View source for Finance:Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

{{short description|Canada–EU free trade agreement}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name = Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
|long_name = 
|image = [[File:European Union Canada Locator.svg|frameless]]
|image_alt = Canada and the European Union
|caption = Canada (orange) and the European Union (green)
|type = Trade agreement
|context = 
|date_drafted = 
|date_signed = 30 October 2016 
|location_signed = Brussels
|date_sealed = 
|date_effective = Not in force (parts are provisionally applied)
|condition_effective  = Approval by all signatories
|provisional_application = {{dts|21 September 2017}}<ref name=prov/>
|signatories = 
* {{flag|Canada}}
* {{flag|European Union}} 
* {{noflag|All EU member states}} 
|parties = 
|ratifiers = 14 EU members<ref name=depositaryEU>{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=2016017|work=Council of the EU|accessdate=28 August 2017|title=Agreement Details}}</ref>
|depositor = <!-- OR: -->
|depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
|citations = <!-- format as XX TS YYY -->
|languages = 
{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = All official EU/Canadian languages 
|{{hlist|[[Social:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |Croatian |[[Social:Czech language|Czech]] |[[Social:Danish language|Danish]] |[[Social:Dutch language|Dutch]] |[[Social:English language|'''English''']] |[[Social:Estonian language|Estonian]] |[[Social:Finnish language|Finnish]] |[[Social:French language|'''French''']] |[[Social:German language|German]] |[[Social:Greek language|Greek]] |[[Social:Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Social:Irish language|Irish]] |[[Social:Italian language|Italian]] |[[Social:Latvian language|Latvian]] |[[Social:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |[[Social:Maltese language|Maltese]] |[[Social:Polish language|Polish]] |[[Social:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |[[Social:Romanian language|Romanian]] |[[Social:Slovak language|Slovak]] |Slovene |[[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]] |[[Social:Swedish language|Swedish]]}}
}}
|wikisource = <!-- OR: -->
|wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
|footnotes = 
|image_width = 350px
|date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
}}
The '''Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement''' ('''CETA''') (unofficially, Canada-Europe Trade Agreement) is a free-trade agreement between {{wipe|Canada}} and the [[Social:European Union|European Union]].<ref name="ec"/><ref name="canada"/><ref name="GMtentative">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/belgians-reach-deal-on-eu-canada-free-trade-agreement/article32542390/</ref> It has been provisionally applied,<ref>http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/september/tradoc_156062.pdf</ref> thus removing 98% of the preexisting tariffs between the two parts.

The negotiations were concluded in August 2014. All 28 European Union member states approved the final text of CETA for signature, with Belgium being the final country to give its approval.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://euobserver.com/economic/135717|title=Belgium green lights unchanged Ceta|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref> Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, travelled to Brussels on 30 October 2016 to sign on behalf of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/6934897-trudeau-brussels-bound-to-sign-ceta-on-sunday/|title=Trudeau Brussels-bound to sign CETA on Sunday|last=YorkRegion.com|website=www.yorkregion.com|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref>  The European Parliament approved the deal on 15 February 2017.<ref name="auto">{{cite news | title=CETA: MEPs back EU-Canada trade agreement | author=Bálint Péter Linder | date=2017-02-15 | publisher=European Parliament Press Service | url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20170209IPR61728/ceta-meps-back-eu-canada-trade-agreement}}</ref> The agreement is subject to ratification by the EU and national legislatures.<ref name="GMtentative"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/prime-minister-trudeau-signs-canada-eu-trade-deal-in-brussels/article32586423/|title=Trudeau signs CETA but final ratification still required by European Union|first=Paul|last=Waldie|date=30 October 2016|publisher=|via=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> It could only enter into force if no adverse opinion on the dispute resolution mechanism was given by the European Court of Justice following a request for an opinion by Belgium.<ref name=CJEUref/> The European Court of Justice has stated in its opinion that the dispute resolution mechanism complies with EU law.<ref name=CJEUopinion/> Until its formal entry into force, substantial parts are provisionally applied from 21 September 2017.<ref name=prov>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-1959_en.htm|work=European Commission|title=EU and Canada agree to set a date for the provisional application of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement. Statement by Mr. Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission and. Mr Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada|accessdate=9 September 2017|date=8 July 2017}}</ref>

The European Commission indicates the treaty will lead to savings of just over half a billion euros in taxes for EU exporters every year, mutual recognition in regulated professions such as architects, accountants and engineers, and easier transfers of company staff and other professionals between the EU and Canada. The European Commission claims CETA will create a more level playing field between Canada and the EU on [[Social:Intellectual property|intellectual property]] rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/february/tradoc_154331.pdf|title=What will the EU gain from CETA?|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

