View source for Engineering:Type C1 ship

{{short description|Class of American cargo ships}}
[[File:USSFomalhautAK-22.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Type C1-A freighter, {{USS|Fomalhaut|AK-22|6}}]]
'''Type C1''' was a designation for small [[Engineering:Cargo ship|cargo ship]]s built for the United States Maritime Commission before and during [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. Total production was 493 ships built from 1940 to 1945. The first C1 types were the smallest of the three original Maritime Commission designs, meant for shorter routes where high speed and capacity were less important.  Only a handful were delivered prior to Pearl Harbor. But many C1-A and C1-B ships were already in the works and were delivered during 1942. Many were converted to military purposes including troop transports during the war.

The Type C1-M ship was a separate design, for a significantly smaller and shallower [[Engineering:Draft (hull)|draft]] vessel. This design evolved as an answer for the projected needs for military transport and supply of the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II.<ref>[http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.htmlu smm.org United States Maritime Commission C1 and C1-M Type Ships used in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War]</ref>

Type C1 ships under the control of the British Ministry of War Transport took an [[Engineering:Empire ship|'''Empire''']] name even if built with another name e.g. ''Cape Turner''.

==Origins==
The United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) was an agency of the United States government that was created by the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, passed by Congress on 29 June 1936 and replaced the U.S. Shipping Board which had existed since [[Social:World War I|World War I]]. It was intended to formulate a merchant shipbuilding program to design and build five hundred modern merchant cargo ships to supplement and replace the World War I vintage vessels, including [[Engineering:Hog Islander|Hog Islander]] ships, that comprised the bulk of the U.S. Merchant Marine.

From 1939 through the end of [[Social:World War II|World War II]], MARCOM funded and administered the largest and most successful merchant shipbuilding effort in world history, producing thousands of ships, including [[Engineering:Liberty ship|Liberty ship]]s, [[Engineering:Victory ship|Victory ship]]s, and others, notably type C1 ships, [[Engineering:Type C2 ship|type C2 ship]]s, type C3 ships, [[Engineering:Type C4-class ship|type C4 ships]], [[Engineering:T2 tanker|T2 tanker]]s, Landing Ship Tank (LST)s and patrol [[Engineering:Frigate|frigate]]s. By the end of the war, U.S. shipyards working under MARCOM contracts had built a total of 5,777 oceangoing merchant and naval ships.

What was later known as the C1-A was among the three original cargo ship designs including the basic C2 and C3. The further developments included the C1-B which included minor changes and turbine engines, and then more radical departures for special needs to meet the exigencies of the war, including troop ships based on the C1-B. Deliveries of the C1-B began before the other models, in mid 1941.

The C series of ships differed from the Liberty and Victory ships.  The first C series vessels were designed prior to hostilities and were meant to be commercially viable ships to modernize the US Merchant Marine, and reduce the US reliance on foreign shipping.  The Liberty ships were a throwback to late 19th century British designs with reciprocating steam engines, but were very cheap to build in large quantities; Victory ships evolved from the Liberty ships but used modern turbine engines.  The C series ships were more expensive to produce, but their economic viability lasted well into the late 1960s and early 1970s in military and merchant fleets.  Several ships are still in operation.<ref>[http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm shipbuildinghistory.com C1 Cargo Ships]</ref>

==Variations==
The Type C1-A and C1-B ships were similar in design, All had a rated top speed of {{convert|14|kn|lk=in}}. The primary difference between them was that C1-A ships were shelter deck ships, while C1-B ships were full [[Scantling|scantling]] ships.  There were many adaptations of the design for special purposes from [[Engineering:Hospital ship|hospital ship]]s to petroleum gas carriers.  The C1-M was the type with the largest production; it was a significant variation from the original C1 design in size, performance and profile; these were shorter, narrower, slower and the superstructure was farther toward the stern.

With the exception of ships built for specific shipping lines before the war, the majority of the C1-A and C1-B ships were given two-word names beginning with "Cape", such as {{SS|Cape Hatteras}}.

===C1-A===
[[Image:USS Cyrene.jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|6}}]]
Forty-six Type C1-A ships were built at Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc. in Beaumont, Texas, with another 19 being built by Pusey and Jones in Wilmington, Delaware (not to be confused with Consolidated Steel's Wilmington, California location).  The majority were built with diesel motors, though 19 were built with steam turbine engines. These were shelter deck ships, having a very light upper deck, the sides of which are open ports to the second or main deck.

