View source for Finance:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

{{Short description|2010 U.S. tax law}}

{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
| fullname = 
| acronym = FATCA
| nickname = 
| enacted by = 111th
| effective date = March 18, 2010 (26 USC § 6038D); December 31, 2017 (26 USC §§ 1471-1474)
| public law url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ147/pdf/PLAW-111publ147.pdf#page=27
| cite public law = 111-147
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|124|71}}, 97-117
| acts amended = 
| title amended = 26
| sections created = {{USC|26|1471|1474}}, {{USC|26|6038D|notitle=y}}
| sections amended = {{USC|26|163}}, {{USC|26|643|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|679|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|871|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|1291|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|1298|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|4701|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|6011|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|6501|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|6662|notitle=y}}, {{USC|26|6677|notitle=y}}
| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2847/actions
| introducedin = House and Senate
| introducedbill = Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 (S. 1934, H.R. 3933)
| introducedby = Max Baucus (D–MT); Charles Rangel (D–NY)
| introduceddate = October 27, 2009
| committees = Senate Finance, House Ways and Means
| passedbody1 = Senate
| passeddate1 = February 24, 2010
| passedvote1 = 70-28
| passedbody2 = House
| passedas2 = Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act, Title V, Subtitle A
| passeddate2 = March 4, 2010
| passedvote2 = 217–201
| agreedbody3 = Senate
| agreeddate3 = March 17, 2010
| agreedvote3 = 68–29
| signedpresident = [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]]
| signeddate = March 18, 2010
| amendments = 
| SCOTUS cases = 
| unsignedpresident = 
| vetoedpresident = 
}}

The '''Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act''' ('''FATCA''') is a 2010 U.S. federal law requiring all non-U.S. foreign financial institutions (FFIs) to search their records for customers with indicia of a connection to the U.S., including indications in records of birth or prior residency in the U.S., or the like, and to report such assets and identities of such persons to the United States Department of the Treasury.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-UK-9-12-2012.pdf |title=Sec ii B 1 Agreement between the government of the United States of American and the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to improve international tax compliance and to implement FATCA |website=United States Department of the Treasury}}</ref> FATCA also requires such persons to report their non-U.S. financial assets annually to the [[Finance:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS) on form 8938, which is in addition to the older and further redundant requirement to report them annually to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) on form 114 (also known as 'FBAR').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/590/588921.pdf |title=Reporting Foreign Accounts To IRS |date=February 1, 2012 |website=[[Engineering:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]]}}</ref> Like U.S. income tax law, FATCA applies to U.S. residents and also to U.S. citizens and green card holders residing in other countries. 

FATCA applies to all subjects identified as U.S. person. All U.S. citizens are U.S. person by default, but a non-U.S.-citizen can be eligible as U.S. person for tax purposes, for example, Green Card holders and corporations under certain criteria. Inhabitants of unincorporated U.S. territories (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands) are conciliated with a Resident Based Taxation. However, financial institutions are notified that U.S. taxpayer identification number (TIN) information is mandatory for all reportable accounts with FATCA reporting obligations, even residents of those territories do not pay taxes to the mainland U.S.A. Likewise, FATCA does not apply to Banks in Puerto Rico since they are classified as “Territory Financial Institutions.” Nonetheless, customers in Puerto Rico must complete forms W8 Ben and W8- Ben- E as part of the account opening process and reportings are almost the same as other U.S. banks. However, Puerto Rico’s Act 273 is that FATCA, Common Reporting Standards (CRS) and Intergovernmental Agreements (IGA) signed between the United States and a foreign country do not apply to International Financial Entities in Puerto Rico.

FATCA was the revenue-raising portion of the 2010 domestic jobs stimulus bill, the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment (HIRE) Act,<ref name=dlapiper>{{cite web |url= https://files.dlapiper.com/files/Uploads/Documents/FATCA-Alert.pdf |title=The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) |website=DLA Piper}}</ref><ref name=levin>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2010-03-17/pdf/CREC-2010-03-17-pt1-PgS1633-8.pdf#page=4 |title=Statement of Sen. Levin |date=March 17, 2010 |website=111 Cong. Rec. S1635-36 |quote=Right now, thousands of U.S. tax dodgers conceal billions of dollars in assets within secrecy-shrouded foreign banks, dodging taxes and penalizing those of us who pay the taxes we owe. The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations... estimated that these tax-dodging schemes cost the Federal Treasury $100 billion a year.}}</ref> and was enacted as Subtitle A (sections 501 through 541) of Title V of that law. According to the IRS, "FFIs that enter into an agreement with the IRS to report on their account holders may be required to withhold 30% on certain payments to foreign payees if such payees do not comply with FATCA."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/information-for-foreign-financial-institutions |title=FATCA Information for Foreign Financial Institutions and Entities |website=[[Finance:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]]}}</ref> The U.S. has yet to comply with FATCA itself, because as of 2017, it has not yet provided the promised reciprocity to its partner countries and it has failed to sign up to the [[Finance:Common Reporting Standard|Common Reporting Standard]] (CRS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/why-america-loves-being-the-worlds-no-1-tax-haven-panama-papers-data/ |title=Why America loves being the world's No. 1 tax haven |first=Peter |last=Cotorceanu |date=9 April 2016 |website=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bna.com/planning-united-states-n73014447997/ |title=Planning for the Use of the United States as a Financial Haven: Part One |first=Robert E. |last=Ward |date=2 December 2016 |website=Bloomberg BNA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517142534/https://www.bna.com/planning-united-states-n73014447997/ |archive-date=May 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bna.com/finish-line-unclear-n57982077558/ |title=Finish line unclear for some FATCA pacts as banks worry |first=Alison |last=Bennett |date=26 September 2016 |website=Bloomberg BNA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629100837/https://www.bna.com/finish-line-unclear-n57982077558/ |archive-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-panama-papers-us-tax-haven-20160406-story.html |title=The U.S. is one of the world's biggest tax havens |first=Ana |last=Swanson |date=6 April 2016 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/common-reporting-standard/ |title=Common Reporting Standard (CRS) |website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}</ref> FATCA has also been criticised for its impacts on Americans living overseas, and implicated in record-breaking numbers of [[Finance:Renunciation of citizenship#United States|U.S. citizenship renunciations]] throughout the 2010s and 2020s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-09/americans-renouncing-citizenship-at-record-high |title=Americans renouncing citizenship at record high |first=Suzanne |last=Woolley |date=9 February 2017 |website={{wipe|Bloomberg News}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822013915/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-09/americans-renouncing-citizenship-at-record-high |archive-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/feb/08/boris-johnson-renounces-us-citizenship-record-2016-uk-foreign-secretary |title=Boris Johnson among record number to renounce American citizenship in 2016 |first=Patrick |last=Wintour |date=9 February 2017 |newspaper={{wipe|The Guardian}}}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/02/10/a-potentially-historic-number-of-people-are-giving-up-their-u-s-citizenship/ |title=A potentially historic number of people are giving up their U.S. citizenship |first=Adam |last=Taylor |date=10 February 2017 |newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/americans-gave-up-citizenship-in-record-numbers-in-2020-up-triple-from-2019-reports-tax-specialists-americans-overseas-301222817.html |title=Americans Gave Up Citizenship in Record Numbers in 2020 |date=4 February 2021 |website=PRNewsWire}}</ref> Bills to repeal FATCA have been introduced in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meadows.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-meadows-introduces-fatca-repeal-bill |title=Rep. Meadows introduces FATCA repeal bill |first=Mark |last=Meadows |date=7 April 2017 |website=Meadows.house.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503001818/https://meadows.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-meadows-introduces-fatca-repeal-bill |archive-date=May 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name="paul.senate.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.paul.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FATCARepeal.pdf |title=A bill to repeal the violation of sovereign nations' laws and privacy matters |first=Rand |last=Paul |authorlink=Rand Paul |website=Paul.senate.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012913/https://www.paul.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FATCARepeal.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/fatca-canada-u-s-taxation-1.4087644 |title=Deal that sends Canadian bank records to IRS is 'illegal,' lawyer tells U.S. committee |first=Elizabeth |last=Thompson |date=27 April 2017 |website=CBC News}}</ref>

