View source for Engineering:USS Drum (SS-228)

{{short description|Submarine of the United States}}
{{other ships|USS Drum}}

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
|+USS ''Drum'' (SS-228)
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:USS Drum SS-228 in Mobile.jpg|300px|USS ''Drum'' (SS-228) on display as a museum ship]]
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1946}}
|Ship name=
|Ship namesake=[[Biology:Sciaenidae|Drum, Fish]]
|Ship ordered=12 June 1940
|Ship builder=[[Company:Portsmouth Naval Shipyard|Portsmouth Naval Shipyard]], Kittery, Maine<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates">
 {{cite book
 |last=Friedman
 |first=Norman
 |title=U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
 |publisher=United States Naval Institute
 |year=1995
 |location=Annapolis, Maryland
 |pages=285–304
 |isbn=1-55750-263-3
 }}</ref>
|Ship laid down=11 September 1940<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship launched=12 May 1941<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship sponsor=Mrs. Thomas Holcomb
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=1 November 1941<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship decommissioned=16 February 1946<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck=30 June 1968<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship status=[[Engineering:Museum ship|Museum ship]] at Mobile, Alabama<ref name="Register">
 {{cite book
 |last1=Bauer
 |first1=K. Jack
 |last2=Roberts
 |first2=Stephen S.
 |title=Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants
 |publisher=Greenwood Press
 |year=1991
 |location=Westport, Connecticut
 |pages=271–273
 |isbn=0-313-26202-0
 }}</ref>
|Ship fate=Museum ship 14 April 1969 
|Ship badge=[[Image:USS Drum SS-228 Badge.jpg|180px]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Gato|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[Engineering:Submarine|submarine]]<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1490|LT|t|abbr=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|2060|LT|t|abbr=on}} submerged<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship length={{convert|311|ft|9|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship beam={{convert|27|ft|3|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship draft={{convert|17|ft|abbr=on}} maximum<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship speed=*{{convert|21|kn}} surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs">''U.S. Submarines Through 1945'' pp. 305–311</ref>
*{{convert|9|kn}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship range={{convert|11000|nmi|abbr=on}} surfaced at {{convert|10|kn}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship endurance=48 hours at {{convert|2|kn}} submerged,<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/> 75 days on patrol
|Ship test depth={{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship complement=8 officers, 75 enlisted<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
}}
{{Infobox NRHP
|embed=yes
|name=USS ''Drum'' (submarine)
|nrhp_type=nhl
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|location=Mobile, Alabama
|coordinates = {{coord|30|40|52|N|88|1|0|W|display=inline,title}}
|locmapin=Alabama
|map_width=300
|area=
|built=1941
|architect=Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
|designated_nrhp_type=14 January 1986<ref name="nhlsum">
 {{cite web
 |url         = http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1946&ResourceType=Structure
 |title       = USS Drum (Submarine)
 |access-date  = 2007-10-27
 |work        = National Historic Landmark summary listing
 |publisher   = National Park Service
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080111045226/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1946&ResourceType=Structure
 |archive-date = 11 January 2008
}}</ref>
|added=14 January 1986<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
|refnum=86000086
}}
|}

'''USS ''Drum'' (SS-228)''' is a {{sclass|Gato|submarine}} of the United States Navy, the first Navy ship named after the [[Biology:Sciaenidae|drum]], a type of fish. ''Drum'' is a [[Engineering:Museum ship|museum ship]] in Mobile, Alabama, at Battleship Memorial Park.

''Drum'' was the twelfth of the ''Gato'' class but was the first completed and the first to enter combat in [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. She is the oldest of her class still in existence.

==Construction and commissioning==
''Drum'' was laid down on 11 September 1940 at [[Company:Portsmouth Naval Shipyard|Portsmouth Naval Shipyard]] in Kittery, Maine. She was [[Engineering:Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 12 May 1941, sponsored by Mrs. Beatrice M. Holcomb, wife of Major General Thomas Holcomb, Commandant of the United States Marine Corps. ''Drum'' was commissioned on 1 November 1941, with Commander Robert H. Rice in command.