The first [[Engineering:Keel|keel]]s were [[Engineering:Keel laying|laid]] in 1939. Two of the Pusey and Jones ships were converted to [[Engineering:PT boat|PT boat]] tenders before entering service, including {{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|6}}.
        
Some of the diesel vessels were powered by 2, 6-cylinder Nordberg 2-stroke engines (Sulzer type) driving the single shaft via magnetic couplings and a reduction gear-box. They were manufactured by Nordberg Manufacturing Company. The engine speed was 220 rpm and the shaft 110 rpm. This configuration made maneuvering very easy when entering port, as one engine was run in reverse and the other ahead; change of direction was simply performed by energizing the appropriate magnetic coupling. All auxiliary equipment was electric. The engine room was a pleasure to operate and the workmanship outstanding.

* Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc., TX: '''46''' (launched May 1941 &mdash; Dec 1944)
* Pusey and Jones, DE: '''19''' (Jan 1942 &mdash; May 1945)

Converted to Troop Ships<ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ship_Repair_Yards/h5-st_6fZ-0C p. 520</ref><ref>http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm</ref>

* {{SS|Cape Bon|MC-301|3}} at Bethlehem 56th Street
* {{SS|Ca;e Douglas|MC-300|3}} at Cardinal Engineering Company
* {{SS|Adabelle Lykes|MC-141|3}} at Eureka Shipbuilding Company
* {{SS|Cape Henlopen|MC-296|3}} at McNulty Shipyards
* {{SS|Cape Canso|MC-303|3}} at Arthur Tickle

4 Modified and redesignated (to United States Navy)

* Cargo
** {{SS|Cape Lookout|MC-138|3}} as {{USS|Fomalhaut|AK-22|3}} then {{USS|Fomalhaut|AKA-5|3}} then {{USS|Fomalhaut|AE-20|3}}
** {{SS|Cape Sable|MC-225|3}} as {{USS|Sangay|AE-10|3}}<ref>navsource says thus hull was a C1-B</ref>
* Motor Torpedo Boat Tender
** {{SS|Cape Carthage|MC-304|3}} as {{USS|Acontius|AGP-12|3}}
** {{SS|Cape Farewell|MC-891|3}} as {{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|3}}

===C1-B===
[[File:USS Auriga (AK-98).jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Auriga|AK-98|6}} during World War II]]
The Type C1-B ships were built in seven different yards, the majority at Consolidated Steel Corporation in Wilmington, California. All but ten of the C1-B ships had steam turbine engines; these were all built at [[Company:Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation|Seattle-Tacoma SB Corp.]], Tacoma, Washington and Western Pipe & Steel, San Francisco, California, with each producing five ships.  These were full scantling ships with three decks in which the frames hold the same dimensions as the upper deck.  Full scantling ships have deck gear sufficient to completely unload their cargoes. An C1-B example is {{USS|Auriga|AK-98|6}}.

In 1939, contracts for batches of 4 or 5 vessels were awarded to the lowest bidder. ''Bethlehem San Francisco'' and ''Bethlehem Staten Island'' only produced on this occasion for the Maritime Commission. For ''Seattle-Tacoma'', the C1-B contract prompted the reopening of the Tacoma yard.

* Federal Shipbuilding, NJ: 5
** {{SS|Joseph Lykes}} (MC-67) ... {{SS|John Lykes}} (MC-71)
* Consolidated Steel, Long Beach, CA: 4
** {{SS|Agwimonte}} (MC-75) ... {{SS|Alcoa Polaris}} (MC-78)
* Bethlehem Sparrows Point, MD: 5
** {{SS|James Lykes}} (MC-79) ... {{SS|James McKay}} (MC-83)
* [[Company:Union Iron Works|Bethlehem San Francisco]], CA: 5
** {{SS|Santa Cruz}} (MC-84) ... {{SS|Alcoa Puritan}} (MC-88)
* Bethlehem Staten Island, NY: 5
** {{SS|Alcoa Pathfinder}} (MC-89) ... {{SS|Stella Lykes}} (MC-93)
* Western Pipe & Steel, San Francisco, CA: 5 (diesel)
** {{SS|American Manufacturer}} (MC-94) ... {{SS|American Packer}} (MC-98)
* [[Company:Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation|Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding]], WA: 5 (diesel)
** {{SS|Cape Alava}} (MC-119) ... {{SS|Idaho}} (MC-123)

after the Emergency Shipbuilding Program picked up momentum, ''Consolidated Steel'' remained the only manufacturer of the C1-B type.

