View source for Engineering:TurboDuo

{{short description|Fourth-generation video game console}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| title = TurboDuo
| image = NEC-TurboDuo-Console-wController-L.jpg
| caption = TurboDuo with gamepad
| manufacturer = NEC Home Electronics, Hudson Soft
| type = [[Engineering:Home video game console|Home video game console]]
| generation = [[Engineering:Fourth generation of video game consoles|Fourth generation era]]
| releasedate = {{vgrelease|JP|September 21, 1991<ref name="PC-Engine UK">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pc-engine.co.uk/?section=systems|title = PC-Engine}}</ref>|NA|October 10, 1992}}
| lifespan = 1991–1995
| price = {{USD|299.99|1991|round=-1}}
| discontinued = {{vgrelease|WW|December 1995}}
| media = TurboChip, [[CD-ROM]]
| cpu = HuC6280
| CPUspeed = 1.79 MHz or 7.16 MHz
| memory = 8KB work RAM, 64KB video RAM, 192KB additional memory (System 3.0)
| display = 256 × 224, 512 × 224, 512 × 240 screen resolutions. 512 available colors, 481 on-screen colors
| sound = HuC62806, PSG audio channels
| input = [[Engineering:Gamepad|Gamepad]]
| predecessor = [[Engineering:TurboGrafx-16|TurboGrafx-16]] (PC Engine)<br>TurboGrafx-CD (CD-ROM² System)
| successor = [[Engineering:PC-FX|PC-FX]]
| graphics = [[Engineering:Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270]] VDC, HuC6260 VCE
}}

The '''TurboDuo''' is a [[Engineering:Fourth generation of video game consoles|fourth-generation]] [[Engineering:Video game console|video game console]] developed by NEC Home Electronics and Hudson Soft for the North American market. The TurboDuo was test-marketed in Los Angeles in October 1992, before a nationwide rollout in May 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pcengine.proboards.com/post/2010/thread|title=Letter from TTI|last=Turbo Technologies, Inc|date=1993|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> It is the North American version of the Japanese '''PC Engine Duo''' game console which was released in September 1991.

In the United States, the TurboDuo was marketed by Turbo Technologies, Inc. (or TTI) of {{wipe|Los Angeles}}, a joint venture of [[Company:NEC|NEC Home Electronics]] and Hudson Soft. It was established to market NEC consoles in North America after NEC Home Electronics USA failed to effectively market the platform.

The TurboDuo integrates the capabilities of the [[Engineering:TurboGrafx-16|TurboGrafx-16]] and its [[CD-ROM]] [[Engineering:Optical disc drive|drive]] (the TurboGrafx-CD) into a single, redesigned unit with an updated [[BIOS]] and 192 KB of additional RAM. TTI also offered the Super System Card via mail order, which provided the original TurboGrafx-CD with the 192 KB RAM upgrade.

The RAM increase and BIOS update afford the TurboDuo and PC Engine Duo compatibility with all CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM² titles (Japanese and North American). Like the TurboGrafx-CD, the TurboDuo can read [[Company:Compact Disc Digital Audio|Compact Disc Digital Audio]] and CD+G discs. The TurboDuo, however, cannot read PC Engine HuCards without modification or an adapter. With a HuCard adapter and an Arcade Card Duo, the TurboDuo can also read Arcade CD-ROM² games (which were sold only in Japan).

==Marketing==

===Japan===
[[File:PC-Engine-Duo-R.jpg|thumb|left|The Japanese PC Engine Duo R]]
When the PC Engine Duo launched in Japan on September 21, 1991, it retailed for ¥59,800. The product garnered a Good Design Award.

NEC later revised the design of the console to reduce both manufacturing costs and the sale price. This new version, the {{nihongo|'''PC Engine Duo R'''|PCエンジンDuo-R|Pī Shī Enjin Duo Āru}}, went to market on March 25, 1993<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> with a retail price of ¥39,800. The Duo R omits the [[Engineering:Phone connector (audio)|3.5 mm phone connector]] for headphones, and the locking switch for the lid of the Duo's [[CD player#Top loading|top-loading]] CD-ROM drive. The Duo R has an differently shaped, off-white casing.

NEC released its final variation of the PC Engine Duo on June 25, 1994.<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> The {{nihongo|'''PC Engine Duo RX'''|PCエンジンDuo-RX|Pī Shī Enjin Duo Āru Ekkusu}} has a bluer case, and was bundled with the Arcade Pad 6, a six-button controller, instead of the standard Turbo Pad controller.

