View source for Engineering:Willys M38A1

{{Short description|US Army light utility vehicle}}
{{ic|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Willys / Kaiser MD / M38A1
| image = '67 Kaiser Jeep (Auto classique VAQ St-Lambert '12).jpg
| caption = 1967 Kaiser Jeep in Canadian colours
| manufacturer = Willys 1952–1953<br/>Willys Motors / Kaiser Jeep 1953–1971<br/>NEKAF 1955–1962<br/>Sherkat-Sahami (Iran){{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}<br/>[[Company:Kia|Kia]] (South Korea)<br/>Keohwa, Ltd. (now [[Company:SsangYong Motor|SsangYong Motor]], South Korea) 1974–1984
| aka = Willys MD
| production = 1952–1971
| assembly = 
| designer = 
| class =
| body_style = 2-door [[Engineering:SUV|SUV]]
| layout = [[Engineering:Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, four-wheel-drive]]
| platform = 
| related = {{ubl | [[Engineering:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ-5]]|[[Engineering:Jeep DJ|Jeep DJ-5]]}}
| engine = {{convert|134|cuin|L|abbr=on}} Hurricane I4 ([[Chemistry:Gasoline|gasoline]]) 
| transmission = 3-speed Borg-Warner ''[[Engineering:Borg-Warner T-90|T-90]]'' manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|81|in|m|2|abbr=on}} <ref name=M38A1Datasheet>[https://www.kaiserwillys.com/downloads/M38A1-Data-Sheet.pdf M38A1 Data Sheet TM9-500.pdf]</ref>
| length = {{convert|138.6|in|m|2|abbr=on}} <ref name=KWcomHistSpec/>
| width = {{convert|60.8|in|m|2|abbr=on}} (body) <ref name=KWcomHistSpec>[https://www.kaiserwillys.com/about_willys_jeep_m38a1_history_specs About Willys M38A1: History & Technical Specs – KaiserWillys.com]</ref>
| height = {{convert|73|in|m|2|abbr=on}} with top up, reducible to {{convert|56+1/4|in|m|2|abbr=on}} <ref name=M38A1Datasheet/>
| weight = {{convert|2,660|lb|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = [[Engineering:Willys M38|Willys M38]]
| successor = Ford M151
| sp = us
}}

The '''Willys MD''', formally the '''M38A1 Truck, Utility: 1/4 ton, 4x4''', or the '''G{{nbh}}758''' by its U.S. Army Standard Nomenclature supply catalog designation, was a [[Engineering:Four-wheel drive|four-wheel drive]], [[Engineering:Military light utility vehicle|military light utility vehicle]], made by Willys and Willys Motors / Kaiser Jeep from 1952 to 1971. It was widely procured by the U.S. military from 1952 until 1957, after which U.S. purchases were reduced to the U.S. Marine Corps. The Marine version had minor differences from the units used by other branches. 

The MD was the first Willys jeep with a significantly restyled body, immediately recognizable by its rounded hood and fenders. It formed the basis for the civilian and commercial [[Engineering:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ{{nbh}}5]], built for three decades (1954–1983), and subsequent models, and called the first 'round-fendered' Jeep.  Although hard doors were still not available, the soft-top could be complemented with soft side panels and little hinged doors, that consisted of a thin steel frame with cloth and plastic window.<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/1956_Nekaf_M38A1.jpg M38A1 with hinged soft-top door]</ref>

For the U.S. Army, the MD was replaced by the Ford M151 jeep, from 1960. Low volume production of M38A1s for export to friendly foreign governments continued through 1971. Production totalled 101,488 units (80,290 domestic / 21,198 foreign sales). M38A1 jeeps saw extensive service during the Korean War, Vietnam War and several other conflicts.

