View source for Engineering:Yakovlev Yak-40

{{Short description|Airliner made by Yakovlev}}
<!-- This article is a part of Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft. Please see Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name = Yak-40
| image = Yakovlev Yak-40, Centr Ug JP7586206.jpg
| caption = A Yak-40 on final approach
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type = [[Engineering:Regional jet|Regional jet]]/ VIP transport
| national origin = Soviet Union
| manufacturer = [[Company:Yakovlev|Yakovlev]]
| first flight = October 21, 1966
| introduction = September 1968 (Aeroflot)
| retired = <!--Date the aircraft left service. If vague or more than a few dates, skip this -->
| status = In service
| primary user = Motor Sich Airlines<ref>{{cite web|url=https://flymotorsich.com/en/pages/fleet|title=Motor Sich Airlines - Fleet|website=flymotorsich.com|access-date=February 6, 2019}}</ref>
| more users = Vologda Aviation Enterprise<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avia35.ru/avia_park/|title=Вологда, аэропорт - Авиапарк|language=ru|website=avia35.ru|access-date=February 6, 2019|archive-date=February 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020136/https://www.avia35.ru/avia_park/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> Aeroflot (former)|<!--Limited to three in total; separate using <br /> -->
| produced = 1967–1981
| number built = 1,011 (according to some sources, 1,013){{which|date=November 2020}}
| program cost = <!--Total program cost-->
| unit cost = US$1M (1972)<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202020.html |title= Airliner price index |magazine= Flight International |date= 10 August 1972 |page= 183}}</ref>
| developed into = [[Engineering:Yakovlev Yak-42|Yakovlev Yak-42]]
| variants with their own articles = 
}}
|}

The '''Yakovlev Yak-40''' ({{lang-ru|Яковлев Як-40}}; NATO reporting name: '''Codling''') is a [[Engineering:Regional jet|regional jet]] designed by [[Company:Yakovlev|Yakovlev]]. The [[Engineering:Trijet|trijet]]'s maiden flight was in 1966, and it was in production from 1967 to 1981. Introduced in September 1968, the Yak-40 has been exported since 1970.

==Development==
By the early 1960s, Soviet international and internal trunk routes were served by Aeroflot, the state airline, using [[Engineering:Jet engine|jet]] or [[Engineering:Turboprop|turboprop]] powered airliners, but their local services, many of which operated from grass airfields, were served by obsolete piston-engine aircraft such as the [[Engineering:Ilyushin Il-12|Ilyushin Il-12]], [[Engineering:Ilyushin Il-14|Il-14]] and [[Engineering:Lisunov Li-2|Lisunov Li-2]].<ref name="Stroud p269-0">Stroud 1968, p. 269–270.</ref> Aeroflot wanted to replace these elderly airliners with a turbine-powered aircraft, with the [[Company:Yakovlev|Yakovlev]] design bureau being assigned to design it. High speed was not required, but it would have to be able to operate safely and reliably out of poorly equipped airports with short (less than 700 m or 2,300&nbsp;ft) unpaved runways in poor weather.<ref name="GunYak p185">Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 185.</ref>

