View source for Engineering:Vertical launching system

{{Short description|Modern system for holding and firing missiles on naval vessels}}
[[File:US Navy 030303-N-3235P-503 A topside view of the forward MK-41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) aboard the guided missile cruiser USS San Jacinto (CG 56).jpg|thumb|An example of modern VLS cells, these being the Mk. 41, on board {{USS|San Jacinto|CG-56|6}}]]
[[File:USS George Washington (SSBN-598) underway at sea, circa in the 1970s.jpg|thumb|In December 1959, the U.S. Navy commissioned the USS ''George Washington'' (SSBN-598) as its first ballistic missile submarine, making it the first VLS-equipped submarine in the world to use nuclear rather than diesel propulsion]]
[[File:Azov1988.jpg|thumb|The [[Engineering:Kara-class cruiser|Kara-class cruiser]] ''Azov'' was the first surface ship to be fitted with a true, 90º VLS. The system in question contained 4 revolving drums of 48 tubes for 5V55RM missiles]]
[[File:US Navy 050110-N-9851B-056 Sailors aboard the guided missile destroyer USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG 54) stabilize a crate containing a Tomahawk cruise missile.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A Tomahawk missile canister being offloaded from a VLS aboard the ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer {{USS|Curtis Wilbur|DDG-54|6}}]]

A '''vertical launching system''' ('''VLS''') is an advanced system for holding and firing [[Engineering:Missile|missile]]s on mobile naval platforms, such as surface ships and [[Engineering:Submarine|submarine]]s. Each vertical launch system consists of a number of ''cells'', which can hold one or more missiles ready for firing. Typically, each cell can hold a number of different types of missiles, allowing the ship flexibility to load the best set for any given mission. Further, when new missiles are developed, they are typically fitted to the existing vertical launch systems of that nation, allowing existing ships to use new types of missiles without expensive rework. When the command is given, the missile flies straight up far enough to clear the cell and the ship, then turns onto the desired course.

A VLS allows surface combatants to have a greater number of weapons ready for firing at any given time compared to older launching systems such as the Mark 13 single-arm and Mark 26 twin-arm launchers, which were fed from behind by a magazine below the main deck. In addition to greater firepower, VLS is much more damage tolerant and reliable than the previous systems and has a lower [[Physics:Radar cross-section|radar cross-section]] (RCS). The U.S. Navy now relies exclusively on VLS for its guided missile destroyers and [[Engineering:Cruiser|cruiser]]s.

The most widespread vertical launch system in the world is the Mark 41, developed by the United States Navy. More than 11,000 Mark 41 VLS missile cells have been delivered, or are on order, for use on 186 ships across 19 ship classes, in 11 navies around the world. This system currently serves with the US Navy as well as the Australian, Danish, Dutch, German, Japanese, Norwegian, South Korean, Spanish, and Turkish navies, while others like the Greek Navy preferred the similar Mark 48 system.<ref>{{cite web |author=Preview ofTable of contents |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/MK-41-Naval-Vertical-Missile-Launch-Systems-Delivered-Supported-updated-02139/#more-2139 |title=Naval Swiss Army Knife: MK 41 Vertical Missile Launch Systems (VLS) |publisher=Defenseindustrydaily.com |date=2016-07-08 |access-date=2016-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230155943/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/MK-41-Naval-Vertical-Missile-Launch-Systems-Delivered-Supported-updated-02139/#more-2139 |archive-date=2016-12-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The advanced Mark 57 vertical launch system is used on the {{sclass|Zumwalt|destroyer}}. The older Mark 13 and Mark 26 systems remain in service on ships that were sold to other countries such as Taiwan and Poland.

When installed on an [[Engineering:SSN (hull classification symbol)|SSN]] (nuclear-powered attack submarine), a VLS allows a greater number and variety of weapons to be deployed, compared with using only torpedo tubes.

==Launch type==
[[File:SM-2 Block IV 080605-N-0000X-006.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A RIM-156A missile launching from a VLS cell on USS ''Lake Erie'' in 2008.]]
[[File:US Navy 090825-N-1522S-020 A Tactical Tomahawk Cruise Missile launches from the forward missile deck aboard the guided-missile destroyer USS Farragut (DDG 99) during a training exercise.jpg|thumb|right|upright|US Navy Mark 41 Tomahawk hot launch.]]