==Description==
[[File:Denver transport museum 174.JPG|thumb|260px|The M38A1 was frequently mated with the M100 (Korean War) version of the Jeep trailer.]]
The M38A1 / MD was the second post-war evolution of the [[Social:World War II|World War II]] [[Engineering:Willys MB|Willys MB]] jeep (after the M38 or ''MC''; [http://cj3b.info/CJ4Prototypes.html F engine Prototypes]), and the first Willys Jeep to feature the new rounded fenders and hood body design that would become the distinguishing body style of the 1955 [[Engineering:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|CJ{{nbh}}5]], and which was carried through for decades on the CJ{{nbh}}6, CJ{{nbh}}7 and CJ{{nbh}}8 Jeeps.<ref name=KWcomHistSpec/><br>
The M38A1's wheelbase grew by a single inch (2.5cm), and overall length by some {{convert|6|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}.
[[File:Jeep, Ribnitz-Damgarten ( 1060460).jpg|thumb|left|M38A1 cabin / dashboard]]
===Drive Train===
The M38A1 was the first Army jeep to use the Willys Hurricane F-Head 134 inline-four engine. This engine was taller than the 'Go-Devil' engine that powered the WWII era jeeps and the M38, and was the reason for restyling the body over the higher power plant. 

Otherwise, the MD had a T-90 3-speed transmission, Dana 18 transfer case, either the Dana 25 or the Dana 27 front axle, and Dana 44 rear axle.

{{break}}

[[File:G-758 4x4 Willys M38A1 pic2.JPG|thumb|left|M38A1C spotter unit with .50 cal machine gun.]]
{{clear}}
==Variants==
[[File:1952 Willys Overland M38A1C (27469567236) (cropped).jpg|thumb|M38A1C with 106mm recoilless gun.]]
[[File:Little Feller I - Davy Crockett.jpg|thumb|M38A1'D' used in the Little Feller I nuclear test.]]
===M38A1 (MD)===
[[File:Pak Army Willys M38A1.jpg|thumb|Pakistani M38A1(MD) of the 12th FFR's Reconnaissance & Support Battalions.]]
Basic utility version. Would regularly be equipped with [[Engineering:M2 Browning|M2 .50 cal machine gun]] and/or radio equipment and antenna-mount. On early units (1952–1953) the front grille was mounted with two 45 degree hinges, one at each frame rail, to flip it forward for maintenance.<ref>[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_original.htm M38A1 - The "Original" Round Fender]</ref>

===M38A1C===
Modified version equipped with a M40A1 106mm recoilless rifle. They were fitted with a .50 caliber M8C semi-automatic spotting rifle. The spotting would be fired first, to ensure a first round hit with the 106mm recoilless rifle.<ref>[https://www.scalemates.com/products/img/1/7/7/121177-38-instructions.pdf M38A1C 1/4 Ton 4x4 W/M40A1 106mm recoilless rifle - ScaleMates]</ref> The .50 caliber spotter cartridge was 22mm shorter than the standard .50 caliber machine gun cartridge. A slot was provided in the windshield frame for the 106mm barrel when traveling.

===M38A1'D'===
Several dozen M38A1s were converted, mounting a tactical nuclear Davy Crockett Weapon System, fired by a large diameter smoothbore recoilless rifle – either an M28 120mm, or an M29 155mm gun.<ref>[http://www.warwheels.net/M38A1DcrockettINDEX.html M38A1D Jeep with M28/29 "Davy Crockett" Tactical Nuclear Launcher – WarWheels.Net]</ref> The vehicle carried two M388 projectiles, mounting the Mk-54 nuclear warhead.  The range of weapon was approximately 1.25 miles (2 km), with the M28 gun, or 2.5 miles (4 km) with the M29.  This vehicle/weapon combination was also referred to as the "Battle Group Atomic Delivery System", and was allocated to airborne units.

[[File:Nekaf met stroomaggregaat.JPG|thumb|The Dutch used this M38A1 with generator and mobile welder]]
===M38A1 Welding Unit===
Just one unit is assumed to have been built,<ref>[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_welding.htm Welding Unit Variant - M38A1.com]</ref> originally fitted with a Harger & Valentine field arc-welding system, powered by a [[Power take-off|power take-off]] driven generator.<ref>[https://forums.g503.com/viewtopic.php?t=149255 1954 M38A1 Welding Unit F/S - G503 Military Vehicle Message Forums]</ref>