Yakovlev studied both turboprop and jet-powered designs to meet the requirement, including [[Engineering:VTOL|Vertical Take-Off and Landing]] designs with [[Engineering:Lift jet|lift jet]]s in the fuselage or in wing-mounted pods, but eventually they settled on a straight-winged tri-jet carrying 20 to 25 passengers. The engines were to be the new [[Engineering:Ivchenko AI-25|AI-25]] [[Engineering:Turbofan|turbofan]] being developed by [[Company:Ivchenko-Progress|Ivchenko]] at Zaporozhye in Ukraine.<ref name="GunYak p185-6">Gunston and Gordon 1997, pp. 185–186.</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Яковлев Як-40 9840259, Москва - Внуково RP6897.jpg|thumb|Bucket [[Engineering:Thrust reversal|thrust reverser]] on the center engine]]
[[File:Яковлев Як-40 9721354, Москва - Домодедово RP3113.jpg|thumb|Cockpit of a Yak-40]]
[[File:Yak-40 RA-87500 (15627516007).jpg|thumb|Rear view of the aircraft, showing the rear integrated airstairs]]
The Yak-40 is a low-winged cantilever [[Engineering:Monoplane|monoplane]] with unswept wings, a large [[Engineering:T-tail|T-tail]] and a retractable [[Engineering:Tricycle landing gear|tricycle landing gear]]. The passenger cabin is ahead of the wing, with the short rear fuselage carrying the three turbofan engines, with two engines mounted on short pylons on the side of the fuselage and a third engine in the rear fuselage, with air fed from a dorsal air-intake by an "S-duct", as is an [[Engineering:Auxiliary power unit|auxiliary power unit]], fitted to allow engine start-up without ground support on primitive airfields.<ref name="Stroud p270-2">Stroud 1968, p. 270–272.</ref><ref name="OKB p303">Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 303</ref> The three [[Engineering:Ivchenko AI-25|AI-25]] engines are two-shaft engines rated at 14.7&nbsp;kN (3,300&nbsp;lbf). The engines have no jetpipes, and initially no thrust reversers.<ref name="GunYak p187">Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 187.</ref><ref name="Janes 76 p448–9" />

The pressurized fuselage has a diameter of 2.4&nbsp;metres (94&nbsp;in). Pilot and co-pilot sit side by side in the aircraft's flight deck, while the passenger cabin has a standard layout seating 24 to 27 passengers three-abreast, although 32 passengers can be carried by switching to four-abreast seating. Passengers enter the aircraft via a set of ventral [[Engineering:Airstair|airstair]]s in the rear fuselage.<ref name="Janes 76 p448–9"/><ref name="Stroud p272-3">Stroud 1968, pp. 272–273.</ref>

The wing is fitted with large trailing-edge slotted flaps, but has no other high-lift devices, relying on the aircraft's low wing loading to give the required short-field take-off and landing performance. The wings join at the aircraft centerline, with the main spar running from wingtip to wingtip. The wings house integral fuel tanks with a capacity of 3,800 litres (1,000 US gal; 840 imp gal). The aircraft has a large fin, which is swept back at an angle of 50 degrees to move the tailplane rearwards to compensate for the short rear fuselage. The horizontal tailplane itself is unswept.<ref name="OKB p303"/><ref name="GunYak p186-7">Gunston and Gordon 1997, pp. 186–187.</ref>

The Yak-40 was the first Soviet-built airliner designed to Western [[Engineering:Airworthiness certificate|airworthiness requirements]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200140.html |title=1975 {{!}} 0140 {{!}} Flight Archive |website=www.flightglobal.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424221156/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200140.html |archive-date=2016-04-24}} </ref>

==Operational history==
The first of five prototypes made its maiden flight on 21 October 1966,<ref name="Janes 76 p448–9" /> with production being launched at the Saratov Aviation Plant in 1967 and Soviet type certification granted in 1968.<ref name="OKB p303" /> The type carried out its first passenger service for Aeroflot on 30 September 1968.<ref name="GunYak p186-7" /> In the 1972 version, a tailspin was removed. In 1974, new version was introduced, with non-stop flight distance increased. Also, the forward door on the right side of the fuselage changed its place – it was located together with the sixth window.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In 1975, the last upgrade of Yak-40 took place – the number of cabin windows on the right side changed from nine to eight.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

By the time production ended in November 1981, the factory at Saratov had produced 1,011 or 1,013 aircraft. By 1993 Yak-40s operated by Aeroflot had carried 354 million passengers.<ref name="GunYak p189">Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 189.</ref> As well as being the backbone of Aeroflot's local operations, flying to 276 domestic destinations in 1980, the Yak-40 was also an export success. In addition to this, Yak-40 became the first Russian/Soviet aircraft to get flying certificates from Italy and West Germany. It was demonstrated in 75 countries of the world, including the US, where orders for the Yak-40 were made.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