==Background==
FATCA was reportedly enacted for the purpose of detecting the non-U.S. financial accounts of U.S. resident taxpayers rather than to identify non-resident U.S. citizens and enforce collections.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/what-you-need-to-know-about-foreign-account-tax-compliance-act-s-fatca-impact-non-us |title=What You Need to Know About Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act's (FATCA) Impact on Non-U.S. Retirement Plans |first1=Andrew C. |last1=Liazos |first2=Todd A. |last2=Solomon |name-list-style=amp |date=22 March 2013 |journal=The National Law Review |issn=2161-3362 |access-date=19 March 2014 |quote=According to one commentator, Congress enacted FATCA 'to make it more difficult for U.S. taxpayers to conceal assets held in offshore accounts'.}}</ref> However, although there might be thousands of resident U.S. citizens with non-U.S. assets, such as investors, dual citizens, or legal immigrants,<ref name=levin /> FATCA also applies to the estimated 5.7 to 9 million U.S. citizens residing outside of the United States<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fvap.gov/uploads/FVAP/Reports/FVAP-OCPA_201609_final.pdf |title=Overseas Citizen Population Analysis |date=February 2016 |website=Federal Voting Assistance Program}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/travel/CA%20By%20the%20Numbers_2017.pdf |title=CA by the numbers |date=May 2017 |website=Bureau of Consular Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914235741/https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/travel/CA%20By%20the%20Numbers_2017.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2017}}</ref> and those persons believed to be U.S. persons for tax purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ustaxfs.com/what-is-a-us-person-for-irs-tax-purposes |title=What is a US Person for IRS tax purposes? |first=Andrew |last=Aldridge |date=21 October 2012 |website=US Tax & Financial Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/classification-of-taxpayers-for-us-tax-purposes |title=Classification of Taxpayers for U.S. Tax Purposes |website=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> FATCA also affects non-U.S.-person family members and business partners who share accounts with U.S. persons or who have U.S.-person signatories of accounts. This feature allows the reporting of the assets of non-U.S. corporations, volunteer organisations, and any other non-U.S. entity where a U.S. person can be identified.

FATCA is used to locate U.S. citizens (residing in the U.S. or not) and "U.S. persons for tax purposes" and to collect and store information including total asset value and [[Social:Social Security number|Social Security number]]. The law is used to detect assets, rather than income. The law does not include a provision imposing any tax. In the law, financial institutions would report the information they gather to the U.S. [[Finance:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS). As implemented by the intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) (discussed below) with many countries, each financial institution will send the U.S.-person's data to the local government first. For example, according to Ukraine's IGA, the U.S.-person data will be sent to U.S. via the Ukrainian government. Alternatively, in a non-IGA country, such as Russia, only the Russian bank will store the U.S.-person data and will send it directly to the IRS.

FATCA is used by government personnel to detect indicia of U.S. persons and their assets and to enable cross-checking where assets have been self-reported by individuals to the IRS or to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). U.S. persons, regardless of residence location and regardless of dual citizenship, are required to self-report their non-U.S. assets to FinCEN on an annual basis.<ref name="irs.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed/Report-of-Foreign-Bank-and-Financial-Accounts-FBAR |title=Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) |website=Internal Revenue Service |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=May 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516010101/https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-%26-Self-Employed/Report-of-Foreign-Bank-and-Financial-Accounts-FBAR |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to qualification criteria, individuals are also required to report this information on IRS information-reporting form 8938. FATCA will allow detection of persons who have not self-reported, enabling collection of large penalties.<ref name="irs.gov"/> FATCA allows government personnel to locate U.S. persons not living in the United States, so as to assess U.S. tax or penalties.

Under FATCA, non-U.S. ('foreign') financial institutions (FFIs) are required to report asset and identify information related to suspected U.S. persons using their financial institutions.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/whatthe-fatca-foreign-account-tax-compliance-act |title=What...The FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act)? |first1=Jonathan H. |last1=Bogaard |first2=Michael E. |last2=Draz |name-list-style=amp |date=14 March 2013 |journal=The National Law Review |access-date=19 March 2014 |issn=2161-3362}}</ref>

Under U.S. tax law, U.S. persons (regardless of country of residence) are generally required to report and pay U.S. federal income tax on income from all sources.<ref>See generally {{USC|26|61}}, {{USCSec|26|6012}}</ref> The U.S. and Eritrea are the only two countries worldwide which tax non-resident citizens. The law requires U.S. citizens living abroad to pay U.S. taxes on foreign income if the foreign tax should be less than U.S. tax ("taxing up"), independently within each category of earned income and passive income.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadian-banks-to-be-compelled-to-share-clients-info-with-u-s-1.2437975 |title=Canadian banks to be compelled to share clients' info with U.S. |first=James |last=Fitz-Morris |date=November 25, 2013 |work=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Worldwide Taxation of U. S. Citizens Living Abroad: Impact of FATCA and Two Proposals |last=Harvey |first=J. Richard |date=February 2014 |journal=George Mason Journal of International Commercial Law |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=319–357 |url=http://www.georgemasonjicl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/4_Geo_Mason_J_Intl_Com_Law_319_2013.pdf#page=5}}</ref><ref name="TPC#ForeignTaxCredit">{{cite web |last1=Rousslang |first1=Donald |title=Tax Topics: Foreign tax credit |url=http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxtopics/encyclopedia/Foreign-Tax-Credit.cfm |website=Tax Policy Center |access-date=September 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908085458/http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxtopics/encyclopedia/Foreign-Tax-Credit.cfm |archive-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> For this reason, the increased reporting requirements of FATCA have had extensive implications for U.S. citizens living abroad. Taxpayer identification numbers and source withholding are also now used to enforce asset reporting requirements upon non-resident U.S. citizens. For example, mandatory withholding can be required via FATCA when a U.S. payor cannot confirm the non-U.S. status of a foreign payee.<ref>See {{usc|26|1441}}.</ref>

The IRS previously instituted a qualified intermediary (QI) program under {{USC|26|1441}} which required participating foreign financial institutions to maintain records of the U.S. or foreign status of their account holders and to report income and withhold taxes.<ref name="GAO Report">{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/031709mbtest1.pdf |title=Tax Compliance: Offshore Financial Activity Creates Enforcement Issues for IRS |first=Michael |last=Brostek |date=March 17, 2009 |website=United States Senate Committee on Finance}}</ref>{{rp|10-11}} One report included a statement of a finding that participation in the QI program was too low to have a substantive impact as an enforcement measure and was prone to abuse.<ref name="GAO Report"/>{{rp|10-11}} An illustration of the weakness in the QI program was that UBS, a Swiss bank, had registered as a QI with the IRS in 2001 and was later forced to settle in the UBS tax evasion controversy with the U.S. Government for $780 million in 2009 over claims that it fraudulently concealed information on its U.S. person account holders.<ref name="GAO Report"/>{{rp|10-11}} Non-resident U.S. citizens' required self-reporting of their local assets was also found to be relatively ineffective.<ref name="GAO Report"/>{{rp|5}}

The Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (of which FATCA is a part) was passed on party lines: It narrowly passed the House, with no Republican members voting "yes"<ref name="govtrack.us">{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/111-2009/h991 |title=On Concurring in Senate Amendment with an Amendment: H R 2847 Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce and Justice, and Science, and Related Agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2010, and for other purposes |date=December 16, 2009 |website=GovTrack}}</ref> and passed the Senate with only one Democrat member voting "no".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/111-2010/s55 |title=H.R. 2847 (111th): Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act |date=March 17, 2010 |website=GovTrack}}</ref> President Obama (D) signed the bill into law.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf7nOYRW3e4 |title=Obama Signing FATCA on March 18, 2010 |author=Spain-American Bar Association |date=October 14, 2014 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) has stated that the U.S. Treasury loses as much as US$100 billion annually to "offshore tax non-compliance" without stating the source of the data.<ref name=levin/><ref name=gravelle>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40623.pdf |title=Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion |first=Jane G. |last=Gravelle |date=January 15, 2015 |website=[[Social:Congressional Research Service|Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> On March 4, 2009, the IRS Commissioner Douglas Shulman testified before the subcommittee that there is no credible estimate of lost tax revenue from offshore tax abuse.<ref name="compasscayman.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.compasscayman.com/cfr/2015/08/19/Is-FATCA-chasing-a-leprechaun-and-his-pot-of-gold-/ |title=Is FATCA chasing a leprechaun and his pot of gold? |first=William |last=Byrnes |date=August 19, 2015 |website=Cayman Financial Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223041950/http://www.compasscayman.com/cfr/2015/08/19/Is-FATCA-chasing-a-leprechaun-and-his-pot-of-gold-/ |archive-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> In his book ''[[Finance:The Hidden Wealth of Nations|The Hidden Wealth of Nations]]'', economist [[Biography:Gabriel Zucman|Gabriel Zucman]] estimates that U.S. persons hold US$1.2 trillion in financial wealth offshore. According to Zucman's analysis, this sheltering of assets results in US$36 billion in lost tax revenue annually in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zucman |first1=Gabriel |title=The Hidden Wealth of Nations (presentation slides) |date=September 2015 |url=http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/Zucman2015SlidesShort.pdf |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

Supplementing the reporting regimes already in place was stated by Senator Max Baucus (D-MT) to be a means of acquiring more financial data and raising government revenue.<ref>111 Cong. Rec. S10,778 (statement of Sen. Max Baucus) ("This bill [S. 1934] would improve tax compliance without raising taxes on anyone. These are taxes that are already legally owed.")</ref> After committee deliberation, Sen. Max Baucus and Rep. Charles Rangel (D-NY) introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress on October 27, 2009. It was later added to an appropriations bill as an [[Social:Amendment|amendment]], sponsored by Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), which also renamed the bill the HIRE Act.<ref>111 Cong., S.A. 3310</ref> The bill was signed into law by President Obama on March 18, 2010.

==Provisions==
FATCA has the following important provisions:

* Requires non-U.S. ('foreign') financial institutions such as banks to agree to search customer databases to identify those suspected of being US persons, and to disclose the account holders' names, TINs and addresses, as well as the transactions for most types of account.<ref>{{USC|26|1471(c)(1)}}</ref> Some types of account, notably retirement savings and other tax-favored products, may be excluded from reporting on a country-by-country basis. U.S. entities making payments to non-compliant foreign financial institutions are required to "withhold... tax equal to 30 percent of the amount".<ref>{{USC|26|1471}}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite news |title=Jobs bill includes tax changes |work=MSNBC |date=March 23, 2010 |first=Kay |last=Bell |url=http://money.msn.com/tax-tips/post.aspx?post=00000065-0000-0000-a34f-1a0000000000&_blg=18 |access-date=December 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507222929/http://money.msn.com/tax-tips/post.aspx?post=00000065-0000-0000-a34f-1a0000000000 |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Foreign financial institutions which are themselves the beneficial owners of such payments are not permitted a credit or refund for taxes withheld, absent a [[Finance:Tax treaty|treaty override]].<ref>{{USC|26|1474(b)(2)}}</ref>

US persons are identified by "FATCA indicia". A bank official who knows a U.S. person's status by other means is also required to identify that person for FATCA purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMqGRip5bWk |title=IRS live video stream & Q&A - post final FATCA Regulations |author=OsneyMedia |date=April 13, 2013 |website=YouTube}}</ref> After identification, the FFI is responsible under the law for further questioning the individual.

*To implement this requirement, the IRS put out Form W-8BEN in February 2014. Since then, the IRS has required FFIs to have all foreign account holders certify their status on Form W-8BEN unless an intergovernmental agreement is in place authorizing another method of certification.<ref>{{cite web |website=Internal Revenue Service |title=Instructions for the Requester of Forms W–8BEN, W–8BEN–E, W–8ECI, and W–8EXP, and W–8IMY |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/iw8.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |access-date=5 August 2015 |page=5 |date=2014 |quote=[R]equest Form W-8BEN if you are a ... FFI required to establish the foreign status of an individual account holder for chapter 4 purposes or under the requirements of an applicable IGA[.]}}</ref>

In other words, ''all'' account holders of FFIs are expected to confirm whether they are US persons or not. In practice, since the introduction of the [[Finance:Common Reporting Standard|Common Reporting Standard]], FFIs are required to confirm the residence of all account holders as well as their US status.
* U.S. persons who own or have signing authority on these foreign accounts or assets must report them on the new IRS Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets, which is filed with the person's U.S. tax returns if the accounts are generally worth more than {{wipe|United States dollar}}50,000.<ref>{{USC|26|6038D}}</ref> A higher reporting threshold applies to U.S. persons who are overseas residents and/or file jointly.<ref>{{cite web |title=FATCA: Expat Bank Accounts Are Being Sent Home |first=Dave |last=Wargo |date=August 15, 2014 |url=http://www.zenron.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/FATCAflowchart.png |website=Zenron Capital Inc. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904011142/http://www.zenron.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/FATCAflowchart.png |archive-date=September 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>''e.g.,'' {{USCFR|26|1|6038D-2T(a)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Do I need to file Form 8938, 'Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets'? |website=Internal Revenue Service |date=January 15, 2013 |url=https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Corporations/Do-I-need-to-file-Form-8938,-%E2%80%9CStatement-of-Specified-Foreign-Financial-Assets%E2%80%9D%3F |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |access-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007160505/http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Corporations/Do-I-need-to-file-Form-8938,-%E2%80%9CStatement-of-Specified-Foreign-Financial-Assets%E2%80%9D%3F |url-status=dead }}</ref> Account holders would be subject to a 40% penalty on understatements of income in{{clarify |date=November 2017}} an undisclosed foreign financial [[Finance:Asset|asset]].<ref name="msnbc"/><ref>{{USC|26|6662(j)(3)}}</ref> Understatements of more than 25% of [[Finance:Gross income|gross income]] are subject to an extended [[Social:Statute of limitations|statute of limitations]] period, six years.<ref>{{USC|26|6501(e)(1)}}; the limitations period was presumably extended because it was determined that international audit cases can take an additional 500 days to fully investigate.</ref><ref name="GAO Report"/>{{rp|1}} It also requires taxpayers to report financial assets that are not held in a custodial account, i.e. physical stock or bond certificates.
*Where foreign investors had not been due U.S. [[Finance:Dividend|dividend]]s the law introduced a method that converting them{{clarify |date=November 2017}} into "dividend equivalents" through [[Finance:Swap|swap contracts]].<ref>{{USC|26|871(m)}}; dividends such as those paid by a U.S. corporation became "U.S. source" and therefore subject to the 30% withholding tax for foreign payees. {{USC|26|871(1)(A)}}, {{USCSec|26|861(a)(2)}}. The previous method had reclassified these payments as [[Finance:Income|income]] derived from the country of residence of the foreign payee and therefore no U.S. taxes were due.</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |title=Death of a Loophole, and Swiss Banks Will Mourn |first=Gretchen |last=Morgenson |date=March 26, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/28/business/28gret.html |work={{wipe|The New York Times}}}}</ref>
* FATCA also increased penalties and imposed certain negative presumptions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the_press_office/LEVELING-THE-PLAYING-FIELD-CURBING-TAX-HAVENS-AND-REMOVING-TAX-INCENTIVES-FOR-SHIFTING-JOBS-OVERSEAS/ |title=Leveling the Playing Field: Curbing Tax Havens and Removing Tax Incentives for Shifting Jobs Overseas |date=May 4, 2009 |via=National Archives |work=whitehouse.gov}}</ref> on Americans whose accounts are not located in U.S.