[[File:M170 ambulance at Fort Sam 1.jpg|thumb|right|M170 long wheelbase ambulance version]]
===M170 ambulance===
The M170 Frontline Ambulance variant of the M38A1, with a {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} stretched wheelbase, formed the basis for the later civilian Willys CJ{{nbh}}6 Jeep. The spare tire was relocated in a special wheel well on the right interior side of the vehicle, and a larger {{convert|20|gal|L|abbr=on}} fuel tank was fitted. Capacity was six seated passengers, or three lying on litters. A total of 4,155 M170 ambulances were designed and built by Kaiser Jeep of Toledo, Ohio, from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s.<ref>[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_m170.htm M170 - Ambulance Variant — M38A1.com]</ref>

===U.S. Marines===
There is no official, nor uniform specification, for the M38A1s that where manufactured specifically for the United States Marine Corps. USMC jeeps had to be air transportable, hung under a helicopter, so they all had a reinforced rear bumper, for lift ring fitment, and most indeed had front and rear lift rings.<ref name=M38A1usmc>[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_usmc.htm USMC Variant - Differences between years and variants | M38A1.com]</ref> The rear lift rings were fitted (by or for USMC) in a different position, than standard jeeps had been prepared for from the factory.<br>
Further, most USMC jeeps had more waterproofing, and roughly two thirds of them received more undercoating – to the frame exterior, under the floor and hood, and the bottom half of the firewall. For better traction, the Marine Corps started ordering [[Engineering:Limited-slip differential|limited-slip differential]]s, especially on the rear axle, and mostly after introduction of the M151 jeeps in the Army. USMC jeeps were painted 34052 forest green, with flat yellow numbering on the hood only. Little or no other markings were applied on USMC jeeps.<ref name=M38A1usmc/>

===U.S. Air Force DJ===

{{break}}



=== Canadian ===
[[File:Jeep CJ (Ste. Anne De Bellevue Veteran's Hospital '10).jpg|thumb|Canadian M38A1 jeep]]
Canadian variants: M38A1CDN, M38A1CDN2 produced in Canada and M38A1CDN3 produced in the USA.

According to Canadian author David Dunlop, over 1,000 M38A1 CDN jeeps were built by Ford of Canada in 1952/1953.<ref name=CJ3B_CDN>[https://cj3b.info/Canada/CanadaKaiser.html Kaiser Jeep in Canada 1959-69 – CJ3B.info]</ref><br>
Next, Kaiser Jeep of Canada Ltd started assembling Jeeps in Windsor in 1954 or in 1959, in the former Willys factory, established there in 1934. Initially building only CJ-5 jeeps, at a targeted rate of 1,000 a year, in 1967 a Canadian government contract came, to build 800 M38A1 CDN2 Jeeps for the Canadian Forces at $2,789,000 CDN.<ref name=CJ3B_CDN/> M38A1 CDN3 jeeps were built in the USA for Canada in 1970-1971. Unclear about 1959-69 Windsor production is how many other Jeep models and units were built for the Canadian military. Anecdotal evidence has surfaced of a domestic Canadian Navy unit, built in 1964.

=== Dutch: NEKAF jeeps ===
[[File:Nekas ambulance NMM 01.jpg|thumb|The Dutch Army used the short wheelbase M38A1, rather than the  long wheelbase M170, as an ambulance. <br> .]]
After initially using surplus U.S. war jeeps after World War II, a successor model was required by the Royal Netherlands Army, from the early 1950s. Wanting to support Dutch industry, a prototype four-wheel drive design by the country's only volume car and truck manufacturer DAF, the [[Engineering:H-drive#DAF|H-driven]] DAF YA-054, was considered, competing with U.S.-built M38A1s, a number of which had been supplied under the Mutual Defense Assistance program.<ref name="M38A1Nekaf">[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_nekaf.htm NEKAF Production Units - Differences between years and variants ] M38A1.com</ref>

