http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=3259|magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal}}</ref>
*{{flag|Haiti}}<ref name="gander1995">Gander, Terry J.; Hogg, Ian V. ''Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995/1996''. Jane's Information Group; 21 edition (May 1995). {{ISBN|978-0-7106-1241-0}}. </ref>
*{{flag|Honduras}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-HondurasHandbook.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021110455/https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-HondurasHandbook.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-21 |url-status=live| title=Honduras Country Handbook}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iraq}}: Iraqi insurgents<ref name ='SAS 2012 10'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830000609/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 30, 2012|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-10-EN.pdf|chapter=Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia|title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets|publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}|year=2012|author=Small Arms Survey|page=321|isbn= 978-0-521-19714-4|}}</ref>
*{{flag|Imperial State of Iran|1964}}: Used by the Imperial Iranian Guard Units, first saw action during the Iran crisis of 1946.<ref name="ISMG"/>
*{{flag|Indonesia}}{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=461}}
*{{flag|Israel}}:<ref name=Eilam/>
*{{flag|Italy}}: Captured examples pressed into use by the Italian Army prior to September 8, 1943.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/42/birelgobi2.htm |title=Bir El Gobi: la battaglia |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2011-12-25|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120720080943/http://digilander.libero.it/lacorsainfinita/guerra2/42/birelgobi2.htm|archive-date= July 20, 2012}}</ref> Also supplied to partisans and to the Italian Co-belligerent Army.<ref>Romain Rainero, Antonello Biagini, ''L'Italia in guerra: Il 6° anno, 1945'' published by Commissione italiana di storia militare, 1996. </ref> After the war, it was mostly issued to {{wipe|Italian Air Force}} troopers<ref>As pictured in the book ''Ho vestito in azzurro'' by Nicola Malizia, IBN 2005. </ref>
*{{flag|Jordan}}<ref name="Arabs">{{cite book|title=Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 1948–73|series=Men-at-Arms 128|first=John |last=Laffin|date=15 Jun 1982|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9780850454512|page=32}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Laos}}: Limited received by U.S government and used during the First Indochina War and Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite book|title=The War in Laos 1960–75|series=Men-at-Arms 217|first=Kenneth |last=Conboy|date=23 Nov 1989 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9780850459388|page=15}}</ref>
*{{flag|Luxembourg}}: M1A1 in service 1952–1967, replaced by [[Engineering:Uzi|Uzi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnhm.lu/pageshtml/virtualmuseumtour.php |title=Grand-Duchy Of Luxembourg |publisher=Mnhm.lu |access-date=2011-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126105021/http://www.mnhm.lu/pageshtml/virtualmuseumtour.php |archive-date=2011-01-26 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Malaysia}}: M1928<ref>{{cite web |url=https://salw-guide.bicc.de/pdf/countries/158/malaysia.std.en.pdf |title=SALW Guide Malaysia}}</ref>
* {{flag|Mexico}}{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=516}}
*{{flag|The Netherlands}}: In early World War II, at least 3,680 Thompsons acquired through Lend-Lease<ref name="Frank Iannamico 1928"/>
*{{flag|New Zealand}}: M1928, M1928A1<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War II|series=Men-at-Arms 486|first1=Wayne|last1=Stack|first2=Barry|last2=O’Sullivan|date=20 Mar 2013|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9781780961118|page=46}}</ref> M1 and M1A1<ref>{{cite web |title= NZAR 346 SMG Thompson M1A1|url=http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_346_smg_thompson_m1a1.pdf}}</ref>
*{{flag|Nicaragua|1908}}:{{sfn|Pegler|2010|p=56}} The Nicaraguan National Guard received M1928A1s and some were captured by Sandino's rebels.<ref name="Banana">{{cite book|title=Latin American Wars 1900–1941: "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions|series=Men-at-Arms 519|publisher=Osprey Publishing|first= Philip |last=Jowett|date= 28 Jun 2018|isbn=9781472826282 |pages=44–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LJeDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
*{{flag|North Korea}}: Chinese-made Thompsons used by the Korean People's Army in the Korean War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanwaronline.com/history/Enemy%20Weapons/Frames/39.htm|title=11mm Submachine Gun (China)}}</ref>