A vertical launch system can be either ''hot launch'', where the missile ignites in the cell, or ''cold launch'', where the missile is expelled by gas produced by a [[Physics:Gas generator|gas generator]] which is not part of the missile itself, and then the missile ignites. "Cold" means ''relatively'' cold compared with rocket engine exhaust. A hot launch system does not require an ejection mechanism but does require some way of disposing of the missile's exhaust and heat as it departs the cell. If the missile ignites in a cell without an ejection mechanism, the cell must withstand the tremendous heat generated without igniting missiles in adjacent cells.

===Hot launch===
An advantage of a hot-launch system is that the missile propels itself out of the launching cell using its own engine, which eliminates the need for a separate system to eject the missile from the launching tube. This potentially makes a hot-launch system relatively light, small, and economical to develop and produce, particularly when designed around smaller missiles. A potential disadvantage is that a malfunctioning missile could destroy the launch tube. American surface-ship VLSs have missile cells arranged in a grid with one lid per cell and are "hot launch" systems. The engine ignites within the cell during the launch and so requires a way of venting rocket exhaust. France, Italy and Britain use a similar hot-launching Sylver system in [[Engineering:PAAMS|PAAMS]].

===Cold launch===
The advantage of the cold-launch system is in its safety: should a missile engine malfunction during launch, the cold-launch system can eject the missile, reducing or eliminating the threat. For this reason, Russian VLSs are often designed with a slant so that a malfunctioning missile will land in the water instead of on the ship's deck.  As missile size grows, the benefits of ejection launching increase. Above a certain size, a missile booster cannot be safely ignited within the confines of a ship's hull. Most modern [[Engineering:Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]]s and [[Engineering:Submarine-launched ballistic missile|SLBM]]s are cold-launched. {{wipe|Russia}} produces both grid systems and a [[Engineering:Revolver|revolver]] arrangement with more than one missile per lid for its cold launch system. {{wipe|Russia}} also uses a cold launch system for some of its vertical launch missile systems, e.g., the [[Engineering:Tor missile system|Tor missile system]].

The UK's [[Engineering:CAMM (missile family)|Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) family]] of missiles utilises a similar cold-launching system, referred to as ''soft-vertical-launch'', and actively markets the advantages of the system. Soft-launch provides the missile with a reduce interception rate allowing for shorter ranged engagements, reduces the [[Physics:Infrared homing|IR]] signature of the ship and the obscurant of visibility by rendering the ship in efflux for several minutes; and most notably, the lack of hot efflux and reduced stress on the ship's structure allows for a much greater choice of launch systems, such as the lighter ''Mushroom Farm'' launcher whilst also still enabling installation into the heavier Mark-41 in a quad-pack or dual-packed configuration (4 or 2 missiles per cell) for a costly, but more space efficient option.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Głębocki |first=Robert |last2=Jacewicz |first2=Mariusz |date=2018-10-20 |title=Simulation study of a missile cold launch system |url=http://ptmts.org.pl/jtam/index.php/jtam/article/view/4453 |journal=Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=901–913 |doi=10.15632/jtam-pl.56.4.901 |issn=1429-2955|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=From Sea Wolf to Sea Ceptor – the Royal Navy’s defensive shield {{!}} Navy Lookout |url=https://www.navylookout.com/from-sea-wolf-to-sea-ceptor-the-royal-navys-defensive-shield/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.navylookout.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SEA CEPTOR {{!}} FORCE PROTECTION, Maritime Superiority |url=https://www.mbda-systems.com/product/sea-ceptor/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=MBDA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMM {{!}} FORCE PROTECTION, Ground Based Air Defence |url=https://www.mbda-systems.com/product/camm/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=MBDA |language=en-US}}</ref>   

===Concentric canister launch===
Some warships of China's People's Liberation Army Navy use a concentric canister launch (CCL) system that can launch using both hot and cold methods in the cell module, onboard the Type 052D destroyer and the [[Engineering:Type 055 destroyer|Type 055 destroyer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.china-arms.com/2020/02/cold-and-hot-launches-052d/|title=Shots of cold and hot launches of 052D destroyer unveiled|website=China-arms|date=19 February 2020}}</ref> The universal launch system is offered for export.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.defenseworld.net/news/30531/China_Reveals_Universal_Ship_borne_Vertical_Missile_Launch_System#.YW7_iyWkoWM |title= China Reveals Universal Ship-borne Vertical Missile Launch System |website=defense post|date= 1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001081545/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/30531/China_Reveals_Universal_Ship_borne_Vertical_Missile_Launch_System |archive-date=1 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Older Chinese ships use single launch system: Type 052C destroyers, for example, use a cold launch system; [[Engineering:Type 054A frigate|Type 054A frigate]]s, a hot launch system.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rick |last1=Joe |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-new-stealth-destroyer/ |title=All You Need to Know About China's New Stealth Destroyer |website=The Diplomat |date=8 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613005400/https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-new-stealth-destroyer/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other platforms==
[[Engineering:Transporter erector launcher|Transporter erector launcher]]s are wheeled or tracked land vehicles for the launch of surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles. In most systems the missiles are transported in a horizontal out-of-battery configuration: in order to fire, the vehicle must stop and the transport/launch tube must be raised to the vertical before firing.