The DAF proposal seemed neither better nor cheaper and lost the race, but as an economic stimulus, the American Jeeps were to be assembled in Holland<ref>Colloquial usage of the term!</ref> from [[Finance:Knock-down kit|knock-down kit]]s parts, made in the U.S.A., in the "Netherlands Kaiser-Frazer" (NEKAF) factory. Eventually some 24 % of the NEKAF jeep's parts were supplied by Dutch firms. Nekaf jeeps were identical to U.S. M38A1s, except for minor lighting additions.<ref name="M38A1Nekaf" />
[[File:Willys jeep.jpg|thumb|Dutch Army M38A1 MD jeep]]
Production spanned from 1955 to 1958, under Kaiser-Frazer (some 5,650 units), after which time production was taken over by a Dutch company, who delivered another 2,237 jeeps through 1963, still using the 'NEKAF' name, for a total of just under 8,000 units. The M38A1 Jeep eventually served with one of the longest service records in the Royal Dutch military, for more than 40 years, from 1952 until 1996, as a result of both budget constraints, and sheer longevity of the vehicles, even outlasting the [[Engineering:DKW Munga|DKW Munga]]s, which had been bought to replace them in Dutch service,<ref name=M38A1Nekaf/> as well as some 1,200 [[Engineering:DAF 66|DAF YA 66s]] supplied in the 1970s, which had little to no off-road capability, and which were decommissioned in the early 1990s.

After 1959, with American part sets, 355 Nekafs were converted to M38A1C: 106mm M40 recoilless rifle carriers, and from 1983 to 1989, forty M38A1Cs were equipped with cable-guided TOW missiles.<ref name=M38A1Nekaf/>

=== Iranian ===
Jeep Truck copies (variously called the ''Simurg'' or ''Simoorgh'') are produced by the firm of Sherkat-Sahami in Iran.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}

=== South Korean ===
Kia KM410 and Keohwa M-5GA1 versions were produced by [[Company:Kia|Kia]] and Keohwa, Ltd. (now [[Company:SsangYong Motor|SsangYong Motor]]) in South Korea.{{sfn|Sex|Abi-Chahine|2021|pp=66–67}}

==Operators==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

[[File:Bangladesh Army RR carrier Willys Jeep M38A1 (24846268099).jpg|thumb|An ex-Bangladesh Army (obtained from surrendered Pakistan Army stocks in 1971) M38A1C with M40 recoilless rifle, in Bangladesh Military Museum.]]
[[File:IDF Jeep mounted 106 recoilless anti tank guns.jpg|thumb|Israeli M38A1C anti-tank jeeps.]]
[[File:IMFT 6 2015 332.jpeg|thumb|Willys M38A1 - ex Swiss military.]]
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 December 2017 |title=Arms for freedom|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bangladesh-liberation-war-1971-muktijuddho-guerrilla-fighter-arms-freedom-1511812|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref>
*{{flag|Brazil}}: [[Engineering:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|CJ-5 and Brazilian-produced versions]] used by the Brazilian Army.
*{{flag|Canada}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1Cdn, M38A1Cdn2 and M38A1Cdn3 Canadian-produced versions used by the Canadian Army.
*{{flag|Chad}}: South Korean-produced Kia KM410 and Keohwa M-5GA1 versions used by the Chadian ground forces.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=16}} 
*{{flag|Cuba}}: M38A1 MD version used by the Cuban Army during the Cuban Revolution.
*{{flag|Croatia}}: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions used by the Croatian National Guard during the Croatian War of Independence (1991{{nbh}}1995).
*{{flag|Egypt}}: [[Engineering:Jeep CJ#CJ-7|Jeep CJ-7]], [[Engineering:Jeep CJ#Scrambler (CJ-8)|Jeep CJ-8]], [[Engineering:Jeep Wrangler|Jeep TJ]], [[Engineering:Jeep Wrangler|Jeep JK]], and [[Engineering:Jeep J8|Jeep J8]] Egyptian-produced KADER versions used by the Egyptian Army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoiarab/aoi/kader/eng_new_page_6.html |title=Kader Factory |publisher=Aoi.com.eg |access-date=2011-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723063918/http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoiarab/aoi/kader/eng_new_page_6.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*{{flag|El Salvador}}: CJ-5 version used by the Salvadoran Army during the Salvadoran Civil War.
*{{flag|Guatemala}}: Jeep CJ-7 (and [[Engineering:Jeep J8|Jeep J8 APV version]]s) used by the Armed Forces of Guatemala.
*{{flag|Israel}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1C, and Israeli-modified versions used by the Israel Defense Forces and Israel security forces; replaced by the [[Engineering:AIL Storm|AIL Storm]].
*{{flag|Iran}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1C, South Korean and Iranian-produced versions used by the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}
*{{flag|Jordan}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the Jordanian Armed Forces.
*{{flag|Katanga}}: M38A1 MD version used by the Katangese Gendarmerie during the Congo Crisis.
*{{flagicon|Laos|1952}} Kingdom of Laos: M38A1 MD version used by the Royal Lao Army during the Laotian Civil War (1954-1975).<ref>Conboy and Greer, ''War in Laos 1954–1975'' (1994), p. 59.</ref>
*{{flag|Lebanon}}: M38A1 MD version used by the Regional Gendarmerie and the Lebanese Armed Forces.
*{{flag|Libya}}: Egyptian-produced [[Engineering:Jeep Wrangler|Jeep TJL version]]. 
*{{flag|Myanmar}}: M38A1 MD version used by the Myanmar Army.
*{{flag|Netherlands}}: M38A1 MD and Dutch-produced NEKAF versions used by the Royal Netherlands Army.
*{{flag|Nicaragua}}: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions used by the National Guard of Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foro.flotilla-aerea.com/t/vehiculos-de-la-guardia-nacional-de-nicaragua/532/20|title = Flotilla Aérea}}</ref>
*{{flag|Pakistan}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the Pakistan Army.
*{{flag|Portugal}}: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions used by the Portuguese Army.
*{{flagicon|COD|1960}} Republic of the Congo: M38A1 MD version used by the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC) during the Congo Crisis.
*{{flag|Rhodesia}}: M38A1 MD version used by the Rhodesian Security Forces.
*{{flag|South Korea}}: M38A1 MD and South Korean-produced Kia KM410 and Keohwa M-5GA1 versions.
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}: Captured Iranian-produced versions re-used by Spetsnaz special forces teams during the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]].{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}
*{{flag|Switzerland}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Willys_M38A1_in_Swiss_military_service Commons category:Willys M38A1 in Swiss military service]</ref>
*{{flag|Turkey}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the Turkish Army.
*{{flag|United States}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1C, M170, USMC variant, and USAF DJ versions.
*{{ROC}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the Republic of China Army.