A total of 130 were exported to Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cuba, [[Place:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, {{wipe|Germany}}, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Laos, {{wipe|Madagascar}}, {{wipe|Philippines}}, {{wipe|Poland}}, [[Place:Syria|Syria]], Vietnam, [[Place:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and Zambia.<ref name="OKB p303"/><ref name="GunYak p189"/>

As of July 2021, a Yak-40 has begun testing with an electric propeller engine in the nose of the aircraft.<ref name="Yak-40 with superconducting engine begins test flights">{{cite web |title=Yak-40 with superconducting engine begins test flights |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/yak-40-with-superconducting-engine-begins-test-flights/144800.article |website=www.flightglobal.com}}</ref>[[File:Yakovlev Yak-40 (RA-87226 (cn 9841459) Tulpar Air).jpg|thumb|YK-40 business aircraft interior]]

==Variants==
''Data from'':- OKB Yakovlev<ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Yefim |title=OKB Yakovlev |year=2005 |publisher=Midland Publishing |location=Hinkley |isbn=1-85780-203-9 |author2=Dmitry |author3=Sergey Komissarov |pages=303–311}}</ref>
* '''Yak-40''' – The first production model.
* '''Yak-40-25''' Military conversion with the nose of a MiG-25R and SRS-4A Elint installation.
* '''Yak-40 Akva (Aqua)''' – Military conversion with nose probe, pylon-mounted sensors, a fuselage dispenser and underwing active jammer pods.
* '''Yak-40D (Dal'niy – long-distance)''' – with non-stop flight distance enlarged.
* '''Yak-40EC''' – Export version.
* '''Yak-40 Fobos (Phobos)''' – Military conversion with two dorsal viewing domes and a removable window on each side.
* '''Yak-40K''' – cargo / convertible / combi version with a large freight door. Produced in 1975–81.
* '''Yak-40 Kalibrovshchik''' – Military Elint conversion with a "farm" of blade, dipole and planar antennas.
* '''Yak-40L''' – Proposed version with two Lycoming LF507-1N turbofans, a joint program between Skorost and [[Company:Textron|Textron]] (now Allied-Signal) Lycoming. The original design would have had a slightly swept wing.
* '''Yak-40 Liros''' – Military conversion with nose probe carrying air-data sensors.
* '''Yak-40M''' – Proposed 40-seat stretched passenger version.
* '''Yak-40 M-602''' – Flying testbed with a Czechoslovak M 602 turboprop installed in the nose.
* '''Yak-40 Meteo''' – Military conversion with multipole dipole antennas and fuselage dispenser.
* '''Yak-40P''' – Yak-40L with large nacelles projecting ahead of the wings.
* '''Yak-40REO''' – Military conversion with large ventral canoe for IR linescan. Lateral observation blister on right side.
* '''Yak-40 Shtorm''' – Military conversion with multiple probes and sensors on the forward sidewalls.
* '''Yak-40TL''' – Proposed upgraded version, to be powered by three Lycoming LF 507 turbofan engines.
* '''Yak-40V''' – Export version powered by three AI-25T turbofan engines.
* '''Yak-40MS''' – Experimental upgrade with two Honeywell TFE731-5 turbofan engines by [[Organization:Chaplygin Siberian Scientific Research Institute Of Aviation|SibNIA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/sibir-news/4172187|title=Новосибирские инженеры подняли в воздух самолет, который станет современным аналогом Як-40|website=tass.ru}}</ref>
* '''STR-40DT''' – A proposed twin-engine composite-wing<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/yutSprFixF4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210427233017/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yutSprFixF4 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yutSprFixF4| title = Yak-40 {{!}} A village trijet | website=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> derivative along the line of [[Engineering:Antonov An-2|TVS-2DTS]], also being developed by SibNIA. Endorsed, but not supported by [[Company:Yakovlev|Yakovlev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation21.ru/obytnyj-obrazec-celnokompozitnogo-samolyota-str-40dt-pokazhut-v-konce-goda/|title=Опытный образец цельнокомпозитного самолёта СТР-40ДТ покажут в конце года - Авиация России|website=aviation21.ru|date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