===North America===
TTI released the TurboDuo to consumers in North America in October 1992, at a retail price of US$299.99. The price was, in part, a consequence of the relatively high cost of CD-ROM drive manufacturing.

Since TTI understood that the price was too high for many people in their [[Finance:Target market|target market]], they included a booklet of coupons for TurboDuo games and accessories, plus several pack-in games on two CD-ROMs: ''Ys Book I & II'' (1990) and a Super CD compilation of four of Hudson Soft's more popular TurboGrafx-16 titles: ''[[Software:Bonk's Adventure|Bonk's Adventure]]'' (1989), ''[[Software:Bonk's Revenge|Bonk's Revenge]]'' (1991), ''[[Software:Gate of Thunder|Gate of Thunder]]'' (1992), and ''Bomberman'' (1983). (''Bomberman'' was hidden in an [[Easter egg (media)|Easter egg]].) The package also included one TurboChip game: ''[[Software:Dungeon Explorer (1989 video game)|Dungeon Explorer]]'' (Hudson Soft 1989). Later, TTI replaced ''Dungeon Explorer'' with one of a variety of TurboChip titles, such as ''[[Software:Ninja Spirit|Ninja Spirit]]'' ([[Company:Irem|Irem]] 1988) and ''[[Software:Final Lap Twin|Final Lap Twin]]'' ([[Company:Namco|Namco]] 1989).

With the release of the TurboDuo, TTI reduced the retail price of the TurboGrafx-CD peripheral for the TurboGrafx-16 to $150.00, and began marketing the Super System Card, which enabled the TurboGrafx-CD to play the new Super CD games. The Super System Card is programmed with the updated v3.0 BIOS, and increases the TurboGrafx-16's RAM by 192 kilobytes. The TurboGrafx-CD requires the updated BIOS to read Super CD discs, and the additional RAM to run the software capably. The Super System Card retailed for US$65 or, when bundled with the TurboDuo's Super CD compilation disc, US$95.

Unlike the previous consoles which used actual game characters as mascots, for the TurboDuo marketing campaign TTI created a character called "Johnny Turbo".<ref>''Electronic Gaming Monthly''. May 2004. [http://www.zinio.com/premiumsearch?rf=googpm_us&ns=zno&issue=47791380&page=53 52]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Turbo, a superhero character, was the alter ego of Jonathan Brandstetter, who himself was based in part on real-life game developer and TurboDuo brand manager John C. Brandstetter.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-10-15|title=John C. Brandstetter (Person)|url=https://www.giantbomb.com/john-c-brandstetter/3040-32107/|website=Giant Bomb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=GamesRadar Staff 25|last1=December 2018|accessdate=2020-10-15|title=The 30 best video game consoles and systems of all time|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/best-video-game-console-system-of-all-time/|website=Retro Gamer Magazine}}</ref> Consisting of a three comic campaign that ran in issues of ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'',<ref>Electronic Gaming Monthly, January 1993  (Volume 6, Number 1, Issue 42): Pages 221-224.</ref><ref>Electronic Gaming Monthly, February 1993  (Volume 6, Number 1, Issue 43).</ref><ref>Electronic Gaming Monthly, March 1993  (Volume 6, Number 1, Issue 44): Pages 107-110.</ref> the stories featured Johnny opposing agents of the company "FEKA" (a thinly veiled parody of [[Company:Sega|Sega]]) who were tricking children into buying their [[Engineering:Sega CD|CD-based add-on]] instead of the TurboDuo.<ref name="nintendolife">{{cite web|accessdate=2020-10-15|title=Video: As TurboGrafx-16 Hits The Wii U Virtual Console, Let's Look Back At Gaming's Lamest Mascot|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2016/07/video_as_turbografx-16_hits_the_wii_u_virtual_console_lets_look_back_at_gamings_lamest_mascot|date=25 July 2016|website=Nintendo Life}}</ref> Reactions to the advertising campaign were negative, with Jonathan J. Burtenshaw of GameSpy descring them as "petty" and "overly confrontational," and further conjectured that it hurt TurboDuo sales.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=ConsoleMuseum.Detail&id=32&game=15 |title=NEC TurboGrafx-16 (TG16) - 1989-1993 |last=Burtenshaw |first=Jonathon J. |website=GameSpy |date=1998 |accessdate=1 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063421/http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=ConsoleMuseum.Detail&id=32&game=15 |archivedate=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Despite this Turbo would later resurface as a playable character voiced by Brandstetter in the 2019 puzzle game ''Crystal Crisis'',<ref name=Polygon>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/10/17340606/crystal-crisis-nicalis-cave-story-binding-of-isaac-astro-boy|title = Crystal Crisis looks like Puzzle Fighter with Astro Boy, Binding of Isaac and Cave Story characters|website = Polygon|date = 10 May 2018}}</ref> and in name and image only for ''Johnny Turbo's Arcade'', a [[Company:Data East|Data East]] arcade game compilation for the [[Engineering:Nintendo Switch|Nintendo Switch]] produced by Brandstetter's company [[Company:Flying Tiger Development|Flying Tiger Development]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2017/12/data_east_arcade_titles_are_coming_to_switch_courtesy_of_one_of_gamings_worst_mascots |title=Data East Arcade Titles Are Coming To Switch, Courtesy Of One Of Gaming's Worst Mascots |website=Nintendo Life |first=Damien |last=McFerran |date=22 December 2017 |accessdate=15 July 2023}}</ref>