The reporting requirements are in addition to the one that all U.S. persons report non-U.S. financial accounts to the U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN).<ref name="denounced">{{cite news |title=Law to Find Tax Evaders Denounced |first1=David |last1=Jolly |first2=Brian |last2=Knowlton |date=December 26, 2011 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/business/law-to-find-tax-evaders-denounced.html}}</ref> This notably includes Form 114, "Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts" (FBAR) for foreign financial accounts, where the balances of such accounts in the aggregate exceed US$10,000, required under [[Finance:Bank Secrecy Act|Bank Secrecy Act]] regulations issued by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network.<ref>{{USCFR|31|1010}}</ref>

==FATCA indicia==
Banks which are performing functions according to FATCA law will be searching according to FATCA indicia, which include:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Sweden-8-8-2014.pdf |title=Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Sweden to Improve International Tax Compliance and to Implement FATCA |date=8 August 2014 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref>
*A U.S. place of birth
*Identification of the account holder as a U.S. citizen or resident
*A current U.S. residence or mailing address (including a U.S. PO box)
*A current U.S. telephone number
*Standing instructions to pay amounts from a foreign (meaning non-U.S.) account to an account maintained in the United States
*A current power of attorney or signatory authority granted to a person with a U.S. address
*A U.S. "in-care-of" or "hold mail" address that is the sole address with respect to the account holder
*Special note: Others affected by FATCA include 
**any non-U.S. person who shares a joint account with a U.S. person or otherwise allows a U.S. person to have signatory authority on their account.
**Any business or not-for-profit organization that allows a U.S. person to have signatory authority on a financial account.

==Revenue and cost==
There are varying estimates of the revenues gained and likely cost of implementing the legislation.

===Revenue===
With implementation, FATCA was estimated by the United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation to produce approximately $8.7 billion in additional tax revenue over 11 years (average $792 million a year).<ref>Joint Committee on Taxation, JCS-6-10, Estimated Revenue Effects of the Revenue Provisions Contained in an Amendment to the Senate Amendment to the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2847, the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act. Referenced in {{cite web |title=Why FATCA is Bad for America and Why it Should be Repealed |series=ACA Reports series (Volume 2) |website=American Citizens Abroad |date=July 19, 2012 |url=http://americansabroad.org/issues/fatca/fatca-is-bad-for-america-why-it-should-be-repealed/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601041733/http://americansabroad.org/issues/fatca/fatca-is-bad-for-america-why-it-should-be-repealed/ |archive-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> A later analysis from Texas A&M includes an estimate that revenues would be less than US$250 million per year (US$2.5 billion total).<ref name="compasscayman.com"/> (Jane Gravelle, a specialist in economic policy at the Congressional Research Service, has asserted that this figure is small relative to her estimate of $40 billion per year as the cost of international tax evasion.)<ref name=gravelle />{{Rp|36}} "The actual annual tax revenue generated since 2009 from offshore voluntary disclosure initiatives and from prosecutions of individual's tax evasion is running significantly lower than the JCT's estimated annual average, at less than $400 million, and will probably result in less than that over the decade 2010 to 2020."<ref name="compasscayman.com"/> "The IRS has claimed that over ten billion dollars in additional tax revenues will be recovered from offshore accounts over the next decade. Since the enactment of FATCA the IRS has received approximately $8.0 billion nearly entirely from FBAR penalties and not from tax collection."<ref name="lawprofessors.typepad.com">{{cite web |url=http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/intfinlaw/2017/03/how-much-revenue-has-fatca-raised-and-at-what-offsetting-compliance-costs.html |title=How much revenue has FATCA raised and at what offsetting compliance costs? |first=William |last=Byrnes |date=March 7, 2017 |website=International Financial Law Prof Blog}}</ref> Recently, a calculation showed that $771 million of tax revenue loss from U.S. banks could nearly nullify the reported revenue gain reported by the Joint Committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fatca.eu.pn/docs/Republicans%20Overseas.html |title=Submissions to the Senate Finance Committee about Taxation of Americans Abroad: Republicans Overseas |website=Fatca.eu.pn}}{{Dead link |date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Implementation cost===
According to the Lebanese business magazine ''Executive'', "FATCA requires major initial investment within an institution, estimated at $25,000 for smaller institutions, to $100,000 to $500,000 for most institutions and $1 million for larger firms. While a boon for the financial consultancy and IT industry, it is an extra cost that institutions would rather not have."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.executive-magazine.com/business-finance/finance/fatca-answering-to-uncle-sam |title=FATCA - Region preparing for Uncle Sam |first=Paul |last=Cochrane |date=April 30, 2014 |website=Executive}}</ref>