* Consolidated Steel, Long Beach, CA: 3
* Consolidated Steel, Wilmington, CA: 58

Converted to Troop Ships<ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ship_Repair_Yards/h5-st_6fZ-0C p. 520</ref><ref>http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm</ref><ref>Roland Wilbur Charles, Troopships of World War II, 1947, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Troopships_of_World_War_II/YzJKAAAAMAAJ</ref>

* {{SS|Zoella Lykes|MC-68|3}} at Bethlehem 27th Street
* {{SS|Santa Cruz|MC-84|3}} at Bethlehem Hoboken
* {{SS|Cape Neddick|MC-91|3}} at Bethlehem Hoboken
* {{SS|Mormacdove|MC-265|3}} at Todd Hoboken
* {{SS|John Lykes|MC-71|3}} at Zalud Marine Corporation
* {{SS|Alcoa Polaris|MC-78|3}} at Zalud Maribe Corporation
* {{SS|Alcoa Patriot|MC-87|3}} at Arthur Blair
* {{SS|Cape Cod|MC-92|3}} at Arthur Blair
* {{SS|Cape Perpetua|MC-503|3}} at General Engineering Company
* {{SS|Cape Mendocino|MC-505|3}} at Matson Navigation
* {{SS|Cape Newenham|MC-502|3}} at Moore Dry Dock Company
* {{SS|Cape Meares|MC-510|3}} at United Engineering Co.
* {{SS|Cape Cleare|MC-504|3}} at Todd Seattle
* {{SS|Agwiprince|MC-76|3}} at Bethlehem 27th Street

7 Modified and redesignated (to United States Navy)

* {{SS|Fred Morris|MC-70|3}} as submarine tender {{USS|Otus|AS-20|3}} and then as internal combustion engone repair ship {{USS|Otus|ARG-20|3}}
* Troop transports
** {{SS|Cape Johnson|MC-507|3}} as {{USS|Cape Johnson|AP-172|3}}
** {{SS|Fred Morris|MC-490|3}} as {{USS|Arlington|AP-174|3}}
* Cargo ships
** {{SS|Alcoa Partner|MC-493|3}} to US Navy as {{USS|Auriga|AK-98|3}}
* Hospital ships
** {{SS|Comfort|MC-1021|3}} as {{USS|Comfort|AH-6|3}}
** {{SS|Hope|MC-1015|3}} as {{USS|Hope|AH-7}}
** {{SS|Mercy|MC-1022|3}} as {{USS|Mercy|AH-8}}

===C1-S-AY1===
The C1-S-AY1 subtype of thirteen ships built by Consolidated Steel Corporation was modified from the C1-B design for use as troopships by Great Britain under lend-lease called ''[[Engineering:Landing ship, infantry|Landing Ship Infantry, Large]]''. These ships were all given two-word names beginning with "Empire", such as SS ''Empire Spearhead''. {{SS|Empire Broadsword||2}} was lost at the Normandy Invasion, to a mine.  {{SS|Empire Javelin||2}} was sunk by a torpedo from a German [[Engineering:U-boat|U-boat]] on 28 December 1944.

* {{HMS|Empire Battleaxe}} / {{HMS|Donovan|F161}}
* {{HMS|Empire Cutlass}} / {{HMS|Sansovino|F162}}
* {{HMS|Empire Halberd}} / {{HMS|Silvio|F160}}
* {{HMS|Empire Broadsword}}
* {{HMS|Empire Lance}} / {{HMS|Sir Hugo}}
* {{HMS|Empire Mace}} / {{HMS|Galiteemore|F171}}
* {{HMS|Empire Rapier}}
* {{HMS|Empire Anvil}} / {{HMS|Rocksand|F184}}
* {{HMS|Empire Javelin}}
* {{HMS|Empire Spearhead}} / {{HMS|Ormonde|F172}}
* {{HMS|Empire Arquebus}} / {{HMS|Cicero|F170}}
* {{HMS|Empire Gauntlet}} / {{HMS|Sefton|F123}}
* {{HMS|Empire Crossbow}} / {{HMS|Sainfoin|F183}}