==Service history==
===November 1941–April 1942===
After [[Engineering:Shakedown (testing)|shakedown]] training, ''Drum'' set out to join the war in the Pacific, which began with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. An Allied aircraft mistook her for a German [[Engineering:U-boat|U-boat]] and attacked her as she made the transit from the United States East Coast to the Panama Canal,<ref>Hinman & Campbell, p. 46.</ref> probably in March 1942.

''Drum'' arrived at Naval Station Pearl Harbor at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 1 April 1942. She departed Pearl Harbor on 14 April 1942 and proceeded to [[Earth:Midway Atoll|Midway Atoll]] in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

===First war patrol===
''Drum'' departed Midway Atoll to begin her first war patrol. Cruising off the coast of {{wipe|Japan}}, she sank the Japanese seaplane tender ''Mizuho'' on 2 May and afterwards endured a 16-hour depth charge attack consisting of 31 depth charges. Later that month she sank three cargo ships (first unidentified, second: Shonan Maru (5000 BRT) third Kitakata Maru (2300 BRT) ) before returning to Pearl Harbor on 12 June to refit. For her efforts, the crew were awarded the Submarine Combat Patrol insignia.<ref>{{cite web |title=USS Drum History |url=https://www.ussalabama.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/USS-DRUM-History.pdf |website=USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

===Second war patrol===
''Drum''{{'}}s second war patrol, which she made in the waters between Truk and [[Place:Kavieng|Kavieng]] from 10 July{{spaced ndash}}2 September, found her efforts frustrated by poor torpedo performance, but she damaged one freighter before returning to Midway to refit.

===Third war patrol===
The submarine sailed from Midway on 23 September on her third war patrol, bound for the eastern coast of Kyūshū. On 8 October, she contacted a convoy of four freighters, and defying the air cover guarding the ships, sank the 5652 ton cargo/passenger ship IJA ''Hague Maru'' laden with 4000 tons of wheat, machines, steel, oil, automobiles and captured paper money for the Formosa bank, before aerial bombs forced her deep. The next day, ''Drum'' underwent a severe depth charging from several escorts after she attacked and sank the 2461 ton cargo ship ''Hachimanzan Maru''.  On 20 October, she sank the 5106 ton ''Ryunan Maru'', one of three air-escorted cargo ships, and damaged at least two more ships before completing her patrol at Pearl Harbor on 8 November.

===Fourth war patrol===
On her fourth patrol, 29 November 1942{{spaced ndash}}24 January 1943, ''Drum'' carried out the demanding task of planting mines in heavily traveled Bungo Suido. On 12 December, she spotted the Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō, which had a full deck-load of planes. Although taking water forward due to faulty valves, ''Drum'' launched torpedoes at this choice target, scoring two hits, and causing the carrier to list so far that her flight deck became completely visible. Also visible was a destroyer bearing down, and splashes that indicated ''Drum''{{'}}s periscope was under fire. As the submarine dove, she lost depth control and her port shaft stopped turning. As she made emergency repairs, she underwent two waves of depth charging. When she surfaced several hours later to see what had become of her prey, which had escaped, an aircraft forced her down again. During this patrol, ''Drum'' also damaged a large tanker, another choice target.

===Fifth and sixth war patrols===
[[Image:USS Drum (SS-228).png|left|thumb|USS ''Drum'', ca.&nbsp;1943]]
After a thorough overhaul at Pearl Harbor, ''Drum'' made her fifth war patrol, 24 March{{spaced ndash}}13 May, searching waters south of Truk after she had completed a photographic reconnaissance of Nauru. She sank the cargo vessel ''Yuzan (Oyama) Maru'' of 3809 tons on 9 April, and on 18 April she sank the 6380 ton cargo ship ''Nisshun Maru'', carrying a cargo of ammunition, then refitted at Brisbane, Australia. Her sixth war patrol, 7 June{{spaced ndash}}26 July, found her north of the Bismarck Archipelago, where on 17 June she found a 3 ship convoy consisting of 2 cargo ships under escort by a destroyer and sank the 5086 ton cargo-passenger ship ''Myoko Maru''.