* Canada: According to the ''Financial Post'', the Scotia Bank in Canada has already spent<ref>{{cite web |url=https://profwilliambyrnes.com/2013/12/10/2559/ |title=TIGTA's FATCA Report – Is the FATCA portal development better than that of the federal medical insurance exchange? |first=William |last=Byrnes |date=December 10, 2013 |website=profwilliambyrnes.com}}</ref> almost $100 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electronic spying 'a big issue' for banks, Scotia CEO Waugh says |first=John |last=Greenwood |date=October 23, 2013 |work=Financial Post |url=http://business.financialpost.com/2013/10/23/electronic-spying-a-big-issue-for-banks-scotia-ceo-waugh-says/}}</ref>
* Australia: The costs in Australia are estimated to be A$255 million for implementation, and A$22.7M for each year of maintenance. Over 10 years, this totals A$482.68M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill_em/tlaotfab2014510/memo_0.html |title=Tax Laws Amendment (Implementation of the FATCA Agreement) Bill 2014 Explanatory Memorandum |website=AustLII}}</ref> With 77,000 resident US citizens (54% of whom are of dual citizenship) and known population of 24,003,100, the estimated implementation cost is A$6,270 per residing U.S. citizen, A$11,590 per U.S.-person account, or A$20.20 per capita. The most representative developed country has 661 bank accounts per 1,000 adults, and Australia has 82.1% population above 15 years old (adults). This yields an estimated 41,700 US-citizen bank customers in Australia, or a FATCA implementation cost of A$37.30 per customer. As there are 3,668 Australian FFI's are currently registered, the average estimated FATCA cost for each is A$132,000. The same analysis showed that costs without the IGA would be A$477M for implementation, and A$58.8M for each year of maintenance. Over 10 years, this totals A$1.066bn, which would have been A$44.40 per capita, A$81.10 per customer, A$13,800 per resident U.S. citizen, or A$25,600 per U.S.-person account. This is the only published non-IGA country cost estimation identified. Without an IGA, the estimated FATCA cost per FFI is A$291,000. Australia succeeded to locate only 30,000 of those US citizens (72% effectiveness) in its first FATCA submission to USA. It was determined that each located U.S. citizen bank account averaged A$160,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/ato-hands-over-bank-details-to-us-internal-revenue-service/news-story/31129a8375c08fa00835675be08e2e4e |title=ATO hands over bank details to US Internal Revenue Service |date=September 24, 2015 |newspaper=The Australian |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* New Zealand: The government of New Zealand has estimated that locating approximately 21,462 resident U.S. citizens would cost the government alone about $20,600,000. That cost would equal approximately 960 NZD per resident U.S. citizen, or about 4.48 NZD per capita.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.treasury.govt.nz/downloads/pdfs/b14-info/b14-2828155.pdf |title=Budget 2014 Information Release |date=July 2014 |website=New Zealand Treasury |access-date=September 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121070509/http://www.treasury.govt.nz/downloads/pdfs/b14-info/b14-2828155.pdf |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Country costs (including costs at the institutions) was not included in the reporting, nor was the financial impact made when the IGA was signed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxpolicy.ird.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2013-ris-arearm-bill-04.pdf |title=Inland Revenue does not consider it is possible to estimate the fiscal costs/benefits of entering into an IGA with the United States? |date=13 September 2013 |website=NZ Inland Revenue Department}}</ref> Costs to FFI's was estimated to be 100 million NZD, just to bring New Zealand into initial FATCA compliance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economia.icaew.com/Technical-update/Tax/FATCA-attack |title=FATCA attack |first=Christopher |last=Alkan |date=28 May 2012 |website=Economia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920044224/http://economia.icaew.com/Technical-update/Tax/FATCA-attack |archive-date=September 20, 2012}}</ref>
* Europe: The costs of implementation in Europe are shown (below) with available documentation to be greater than U.S. revenue estimates in only three of its countries. Implementation in UK, Germany, and Sweden alone will cost more than US$10 billion.
** United Kingdom: The United Kingdom government has estimated that the cost to British businesses will be £1.1 billion to £2 billion for the first five years (approximately two thirds of the estimate total additional global tax revenue expected), in order to locate approximately 177,185 U.S. citizens.<ref name="lexology.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a74e2969-7fe3-4931-999b-7caaf60c5588 |title=The cost of complying with FATCA – similar initiatives to follow? |website=Lexology |date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekafinancial.com/blog/2014/07/22/the-real-cost-of-fatca-implementation/ |title=The real cost of FATCA implementation |website=Eureka Blog |date=July 22, 2014}}</ref> The cost there is then approximately £6,000 to £11,000 per resident US citizen or £17 to £31 per capita. HMRC estimates its own one-off IT and staff project costs at approximately £5m, with ongoing annual costs of £1.4m from 2016.<ref name="lexology.com"/>
** Germany: The costs in Germany are estimated to be €386 million for implementation, and €30 million for each year of maintenance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article131288881/US-Steuerabkommen-Fatca-ist-eine-Einbahnstrasse.html |title=US-Steuerabkommen FATCA ist eine Einbahnstraße |trans-title=US tax treaty FATCA is a one-way street |first1=Martin |last1=Greive |first2=Tina |last2=Kaiser |date=August 16, 2014 |newspaper=Die Welt |language=de}}</ref> With 108,845 U.S. citizens residing in Germany and known population, the implementation cost is €6,027 per residing U.S. citizen, €10,390 per U.S.-person account, €8.07 per capita, or €13.91 per customer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/ |title=Ausländeranteil in Deutschland bis 2015 |trans-title=Proportion of foreigners in Germany in 2015 |language=de |website=[[Company:Statista|Statista]]}}</ref>
** Sweden: The Swedish government administration stated that the costs of implementation should be considered versus the threatened 30% sanctioned tax which could be applied for non-compliance.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=66}} : "Regeringens kommentar på remissinstansernas slutsatser gällande den ekonomiska och administrativa börda lagstiftningen medför är att det borde ses i ljuset av den 30-procentiga källskatt som påförs alla betalningar med amerikansk källa till svenska finansiella institut. Regeringen menar att bördan de finansiella instituten råkar ut för är försumbar i jämförelse med effekten en eventuell källskatt kommer ha på Sveriges ekonomi". ["The government's comment on the referral bodies' conclusions regarding the financial and administrative burden imposed by the legislation is that it should be seen in the light of the 30 percent withholding tax applied to all payments with US source to Swedish financial institutions. The government believes that the burden of financial institutions is negligible in comparison to the effect that a possible withholding tax will have on Sweden's economy."]</ref> Sweden could not estimate the business effect of FATCA, despite that Swedish law requires that the business impact must be evaluated for legislation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regelradet.se/wp-content/files_mf/14108747312014_317_Fi_FATCA.pdf |title=Yttrande över Finansdepartementets promemoria Genomförande av avtal mellan Sveriges regering och Amerikas förenta staters regering för att förbättra internationell efterlevnad av skatteregler och för att genomföra FATCA |trans-title=Opinion on the Ministry of Finance's memorandum of agreement implementation between the Swedish government and United States Government to improve international compliance with tax rules and to implement FATCA |date=9 September 2014 |website=Regelrådet |language=sv |quote=Regelrådet anser att konsekvensutredningen inte uppfyller de krav som ställs i 6 och 7 §§ förordningen (2007:1244) om konsekvensutredning vid regelgivning. [The Swedish Regulatory Council considers that the impact assessment does not meet the requirements set out in Sections 6 and 7 of the Ordinance (2007: 1244) on impact assessment in regulations.]}}</ref> In following discussions, it was estimated that each small financial institute (comprising 95% of the FFI's) would incur 1 million SEK yearly FATCA administration costs.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=66}} {{in lang|sv}}: "Enligt en högst spekulativ uträkning gjord i promemorian skulle enbart inlämnandet av kontrolluppgifter till Skatteverket innebära en löpande administrativ kostnad på en miljon kronor var för varje mindre finansiellt institute." ["According to a highly speculative calculation made in the memorandum, the submission of control information to the Swedish Tax Agency alone would entail a running administrative cost of SEK 1 million each for each smaller financial institution."]</ref> (Documentation of the costs to larger institutions has not been located.) IRS lists 744 FFI's to date, yielding a minimum estimated yearly cost of 744 million SEK (excludes the cost of the 5% larger institutions), or 7.44 billion SEK over 10 years.<ref name="Fatca Lookup Search Page">{{cite web |url=https://apps.irs.gov/app/fatcaFfiList/flu.jsf |title=FATCA Foreign Financial Institution (FFI) List |website=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> The costs to the Swedish government were estimated to be above 15 million SEK for implementation and 15 million SEK per year thereafter, for a 10-year public cost of 165 million SEK. Total FATCA implementation costs in Sweden are estimated to be greater than 7.61 billion SEK. With 9,784,445 inhabitants and 17,000 resident U.S. citizens, the Swedish government cost is 777 SEK per capita, 447,700 SEK per resident US-citizen resident and 937 SEK per adult Swedish account, or an astounding 539,984 SEK per adult resident U.S.-person account.
* United States: The total IRS costs for the FATCA program are $380 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/irs-spent-380m-on-implementing-fatca-but-cant-enforce-it |title=IRS spent $380M on FATCA, but still can't enforce it |first=Michael |last=Cohn |date=9 July 2018 |website=Accounting Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2018reports/201830040fr.pdf |title=Despite Spending Nearly $380 Million, the Internal Revenue Service Is Still Not Prepared to Enforce Compliance With the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act |date=July 5, 2018 |website=Treasury Inspector General For Tax Administration}}</ref>

{{Quote box |quote = '''Annual Costs of FATCA'''<br/>Yr 2012: $8,177,055 <br/>Yr 2013: $27,554,441 <br/>Yr 2014: $33,625,624 <br/>Yr 2015: $110,955,823 <br/>Yr 2016: $101,846,152 <br/>Yr 2017: $97,614,710 <br/>Total: $379,773,805}}

Previously, there had been few reliable estimates for the additional cost burden to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, although it seems certain that the majority of the cost seems likely to fall on the relevant financial institutions and (to a lesser degree) foreign tax authorities who have signed intergovernmental agreements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/590142.pdf |title=Foreign Account Reporting Requirements |date=April 2012 |website=Government Accountability Office |page=8 |quote=In order to improve FATCA implementation... we recommend that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue take the following (action) ... establish and document a timeline for completing a comprehensive FATCA cost estimate.}}</ref><ref>See FFI costs and foreign costs above.</ref> The FATCA bill approved 800 additional IRS employees (cost estimated to be $40 – $160 million per year). According to a TIGTA report, the cost to develop the FATCA XML data website is $16.6 million (which is $2.2 million over the budgeted amount). However, "IRS also submitted a budget request of $37.1 million for funding FATCA implementation for 2013, including the costs to staff examiners and agents dedicated to enforcing FATCA, along with IT development costs. This budget request does not identify the resources needed for implementation beyond fiscal year 2013."<ref name="gao.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/590142.pdf |title=Foreign Account Reporting Requirements |date=April 2012 |website=Government Accountability Office |page=14}}</ref> The I.R.S. "has been unable to ascertain all potential costs beyond those for IT resources."<ref name="gao.gov"/>