==Technical specification==
[[File:PC-Engine-Duo-Console-Set.jpg|thumb|The Japanese PC Engine Duo]]

; CPU
: The Hudson Soft HuC6280 is a modified 65C02 with an effective [[Clock rate|clock rate]] of 1.79 or 7.16 MHz (switchable by software). The integrated components of this 8-bit processor include a timer, general-purpose I/O port, and bankswitching hardware (which drives a 21-bit external address bus from a 6502-compatible 16-bit address bus). It is capable of block transfer instructions, as well as dedicated move instructions for communicating with the TurboDuo's [[Engineering:Video display controller|video display controller]], the [[Engineering:Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270A]].

; Video processing
:* One 16-bit HuC6260 video color encoder (VCE)
:* One 16-bit [[Engineering:Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270A]] video display controller (VDC). Like the TMS99xx family of video display processors, it has port-based I/O.

; Display resolution
:* Horizontal lines: Maximum of 512, programmable in 8-pixel increments
:* Vertical lines: Maximum of 240, programmable in 8-pixel increments

[[File:NEC-TurboDuo-Controller-Adapter.jpg|thumb|right|Since the TurboGrafx-16 used a different controller port, its input devices and peripherals required an adapter in order to be used on a TurboDuo.]]
; Color
:* [[Engineering:Color depth|Color depth]]: [[List of monochrome and RGB color formats#9-bit RGB|9-bit]]
:* 512-color palette (maximum of 481 colors on-screen: 241 for background tiles, 240 for [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]])
:* Up to 32 palettes (16 for background tiles, 16 for sprites)
:* Up to 16 colors per palette (15 colors + transparency)

; Sprites
:* Sizes: 16×16, 16×32, 32×16, 32×32, 32×64
:* Simultaneously displayable: 64 (maximum of 8–16 per line, depending on sprite width)
:* Each sprite can use up to 15 unique colors (one color must be reserved as transparent) via one of the 16 available sprite palettes.
:* The HuC6270A VDC can display one sprite layer. Sprites could be placed either in front of or behind background tiles.

; Tiles
: Each 8×8-pixel background tile can use up to 16 unique colors via one of the 16 available background palettes. The first color entry of each background palette must be the same across all background palettes. The HuC6270A VDC can display one background layer.

;Memory
:* Work RAM: 8 KB
:* Video RAM: 64 KB
:* Additional 192 KB of built in Memory (System 3.0)

; Sound
:* Six wavetable synthesis audio channels, programmable through the HuC6280 CPU
:* One ADPCM channel
:* [[Company:Compact Disc Digital Audio|Compact Disc Digital Audio]]

; Software media
:* TurboChip (called ''HuCard'' in Japan), a thin, card-like [[ROM cartridge]]. Published games consumed up to 20 [[Megabit|Mb]] (2.5 [[Megabyte|MB]]).
:* CD-ROM² (pronounced "CD-ROM-ROM" in Japan), a proprietary [[CD-ROM]]-based media. Unlike the TurboGrafx-CD add-on, the TurboDuo could play standard CD-ROM² discs, as well Super CD-ROM² discs, without the need of a System Card. Early CD-ROM² games released in North America were branded as TurboGrafx-CD discs, but this relabeling fell into disuse after the launch of the TurboDuo in favor of keeping the CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM² labeling used in Japan.

==See also==
* List of TurboGrafx-16 games/PC Engine games

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://magicengine.com/mkit/doc.html PC-Engine technical documentation for programmers] at MagicEngine.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150207012720/http://www.frozenutopia.com/ Frozen Utopia], a website for PC-Engine game developers


[[Category:Fourth-generation video game consoles]]
[[Category:Home video game consoles]]

{{Sourceattribution|TurboDuo}}