===C1-M===
[[File:SC 204192 - The “Spar Hitch”, C1-M-AVI, captained by Carl, E. Peterson, New York, N.Y., in background, is the first big ship to enter Naha Harbor, Okinawa.jpg|thumb|The “Spar Hitch”, C1-M-AV1, captained by Carl, E. Peterson, New York, N.Y., in background, is the first big ship to enter Naha Harbor, Okinawa, August 9, 1945.]]
[[File:USS Alamosa.jpg|thumb|right|upright|USS ''Alamosa'' – typical Type C1-M vessel]]
[[File:Rotterdam_IMO 5016274_G_Hamburg_05-1973 (2).jpg|thumb|right|''Coastal Captain'' (type C1-M-AV1) sailed as ''Rotterdam'' until 1981]]
The diesel ('''M''' for '''M'''otor) powered C1-M Type ships were a separate design from the C1-A and C1-B, meant for shorter runs and shallow harbors, either along the coasts, or for "island hopping" in the [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific]].  These ships were shorter, narrower, and had less draft than the earlier C1 designs, and were rated at only {{convert|11|kn|km/h|0}}. {{USS|Alamosa|AK-156|6}} is an example of a C1-M ship.

The '''C1-M-AV1''' subtype, a general cargo ship with one large diesel engine, was the most numerous. About 215 of this type were built in ten different shipyards. Consolidated Steel Corp., Ltd. of Wilmington, California built the largest number – about a quarter of all built. These ships were either named for knots, such as {{SS|Acorn Knot}}, or with a two-word name beginning with "Coastal", such as {{SS|Coastal Sentry}}; a large number built for lend-lease were also given two-word names, this time beginning with "Hickory". About 65 of this subtype were complete for the U.S. Navy, like the USS ''Gadsden'' built by Walter Butler Shipyard. Those ships were generally named after counties in the U.S. C1-M-AV1 ships are a '''Alamosa-class cargo ships'''.

One '''C1-ME-AV6''' (also called C1-M-AV7<ref>http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/bay.htm</ref>) subype was built, {{SS|Coastal Liberator}}. Instead of the diesel engine direct drive of the AV1 subtypes, it used [[Engineering:Diesel–electric transmission|diesel-electric]] drive.  The diesel engine powered a generator to produce electricity, and an electric motor with {{convert|2,200|hp}} actually powered the vessel.

Four of the '''C1-MT-BU1''' subtype were built as lumber carriers, with twin screws. The lumber carriers were given U.S. State-and-tree names, such as {{SS|California Redwood}}. Built by Albina Engine & Machine Works, Portland, Oregon.

The final subtype, '''C1-M-AV8''', had a variable-pitch propeller. Only one ship was planned as this type, but five previously launched C1-M-AV1 ships were converted to this type for France.

* Launched August 1944 &mdash; December 1945
* Consolidated Steel Corporation, CA: '''55'''
* Kaiser Richmond Shipyards, CA: '''24'''
* Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc., TX: '''25''' (1 AV8)
* Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., WI: '''22'''
* Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., MN: '''18'''
* Southeastern Shipbuilding Corporation, GA: '''18''' (5 AV8)
* Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company, WI: '''17''' (1 AV6)
* Froemming Brothers, WI: '''14'''
* J.A. Jones Construction, GA: '''14'''
* Globe Shipbuilding Company, WI: '''11'''
* Albina Engine & Machine Works, OR: '''4''' (4 C1-MT-BU1)