BAE Systems has filed patents relating to the use of Vertical Launch missiles from modified passenger aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/patents/US7540227 |title=Patent US7540227 – Air based vertical launch ballistic missile defense – Google Patents |date=2003-05-06 |access-date=2016-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230002334/https://www.google.com/patents/US7540227 |archive-date=2016-12-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Systems in use by states==
===NATO===
In 2021, the Centre for Military Studies published the total number of VLS cells in use with fourteen NATO navies. The results are displayed below.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
<!-- Do not edit the table except to match the source. -->
|+ Vertical Launch System Cells of 14 NATO Navies in 2020 (Centre for Military Studies)<ref name="CMS">{{cite web |last1=Stöhs |first1=Jeremy |title=How High? The Future of European Naval Power and the High-End Challenge |url=https://cms.polsci.ku.dk/publikationer/hvor-hoejt-fremtiden-for-europaeisk-maritim-militaermagt-og-udfordringen-fra-stigende-kapacitetstaerskler/CMS_Report__2021_1_-_How_High_-_The_Future_of_European_Naval_Power__updated_15_FEB_2021_.pdf |website=Centre for Military Studies |publisher=Djøf Publishing |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! Country !! Ship classes and approx. number of VLS cells !! Total !! Strike Length VLS cells for Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCM)
|-
| {{USA}} || 
*73 × 90/96 {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|1}}
*13 × 122 {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|1}}
*2 × 80 {{sclass|Zumwalt|destroyer|1}}
|| 8,646 || 8,700+ arsenal of SLCM / Not included are VLS and BFM on submarines.
|-
| '''Europe total''' || - || '''2,328''' || '''688'''
|-
| {{UK}} ||
*6 × 48 [[Engineering:Type 45 destroyer|Type 45 destroyer]]
*12 × 32 Type 23 frigate
|| 704 || -
|-
| {{FRA}} ||
*2 × 48 [[Engineering:Horizon-class frigate|''Horizon''-class destroyer]]
*8 × 32 [[Engineering:FREMM multipurpose frigate|''Aquitaine''-class frigate]]
*1 x 32 Charles de Gaulle Class
|| 288 || 6 × 16 = 96 SLCM deployed on ''Aquitaine''-class
|-
| {{DEN}} || 
*2 × 36 {{sclass|Absalon|support ship|1}}
*3 × 56 {{sclass|Iver Huitfeldt|frigate|1}}
|| 240 || 3 x 32 = 96 / No SLCM
|-
| {{ESP}} || 
*5 × 48 {{sclass|Álvaro de Bazán|frigate|1}}
|| 240 || 5 × 48 = 240 / No SLCM
|-
| {{ITA}} || 
*2 × 48 {{sclass2|Orizzonte|frigate|1}}
*8 × 16 [[Engineering:FREMM multipurpose frigate|''Carlo Bergamini''-class]] frigate
|| 224 || No SLCM
|-
| {{CAN}} || 
*12 × 16 {{sclass|Halifax|frigate|1}}
|| 192 || -
|-
| {{NED}} || 
*4 × 40 {{sclass|De Zeven Provinciën|frigate|1}}
*2 × 16 {{sclass|Karel Doorman|frigate|1}}
|| 192 || 4 × 40 = 160 / No SLCM
|-
| {{GER}} || 
*4 × 16 {{sclass|Brandenburg|frigate|1}} 
*3 × 32 {{sclass|Sachsen|frigate|1}}
|| 160 || 3 × 32 = 96 / No SLCM
|-
| {{GRE}} || 
* 4 × 16 {{sclass|Hydra|frigate|1}}
* 3 × 32 FDI HN
|| 160 || -
|-
| {{TUR}} ||
* 4 x 16 ''Istanbul''-class
* 2 × 8 {{sclass|Barbaros|frigate|1}}
* 2 × 32 ''Salih Reis''-class
* 4 × 8 {{sclass2|G|frigate|1}}
|| 174 || -
|-
| {{NOR}} ||
* 3 × 8, 1 × 16 {{sclass|Fridtjof Nansen|frigate|1}}
|| 40 || -
|-
| {{BEL}} || 
*2 × 16 {{sclass|Karel Doorman|frigate|1}}
|| 32 || -
|-
| {{POR}} || 
*2 × 16 {{sclass|Karel Doorman|frigate|1}}
|| 32 || -
|-
| {{BGR}} ||
*2 × 8 MMPV 80 corvette
|| 16 ||-
|-
|}
Note: The above table does not include NATO navies which do not possess vertical launching systems, namely Albania, Croatia, Estonia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania and Slovenia.