==Operators==

===Civilian operators===
[[File:Yakovlev Yak-40 HA-LRA cabin.jpg|thumb|Three-abreast seating configuration of the Yak-40]]
As of July 2019, a total of 22 out of 1011 Yakovlev Yak-40 aircraft remained in service with civil operators.<ref>Thisdell and Seymour ''Flight International'' 30 July–5 August 2019, p. 47.</ref> The airworthiness of several Yak-40 of smaller Russian and Central Asian charter airlines is uncertain, as is the whereabouts of one Air Libya Tibesti aircraft after the civil war. Most aircraft in service today have been reconfigured for VIP-charter services, with fewer than ten remaining in scheduled passenger service. Known operators are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/24536|title=World Airline Census 2018|website=Flightglobal.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em| 
; {{AFG}}
* Ariana Afghan Airlines – former operator
* Bakhtar Afghan Airlines – former operator
; {{ALB}}
* Ada Air – former operator
* Albanian Airlines - former operator
; {{ANG}}
* TAAG Angola Airlines – former operator
; {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
* Azerbaijan Airlines – former operator
; {{BLR}}
* Government of Belarus
; {{BOL}}
* Aerosur – former operator
; {{BUL}}
* Balkan Bulgarian Airlines – former operator
* Hemus Air – former operator
; {{CUB}}
* Aerocaribbean – former operator
* Cubana – former operator
; {{flag|Czech Republic}}
* Government of the Czech Republic – former operator
; {{CZS}}
* CSA Czechoslovak Airlines – former operator
* Government of Czechoslovakia – former operator
* Slov-Air – former operator
; {{EGY}}
* EgyptAir – former operator
; {{FRG}}
* General Air – former operator
; {{GRC}}
* Olympic Airways<ref>1972 original route network: https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/257185/1972-olympic-airways-network/</ref> – former operator
; {{GUA}}
* Mayan World Airlines – former operator
; {{HON}}
* Rollins Air – former operator
; {{HUN}}
* Malév – former operator

; {{ITA}}
* Aertirrena – former operator
* Alinord – former operator
* Avianova – former operator
* Avioligure – former operator
* Cabado – former operator

; {{KAZ}}
* Air Kazakhstan – former operator  
* Air Kokshetau – former operator
* Bek Air – former operator
* East Kazakhstan Region Air Enterprise – 2 in cargo configuration
* Euro-Asia Air – former operator
* Semeyavia – former operator
* Tulpar Air Service – former operator
* Zhetysu Aviakompania – 2: one for charter and one in cargo configuration
* Zhezkazgan Air – 2 in scheduled service
; {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
* Kyrgyzstan Airlines – former operator