Modified and redesignated

* Cargo - AK (63)
** 63 {{sclass|Alamosa|cargo ship}}s
*** MC-2101 ... MC-2112 to {{USS|Alamosa|AK-156|3}} ... {{USS|Caledonia|AK-167|3}}
*** MC-2141 ... MC-2148 to {{USS|Charlevoix|AK-168|3}} ... {{USS|Craighead|AK-175|3}}
*** MC-2374 ... MC-2377 to {{USS|Fairfield|AK-178|3}} ... {{USS|Flagler|AK-181|3}}
*** MC-2113 ... MC-2127 to {{USS|Gadsden|AK-182|3}} ... {{USS|Minidoka|AK-196|3}}
*** MC-2151 ... MC-2169 to {{USS|Muscatine|AK-197|3}} ... {{USS|Tipton|AK-215|3}}
*** MC-2477 to {{USNS|Capt. Arlo L. Olson|T-AK-245}}
*** MC-2323 to {{USNS|Colonel William J. O'Brien|T-AK-246}}
*** MC-2486 to {{USNS|Pvt. John F. Thorson|T-AK-247}}
*** MC-2172 to {{USNS|Sgt. George Peterson|T-AK-248}}
*** MC-2464 to {{USNS|Short Splice|T-AK-249}}
*** MC-2329 to {{USNS|Pvt. Frank J. Petrarca|T-AK-250}}
* Aviation stores issue ships - AVS (3AK)
** 3 {{sclass|Gwinnett|aviation stores issue ship|0}}
*** AK-185 -> {{USS|Gwinnett|AVS-5|3}}
*** AK-199 -> {{USS|Nicollet|AVS-6|3}}
*** AK-206 -> {{USS|Pontotoc|AVS-7|3}}
* Stores ships - AF (1)
** {{USNS|Grommet Reefer|T-AF-53}}
* Miscellaneous Auxiliary ships - AG (1 + 2APC)
** T-APC-119 -> {{USNS|Pvt. Jose F. Valdez|T-AG-169}}
** T-APC-118 -> {{USNS|Sgt. Joseph E. Muller|T-AG-171}}
** {{USNS|Sgt. Curtis F. Shoup|T-AG-175}} <ref>Alamosa class according to http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/49/49175.htm</ref>
* Missile Range Instrumentation Ship - AGM (4 + 1AK + 1???)
** {{USNS|Sword Knot|T-AGM-13}}
** {{USNS|Rose Knot|T-AGM-14}}
** AK-212 -> {{USNS|Coastal Sentry|T-AGM-15}}
** {{USNS|Coastal Crusader|T-AGM-16}}
** {{USNS|Timber Hitch|T-AGM-17}} (alamosa?)
** {{USNS|Sampan Hitch|T-AGM-18}}
* Survey ship - AGS (1APC)
** T-APC-117 -> {{USNS|Sgt. George D. Keathley|T-AGS-35}}
* Coastal Transport- APC (4)
** {{USNS|Sgt. Jonah E. Kelley|T-APC-116}}
** {{USNS|Sgt. George D. Keathley|T-APC-117}} -> T-AGS-35
** {{USNS|Sgt. Joseph E. Muller|T-APC-118}} -> T-AG-171
** {{USNS|Pvt. Jose F. Valdez|T-APC-119}} -> T-AG-169

==Final disposition==
Many of these ships have been sold and scrapped but numerous examples are still in service with Non Governmental Organizations (NGO)s such as "Friend Ships". That organization used the ex "{{USS|Pembina|AK-200|2}}" built in Superior Wisconsin and renamed the "Spirit of Grace" until she was removed in 2006 and scrapped in 2008.  Several are sailing in merchant service around the world making port calls and delivering cargo.

== Type C1 specifications ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Specifications of Type C1 ship subtypes
|-
! scope="row" | Ship type
! scope="col" | C1-A Shelter deck
! scope="col" | C1-B full scantling
! scope="col" | C1-M
|-
! scope="row" | Length overall
| 412.25&nbsp;ft (125.6 m) || 417.75&nbsp;ft (127.3 m) || 338.5&nbsp;ft (103.2 m)
|-
! scope="row" | Beam
| 60&nbsp;ft (18.3 m) || 60&nbsp;ft (18.3 m) || 50&nbsp;ft (15.2 m) 
|-
! scope="row" | Depth
| 37.5&nbsp;ft (11.4 m) || 37.5&nbsp;ft (11.4 m) || 29&nbsp;ft (8.8 m) 
|-
! scope="row" | Draft 
| 23.5&nbsp;ft (7.2 m) || 27.5&nbsp;ft (8.4 m) || 18&nbsp;ft (5.5 m) 
|-
! scope="row" | Gross tons
| 5,028 || 6,750 || 3,805 
|-
! scope="row" | Deadweight tons, steam
| 6,240 || 7,815 || {{n/a}} 
|-
! scope="row" | Deadweight tons, diesel
| 6,440 || 8,015 || 5,032 
|-
! scope="row" | Speed
| {{convert|14|kn|km/h|0}} || {{convert|14|kn|km/h|0}} || {{convert|11|kn|km/h|0}} 
|-
! scope="row" | Power
| 4,000&nbsp;hp (3,000&nbsp;kW) || 4,000&nbsp;hp (3,000&nbsp;kW)|| 1,750&nbsp;hp (1.300&nbsp;kW)
|}