Proponents of CETA emphasize that the agreement will boost trade between the EU and Canada and thus create new jobs, facilitate business operations by abolishing customs duties, goods checks, and various other levies, facilitate mutual recognition of diplomas and regulate investment disputes by creating a new system of courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/croatia/news/eu_canada_trade_agreement_enters_into_force_hr|title=Trgovinski sporazum između EU-a i Kanade stupa na snagu—Hrvatska—European Commission|first=Ksenija|last=SKREBLIN|date=20 September 2017|website=Hrvatska—European Commission}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/hr/sporazum-o-slobodnoj-trgovini-ceta/a-40623781|title=Sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini CETA—Gospodarstvo—DW—21.09.2017|website=DW.COM}}</ref> Opponents consider that CETA would weaken European consumer rights, including high EU standards concerning food safety,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/gabriel-optimistic-over-eu-canada-ceta-trade-deal/a-36073644|title=Gabriel optimistic over EU-Canada CETA trade deal {{!}} Business {{!}} DW.COM {{!}} 18.10.2016|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|website=DW.COM|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref> and criticize it as a boon only for [[Social:Big business|big business]] and [[Finance:Multinational corporation|multinational corporation]]s, while risking net-losses, unemployment, and environmental damage impacting individual citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37450742|title=EU Commission refuses to revise Canada Ceta trade deal|date=2016-09-23|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tni.org/files/download/ceta-isds-en_0.pdf|title=Trading Away Democracy, HOW CETA'S INVESTOR PROTECTION RULES THREATEN THE PUBLIC GOOD IN CANADA AND THE EU|author1=Pia Eberhardt |author2=Blair Redlin |author3=Cecile Toubeau |date=November 2014|website=tni.org|publisher=Published by Association Internationale de Techniciens, Experts et Chercheurs (Aitec), Vienna Chamber of Labour (AK Vienna), Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA), Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO), Council of Canadians, Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU), German NGO Forum on Environment & Development, Friends of the Earth Europe (FoEE), PowerShift, Quaker Council for European Affairs (QCEA), Quebec Network on Continental Integration (RQIC), Trade Justice Network, Transnational Institute (TNI), Transport & Environment (T&E).|access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cela.ca/sites/cela.ca/files/1085-Standing%20Committee%20Submissions%20on%20CETA_Nov_30_2016.pdf|title=Submissions to the Standing Committee on International Trade Re: An Act to Implement the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (Bill C-30)|last=Blaise|first=Kerrie|date=30 Nov 2016|website=Canadian Environmental Law Association|publisher=Canadian Environmental Law Association|access-date=5 Dec 2016}}</ref> The deal also includes a controversial [[Social:Investor-state dispute settlement|investor-state dispute settlement]] mechanism which makes critics fear that multinational corporations could sue national governments for billions of dollars if they thought that the government policies had a bad impact on their business.<ref name="auto1"/> A poll conducted by [[Organization:Angus Reid Institute|Angus Reid Institute]] in February 2017 concluded that 55 percent of Canadians support CETA, while only 10 percent oppose it. The support, however, has waned when compared to the poll conducted in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://angusreid.org/ceta-trudeau-europe/|title=CETA: As support softens, Canadians still back trade deal with Europe 5-to-1 over those who oppose it—Angus Reid Institute|date=14 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref> In contrast, the [[Finance:North American Free Trade Agreement|North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) has a 44 percent support rate among Canadians in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://angusreid.org/trump-nafta-renegotiation/|title=Facing tough talk over NAFTA renegotiations, Canadians rediscover affection for the trade pact—Angus Reid Institute|date=12 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref> In contrast to Canada, the agreement has prompted protests in a number of European countries.

==History==
CETA is Canada's biggest bilateral initiative since NAFTA. It was started as a result of a joint study "Assessing the Costs and Benefits of a Closer EU-Canada Economic Partnership",<ref name="link to study"/> which was released in October 2008. Officials announced the launch of negotiations on 6 May 2009 at the Canada-EU Summit in [[Place:Prague|Prague]].<ref name="canada"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/canada/eu_canada/trade_relation/ceta/index_en.htm |website=Delegation of the EU to Canada |publisher=European External Action Service |accessdate=22 October 2014 |ref=towards-ceta |title=Towards a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505112357/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/canada/eu_canada/trade_relation/ceta/index_en.htm |archivedate=5 May 2015 }}</ref> This, after the Canada-EU Summit in Ottawa on 18 March 2004 where leaders agreed to a framework for a new Canada-EU Trade and Investment Enhancement Agreement (TIEA). The TIEA was intended to move beyond traditional [[Finance:Market access|market access]] issues, to include areas such as trade and investment facilitation, competition, mutual recognition of professional qualifications, financial services, e-commerce, temporary entry, small- and medium-sized enterprises, [[Sustainable development|sustainable development]], and sharing science and technology.
The TIEA was also to build on a Canada-EU regulatory co-operation framework for promoting bilateral co-operation on approaches to regulatory governance, advancing good regulatory practices and facilitating trade and investment. In addition to lowering barriers, the TIEA was meant to heighten Canadian and European interest in each other's markets.<ref name="TIEA"/> The TIEA continued until 2006 when Canada and the EU decided to pause negotiations. This led to negotiations for a Canada-European Union trade agreement (later renamed as the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, or CETA), and this agreement will go beyond the TIEA toward an agreement with a much broader and more ambitious scope.
[[File:Stop TTIP-CETA Protest in Brussels 20-09-2016 (06).jpg|thumb|The Stop TTIP-CETA protest in Brussels, Belgium, 20 September 2016]]