; {{flag|Libya}}
* Air Libya Tibesti – former operator
; {{flag|Lithuania}}
* Air Lithuania – former operator
; {{flag|Moldova}}
* Air Moldova – former operator
; {{flag|Peru}}
* Expreso Aéreo – former operator
* Servicios Aéreos Amazónicos – former operator
; {{PHI}}
* Interisland Airlines – former operator
; {{POL}}
* LOT Polish Airlines – former operator
; {{RUS}}
* 2nd Sverdlovsk Air Enterprise – former operator
* AeroBratsk – former operator
* Aerolik – former operator<ref name="Ottenhof, 1996, p. 418">Ottenhof, 1996, p. 418</ref>
* Ak Bars Aero – former operator
* Amur Airlines – former operator 
* Aviakompaniya SKOL – former operator
* Aviastar – former operator<ref name="Ottenhof, 1996, p. 418"/>
* Belgorod Air Enterprise – former operator
* Bugulma Air Enterprise – former operator
* Byline – former operator
* Center-South Airlines – former operator
* Gazpromavia – former operator
* Khabarovsk Airlines – former operator
* LUKoil-Avia – former operator
* Orel Avia – former operator<ref>Ottenhof, 1996, p.419</ref>
* Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Enterprise – 3 with 2 in cargo configuration and 1 in scheduled passenger service
* Rossiya – former operator
* RusAir – former operator
* Severstal Air Company – former operator
* Tomskavia – former operator
* Tulpar Air – former operator
* UTair Aviation – former operator
* Vladivostok Avia – former operator (phased out in 2013)
* Volga-Dnepr – former operator
* Vologda Aviation Enterprise – 8 in scheduled passenger service
* Yak Service – former operator
* Yakutia Airlines – former operator
* Yamal Airlines – former operator
* Yuzhmashavia – former operator
; {{flag|Slovakia}}
* Government of Slovakia – former operator
; {{USSR}}
* Aeroflot – former operator
; {{SYR}}
* Syrian Arab Airlines – former operator
; {{flag|Tajikistan}}
* Tajikistan Airlines – former operator
; {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
* Turkmenistan Airlines – former operator
; {{UKR}}
* Motor Sich Airlines 
* Aerostar Airlines – former operator
* Constanta Airlines – 1 in lounge configuration, for charter only
* Challenge Aero – former operator
; {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
* Uzbekistan Airways – former operator
; {{VEN}}
* Oriental de Aviación – former operator
; {{VIE}}
* Vietnam Airlines – former operator
}}

===Military operators===
[[File:RA-88296 Yak40 Severstal (6679463821).jpg|thumb|Yak-40 during takeoff]]
As of November 2012 no more than 17 Yak-40 remain in military service (possibly fewer, with the unclear situation in Syria). Known operators are:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em| 
; {{AGO}}: Angolan Air Force – 1 as of December 2016.<ref name="waf16 p29">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 26.</ref>
; {{BUL}}: {{wipe|Bulgarian Air Force}} – former operator
; {{CUB}}: {{wipe|Cuban Air Force}} – 3 in service
; {{CZS}}: {{wipe|Czechoslovakian Air Force}} – former operator
; {{CZE}}: {{wipe|Czech Air Force}} – 1 as of December 2016.<ref name="waf16 p33-4">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, pp. 33–34.</ref>
; {{DDR}}: East German Air Force – former operator
; {{ETH}}: {{wipe|Ethiopian Air Force}} – 1 in service
; {{GNQ}}: Military of Equatorial Guinea – presidential aircraft
; {{GNB}}:{{wipe|Guinea-Bissau Air Force}} – former operator
; {{HUN}}: {{wipe|Hungarian Air Force}} – former operator
; {{KAZ}}: Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan – 1 in service
; {{LAO}}: {{wipe|Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force}} – former operator
; {{LTU}}: {{wipe|Lithuanian Air Force}} – former operator
; {{MDG}}: {{wipe|Malagasy Air Force}} – 2 in service
; {{POL}}: {{wipe|Polish Air Force}} – former operator
; {{RUS}}: {{wipe|Russian Air Force}} – 1 in service
; {{SRB}}: {{wipe|Serbian Air Force}} – former operator
; {{SYR}}: {{wipe|Syrian Air Force}} – up to 6 in service, airworthiness unclear
; {{URS}}: {{wipe|Soviet Air Force}} – former operator
; {{VIE}}: {{wipe|Vietnam People's Air Force}} – former operator
; {{YEM}}: {{wipe|Yemen Air Force}} – 2 in service
; {{YUG}}: {{wipe|Yugoslav Air Force}} – former operator
; {{ZAM}}: Zambian Air Force – former operator
; {{ZIM}}: {{wipe|Air Force of Zimbabwe}} - former operator<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|pages=210,235-236}}</ref>
}}