===Non-state military operators===
[[File:Lebanon, Al Yatun 7-16 (1981).jpg|thumb|United Nations (UNIFIL) peace-keeping Jeeps, operated by Dutchbat in Lebanon (1981).]]
* {{flagicon image|M-26-7.svg}} 26th of July Movement: M38A1 MD version captured from the Cuban Army.
* [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|23px]] Afghan Mujahideen: Iranian-produced ''Simurg'' or ''Simoorgh'' variants employed during the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]].{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mourabitoun.svg|size=23px}} Al-Mourabitoun: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.<ref>Kassis (2012), p. 51.</ref> 
* {{Flagicon image|Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg|size=23px}} Army of Free Lebanon (AFL): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg|size=23px}} Amal Movement: CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}} 
* Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon): CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}}
* {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg|size=23px}} Progressive Socialist Party/People's Liberation Army (PLA): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|El-Assad|2008|p=135}}{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}}  
* {{Flagicon image|Logo of Kataeb Party.svg|size=25px|border=}} Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF): M38A1 MD and Israeli-modified versions.<ref>Kassis (2012), p. 60.</ref> 
* {{Flagicon image|Lebanesearmyfirstflag.png|size=23px}} Lebanese Arab Army (LAA): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.<ref>Kassis (2012), p. 53.</ref>
* [[File:Forces Libanaises Flag.svg|22px|border]] Lebanese Forces: M38A1 MD{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=14}} and Israeli-modified versions, and South Korean Kia KM410 and Keohwa M-5GA1 versions.<ref>Kassis (2003), p. 35.</ref>{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=15}}{{sfn|Sex|Abi-Chahine|2021|pp=66–67}}
* {{flag|Palestine}} – Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions used by the Palestinian guerrilla factions in Lebanon.{{sfn|Naud|2012|pp=8–16}} 
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_FSLN.png}} Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions captured from the National Guard of Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foro.flotilla-aerea.com/t/vehiculos-de-la-guardia-nacional-de-nicaragua/532/20|title = Flotilla Aérea}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg}} South Lebanon Army (SLA): M38A1C and Israeli-modified versions. 
* [[Image:Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg|22px]] Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon: CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}} 
* [[File:Ahrar flag.gif|23px|border]] Tigers Militia: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.<ref>Kassis (2003), p. 24.</ref><ref>Kassis (2012), p. 58.</ref> 
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Nations.svg}} United Nations: M38A1 and CJ-5 versions.
* Zgharta Liberation Army (a.k.a. Marada Brigade): CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}}