An agreement in principle was signed by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and European Commission President José Manuel Barroso on 18 October 2013. The negotiations were concluded on 1 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/entwurf-fuer-ceta-verhandlungen-ueber-freihandelsabkommen-mit-kanada-abgeschlossen-1.2078844 |accessdate=2012-08-06 |title=Verhandlungen über Freihandelsabkommen mit Kanada abgeschlossen (Negotiations with Canada on freetrade agreement completed) |date=2012-08-06}}</ref>
The trade agreement was officially presented on 25 September 2014 by Harper and Barroso during an EU - Canada Summit at the Royal York Hotel in downtown Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassynews.ca/news/2014/09/24/%E2%80%98symbolic%E2%80%99-leaders%E2%80%99-summit-to-mark-the-end-of-ceta-talks/46100|accessdate=2014-09-25 |title="Symbolic" summit to mark end of CETA talks |date=2014-09-24}}</ref>  The Canada Europe Roundtable for Business has served as the parallel business process from the launch to the conclusion of the CETA negotiations.

After it had been leaked by German public television on 14 August, the 1634 pages long Consolidated CETA text was published on the EU's official website on 26 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/september/tradoc_152806.pdf |title=Consolidated CETA Text |accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref>

Completion, translation of the final text into 24 EU languages, and ratification is expected to take years since the passage of the deal requires approval of the European Parliament and the European Council as well as Canada and the individual 28 EU member states as well.<ref>{{cite news | title=CETA: Canada-EU free trade deal lauded by Harper, Barroso | author=Laura Payton | date=2013-10-18 | publisher=CBC News | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ceta-canada-eu-free-trade-deal-lauded-by-harper-barroso-1.2125122}}</ref><ref name="The Star">{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2012/04/26/canadaeurope_trade_deal_risks_derailment_over_visa_spat.html | location=Toronto | work=The Star | title=Canada-Europe deal risks derailment over visa spat}}</ref>

==Research commissioned by negotiating parties==
The EU-Canada Trade Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA), a three-part study commissioned by the European Commission to independent experts and completed in September 2011, provided a comprehensive prediction on the impacts of CETA.<ref name="SIAF"/><ref name="SIAFA"/><ref name="FB"/> It predicts a number of macro-economic and sector-specific impacts, suggesting the EU may see increases in real GDP of 0.02–0.03% in the long-term from CETA, whereas Canada may see increases of 0.18–0.36%; the Investment section of the report suggests these numbers could be higher when factoring in investment increases. At the sectoral level, the study predicts the greatest gains in output and trade to be stimulated by services liberalization and by the removal of tariffs applied on sensitive agricultural products; it also suggests CETA could have a positive social impact if it includes provisions on the ILO's Core Labour Standards and Decent Work Agenda. The study details a variety of impacts in various "cross-cutting" components of CETA: it advocates against controversial NAFTA-style ISDS provisions; predicts potentially imbalanced benefits from a government procurement (GP) chapter; assumes CETA will lead to an upward harmonization in [[Social:Intellectual property|IPR]] regulations, particularly changing Canadian IPR laws; and predicts impacts in terms of competition policy and several other areas.<ref name=FB/>

==Economic ties between the EU and Canada==
Canada and the EU have a long history of economic co-operation. Comprising 28 Member States with a total population of over 500 million and a GDP of €13.0 trillion in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=Gross domestic product at market prices|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do;jsessionid=9ea7d07d30df81d7d40a2e93409b986efd20d5e17291.e34MbxeSaxaSc40LbNiMbxeNaNaNe0?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00001&language=en|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref> the European Union (EU) is the world's second largest single market, foreign investor and trader. As an integrated bloc, the EU represents Canada's second largest trading partner in goods and services. In 2008, Canadian goods and services exports to the EU totalled [[Finance:Canadian dollar|C$]]52.2 billion, an increase of 3.9% from 2007, and imports from the EU amounted to $62.4 billion.

According to Statistics Canada, the EU is also the second largest source of [[Finance:Foreign direct investment|foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in Canada, with the stock of FDI amounting to $133.1 billion at the end of 2008. In 2008, the stock of Canada's direct investment in the EU totalled $136.6 billion, and the EU is the destination of 21.4% of Canadian direct investment abroad. According to Eurostat, the EU identified Canada as its third largest destination and its fourth largest source of FDI in 2007.

== Copyright provisions ==
{{POV|date=November 2017}}

Many of its [[Finance:Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement#Copyright provisions|provisions on copyright]] were initially thought to be identical to the controversial ACTA, which was rejected by the European Parliament in 2012. The European Commission has indicated<ref>http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/august/tradoc_149866.pdf</ref> that this is not the case.