===Seventh war patrol===
She returned to Brisbane to replenish, and on 16 August sailed on her seventh war patrol. She damaged the 6439 ton cargo ship ''Yamagiri Maru'', carrying a load of raw materials for the war effort, with two torpedoes on 28 August. Adding to her impressive list of sinkings, she sank the 1334 ton cargo ship ''Hakutetsu Maru 13'' on 8 September, as well and patrolled off New Georgia during the landings there. She put into [[Place:Tulagi|Tulagi]] from 29 September{{spaced ndash}}2 October to repair her [[Engineering:Gyrocompass|gyrocompass]], then sailed on to Brisbane.

===Eighth war patrol===
''Drum'' sailed on 2 November for her eighth war patrol, coordinated with the landings at Cape Torokina. Patrolling between the Carolines and New Ireland, she sank the submarine tender ''Hie Maru'' (11,621 tons) on 17 November, and on 22 November attacked a convoy of four freighters. The convoy's escorts delivered three depth charge attacks. ''Drum'' was heavily damaged and ordered to Pearl Harbor. She arrived there on 5 December; inspection revealed that the [[Engineering:Conning tower|conning tower]] needed to be replaced, which required that she sail to the West Coast.

===Ninth war patrol===
Returning to Pearl Harbor on 29 March 1944, ''Drum'' sailed 11 days later on her ninth war patrol, during which she patrolled the waters around Iwo Jima and other islands in the Bonin Islands. No worthy targets were contacted, but a reconnaissance of Chichi Jima gained valuable intelligence for bombardment of the island later by surface ships.

===Tenth and eleventh war patrols===
The submarine refitted at [[Place:Majuro|Majuro]] from 31 May{{spaced ndash}}24 June, then sailed on her 10th war patrol to give lifeguard service for raids on Yap and Palau. She sank a 125-ton ''[[Engineering:Sampan|sampan]]'' on 29 July, capturing two prisoners whom she brought back to Pearl Harbor on 14 August. For her efforts during the patrol the crew was granted the Submarine Combat Patrol insignia. She sailed for Surigao Strait on 9 September on her 11th war patrol, and after two weeks in the Strait with no contact, she was ordered north to the South China Sea. Here she patrolled during the Leyte landings and the decisive Battle for Leyte Gulf, and on 24 October sank the passenger-cargo ship ''Shikisan Maru'' (4725 tons). On 26 October ''Drum'', made contact with a 13 ship convoy (10 merchant with 3 escorts) sinking two passenger-cargo ships, ''Taihaku Maru'' (6886 tons), ''Taisho Maru'' (6886 tons), and one transport ship, ''Tatsura Maru'', (6420 tons), also damaging another passenger-cargo ship, ''Aoki Maru'' (3710 tons), bound for the {{wipe|Philippines}} with Japanese reinforcements. While sailing for Majuro for refit, ''Drum'' searched east of Luzon Strait for downed aviators.

===Twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth patrols===
''Drum'' replenished and made repairs at Majuro from 8 November{{spaced ndash}}7 December, then sailed for the Nansei Shoto on her 12th war patrol. Only one contact was made during this patrol, and she returned to Guam on 17 January 1945. During her 13th war patrol, from 11 February{{spaced ndash}}2 April, ''Drum'' played a part in the assaults on both Iwo Jima and Okinawa, providing lifeguard service for air strikes on the Nansei Shoto and the Japanese home islands as bases were neutralized before both invasions. Returning to Pearl Harbor, ''Drum'' sailed to the U.S. West Coast for another overhaul, and after training at Pearl Harbor, cleared Midway on 9 August for her 14th war patrol. This was cut short by the Japanese surrender on 15 August. She proceeded to [[Place:Saipan|Saipan]] at the end of hostilities, and from there sailed for Pearl Harbor, the Panama Canal Zone, and Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

===Post-World War II===
''Drum'' was decommissioned on 16 February 1946 and on 18 March 1947, began service at [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], to members of the Naval Reserve in the Potomac River Naval Command, which continued through 1967. She was in the inactive Fleet at Norfolk, Virginia from 1967 to 1969.