== Quantities of Type C1 ships ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Number of Type C1 ships builts
|-
! scope="col" | Type
! scope="col" | Quantity
! scope="col" | Naming scheme
|-
! scope="row" | C1-A
| 67 || "Cape" names, {{SS|Cape Hatteras}}, {{SS|Cape St Elias}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-B
| 95 || also "Cape" names, other names, specific shipping lines names include {{SS|Mormacgull (II)}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-S-AY1
| 13 || took "Empire" names after transfer to the British Ministry of War Transport, several became Landing Ship, Infantry (Large) such as {{SS|Empire Spearhead}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-M-AV1
| 217 || "Knot" ships, {{SS|Emerald Knot}}<br />"Coastal" ships, {{SS|Coastal Ranger}}
|-
! scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;" | C1-MT-BU1
| 4 || "Tree" ships, {{SS|California Redwood}}, by Albina Engine
|-
! scope="row" | C1-ME-AV6
| 1 || Only one, {{SS|Coastal Liberator}}
|-
! scope="row" | C1-M-AV8
| 11 || Originally knots
|}

Note any ship in the control of the British Ministry of War Transport took an '''Empire''' name even if being built as another name e.g. ''Cape Turner''

==Notable incidents==

* ''Liscomb Lykes'' a C1-B, was wrecked and lost in [[Earth:New Caledonia|New Caledonia]] in 1943.
* ''Diamond Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, collided with the Fenn Victory in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and sunk in 1947. 
* ''Idaho'' a C1-B, was wrecked and scrapped in  1962.
* ''Cape Constance'' a	C1-B, was hit by kamikaze plane in the {{wipe|Philippines}} on 4 November 1944 and was repaired. Later she was wrecked and abandoned in 1947.
* ''Cape Kumukaki'' a C1-B, renamed ''Flying Enterprise'' was wrecked in the English Channel in a storm and sank on 10 January 1952.
* ''Cape Frio'' a C1-A, was wrecked and scrapped in 1964.
* ''Cape Avinoff'' a C1-A, renamed ''Tropicana'' was wrecked and scrapped in 1966.
* ''Gwinnett'' a	C1-M-AV1, (USN AK 185) was wrecked and scrapped in 1968.
* {{USS|Clarion|AK-172|6}} a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and abandoned in 1970.
* ''Rockdale'' a C1-M-AV1, (USN AK 208) was wrecked and scrapped in 1969.<ref>[http://www.historycentral.com/navy/AK/rockdale.html historycentral.com, Rockdale]</ref>
* ''Traverse'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1962.
* ''Elmer J. Burr'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed ''Crown Reefer'' was wrecked and scrapped in 1946.
* ''Kenneth E. Gruennert'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed {{USNS|Grommet Reefer|T-AF-53|6}} was wrecked in grounding near Livorno on 15 December 1952 and then scrapped.
* ''Star Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1967.
* ''Crown Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and sank in 1974.
* ''Carrick Bend'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1969.
* ''Mariner's Splice'' a	C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and abandoned in 1971.
* ''Fisherman's Bend''  a C1-M-AV1, was  wrecked and abandoned in 1965.
* ''Bight Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, was  wrecked and scrapped in 1970.
* ''Oregon Fir'' a C1-MT-BU1 wrecked and scrapped in 1967.
* ''Hickory Glen'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and abandoned in 1970.
* ''Hickory Beck'' a C1-M-AV1, was renamed ''Coastal Cadet'', was wrecked and scrapped in 1969.
* ''Coastal Courser''  a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and scrapped in 1970.
* ''Sheepshank'' a C1-M-AV1, was wrecked and sank in 1961.
* ''Rolling Hitch'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed MS ''Hoegh Aronde'' sank in 1963. She started leaking off the coast of Morocco at 31.30N 10.45W, steaming from [[Place:Sassandra|Sassandra]] to [[Place:Valencia|Valencia]] with a cargo of 3,000 tons of phosphates and 2,000 tons of logs. She sent out a SOS with a message "sinking fast", but of the Norwegian crew of 32, 14 survivors were found in the sea.
* ''Yard Hitch'', a C1-M-AV1, built by Froemming Bros. Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin which sank in 1967.
* ''Boatswain's Hitch'' a C1-M-AV1, sank in 1971.
* ''Masthead Knot'' a C1-M-AV1, caught fire and sank in 1969.
* ''Long Eye'' a C1-M-AV1, renamed ''Almagro'', sank 1976.
*''Reeving Eye'' a C1-M-AV1, sank in 1971.
*''Hickory Tor'' C1-M-AV1, renamed ''Coastal Skipper'', sank 1971.<ref>[http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/froemming.htm shipbuildinghistory.com Froemming Bros., Milwaukee WI]</ref>