Part of the Agreement is stricter enforcement of intellectual property, including [[Social:Legal liability|liability]] for Internet Service Providers, a ban on technologies that can be used to circumvent copyright.<ref name="eff"/> After failure of ACTA the copyright language in CETA was substantially watered down.<ref name=AuFTA>{{cite new|url=http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2018/08/02/future-eu-australia-fta-copyright-expect-ip-chapter/|title=Future EU-Australia FTA and copyright: what could we expect in the IP chapter?|date=2 August 2018|accessdate=7 September 2018|work=Kluwer Copyright Blog|author=Rita Matulionyte}}</ref> The following provisions remain:

{{quote|
* '''WIPO ratification.''' The EU asked that Canada respect the rights and obligations under the WIPO Internet treaties. The EU only formally ratified those treaties in the week of 16 December 2009.
* '''Anti-circumvention provisions.''' The EU asked that Canada implement anti-circumvention provisions that include a ban on the distribution of circumvention devices. There is no such requirement in the WIPO Internet treaties.
* '''ISP Liability provisions.''' The treaty requires both EU and Canada to enact [[Social:Safe harbor (law)|safe harbor]] statutory provisions that would limit ISPs liability where they act as mere conduits, cache content, or host content. These protections may not be conditioned on service providers monitoring their service for possible infringements.
* '''Enforcement provisions.''' The EU asked that Canada establish new enforcement provisions including measures to preserve evidence, ordering alleged infringers to disclose information on a wide range of issue[s], mandate disclosure of banking information in commercial infringement cases, allow for injunctive relief, and destruction of goods. There is also a full section on new border measures requirements.
* '''Making available or distribution rights.''' The EU asked that Canada implement a distribution or making available right to copyright owners.

These are just the copyright provisions. There are sections dealing with patents, trademarks, designs, and (coming soon) geographical indications. These include:

* requiring Canada to comply with the Trademark Law Treaty (Canada is not a contracting party)
* requiring Canada to accede to the Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs
* creating new legal protections for registered industrial designs including extending the term of protection from the current 10 years to up to 25 years
* requiring Canada to comply with the Patent Law Treaty (Canada has signed but not implemented)
* requiring Canada to establish enhanced protection for data submitted for pharmaceutical patents.|''Dr Michael Geist, Canada Research Chair in Internet and E-commerce Law, University of Ottawa''<ref name="geist1"/> }}

On 22 October 2012, five Polish NGOs criticized the secrecy surrounding the negotiations, the similarities to ACTA, and demanded more disclosures about the negotiations from the Polish government.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wyślij |url=http://prawokultury.pl/newsy/list-5-organizacji-pozarzadowych-do-minstra-kultur/ |title=List 5 organizacji pozarządowych do Ministra Kultury i Ministra Gospodarki w sprawie umowy CETA :: Prawo kultury |language=pl |publisher=Prawokultury.pl |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref>

In the Consolidated CETA Text a long section on "Intellectual Property Rights", IPR, (pp.&nbsp;339–375) deals comprehensively with copyrights, trademarks, patents, designs, trade secrets and licensing. Here reference is made to the TRIPS agreement (p.&nbsp;339 f). 
In addition to the interests of the pharmaceutical and software industries CETA encourages to prosecute "Camcording" (the so-called "film piracy", Art. 5.6, p.&nbsp;343). Especially the negotiations on food exports lasted very long. The interests connected with European cheese exports and Canadian beef exports led to a protection of these kinds of intellectual properties and long lists of "Geographical Indications Identifying a Product Originating in the European Union" (pp.&nbsp;363–347).<ref name="Consolidated CETA Text">{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/ceta-dokument-101.pdf |accessdate=2014-08-15 |title=Consolidated CETA Text |work=EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Trade |date=2014-08-05}}</ref>

== Non-tariff barriers ==

===Agricultural===
CETA does not necessarily alter EU non-tariff barriers such as European regulations on beef, which include a ban on the use of growth hormones, but it could do so. Given the cooperation mechanisms institutionalized through the Agreement,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/chapter_summary-resume_chapitre.aspx?lang=eng|title=CETA Chapter Summaries|last=Government of Canada|date=2017|website=Global Affairs Canada|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/ceta-aecg/final_sectors_content-eng_v11.pdf|title=Increasing exports of agricultural and agri-food products. In: Opening New Markets in Europe - Creating Jobs and Opportunities for Canadians. How CETA Will Benefit Canada's Key Economic Sectors.|last=Global Affairs Canada|date=2014|website=Government of Canada|pages=7–8|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> this cannot be ruled out. Canadian stakeholders have criticized the EU's delays in the approval process for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and GMO traceability and labelling requirements, none of which are addressed in CETA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada–European Union Economic and Trade Negotiations: The Agri-food Sector|publisher=Parliament of Canada|year=2011|accessdate=11 March 2014|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/cei-25-e.htm?Param=ce5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130001214/http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/cei-25-e.htm?Param=ce5|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Environmental ===
Both the EU and Canada will retain the right to regulate freely in areas of public interest such as environmental protection, or people's health and safety.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/ceta/#democracy|title=CETA—EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement|newspaper=Trade—European Commission|access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref>

===Impact on fisheries===

The provincial Government of Newfoundland and Labrador has argued that the Federal Government of Canada in Ottawa reneged on a deal to pay $280 million in exchange for its relinquishment of minimum processing requirements as part of CETA. Those rules helped protect jobs in fish plants, especially in rural areas hit hard by the cod moratorium, which was instituted in 1992.<ref name=gm15>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/newfoundland-and-labrador-says-talks-at-stalemate-with-ottawa-over-fish-fund/article24616519/ G+M: "Newfoundland and Labrador says talks at stalemate with Ottawa over fish fund"], 26 May 2015</ref>