== Criticism ==
Certain aspects of FATCA have been a source of controversy in the financial and general press.<ref>{{cite news |title=How to Lose Friends, Citizens and Influence |first=Colleen |last=Graffy |newspaper={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}} |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323848804578607472987119796 |date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> The Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Tax Affairs at the US Department of the Treasury stated in September 2013 that the controversies were incorrect (myths).<ref name="ReferenceC"/> In April 2017 the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, led by Congressman Mark Meadows, held a hearing on unintended consequences of FATCA.<ref name="oversight.house.gov">{{cite web |url=https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/reviewing-unintended-consequences-foreign-account-tax-compliance-act/ |title=Reviewing the unintended consequences of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act |date=26 April 2017 |website=United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503005729/https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/reviewing-unintended-consequences-foreign-account-tax-compliance-act/ |archive-date=May 3, 2017}}</ref>

The controversies primarily relate to the following issues:

* '''Cost'''. Robert Stack provided the Treasury position that "Treasury and the IRS have designed our regulations in a way that minimizes administrative burdens and related costs."<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Myth-vs-FATCA.aspx |title=Myth vs. FATCA: The Truth About Treasury's Effort To Combat Offshore Tax Evasion |first=Robert |last=Stack |date=September 20, 2013 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref> Estimates of the additional revenue raised seemed to be heavily outweighed by the cost of implementing the legislation. In March 2012 the Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists (ACFCS) said FATCA was expected to raise revenues of approximately US$800 million per year for the US Treasury with the costs of implementation more difficult to estimate. ACFCS claimed it was extremely likely that the cost of implementing FATCA, borne by the FFIs, would far outweigh the revenues raised by the U.S. Treasury, even excluding the additional costs to the US Internal Revenue Service for the staffing and resources needed to process the data produced.<ref>{{cite web |title=FATCA may identify tax cheats, but its dragnet for financial criminals may produce an even bigger yield |website=Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists |url=http://www.acfcs.org/fatca-may-identify-tax-cheats-but-its-dragnet-for-financial-criminals-may-produce-an-even-bigger-yield/ |first=Brian |last=Kindle |date=March 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073829/http://www.acfcs.org/fatca-may-identify-tax-cheats-but-its-dragnet-for-financial-criminals-may-produce-an-even-bigger-yield/ |archive-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref>
* '''Benefits versus cost'''. The intention of locating US persons and their non-US financial accounts was to increase tax revenues from the interest, dividends, and gains of those assets. The majority of assets located was expected be the international equivalent of standard checking and savings accounts, where the applicable interest was less than 0.5% during 2015. The majority of that income is already (by tax treaty) attributable to the country where it resides. (IRS Form 1116 is normally used to credit foreign taxes upon passive income.) Another source from which FATCA intends to raise revenue is in the identification of a wider population of US persons. However, the majority (82%) of overseas US persons filing owe no tax to the US (due to tax treaties).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americansabroad.org/issues/ |title=Issues: Taxation |date=2015 |website=American Citizens Abroad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328192208/https://americansabroad.org/issues/ |archive-date=March 28, 2015}}</ref> 
* '''Possible capital flight'''. The primary mechanism for enforcing the compliance of FFIs is a punitive withholding levy on U.S. assets which the ''Economist'' speculated in 2011 might create an incentive for FFIs to divest or not invest in US assets, resulting in [[Finance:Capital flight|capital flight]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21540270 |title=Scratched by the FATCA |newspaper=[[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]] |date=November 26, 2011}}</ref>
* '''Foreign relations'''. Forcing 'foreign' financial institutions and governments to collect data on US persons at their own expense and transmit it to the IRS has been called divisive and imperialist.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taming-irs-imperialism-1486166764 |title=Taming IRS Imperialism |date=February 4, 2017 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Canada's former Finance Minister Jim Flaherty raised an issue with the "far reaching and extraterritorial implications" which would require Canadian banks to become extensions of the IRS and jeopardise Canadians' privacy rights.<ref name="American Citizens Abroad">{{cite web |title=Why FATCA is Bad for America and Why it Should be Repealed |volume=2 |series=ACA Reports series |website=American Citizens Abroad |date=July 19, 2012 |url=http://americansabroad.org/issues/fatca/fatca-is-bad-for-america-why-it-should-be-repealed/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601041733/http://americansabroad.org/issues/fatca/fatca-is-bad-for-america-why-it-should-be-repealed/ |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are also reports of many foreign banks refusing to open accounts for Americans, making it harder for Americans to live and work abroad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/business/story/2012/09/27/european-banks-oust-americans/57849014/1 |title=European banks shut Americans out over U.S. tax rules |newspaper=[[Software:USA Today|USA Today]] |date=September 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banks lock out Americans over new tax law |website=CNN |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/15/news/banks-americans-lockout/index.html |date=September 15, 2013 |first=Sophia |last=Yan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/americans-abroad-cant-bank-smoothly-fatca-tax-evasion-reform-comes-play-1517032 |title=Americans Abroad Can't Bank Smoothly As FATCA Tax Evasion Reform Comes Into Play |date=December 20, 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><ref name="srinivas">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/sep/24/americans-chased-by-irs-give-up-citizenship-after-being-forced-out-of-bank-accounts |title='I was terrified we'd lose all our money': banks tell US customers they won't work with Americans |first=Siri |last=Srinivas |date=September 24, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
* '''Extraterritoriality'''. Robert Stack of the IRS said that extraterritoriality was incorrect (a myth): "FATCA has received considerable international support because most foreign governments recognize how effective FATCA, and in particular our intergovernmental approach, will be in detecting and combating tax evaders".<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The legislation enables US authorities to impose regulatory costs, and potentially penalties, on FFIs who otherwise have few if any dealings with the US.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/xe/Documents/About-Deloitte/mepovdocuments/mepov6/dtme_mepov6_Facing-up-to-FATCA.pdf |title=Facing up to FATCA |first1=Joe |last1=el Fadl |first2=John |last2=Belsey |name-list-style=amp |journal=A Middle East Point of View |publisher=[[Company:Deloitte|Deloitte]] |date=Fall 2011 |pages=13–17}}</ref> The U.S. has sought to ameliorate that criticism by offering reciprocity to potential countries who sign intergovernmental agreements (IGAs), but the idea of the US Government providing information on its citizens to foreign governments has also proved controversial.<ref>{{cite web |last=Posey |first=Bill |title=Letter to Secretary of Treasury |website=RepealFATCA.com |url=http://www.repealfatca.com/downloads/Posey_letter_to_Sec._Lew_July_1,_2013.pdf |date=July 1, 2013 |access-date=July 30, 2013 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060649/http://www.repealfatca.com/downloads/Posey_letter_to_Sec._Lew_July_1,_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The law's interference in the relationship between individual Americans or dual nationals and non-American banks led Georges Ugeux to term it "bullying and selfish."<ref>{{cite news |title=Complying With U.S. Tax Evasion Law Is Vexing Foreign Banks |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/complying-with-u-s-tax-evasion-law-is-vexing-foreign-banks/ |date=September 16, 2013 |first=Lynnley |last=Browning}}</ref> ''The Economist'' called FATCA's "extraterritoriality stunning even by Washington's standards."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21605907-americas-new-law-tax-compliance-heavy-handed-inequitable-and-hypocritical-fatcas-flaws/ |title=FATCA's flaws |date=28 June 2014 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
* '''Effect on "accidental Americans"'''. The reporting requirements and penalties apply to all US citizens, including accidental Americans, those who are unaware that they have US citizenship. Since the US considers [[Philosophy:Jus soli|all persons born in the US]], and [[Philosophy:Jus sanguinis|most foreign-born persons with American parents]], to be citizens, FATCA affects a large number of foreign residents, who are unaware that the US considers them citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.procopio.com/news/the-irss-current-offshore-voluntary-disclosure-program--is-this-the-only-option-available-for-an-accidental-american |title=The IRS's Current Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program: Is This the Only Option Available for An "Accidental American"? |first1=Eric D. |last1=Swenson |first2=Raul Villarreal |last2=Garza |first3=Pedro |last3=Corona de la Fuente |name-list-style=amp |date=1 October 2014 |website=Procopio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525161007/http://www.procopio.com/news/the-irss-current-offshore-voluntary-disclosure-program--is-this-the-only-option-available-for-an-accidental-american |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |quote=Accidental Americans may also include, but much fewer in number, those who innocently did not understand they were a US citizen and, therefore, had US tax and reporting obligations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2429923650 |title=U.S. FATCA tax law catches 'accidental Americans' |date=January 13, 2014 |website=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFEHuKztpYg |title=Fisc: Le collectif Américains accidentels se mobilise |author=Tébéo |date=May 8, 2017 |website=YouTube |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tax/income-tax/i-had-to-pay-8200-to-escape-draconian-us-tax-system/ |title=I had to pay £8,200 to escape draconian US tax system |first=James |last=Connington |date=October 23, 2016 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
* '''Citizenship renunciations'''.
** In 2013, Robert Stack of the IRS presented the administration's position that renunciations due to FATCA are incorrect (a myth), because: "FATCA provisions impose no new obligations on U.S. citizens living abroad." The statement ignores the FATCA self-certification processes and filings of form 8938.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The US State Department admits that the rise in [[Finance:Renunciation of citizenship|renunciation]] figures is related to US taxation policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2015-21042.pdf |title=Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates |website=Bureau of Consular Affairs |date=2015 |quote=The legislation caused an increase in consular workload that must be paid for by user fees... At one post alone, renunciations rose from under 100 in 2009 to more than 1,100 in the first ten months of 2014.}}</ref> The State Department acknowledged the rise in relinquishments and renunciations, and expects them to rise further in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/09/08/2015-22054/schedule-of-fees-for-consular-services-department-of-state-and-overseas-embassies-and#h-15 |title=Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates - Passport and Citizenship Services Fee Changes |website=Federal Register |date=September 8, 2015}}</ref>
** In 2013, {{wipe|Time (magazine)}} reported a sevenfold increase in Americans renouncing U.S. citizenship between 2008 and 2011, attributing this at least in part to FATCA.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Mister Taxman: Why Some Americans Working Abroad Are Ditching Their Citizenships |magazine=TIME |url=http://world.time.com/2013/01/31/mister-taxman-why-some-americans-working-abroad-are-ditching-their-citizenships/ |date=January 31, 2013}}</ref> According to ''BBC News'', the act is one of the reasons for a surge of Americans [[Finance:Renunciation of citizenship|renouncing their citizenship]]—a rise from 189 people in Q2/2012 to 1,131 in Q2/2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why are Americans giving up their citizenship? |website=BBC Magazine |date=September 26, 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24135021}}</ref> Another surge in renunciations in 2013 to record levels was reported in the news media, with FATCA cited as a factor in the decision of many of the renunciants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Overseas Americans: Time to Say 'Bye' to Uncle Sam? |first=Laura |last=Saunders |date=August 17, 2013 |newspaper={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}} |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323455104579014772169287210}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Americans renouncing citizenship in record numbers, seek to avoid tax |website=Fox News |date=August 12, 2013 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/08/12/americans-renouncing-citizenship-in-record-numbers-seek-to-avoid-tax/?test=latestnews |access-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> According to the legal website International Tax Blog, the number of Americans giving up U.S. citizenship started to increase dramatically in 2010 and rose to 2,999 in 2013, almost six-fold the average level of the previous decade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitchel |first=Andrew |title=2013 Expatriations Increase by 221% |website=International Tax Blog |date=February 6, 2014 |url=http://intltax.typepad.com/intltax_blog/2014/02/2013-expatriations-increase-by-___.html |access-date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