===Other===
;{{DZA}}
* ''El Radii'' class frigates – Umkhonto (32 cells)
;{{AUS}}
* {{sclass|Anzac|frigate|1}} – Mark 41 Mod 16 (8 cells)
* {{sclass|Hobart|destroyer|1}} – Mark 41 (48 cells)
* {{sclass|Hunter|frigate|1}} – Mark 41 (32 cells)
;{{BRA}}
* ''Tamandaré''-class frigate – GWS.35 (12 cells)
;{{CHI}}
* {{sclass|Karel Doorman|frigate|1}} – Mark 48 Mod 1 (16 cells)
* Type 23 frigate –  GWS.26 (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Adelaide|frigate|1}} – Mark 41 Mod 16 (8 cells)
;{{CHN}}
;Surface
* [[Engineering:Type 055 destroyer|Type 055 destroyer]] – [[Engineering:GJB 5860-2006|GJB 5860-2006]] Concentric Canister Launch System (112 cells)
* Type 052D destroyer – GJB 5860-2006 Concentric Canister Launch System (64 cells)
* Type 052C destroyer – H/AJK03 [[Engineering:HQ-9|HHQ-9]] (48 cells)
* Type 051C destroyer – 48N6E (48 cells)
* Type 051B destroyer – H/AJK16 [[Engineering:HQ-16|HQ-16]] or [[Engineering:CY-1#Yu-8|Yu-8]] (32 cells)
*''Sovremenny''-class destroyer – H/AJK16 [[Engineering:HQ-16|HQ-16]] or [[Engineering:CY-1#Yu-8|Yu-8]] (32 cells)
* [[Engineering:Type 054A frigate|Type 054A frigate]] – H/AJK16 [[Engineering:HQ-16|HQ-16]] or [[Engineering:CY-1#Yu-8|Yu-8]] (32 cells)
;{{EGY}}
* [[Engineering:FREMM multipurpose frigate#Egypt|''Tahya Misr'' (FFG1001)]] – [[Engineering:Sylver Vertical Launching System|SYLVER]] A43 (16 cells)
;{{FIN}}
* {{sclass|Hamina|missile boat|1}} – Umkhonto (8 cells)
* {{sclass|Hämeenmaa|minelayer|1}} – Umkhonto (8 cells)
;{{IND}}
;Surface
* INS ''Vikrant'' – [[Engineering:Barak 8|Barak 8]] (64 cells)
* INS Vikramaditya – [[Engineering:Barak 1|Barak 1]] and Barak 8 (48 cells)
* Visakhapatnam class destroyer - Barak 8 (32 cells) and [[Engineering:BrahMos|BrahMos]] (16 cells)
* {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}} – Barak 8 (32 cells) and BrahMos (48 cells)
* {{sclass|Delhi|destroyer|1}} – [[Engineering:Barak 1|Barak 1]] (32 cells)
* Rajput-class destroyer – BrahMos (8 cells) and Barak 1
* [[Engineering:Shivalik-class frigate|Shivalik-class frigate]] – Club or BrahMos (8 cells) and Barak 1 (32 cells)
* Talwar-class frigate – Club or BrahMos (8 cells)
* Brahmaputra-class frigate – Barak 1 (24 cells)
* Kamorta-class corvette – Barak 1 (16 cells)
;Submarine
* {{sclass|Arihant|submarine|1}} – K-4 or K-15 (8 cells)
;{{IRN}}
* ''Shahid Soleimani''-class corvette – [[Engineering:Mehrab (missile)|Mehrab]] (22 cells)
* Zolfaghar-class fast-attack boats – Navvab (4 cells)
;{{INA}}
* ''Bung Tomo''-class corvette – VL MICA (16 cells)
* {{sclass|Martadinata|frigate|1}} – VL MICA (12 cells)
* {{sclass|Ahmad Yani|frigate|1}} – [[Engineering:P-800 Oniks|Yakhont]] VLS (4 cells) Ex-{{sclass|Van Speijk|frigate|1}}
[[File:VLS Caio Duilio.jpg|thumb|right|SYLVER cells of the Italian destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Caio Duilio|D 554|2}}]]
;{{ISR}}
* {{sclass2|Sa'ar 5/6|corvette|1}} – Barak 1/Barak 8 (2 x 32 cells)
;{{JPN}}
* {{sclass|Hyūga|helicopter destroyer|1}} – Mark 41 (16 cells)
* {{sclass|Kongō|destroyer|1}} – Mark 41 (90 cells)
* {{sclass|Atago|destroyer|1}} – Mark 41 (96 cells)
* {{sclass|Maya|destroyer|1}} – Mark 41 (96 cells)
* {{sclass|Murasame|destroyer|1||1994}} – Mark 41 (16 cells) +  Mark 48 (16 cells)
* {{sclass|Takanami|destroyer|1}} – Mark 41 (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Akizuki|destroyer|1||2010}} – Mark 41 (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Asahi|destroyer|1}} – Mark 41 (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Mogami|frigate|1}} - Mark 41 (16 cells)