===Visa disputes===
The Czech Republic, Romania and Bulgaria had declared they would not endorse the agreement, in effect scuppering the entire agreement, until the visa requirements for their citizens entering Canada were lifted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bulgaria-romania-tie-eu-canada-deal-to-visa-free-travel-05-16-2016|title=Bulgaria, Romania Tie EU-Canada Deal to Visas :: Balkan Insight|website=www.balkaninsight.com|access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref> All other EU countries already had visa free travel to Canada. Visas requirements were lifted for the Czech Republic on 14 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=all: Economia, a.s. |url=http://hn.ihned.cz/c1-60249600-viza-do-kanady-brzy-skonci |title=Víza do Kanady brzy skončí &#124; HN.IHNED.CZ - česko |publisher=Hn.Ihned.Cz |date= |accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/234748-cesi-budou-uz-brzy-letat-do-kanady-opet-bez-viz/ |title=Češi budou už brzy létat do Kanady opět bez víz — Domácí — ČT24 — Česká televize |publisher=Ceskatelevize.cz |date=2013-07-15 |accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2013/2013-11-14.asp|title=Canada News Centre - Search Results|first=Government of|last=Canada|date=30 October 2016|publisher=cic.gc.ca|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119212520/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2013/2013-11-14.asp|archive-date=19 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Canada has given a written undertaking to cancel visa requirements for Bulgarian and Romanian nationals visiting Canada for business and tourism, within a timeframe no later than the end of 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/report-romania-reaches-visa-deal-with-canada/|title=Romania reaches visa deal with Canada: report|date=2016-10-21|newspaper=POLITICO|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sofiaglobe.com/2016/10/25/bulgarian-government-approves-signing-of-eu-canada-ceta-deal/|title=Bulgarian government approves signing of EU-Canada CETA deal|date=2016-10-25|website=The Sofia Globe|access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref> Canada lifted visa requirements for Bulgarian and Romanian citizens on 1 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/visit-canada/eta.html|title=Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA)|first=Refugees and Citizenship Canada|last=Immigration|date=15 April 2015|website=aem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/visit-canada/entry-requirements-country.html#visaExempt|title=Entry requirements by country/territory|first=Refugees and Citizenship Canada|last=Immigration|date=17 May 2013|website=aem}}</ref>

== Investment protection and investor-state-tribunals ==

Section 4 of CETA (pages 158–161) provides Investment Protection to foreign investors, and guarantees a "fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security".

CETA allows foreign corporations to sue states before [[Social:Investor-state dispute settlement|arbitral tribunals]] if they claim to have suffered losses because a state had violated its Non Discriminatory Treatment obligations (CETA, section 3, p 156 f) or because of a violation of the guaranteed investment protection.

This license exists only in one direction—states cannot sue companies in these investor-state arbitrations. Such investors complaints are nothing new under public international law (UNCTAD listed 514 such cases at the end of 2012, most from the United States, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Germany) but for transatlantic trade and investment, this comprehensive level of parallel justice is new.

After much criticism of the hitherto often confidential arbitral proceedings, CETA now provides for a certain amount of transparency by declaring the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration applicable to all proceedings (article X.33: Transparency of proceedings, p.&nbsp;174).

While there is no appeal mechanism against arbitration awards comparable to scrutiny of court judgments, awards made under CETA are subject to [[Organization:International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes|ICSID]] (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) annulment proceedings if the claim is brought under the ICSID Rules, or setting-aside proceedings if the claim is brought under the UNCITRAL Rules or any other rules the parties have agreed on. Only after time limits set for these review mechanisms have lapsed, is the tribunal's final award to "be binding between the disputing parties and in respect of that particular case". (article X.39: Enforcement of awards, p.&nbsp;177)

On 26 March 2014, German Economics Minister Sigmar Gabriel wrote an open letter to EU Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht, stating that investment protection was central sensitive  point, which could in the end decide whether a transatlantic free trade agreement would meet with German approval. He further stated that investment arbitration was unnecessary between countries with well-developed legal systems.

The CETA "[[Social:Investor-state dispute settlement|Investor-State Dispute Settlement]]" (ISDS) provisions could create a precedent for similar arrangements within TTIP. Furthermore, critics allege that CETA would allow US companies to sue EU states through Canadian subsidiaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/news/us-multinationals-could-sue-eu-governments-through-ceta/|title=US multinationals could sue EU governments through CETA|website=EurActiv.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2016/09/19/canada-eu-deal-likely-result-deluge-big-business-cases-brought-against-european|title=Canada-EU Deal Likely to Result in 'Deluge' of Big Business Cases Brought Against European Governments|newspaper=Common Dreams|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/if-youre-worried-about-ttip-then-you-need-to-know-about-ceta-a6671886.html|title=If you're worried about TTIP, then you need to know about CETA|date=2015-09-29|newspaper=The Independent|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>

In 2016, the EU Commission announced that it had agreed with the Canadian government to replace ''ad hoc'' arbitral tribunals in CETA with a permanent dispute settlement tribunal. The tribunal will consist of 15 members named by Canada and the EU, dealing with individual cases in panels of three. An appeals mechanism will be established to ensure "legal correctness" of awards. The tribunal's members may not appear as experts or party counsel in other investment cases.<ref>[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=1468 CETA: EU and Canada agree on new approach on investment in trade agreement], EU Commission Press Release, 29 February 2016</ref>