Whereas the Federal Register stated that 3,415 people renounced or relinquished their citizenship or long-term residence in 2014, the IRS stated that 1,100 people renounced citizenship at only one particular US consulate during the first ten months of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/08/24/why-it-now-costs-so-much-to-renounce-your-citizenship/ |title=Why It Now Costs So Much to Renounce Your Citizenship |first=Joe |last=Palazzolo |date=August 24, 2015 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> This contradicted prior claims that such statistics are not maintained at the consulates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://static.globalnews.ca/content/interactives/documents/general_news_bucket/130812_ly_citizenship.pdf |title=Freedom of Information Request, denial response |date=June 28, 2013 |author=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://andysundberg.weebly.com/1/post/2012/08/more-on-the-state-department-foi-follies.htm |title=Freedom of Information Request, denial response |first=Andy |last=Sundberg |date=August 2012 |website=andysundberg.weebly.com}}{{dead link |date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
** FY 2016: Renunciations rose by 26% from the previous record set in 2015, bringing the total to a new record of 5,411 for 2016.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> Many newspapers mentioned that this total included accidental American Boris Johnson, British Foreign Secretary and former Mayor of London, who was taxed by the IRS on the sale of his home in London despite only living in the US briefly as a toddler.<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/11/number-americans-renouncing-citizenship-reaches-record-high/ |title=Number of Americans renouncing citizenship reaches record high |first=David |last=Millward |date=February 11, 2017 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
** FY 2017: In the second quarter of 2017, 1,759 American citizens were reported to have renounced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/08/03/2017-16318/quarterly-publication-of-individuals-who-have-chosen-to-expatriate-as-required-by-section-6039g |title=Quarterly Publication of Individuals, Who Have Chosen To Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039G |date=August 3, 2017 |website=Federal Register}}</ref> The third quarter saw 1,376 renunciations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/11/02/2017-23885/quarterly-publication-of-individuals-who-have-chosen-to-expatriate-as-required-by-section-6039g |title=Quarterly Publication of Individuals, Who Have Chosen To Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039G |date=November 2, 2017 |website=Federal Register}}</ref>