==Awards==
''Drum'' received a total of 12 battle stars for her [[Social:World War II|World War II]] service. She is credited with sinking 15 ships,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/JANAC-Losses-6.html |title = HyperWar: Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses [Chapter 6]}}</ref> a total of 80,580 tons of enemy shipping, eighth highest of all US submarines in total Japanese tonnage sunk.

==Museum ship and landmark==

''Drum'' was donated to the USS ''Alabama'' Battleship Commission on 14 April 1969. She was towed to Battleship Alabama Memorial Park in Mobile, Alabama arriving on 18 May 1969. ''Drum'' was dedicated and opened to the public on 4 July 1969.

The submarine was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">
{{cite web
|url={{NHLS url|id=86000086}}
|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: USS Drum (SS-228)
|date=May 1985
|first=Harry A.
|last=Butowsky
|publisher=National Park Service
|access-date=2009-06-22
}} and<br /> {{cite web
|url={{NHLS url|id=86000086|photos=y}}
|title=Accompanying 4 photos, 1 exterior and 3 interior, from 1985
|access-date=2012-08-29
}}</ref>

''Drum'' was moored in the waters behind ''Alabama'', until she was substantially damaged by the [[Physics:Storm surge|storm surge]] of Hurricane Georges in 1998. As a result, she is now on display on shore. ''Alabama'' and ''Drum'' also sustained damage when Hurricane Katrina came ashore on 29 August 2005. Tours on board ''Drum'' resumed 9 January 2006. Most funding to maintain the submarine comes from a community of American Submarine Vets.

{{As of|2015}}, the ''Drum'''s restoration has progressed, including the complete rebuilding of part of the bow and stern sections and the installation of new I-beams inside the ballast tanks to support the submarine's overall weight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drum228.org/restoration.html |title = USS Drum (SS-228) Restoration}}</ref>
<gallery>
Image:USS Drum.jpg|''Drum'' in 1983, prior to her relocation
File:USS Drum SS-228 Tower.jpeg|''Drum'' Topside
File:USS Drum (SS-228) - 6.jpg|Bell
File:USS Drum (SS-228) - 5.jpg|Exterior with Mobile skyline in background
File:USS Drum (SS-228) - 15.jpg|Interior
File:USS Drum SS-228 Forward Torpedo room.jpeg|''Drum'' Forward Torpedo room
File:USS Drum (SS-228) - 24.jpg|Periscope
</gallery>

==See also==
*List of most successful American submarines in World War II
*List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
*{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/d/drum.html}}
===Bibliography===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=hkupDwAAQBAJ&dq=LApon+raton&pg=PA181 Hinman, Charles R., and Douglas E. Campbell. ''The Submarine Has No Friends: Friendly Fire Incidents Involving U.S. Submarines During World War II''. Syneca Research Group, Inc., 2019.] {{ISBN|978-0-359-76906-3}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.ussalabama.com/ Battleship Memorial Park]
*[http://www.drum228.org/ Drum228.org:  USS ''Drum'' WWII war patrol reports, WWII crew list, historical information, restoration]
*[http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/drum.html Kill record:  USS ''Drum'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090902053125/http://www.ussdrum228story.com/ ''The Untold Story'' USS ''Drum'' (SS-228) documentary]
*{{hnsa|uss-drum-ss-228}}
*{{navsource|08/08228|USS Drum}}
*[http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/submar/ss228.txt hazegray.org: USS ''Drum'']

{{Registered Historic Places}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drum (Ss-228)}}
[[Category:Gato-class submarines]]

{{Sourceattribution|USS Drum (SS-228)}}