==Signature and ratification==
[[File:Parlement wallon - CETA.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Banner opposing CETA at the Walloon Parliament in Namur on 19 October 2016.]]
It was initially unclear whether or not the EU member states had to ratify the agreement, as the European Commission considered the treaty to be solely in the competence of the EU.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8e9428d4-412a-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1|title=National ratification issue could derail EU-Canada trade deal|date=3 July 2016|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> However, in July 2016 it was decided that CETA be qualified as a "mixed agreement" and thus be ratified through national procedures as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eppgroup.eu/press-release/The-ratification-of-CETA-by-national-parliaments|title=The ratification of CETA by national parliaments – a stepping stone in the transition from the old world of trade towards the new world of international trade|date=13 July 2016|publisher=EPP Group}}</ref>

Shortly before the scheduled signature of CETA on 27 October 2016, Belgium announced it was unable to sign the treaty, as assent is required by all regional governments. The federal government and Flanders, which are governed by the centre-right Michel and Bourgeois governments respectively, are in favour, whereas the French Community, Wallonia and Brussels, which are led by centre-left parties that are in opposition at federal level, rejected signature in its current form. On 27 April 2016, the Walloon Parliament had already adopted a resolution in opposition to CETA. On 13 October 2016, David Lametti defended CETA before a Walloon Parliament committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/belgique/detail_ceta-le-vice-ministre-canadien-defend-des-valeurs-communes-devant-le-parlement-wallon?id=9428885|title=CETA: le vice-ministre canadien défend des "valeurs communes" devant le Parlement wallon|publisher=RTBF|date=13 October 2016}}</ref> However, the next day the Walloon Parliament affirmed its opposition. Walloon Minister-President Paul Magnette led the intra-Belgian opposition shortly before the planned signature.

The intra-Belgian disagreement was solved in the final days of October, paving the way for CETA's signature. On 28 October, the Belgian regional parliaments allowed Full Powers to be given to the federal government, and the following day Minister of Foreign Affairs Didier Reynders gave his signature on behalf of Belgium.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://deredactie.be/permalink/1.2805902|title=Reynders heeft handtekening gezet onder Belgisch akkoord voor CETA|date=29 October 2016|publisher=deredactie.be}}</ref><ref>[http://nautilus.parlement-wallon.be/Archives/2016_2017/MOTION/633_3.pdf MOTION déposée en conclusion du débat sur l’Accord économique et commercial global (AECG–CETA)]. Doc. 633 (2016-2017) N° 3. [http://nautilus.parlement-wallon.be/Archives/2016_2017/CRI/cri6.pdf#page=34 P.W.—C.R.I. N° 6 (2016–2017)—Vendredi 28 octobre 2016].</ref> The next day, on Sunday 30 October 2016, the treaty was signed by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, President of the European Council Donald Tusk, President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker and Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico (as Slovakia held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2016).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ec.europa.eu/news/2016/10/20161030_en.htm|title=EU and Canada sign CETA|date=30 October 2016|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>

Following the signature, the consent by the European Parliament and the ratification by Canada, CETA applies provisionally since 21 September 2017,<ref>{{cite web|title=Notice concerning the provisional application of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1515577599150&uri=CELEX:22017X0916(02)|website=EUR-Lex}}</ref> awaiting its ratification by the European Union member states, the European Union and Canada. The procedure is completed when the instrument of ratification is deposited and in many countries requires parliamentary approval.