===Type C1 ships===
* MV ''Cape Texas'', Type C1-A <ref name=usmm>[http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.html] American Merchant Marine at War: United States Maritime Commission C1 and C1-M Type Ships used in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War, accessed July 2018.</ref><ref name=CTarr460905>[https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/7488/NYT715_7171-0716 Alien Manifest List of M/V ''Cape Texas'' arriving 5 Sep 1946 at the Port of New York], via ancestry.com paid subscription site, accessed July 2018.</ref>
* SS ''Cape Kumukaki''/''Flying Enterprise''
* {{USS|Fomalhaut|AK-22|6}}
* {{USS|Cyrene|AGP-13|6}}

== See also ==
* [[Engineering:Type C2 ship|Type C2 ship]]
* Type C3 ship
* Type C4 ship
* [[Engineering:T2 tanker|T2 tanker]]
* [[Engineering:Liberty ship|Liberty ship]]
* [[Engineering:Victory ship|Victory ship]]
* [[Engineering:Hog Islander|Hog Islander]]
* U.S. Merchant Marine Academy

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.usmm.org/c1ships.html |title= United States Maritime Commission C1 and C1-M Type Ships used in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War |website=  American Merchant Marine at War |date= 29 September 2000 |access-date= 15 February 2016}}
* {{cite web |url= http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm |title=  C1 Cargo Ships |website= shipbuildinghistory.com |first= Tim |last= Colton |date= 28 August 2009 |access-date= 9 February 2017}}
* {{cite web |url= http://drawings.usmaritimecommission.de/drawings_c1.htm  |title= Outboard Profiles of Maritime Commission Vessels – The C1 Cargo Ship, Conversions and Subdesigns |authors= Karsten Kunibert Krueger-Kopiske |website= drawings.usmaritimecommission.de |year= 2007 |access-date= 15 February 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.usmaritimecommission.de/ |title= U.S. Maritime Commission 1936 to 1950 |first= Frank A. |last= Gerhardt |website= usmaritimecommission.de |access-date= 15 February 2016}}
* {{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080309204541/http://techspec.us-maritime-commission.de/technical_specifications_Introduction.htm |archive-date=9 March 2008 |url= http://techspec.us-maritime-commission.de/technical_specifications_Introduction.htm |title= Technical Specifications for Ships buil[t] under the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 }} including definitions of terms
* {{cite book |title= From America to United States: The History of the long-range Merchant Shipbuilding Programme of the United States Maritime Commission |first1= L.A. |last1= Sawyer |first2= W.H. |last2= Mitchell |location= London |year= 1981 |publisher= World Ship Society |ISBN= 978-0-905617-08-4}}
* {{cite book |title= Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II |first= Frederic C. |last= Lane |location= Baltimore |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press |year= 2001 |ISBN= 978-0-8018-6752-1}}


{{Subject bar
| portal1=World War II
| portal2=Transport}}

[[Category:Cargo ships|C1]]

{{Sourceattribution|Type C1 ship|1}}