*{{flag|North Vietnam}}: Unlicensed copies.<ref name="History"/> Used by Viet Minh in the First Indochina War.<ref name="Indochina">{{cite book|title=The French Indochina War 1946–54|series=Men-at-Arms 322|first= Martin |last=Windrow|isbn=9781855327894 |date=15 Nov 1998|page=24|publisher=Osprey Publishing}}</ref>
*{{PAN}}: M1928A1 Formerly used by the Panamanian National Guard, and used by Dignity Battalion militia of the defunct Panama Defense Forces.<ref name="OspPanweaps">{{cite book| last = Rottman| first = Gordon|  title = Panama 1989-90| publisher = Osprey Publishing| series = Elite| volume = 37| date = 2010| pages = 14, 15, 57, 62, 63| language = English| isbn = 9781855321564}}</ref>
*{{flag|Poland}}:M1921 obtained for trial purposes, possibly issued to police forces and the presidential guard.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scarlata |first=Paul |title=Polish WWII Weapons Part 1 |url=https://www.firearmsnews.com/editorial/polish-wwii-weapons-part-1/364279 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Firearms News |language=en}}</ref>  Used by the Polish Armed Forces in the West during WWII<ref>{{cite book|title=The Polish Army 1939–45|series= Men-at-Arms 117 |first=Steven J.|last=Zaloga|date=1982|isbn=9780850454178|publisher=Osprey Publishing|pages=22, 38}}</ref> and by resistance fighters during the Warsaw Uprising (from supply drops)
*{{flag|Portugal}}: Small number bought for police use, designated m/1928<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistamilitar.pt/modules/articles/article.php?id=528 |title=:: Revista Militar ::-Revistas – As Indústrias Militares e As Armas de Fogo |publisher=Revistamilitar.pt |date=2010-05-28 |access-date=2011-12-25 |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327041640/http://www.revistamilitar.pt/modules/articles/article.php?id=528 |archive-date=2012-03-27 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Russia}}: Wagner Group captured M1 and M1928A1 submachineguns from Ukrainian stocks<ref name="Wagner"/>
* {{flag|Somalia}}<ref name=somalia/>
*{{flag|South Vietnam}}<ref name="bishop1998"/>
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}:In 1924 a large number of M1921s was purchased through Mexico and issued to NKVD and border guards. 137,729 were received through Lend-Lease in WW2<ref name="Thompson SMG Soviet Russia"/> <ref name="TG">{{cite web|url=https://modernfirearms.net/en/submachine-guns/u-s-a-submachine-guns/thompson-1921-tommy-gun-eng/ |title=Thompson Submachine Gun|publisher=World Guns|author=Maxim Popenker|date=27 October 2010 }}</ref>
*{{Flag|Spanish Republic}}: M1928 adopted by Mossos d'Esquadra in the 1930s and later used during the Spanish Civil War. A number of M1928s were brought from the United States by the Lincoln Battalion.<ref name="Spain">{{cite web|url=https://www.gehm.es/siglo-xx/subfusiles-de-la-guerra-civil-espanola-iii-thompson-m1921-y-m1928/|title=Subfusiles de la Guerra Civil española (III) – Thompson M1921 y M1928}}</ref>
*{{flag|Sweden}}: In January 25, 1940, The Royal Swedish Army ordered 500 M1928 Submachine Guns from AB UNO Lindholm & Co. Each gun was supplied with four 20 round box magazines and one 50 round drum magazine. According to Major Carl-Olof Bjorsell the Swedish Thompson’s were sold to Israel during 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gotavapen.se/gota/artiklar/kpist/swede_45.htm|title=Submachine guns of Sweden}}</ref>
*{{flag|Turkey}}: Received US surplus guns after WW2<ref name="turkey">{{cite web|url=https://smallarmsreview.com/turkish-thompson-submachine-guns/|title=TURKISH THOMPSON SUBMACHINE GUNS|date=13 December 2008 }}</ref>
*{{Flag|Ukraine}}: As of 2011 between 10.000 to 20.000 guns were stored in Ministry of Defense warehouse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/22%D0%B0-2011-%D1%80/page9|title=Перелік військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено (Книга 1)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927213927/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/22%D0%B0-2011-%D1%80/page9 |archive-date=2016-09-27 }}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}. First issued to the GHQ Liaison Unit ('Phantom') in February 1940, in advance of main War Office contracts.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939 – 1945|last = Atkin|first = Malcolm|publisher = Pen and Sword|year = 2015|isbn = 978-1-47383-377-7|page = 80}}</ref> Used by the homeguard<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mwatkin.com/us-aid-to-britain|title=US Aid for the Home Guard}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States|1912}}: Employed by the United States Marine Corps<ref name="Fitz2487"/> and by the United States Army 1938,<ref name="miller2001">Miller, David (2001). ''The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns''. Salamander Books Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84065-245-4}}. </ref> including paratroops in World War II.