===Parliamentary approval===
* The European Parliament approved the agreement on 15 February 2017;<ref name="auto"/>
* The Latvian parliament, the Saeima, ratified the agreement on 23 February 2017.
* The Canadian Parliament's bill on CETA, Bill C-30, received Royal Assent on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=C-30: An Act to implement the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union and its Member States and to provide for certain other measures|url=http://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&billId=8549249|website=LEGISinfo|publisher=Parliament of Canada|accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref> The Canadian government had indicated that the agreement would be ratified on or before 1 July 2017,<ref>{{cite news|last1=McGregor|first1=Janyce|title='We are ready': Canada-Europe trade deal set to kick in, mostly, by July 1|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ceta-implementation-malmstrom-canada-1.4039484|accessdate=23 May 2017|work=CBC News|date=27 March 2017}}</ref> however dispute with the EU regarding details of implementation has delayed the ratification date.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McGregor|first1=Janyce|title=Canada's trade deal with itself now in effect, as EU deal waits|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cfta-interprovincial-trade-july-1-1.4181380|accessdate=3 July 2017|agency=CBC News|date=2 July 2017}}</ref> After rounds of extensive discussions, the two sides announced that CETA will be provisionally applied on 21 September 2017, nearly three months later than the anticipated date of implementation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada, EU to provisionally apply CETA in September|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ceta-september-provisionally-1.4196210|accessdate=13 July 2017|agency=CBC News|date=8 July 2017}}</ref>
* The Danish parliament, the Folketing, ratified the agreement on 1 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dlapiper.com/en/denmark/insights/publications/2017/06/denmark-ratifies-ceta/|title=Denmark is the second EU member-state to ratify CETA—Insights—DLA Piper Global Law Firm|website=DLA Piper}}</ref>
* The Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales, ratified the agreement on 29 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/06/29/actualidad/1498721488_698452.html|title=El Congreso ratifica el CETA con críticas del PP y Ciudadanos al PSOE por su abstención|first=Fernando|last=Garea|date=29 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
* The Croatian parliament, the Sabor, ratified the agreement on 30 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lider.media/aktualno/biznis-i-politika/hrvatska/sabor-potvrdio-ceta-u/|title=Sabor potvrdio CETA-u|date=30 June 2017}}</ref>
* The Czech parliament's upper house, the Senate of the Czech Republic, ratified the agreement on 20 April 2017 and the Czech parliament's lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, ratified the agreement on 13 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.praguemonitor.com/2017/04/21/senate-approves-free-trade-deal-canada|title=Senate approves free trade deal with Canada|date=20 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://praguemonitor.com/2017/09/14/lower-house-approves-ceta-agreement|title=Lower house approves CETA agreement|date=14 September 2017}}</ref>
* The Portuguese parliament, the Assembleia da República, ratified the agreement on 20 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/interior/governo-aprova-acordo-comercial-com-o-canada-sem-apoio-dos-parceiros-8784621.html|title=Governo aprova acordo comercial com o Canadá sem apoio dos parceiros|date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
* The Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas, ratified the agreement on 24 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrs.lt/sip/portal.show?p_r=119&p_k=1&p_t=257423|title=Seimas ratifikavo Kanados ir ES prekybos susitarimą su specialiu pareiškimu|date=24 April 2018}}</ref>
*The French parliament's lower house, the National Assembly, ratified the agreement on 23 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/france-canada-ceta-trade-deal-1.5221766|title=French parliament narrowly ratifies CETA trade deal with Canada|last=CBC News|work=CBC News|date=23 July 2019|accessdate=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/actualites-accueil-hub/ratification-du-ceta-adoption-par-scrutin-public-le-23-juillet|title=Ratification du CETA : adoption par scrutin public le 23 juillet|last=Nationale|first=Assemblée|website=Assemblée nationale|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> But the upper house, the Senate, has not ratified the agreement yet. 
*The Slovak parliament ratified the agreement in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22222080/parliament-approves-trade-agreement-with-canada.html|title=Parliament approves trade agreement with Canada|last=a.s|first=Petit Press|date=2019-09-26|website=spectator.sme.sk|language=en|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>
*The Luxembourg parliament ratified the agreement in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ceta ratification approved despite protests - Delano - Luxembourg in English|url=http://delano.lu/d/detail/news/ceta-ratification-approved-despite-protests/210383|date=2020-05-07|website=Delano|language=fr|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>

===Instruments of ratification===
Fifteen states have deposited their instruments of ratification: Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and the UK.<ref name=depositaryEU/>

===Legal challenge===
In Germany, a constitutional complaint made by more than 125,000 people had the Federal Constitutional Court (13 October 2016) examine whether its provisional applicability was compatible with the German Basic Law.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bernhard Kempen |url=https://www.mehr-demokratie.de/fileadmin/pdf/2016-08-30_CETA-Klage.pdf |title=Beschwerdeschrift zur Bürgerklage "Nein zu CETA" |work=mehr-demokratie.de |date=2016-08-29 |language=de |access-date=2016-09-07 |format=PDF}}</ref> The Federal Constitutional Court confirmed this in principle;  however, the federal government must ensure
* that a Council decision on the provisional application will only include those areas of CETA that are undisputedly within the competence of the European Union, 
* that until a decision by the Federal Constitutional Court is made, the main thing is that the decisions taken in the CETA Joint Committee will be adequately democratically linked, and that
* the interpretation of Art. 30.7 para. 3 letter c CETA enables a unilateral termination of the provisional application by Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2016/bvg16-071.html|title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - Eilanträge in Sachen "CETA" erfolglos|date=2019-09-26|language=de|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>

A ratification vote by the Bundestag and Bundesrat will not take place before the Federal Constitutional Court judgment as taken place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/556774/9a924b1f985684c9b3edad20fc239060/WD-3-079-18-pdf-data.pdf|title=Kurzinformation Organstreitverfahren zum CETA-Abkommen vor dem Bundesverfassungsgericht - Deutscher Bundestag|date=2018-03-18|language=de|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> In January 2020, it was not known when this decision will be made.

In September 2017, Belgium requested the opinion of the European Court of Justice on whether the dispute resolution system of CETA is compatible with EU law. The agreement could not come into force until the ECJ had given its opinion nor if the ECJ opinion were to be that CETA is incompatible with EU law.<ref name=CJEUref>{{cite web|url=https://diplomatie.belgium.be/sites/default/files/downloads/ceta_summary.pdf|title=BELGIAN REQUEST FOR AN OPINION FROM THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE|accessdate=9 September 2017|work=Government of Belgium}}</ref>
On 30 April 2019, the European Court of Justice gave its opinion that the system for the resolution of disputes between investors and states in CETA is compatible with EU law.<ref name=CJEUopinion>{{cite web|url=https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2019-04/cp190052en.pdf|title=THE MECHANISM FOR THE RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES BETWEEN INVESTORS AND STATES PROVIDED FOR BY THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EU AND CANADA (CETA) IS COMPATIBLE WITH EU LAW|accessdate=1 May 2019|work=Court of Justice of the EU}}</ref>