* {{JS|Asuka||2}} - Mark 41 (8 cells)
;{{MAS}}
* Lekiu-class frigate - GWS.26 (16 cells)
;{{MAR}}
* [[Engineering:FREMM multipurpose frigate#Morocco|''Mohammed VI'']] – [[Engineering:Sylver Vertical Launching System|SYLVER]] A50 (16 cells)
;{{NZL}}
* ''Anzac''-class frigate – GWS.35 (20 cells)
;{{OMN}}
* {{sclass|Khareef|corvette|1}} – VL MICA (12 cells)
[[File:SA-N-9 (battlecruiser Frunze, 1987).JPEG|thumb|right|Soviet missile cruiser ''Frunze'' firing a missile from the Tor VLS]]
[[File:US Navy 031109-N-9769P-076 Guided missile cruiser USS Lake Champlain (CG 57) steams in the Southern California operating area.jpg|thumb|right|Top view of the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|0}} {{USS|Lake Champlain|CG-57|6}} with VLS visible fore and aft as the gray boxes near the bow and stern of the ship]]
;{{PAK}}
* {{sclass|Tughril|frigate|4}} – HQ16 (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Babur|corvette|1}} – GWS.35 (12 cells)
;{{RSA}}
* {{sclass2|Valour|frigate|1}} – Umkhonto 16 cells)
;{{RUS}}
;Surface
* {{sclass|Kuznetsov|aircraft carrier|1}} – [[Engineering:P-700 Granit|Granit]] (12 cells) + [[Engineering:Tor missile system#3K95 Kinzhal (naval variant)|Kinzhal]] (192 cells)
* {{sclass|Kirov|battlecruiser|1}} – [[Engineering:P-700 Granit|Granit]] (20 cells) + Fort/Fort-M (96 cells) + Kinzhal (128 cells)
* {{sclass|Slava|cruiser|1}} – Fort (64 cells)
* {{sclass|Udaloy|destroyer|1}} – Kinzhal (64 cells)
* {{sclass|Neustrashimy|frigate|1}} – Kinzhal (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}} – 3S14 for Kalibr or [[Engineering:BrahMos|BrahMos]] (8 cells) + 3S90M for 9M317M (24 cells)
* {{sclass|Admiral Gorshkov|frigate|1}} – 3S14 for Kalibr or [[Engineering:P-800 Oniks|Oniks]] (16 cells) + Redut system for different type of missiles (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Gepard|frigate|1}} – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
* {{sclass|Steregushchy|corvette|1}} – Redut (12 cells) 
* {{sclass|Gremyashchy|corvette|1}} –  Redut (2 x 8 cells) + 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks ( 8 cells)
* [[Engineering:Buyan-class corvette|Buyan-M-class corvette]] – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
* [[Engineering:Karakurt-class corvette|Karakurt-class corvette]] – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)
* Project 22160E patrol ship – 3S14 for Kalibr or Oniks (8 cells)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/surface-ships-ships-and-boats/project-22160E/|title = Patrol ship for distant sea areas Project 22160E &#124; Catalog Rosoboronexport}}</ref>
* Korsar escort ship – 3S14 for Kalibr (8 cells)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aoosk.ru/en/products/11541-korsar/|title = Project 11541 "Korsar"}}</ref>
;Submarine
* [[Engineering:Amur-class submarine|Amur 950]] – 3S14 for Kalibr or BrahMos (10 cells)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ckb-rubin.ru/en/projects/naval_engineering/submarines/amur_950/|title = ЦКБ МТ Рубин: Amur 950}}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Oscar-class submarine|Oscar-class submarine]] – [[Engineering:P-700 Granit|Granit]] (24 cells) + [[Engineering:RPK-2 Vyuga|RPK-2 Vyuga]] (28 cells)