* {{Flag|Uruguay}}: M1928A1 and M1A1 formerly used by armed forces<ref>{{cite web |title=World Infantry Weapons: Uruguay|url=https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_sa_uruguay|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005224622/https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_sa_uruguay|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-10-05}}</ref>
*{{flag|Vietnam}} Used by Viet Cong during Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 October 2015|title=Viet Cong Weaponry: 14 Small Arms From the Vietnam War|url=http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/viet-cong-weaponry-14-vietnam-war/#ms16-viet-3}}</ref>
*{{flag|Venezuela|1930}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fav-club.com/legendarios/|title=Legendarios|access-date=2017-02-24|publisher=FAV-Club|date=2013-12-18|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414024424/http://www.fav-club.com/legendarios/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flag|Yugoslavia}}<ref name="Yugoslav Army"/>
{{Div col end}}

===Non-state groups===
*The Provisional IRA and Official IRA used the 1921 variant, mainly during the early 1960s to 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/irishcivilwar.html|title=The Irish Civil War, 1922–1923|access-date=2009-09-22|author=Paul V. Walsh|archive-date=2006-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508154451/http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/irishcivilwar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="O'Brien1993">{{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Brendan |title=The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin, 1985 to Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy9WENSLHyQC&pg=PA279 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1993 |pages=279– |isbn=978-0-8156-0319-1}}</ref>
*The Angry Brigade<ref name="Terrorists">{{cite book |last1=Dobson |first1=Christopher |last2=Payne |first2=Ronald |title=The Terrorists: Their Weapons, Leaders, and Tactics |publisher=Facts on File |date=1982 |page=108-109|url=https://archive.org/details/terroriststheirw0000dobs/page/108/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* Azerbaijan People's Government<ref name="ISMG"/>
* Afghan Mujahideen<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silahreport.com/2021/05/25/the-american-tommy-gun-in-the-pak-afghan-region/ |title=The American "Tommy Gun" In The Pak-Afghan Region Report |publisher=Silah Report |date=25 May 2021 |access-date=2022-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517062648/https://silahreport.com/2021/05/25/the-american-tommy-gun-in-the-pak-afghan-region/|archive-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref>
* Brigade 2506<ref name="Cuba" />
* Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis<ref>{{cite news|title=La fusillade de Loyada : Quelle balle a tué ?|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1976/02/12/quelle-balle-a-tue_2958304_1819218.html|date=12 February 1976|newspaper=Le Monde|page=7|issue=9660|language=fr}}</ref>
* Spanish Maquis<ref name="Spain" />
*  The Thompson was supllied to Malayan Communist Party insurgents during WW2, and used during the Malayan Emergency<ref name="auto"/>
* The Communist Party of Estonia received four Thompsons from the Soviet Union before the failed 1924 coup<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Отчет стрелкового полигона: пистолет-пулемет Томпсона |url=https://kalashnikov.media/article/weapons/otchet-strelkovogo-poligona-pistolet-pulemet-tompsona |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=kalashnikov.media |language=ru|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221131216/https://kalashnikov.media/article/weapons/otchet-strelkovogo-poligona-pistolet-pulemet-tompsona|archive-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref>
*The Turkish Resistance Organization manufactured its own copies with parts supplied by Turkey<ref name="turkey" />

==See also==
*''Tommy Gun: How General Thompson's Submachine Gun Wrote History''
*List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL A-32

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|40em}}
*Albert, David and Sig, Mike. (2005). ''Thompson Manuals, Catalogs, and Other Paper Items''. Self Published.
*Bannan, James F. and Hill, Tracie L. (1989). ''Notes On Auto-Ordnance''. South West Publishing Co.
*{{cite book |last=Bearse |first=Ray |chapter=The Thompson Submachine Gun: Weapon of War and Peace |editor-last=Murtz |editor-first=Harold A. |title=Gun Digest Treasury |publisher=DBI Books |edition=7th |year=1994 |isbn=978-0873491563}}
*Burrough, Bryan. (2004). ''Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI''. The Penguin Press.
*Cox, Roger A. (1982). ''The Thompson Submachine Gun''. Law Enforcement Ordnance Company.
*{{cite book |last=Dunlap|first= Roy F. |year=1948|title=Ordnance Went Up Front|publisher=Samworth Press}}
*Ellis, Chris. (1998). ''The Thompson Submachine Gun''. Military Book Club.