==See also==
* Canada–European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement
* [[Finance:European Union free trade agreements|European Union free trade agreements]]
* Free-trade agreements of Canada
* [[Finance:Free-trade area|Free-trade area]]
* Rules of Origin
* Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<!ref name="ACTA's Back: European Commission Trying To Sneak In Worst Parts Using Canada-EU Trade Agreement As A Trojan Horse">{{cite web |url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120709/07420719630/actas-back-european-commission-trying-to-sneak-worst-parts-using-canada-eu-trade-agreement-as-trojan-horse.shtml |title=ACTA's Back: European Commission Trying To Sneak In Worst Parts Using Canada-EU Trade Agreement As A Trojan Horse |publisher=Techdirt |first=Glyn |last=Moody |date=9 July 2012 |quote=... for many key issues, CETA adopts ACTA's wording exactly}}</ref-->
<ref name="canada">{{Citation |author=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada) |title=Canada-European Union: Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Negotiations |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/eu-ue/can-eu-report-intro-can-ue-rapport-intro.aspx |archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160213050231/http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/eu-ue/can-eu-report-intro-can-ue-rapport-intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2016 |accessdate=20 December 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="ec">{{Citation |quote=Launched at the May 2009 EU–Canada Summit in Prague, the CETA aims to eliminate trade and investment barriers between the two territories. The CETA has established a historic precedent by including the Canadian provinces directly in the negotiations. |author=European Commission |title=EU–Canada |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/international/cooperating-governments/canada/ |accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="eff">{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/10/ceta-replicates-acta |title=Canada–EU Trade Agreement Replicates ACTA's Notorious Copyright Provisions &#124; Electronic Frontier Foundation |publisher=Eff.org |date=21 July 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-16}}</ref>
<ref name="FB">[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/september/tradoc_148203.pdf "EU–Canada SIA Briefing Document"] September 2011, pp. 1–5</ref>
<ref name="geist1">{{cite web|last=Geist|first=Michael|title=Beyond ACTA: Proposed EU – Canada Trade Agreement Intellectual Property Chapter Leaks|url=http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/4627/125/|work=Michael Geist's Blog|publisher=Michael Geist|date=16 December 2009 |accessdate=1 April 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="link to study">{{Citation |author=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada) |title=Assessing the Costs and Benefits of a Closer EU–Canada Economic Partnership |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/october/tradoc_141032.pdf |accessdate=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112155505/http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/october/tradoc_141032.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="SIAF">Kirpatrick, C.; Raihan, S., Bleser, A.; Prud’homme, D.; Mayrand, K.; Morin, JF.; Pollitt, H.; Hinjosa, L.; Williams, M. [http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/september/tradoc_148201.pdf "EU–Canada SIA Final Report."] September 2011, pp. 1–468</ref>
<ref name="SIAFA">[http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/september/tradoc_148202.pdf "EU–Canada SIA Annexes to Final Report] September 2011, pp. 1–106</ref>
<ref name="TIEA">{{Citation |author=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada) |title=Canada–European Union Trade and Investment Enhancement Agreement |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/eu-ue/tiea.aspx?lang=en |accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10973-2016-INIT/en/pdf Comprehensive economic and trade agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada]
* [http://www.consilium.europa.eu/register/en/content/out/?typ=SET&i=ADV&RESULTSET=1&DOC_ID=10973%2F16&DOS_INTERINST=&DOC_TITLE=&CONTENTS=&DOC_SUBJECT=&DOC_SUBTYPE=&DOC_DATE=&document_date_from_date=&document_date_from_date_submit=&document_date_to_date=&document_date_to_date_submit=&MEET_DATE=&meeting_date_from_date=&meeting_date_from_date_submit=&meeting_date_to_date=&meeting_date_to_date_submit=&DOC_LANCD=EN&ROWSPP=25&NRROWS=500&ORDERBY=DOC_DATE+DESC Annexes to the comprehensive economic and trade agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada]
* [https://www.tni.org/files/download/ceta-isds-en_0.pdf Trading Away Democracy, How CETA's investor protection rules threaten the public good in Canada and the EU], November 2014 White paper from the Transnational Institute (TNI)
* [http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/ceta/ Official EU CETA site]
*[https://www.macmap.org Market Access Map] (A free tool developed by [[Organization:International Trade Centre|International Trade Centre]], which identify customs tariffs, tariff rate quotas, trade remedies, regulatory requirements and preferential regimes applicable to products, including Hong Kong–New Zealand CEPA)
*[https://findrulesoforigin.org/home/agreement-detail?fta=259 Rules of Origin Facilitator] (A free tool jointly developed by [[Organization:International Trade Centre|International Trade Centre]], [[Organization:World Trade Organization|World Trade Organization]] and World Customs Organization which enables traders to find specific criteria and general origin requirements applicable to their products, understand and comply with them in order to be eligible for preferential tariffs. The tool is very useful for traders who want to gain benefit from Hong Kong–New Zealand CEPA)


[[Category:Free trade agreements]]

{{Sourceattribution|Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement|1}}