==Accidents and incidents==

==Specifications (Yak-40)==
[[File:Yakovlev Yak-40 3-view line drawing.svg|thumb|Yakovlev Yak-40 3-view drawing]]
[[File:Yak-40 projects.png|thumb|Proposed [[Engineering:VTOL|VTOL]] and four-engined Yak-40 variants]]{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77<ref name="Janes 76 p448–9">Taylor 1976, pp. 448–449.</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=3 (two pilots, one flight mechanic)
|capacity=32 passengers
|length m=20.36
|length note=
|span m=25.0
|span note=
|height m=6.50
|height note=
|wing area sqm=70.00
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=9:1
|airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA]]; '''tip:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>-->
|empty weight kg=9400
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=15500
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity={{convert|3910|L|impgal USgal|abbr=on}}
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=3
|eng1 name=[[Engineering:Ivchenko AI-25|Ivchenko AI-25]]
|eng1 type=[[Engineering:Turbofan|turbofan]] engines
|eng1 kn=14.7
|eng1 note=
<!--
        Performance
-->

|max speed mach=0.7 ([[Physics:Indicated airspeed|IAS]])
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=550
|cruise speed note=at {{convert|7000|m|ft|abbr=on}} (max. cruise)
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=1800
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=8000
|ceiling note=<ref name="Gunston Russian p492">Gunston 1995, p. 492.</ref>
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ftmin=1575
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Engineering:Yakovlev Yak-42|Yakovlev Yak-42]]
|similar aircraft=
* Fokker F28
* [[Engineering:Fokker 70|Fokker 70]]
* [[Engineering:VFW-Fokker 614|VFW-Fokker 614]]
|lists=
* [[Engineering:List of jet airliners|List of jet airliners]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Weinert |first2=Peter |last3=Hinz |first3=Fabian |last4=Lepko |first4=Mark |title=African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe |date=2011 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |location=Houston |isbn=978-0-9825539-8-5}}
* Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergey Komissarov. ''OKB Yakovlev: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft''. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|1-85780-203-9}}.
* Gunston, Bill. ''The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995''. London:Osprey, 1995. {{ISBN|1-85532-405-9}}.
* Gunston, Bill and Yefim Gordon. ''Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924''. London, UK: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. {{ISBN|1-55750-978-6}}.
* Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''Flight International''. Vol. 190, No. 5566, 6–12 December 2016, pp.&nbsp;22–53. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}.
* Ottenhof, Guus;  Hillman, Peter and Jessup, Stuart. Soviet Transports. Aviation Hobby World. 1996. {{ISBN|0-907178-60-X}}. 
* Stroud, John. ''Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945''. London:Putnam, 1968. {{ISBN|0-370-00126-5}}.
* Thisdell, Dan and Seymour, Chris. "World Airliner Census". ''Flight International'', Vol. 196, No. 5694, 30 July–5 August 2019. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}. pp.&nbsp;24–47.
* Taylor, John W. R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77''. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. {{ISBN|0-354-00538-3}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons and category|Yakovlev Yak-40}}
* [http://militarypedia.corran.pl/wiki/Jakowlew_Jak-40_w_Wojsku_Polskim List of all Yak-40 aircraft used by Polish Air Force]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174553/http://www.flightlevel350.com/Aircraft_Yakovlev_Yak-40-Airline_Oriental_de_Aviacion_Aviation_Video-4224.html Watch a video of the plane in action]
* [http://scalemodels.ru/modules/photo/viewcat_cid_234.html Walkaround Yak-40 (Kyiv's Aviation Museum, Ukraine)]
* {{cite web |url= http://www.yak.ru/ENG/FIRM/HISTMOD/yak-40.php |title= Passenger aircraft : Yak-40 |publisher= Yakovlev Design Bureau |access-date= 2019-04-25 |archive-date= 2019-05-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190511230148/http://www.yak.ru/ENG/FIRM/HISTMOD/yak-40.php |url-status= dead }}
* *{{cite magazine |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967%20-%200781.html |title= The Yak-40 |date= 11 May 1967 |magazine= Flight International}}


[[Category:Trijets]]
[[Category:T-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]

{{Sourceattribution|Yakovlev Yak-40}}