==Service history==
[[File:Fort Campbell, Kentucky, President Lyndon B. Johnson and Major General Ben Sternberg in jeep during a rainstorm - NARA - 192520.tif|thumb|President [[Biography:Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]] riding in an M38A1.]]
{{columns-list|
*Korean War
*1958 Lebanon crisis
*Cuban Revolution
*Nicaraguan Revolution
*Guatemalan Civil War
*Salvadoran Civil War
*Portuguese Colonial War
*Carnation Revolution
*Congo Crisis
*Rhodesian Bush War
*Vietnam War
*Laotian Civil War
*Six-Day War
*Black September
*Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
*Bangladesh Liberation War
*Internal conflict in Myanmar 
*War of Attrition
*Yom Kippur War
*Turkish invasion of Cyprus
*Operation Entebbe
*1982 Lebanon War
*Lebanese Civil War
*[[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]]
*Iran–Iraq War
*Chadian–Libyan conflict
*Gulf War
*Croatian War of Independence
}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|
*Austin Champ
*Austin Gipsy
*[[Engineering:Jeep CJ|Jeep CJ]]
*[[Engineering:Jeep DJ|Jeep DJ]]
*[[Engineering:Jeep Wrangler|Jeep Wrangler (TJ; JK)]]
*[[Engineering:Jeep J8|Jeep J8]] 
*Jeepster Commando
*[[Engineering:M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck|M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck]]
*[[Engineering:List of U.S. military jeeps|List of U.S. military jeeps]]
*List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
*Weapons of the Laotian Civil War
*Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War
*[[Engineering:Willys M38|Willys M38]]
}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Reference notes==
{{reflist}}

==General references==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/159985802/TM-9-804A-M38A1-JEEP-JULY-1952 TM 9-804A] {{frac|1|4}}-ton 4x4 utility truck M38A1, Technical manual (1952)
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/167735622/TH-9-345-NEKAF-M38A1 TH 9-345 NEKAF M38A1] Dutch M38A1 made by NEKAF, Technical manual (1957)
* {{cite book|last1=Conboy |first1= Kenneth |first2=Don |last2=Greer |title=War in Laos 1954-1975 |publication-place=Carrollton, TX |publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications |date=1994 |isbn=0-89747-315-9}}
* {{cite book|last=El-Assad |first=Moustafa |title=Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks |publisher=Blue Steel books |publication-place=Sidon |date=2008 |isbn=978-9953-0-1256-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Kassis |first=Samer |title=30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon |publication-place=Beirut |publisher=Elite Group |date=2003 |isbn=9953-0-0705-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Kassis |first=Samer |title=Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981 |publisher=Trebia Publishing |publication-place=Chyah |date=2012 |isbn=978-9953-0-2372-4}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Naud |first=Philipe |title=La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978 |journal=Steelmasters Magazine |date=August–September 2012 |pages=8–16 |issn=1962-4654 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Neville |first=Leigh |title=Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces|series=New Vanguard series 257 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |publication-place=Oxford |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-4728-2251-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sex |first1=Zachary |last2=Abi-Chahine |first2=Bassel |title=Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond |series=Modern Conflicts Profile Guide |volume=II |publisher=AK Interactive |date=2021 |id={{EAN|8435568306073}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.m38a1.com The M38A1 Restoration Site]
*[http://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/military-jeeps/item/m38-a1-jeep-2 M38A1 on display at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum, Huntsville, AL]


[[Category:Military light utility vehicles]]

{{Sourceattribution|Willys M38A1}}