*{{cite book|last=Fitzsimons|first=Bernard|year=1977|title=The illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc01fitz|url-access=registration|publisher=Phoebus|oclc=18501210}}
*{{cite book |last=George|first=John (Lt. Col)|orig-year=1948|edition=2|year=1981|title=Shots Fired In Anger|publisher= NRA Press|isbn=978-0935998429}}
*{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Peter |title=The I.R.A. at War, 1916–1923 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bESDAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0199277865 }}
*Herigstad, Gordon. (1996). ''Colt Thompson Serial Numbers''. Self-published.
*Hill, Tracie L. (1996). ''Thompson: The American Legend''. Collector Grade Publications.
*Hill, Tracie L. (2009). ''The Ultimate Thompson Book''. Collector Grade Publications.
*Hogg, Ian V. and Weeks, John. (1989). ''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. DBI Books Inc.
*Huon, Jean. (1995). ''Les pistolets-mitrailleurs Thompson''. Barnett Editions, also Editions Crepin-LeBlond.
*{{cite book|last=Iannamico|first=Frank|year=2000|title=American Thunder: The Military Thompson Submachine Gun|publisher= Moose Lake Publishing}}
*Iannamico, Frank. (2003). "The Colt Thompson Submachine Gun". ''The Shotgun News Treasury Issue Volume 4''. Primedia Publishing
*Iannamico, Frank. (2004). ''American Thunder II: The Military Thompson Submachine Gun''. Moose Lake Publishing.
*Iannamico, Frank. (2004). ''United States Submachine Guns''. Moose Lake Publishing.
*Johnson, Melvin M. and Haven, Charles J. (1941). ''Automatic Arms''. William Morrow and Co.
*Linton, Peter. [http://www.gunshowbooks.com/cgi-bin/webc.exe/st_prod.html?p_prodid=GS430024 The Machinist's Guide to the Thompson Submachine Gun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411055539/http://www.gunshowbooks.com/cgi-bin/webc.exe/st_prod.html?p_prodid=GS430024 |date=2013-04-11 }} (2012) Gun Show Books Publishing {{ISBN|978-0-9787086-2-7}}
* {{cite book |last=McNab |first=Chris|title=20th Century Military Uniforms |year=2002 |edition=2nd |publisher=Grange Books |location=Kent |isbn=978-1-84013-476-6}}
*Moremon, John (2022). "The Tommy Gun in Jungle Warfare: The Use and Usefulness of the Thompson Submachine Gun for Australian Soldiers on the Kokoda Trail, New Guinea, 1942," ''Vulcan: The Journal of the History of Military Technology'', 9(1), 84-117. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134603-09010005
*Nelson, Thomas B. (1963). ''The World's Submachine Guns, Volume I''. International Small Arms Publishers.
*{{cite book|last=Pegler|first=Martin|title=The Thompson Submachine Gun: From Prohibition Chicago to World War II|publisher=Osprey Publishing|series=Weapon 1|year=2010|isbn=9781849081498}}
*{{in lang|pt}} Olive, Ronaldo. (1996). ''Guia Internacional de Submetralhadoras''. Editora Magnum Ltda.
*{{in lang|el}}{{cite book|last=Sazanidis|first=Christos|year=1995|title=Τα όπλα των Ελλήνων |trans-title=Arms of the Greeks|publisher=Maiandros|location=Thessaloniki (Greece)|isbn=978-960-90213-0-2|language=el}}
*Sharpe, Philip B. "The Thompson Sub-Machine Gun (in Police Science)" ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (1931–1951), Vol. 23, No. 6. (Mar. – Apr., 1933), pp.&nbsp;1098–1114.
*Smith, Charles H. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060420041933/http://www.tommygun.com/ao_ao.html A brief story of Auto-Ordnance Company].
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Joseph E.|title=Small Arms of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/smallarmsofworld00smit|url-access=registration|edition=11|location=Harrisburg, PA|publisher=The Stackpole Company|year=1969|isbn=9780811715669}}
*"Sturmgewehr!" by R. Blake Stevens Collector Grade Publications (2004). Thompsons(!) in Weimar Germany {{ISBN|0889353565|9780889353565}}
*Weeks, John. (1980). ''World War II Small Arms''. Galahad Books.
*Wilson, R.K. (1943). ''Textbook of Automatic Pistols''. Small Arms Technical Publishing Company.
*{{cite book |last=Yenne |first=Bill |title=Tommy Gun: How General Thompson's Submachine Gun Wrote History |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312383268 |url-access=registration |id=(340 pages; contains black-and-white photographs and illustrations) |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-38326-8 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|M1 Thompson}}
*[http://www.auto-ordnance.com/ Auto Ordnance]
*[http://TheTCA.net/ The Official Thompson Collectors Association Page]


[[Category:American inventions]]

{{Sourceattribution|Thompson submachine gun}}