* [[Engineering:Yasen-class submarine|Yasen-M]] – 3S14 for Kalibr (40 cells) or Oniks (32 cells)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russias-newest-subs-on-par-us-top-us-commanders-say-2021-6|title=Russia's newest submarines are 'on par with ours' and sailing closer to the US, top commanders say|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Typhoon-class submarine|Typhoon-class submarine]] – R-39 Rif (20 cells)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/ssbn-typhoon-class/|title = SSBN Typhoon Class (Type 941)}}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Delta III-class submarine|Delta III-class submarine]] – R-29 Vysota (16 cells)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/navy/delta_iii_class.htm |title = Delta III Class Ballistic Missile Submarine {{!}} Military-Today.com}}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Delta-class submarine|Delta IV-class submarine]] – R-29RMU Sineva or R-29RM Shtil (16 cells)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/explainer-russias-delta-iv-nuclear-missile-submarines-175006|title=Explainer: Russia's Delta IV Nuclear Missile Submarines|date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Borei-class submarine|Borei-class submarine]] – RSM-56 Bulava (16 cells)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/borei-class/|title=SSBN Borei Class Nuclear-Powered Submarines}}</ref>
;{{SIN}}
* {{sclass|Formidable|frigate|1}} – SYLVER (32 cells)
* {{sclass|Victory|corvette|1}} – Barak 1 (2 x 8 cells)
* [[Engineering:Independence-class littoral mission vessel|Independence-class littoral mission vessel]] – VL MICA-M (12 cells)
;{{ROK}}
;Surface
* {{sclass|Gwanggaeto the Great|destroyer|1}} (KDX-I) – Mark 48 (16 cells)
* {{sclass|Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin|destroyer|1}} (KDX-II) – Mark 41 (32 cells) + [[Engineering:Korean Vertical Launching System|Korean Vertical Launching System]] (K-VLS) (24 cells / 32 cells)
* {{sclass|Sejong the Great|destroyer|1}} (KDX-III) – Mark 41 (80 cells) + [[Engineering:Korean Vertical Launching System|K-VLS]] (48 cells)
* {{sclass|Nampo|minelayer|1}} – [[Engineering:Korean Vertical Launching System|K-VLS]] (4 cells)
* {{sclass|Cheon Wang Bong|LST|1}} – [[Engineering:Korean Vertical Launching System|K-VLS]] (4 cells)
* {{sclass|Daegu|frigate|1}} – [[Engineering:Korean Vertical Launching System|K-VLS]] (16 cells)
;Submarine
* {{sclass|Dosan Ahn Changho|submarine|1}} – [[Engineering:Korean Vertical Launching System|K-VLS]] (10 cells)
;{{THA}}
* {{sclass|Naresuan|frigate|1}} – Mark 41 (8 cells)
* {{sclass|Bhumibol Adulyadej|frigate|1}} – Mark 41 (8 cells)

==See also==
* List of United States Navy Guided Missile Launching Systems
* XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System An Experimental Small Land and Surface VLS

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-41-vls.htm Mk 41 VLS] – [[Organization:Federation of American Scientists|Federation of American Scientists]]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/mk-41-vls.htm MK 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS)] – GlobalSecurity.org
* [http://www.seaforces.org/wpnsys/SURFACE/Mk-48-missile-launcher.htm Mk-48 Vertical Launching System (VLS)] – Seaforces-online Naval Information

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vertical Launching System}}
[[Category:Ship-based missile launchers]]
[[Category:Guided missiles]]
[[Category:Missile launchers]]
[[Category:Rockets and missiles]]

{{Sourceattribution|Vertical launching system}}