* '''American citizens living abroad'''. ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported in July 2014 that "FATCA worsens the already profoundly unjust tax treatment of millions of middle-class Americans living abroad...FATCA rules were intended to correct a tax loophole. Applied to Americans living abroad, they are absurd."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/kuenzi-american-expats-tax-nightmare-1404924705 |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=David |last=Kuenzi |title=American Expats' Tax Nightmare |date=July 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americansabroad.org/issues/fatca/fatca-bad-america/ |title=Why FATCA is Bad for America - Update |website=Americans Citizens Abroad |access-date=2014-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906193008/http://americansabroad.org/issues/fatca/fatca-bad-america/ |archive-date=September 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. FATCA tax law catches unsuspecting Canadians in its crosshairs |first=Amber |last=Hildebrandt |date=January 13, 2014 |work=CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/u-s-fatca-tax-law-catches-unsuspecting-canadians-in-its-crosshairs-1.2493864}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bachmann |first=Helena |title=Mister Taxman: Why Some Americans Working Abroad Are Ditching Their Citizenships |magazine=TIME |date=January 31, 2013 |url=http://world.time.com/2013/01/31/mister-taxman-why-some-americans-working-abroad-are-ditching-their-citizenships/#ixzz2qQrfCb00 |access-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' reports that Americans living abroad feel financially terrorized by FATCA requirements.<ref name="srinivas" /> In 2013, Robert Stack stated the IRS position that "FATCA withholding applies to the US investments of FFIs whether or not they have US account holders, so turning away known US account holders will not enable an FFI to avoid FATCA."<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* '''Lack of reciprocity'''. There is no US legislation to allow reciprocity, and as of 2017, no reciprocal data exchanges have taken place.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/216923/assets-agreement-with-us-not-quite-‘reciprocal’ |title=Assets agreement with US not quite 'reciprocal' |first=Fermín |last=Koop |date=June 27, 2016 |newspaper=Buenos Aires Herald |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628140642/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/216923/assets-agreement-with-us-not-quite-‘reciprocal’ |archive-date=June 28, 2016}}</ref> The model IGA states: "The Parties are committed to working with Partner Jurisdictions and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development on adapting the terms of this Agreement and other agreements between the United States and Partner Jurisdictions to a common model for automatic exchange of information, including the development of reporting and due diligence standards for financial institutions." The president's budget for year 2014 included a proposal to allow the Treasury Secretary to collect information which could be used for FATCA reciprocity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2014/assets/spec.pdf |title=Analytical Perspectives: Budget of the U.S. Government |work=Office of Management and Budget |page=202 |date=2014 |via=National Archives}}</ref> The proposal stated that its intent was to "facilitate such intergovernmental cooperation by enabling the IRS to reciprocate in appropriate circumstances"; however, the proposal did not request to allow the Secretary to have further transmittal authority. The president's federal budget proposals of 2014, 2015 and 2016 did not list either costs or revenues for reciprocity implementation in any of the coming 10 years—thus assuming that this collection was either cost neutral or, more logically, it would be interpreted as not budgeted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/budget.pdf |title=Budget of the U.S. Government: Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Table S-9) |date=2015 |page=192 |website=Office of Management and Budget |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810031434/https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/budget.pdf |archive-date=August 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/budget.pdf |title=Budget of the U.S. Government: Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Table S-9) |date=2016 |website=Office of Management and Budget |page=122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101031303/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/budget.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref> FATCA doesn't follow the principle of mutual benefit of international bilateral agreements. IGAs were enforced under the imminent sanctions to foreign financial institutions, without any benefit or reciprocity for the rest of the countries.
* '''Reciprocity not authorised by Congress'''. FATCA as implemented by Congress included no mention of reciprocity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr2847/text |title=Text of H.R. 2847 (111th): Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version) |website=GovTrack}}</ref> Rather, the Executive Branch's IGA implementation of FATCA has made reciprocity promises to foreign governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx#ModelAgreements |title=Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) |date=April 5, 2016 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |quote=The Parties are committed to working with Partner Jurisdictions and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development on adapting the terms of this Agreement and other agreements between the United States and Partner Jurisdictions to a common model for automatic exchange of information, including the development of reporting and due diligence standards for financial institutions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxpol.blogspot.com.au/2014/07/irs-claims-statutory-authority-for.html |title=IRS claims statutory authority for FATCA agreements where no such authority exists |first=Allison |last=Christians |date=July 4, 2014 |website=Tax, Society & Culture |publisher=McGill University Faculty of Law |quote=None of these sources of law contain any authorization to enter into or implement the IGAs. It is clear that no such authorization has been made by Congress, and that the IGAs are sole executive agreements entered into by the executive branch on its own under its 'plenary executive authority'. As such the agreements are constitutionally suspect because they do not accord with the delineated treaty power set forth in Article II.}}</ref>
* '''IRS not equipped'''. According to ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'', the IRS is not equipped to handle millions of extra complicated filings.<ref name="denounced"/> The IRS allowed 2014 and 2015 as a transition period for enforcement and administration for entities but not individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loewy |first1=Robert |title=Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) Transitional Relief and Extension of Time for the Implementation of New Account Procedures for Entity Investors |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act-fatca-transitional-relief-and-extension-time-impl |journal=The National Law Review |access-date=15 June 2014 |date=9 May 2014}}</ref> This lack of capacity, including closure of all IRS overseas offices, has contributed to breaches of taxpayer rights as noted in the 'most serious problems' section of multiple annual reports by the IRS Taxpayer Advocate.<ref name="taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov">{{cite web |url=https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2016-ARC/ARC16_Volume1_MSP_16_FATCA.pdf |title=Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA): The IRS's Approach to International Tax Administration Unnecessarily Burdens Impacted Parties, Wastes Resources, and Fails to Protect Taxpayer Rights |date=2016 |website=Office of the Taxpayer Advocate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111144622/https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2016-ARC/ARC16_Volume1_MSP_16_FATCA.pdf |archive-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2015ARC/ARC15_Volume1_MSP_07_International-TP-Service.pdf |title=International Taxpayer Service: The IRS's Strategy for Service on Demand Fails to Compensate for the Closure of International Tax Attaché Offices and Does Not Sufficiently Address the Unique Needs of International Taxpayers |date=2015 |website=Office of the Taxpayer Advocate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417084041/https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2015ARC/ARC15_Volume1_MSP_07_International-TP-Service.pdf |archive-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2014-Annual-Report/OFFSHORE-VOLUNTARY-DISCLOSURE-OVD-The-OVD-Programs-Initially-Undermined-the-Law-and-Still-Violate-Taxpayer-Rights.pdf |title=Offshore Voluntary Disclosure (OVD): The OVD Programs Initially Undermined the Law and Still Violates Taxpayer Rights |date=2014 |website=Office of the Taxpayer Advocate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909163144/https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2014-Annual-Report/OFFSHORE-VOLUNTARY-DISCLOSURE-OVD-The-OVD-Programs-Initially-Undermined-the-Law-and-Still-Violate-Taxpayer-Rights.pdf |archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref>
* '''Complexity'''. Doubts were expressed as to workability of FATCA due to its complexity,<ref>{{cite journal |ssrn=2247615 |title=Using a Sledgehammer to Crack a Nut: Why FATCA Will Not Stand |first=Frederic |last=Behrens |journal=Wisconsin Law Review |volume=2013 |number=1 |pages=205–236 |date=April 9, 2013}}</ref> and the legislative timetable for implementation was pushed back multiple times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shapirotaxlaw.com/good-news-fatca-deadlines-extended-and-withholding-delayed/ |title=Good news: FATCA deadlines extended, and withholding delayed |first=David |last=Shapiro |website=Shapiro Tax Law LLC |date=July 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232315/http://www.shapirotaxlaw.com/good-news-fatca-deadlines-extended-and-withholding-delayed/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013}}</ref> According to U.S. national taxpayer advocate Nina Olsen in regard to FATCA: "This is a piece of legislation that is so big and so far-reaching, and [has] so many different moving pieces, and is rolling out in an incremental fashion (...) that you really won't be able to know what its consequences are, intended or otherwise,' Olson said. "I don't think we'll know that for years. And by that point we'll actually be a little too late to go, "Oops, my bad, we shouldn't have done this,' and then try to unwind it."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/fatca-notebook-former-irs-chief-taxpay-34081/ |title=FATCA Notebook: Former IRS Chief, Taxpayer Advocate Criticize FATCA; Switzerland Moves Toward Greater Transparency |date=October 10, 2014 |website=JD Supra}}</ref> Bloomberg reported in 2015 that the IRS help center is not able to provide adequate taxpayer customer service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-04-08/an-emotional-audit-irs-workers-are-miserable-and-overwhelmed |title=An Emotional Audit: IRS Workers Are Miserable and Overwhelmed |first1=Devin |last1=Leonard |first2=Richard |last2=Rubin |date=April 8, 2015 |website=Bloomberg Businessweek}}</ref> In 2016, the Taxpayer Advocate reported that "FATCA implementation has created significant compliance burdens and risk exposures" for overseas Americans, and its "heavy-handed approach, especially when combined with the complexity surrounding IRS requirements, has negative consequences, both for FFIs and the IRS".<ref name="taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov"/>
* '''Identity theft'''. The IRS reports that identity thieves are using fraudulent compliance requests as a "phishing" ruse to obtain sensitive account-holder information. As of April 2015, more than 150,000 financial institutions throughout the world were storing social security numbers and asset values of US citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/intfinlaw/2015/02/february-fatca-updates-giins-and-ides.html |title=February FATCA Updates: GIINs and IDES |first=William |last=Byrnes |date=February 23, 2015 |website=International Financial Law Prof Blog}}</ref>{{Update inline |date=August 2017}}
* '''Account closures'''. Due to the costs and complexity of implementing this legislation, many banks have been excluding US persons from holding financial accounts at their institutions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/alberta-online-bank-first-in-canada-to-shun-us-clients-amid-tax-rules/article23186804/ |title=Alberta online bank first in Canada to shun U.S. clients amid tax rules |first=Barrie |last=McKenna |date=February 24, 2015 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> These closures, based upon nationality, have not been halted by government authorities. In fact, the EU affirmed the practice of closure based upon nationality, by stating "Banks have the right, under the contractual freedom principle, to decide with whom they want to contract. They can in any event refuse clients for sound commercial reasons."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT%20WQ%20E-2013-004481%200%20DOC%20XML%20V0//EN |title=Written question - US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) and the refusal by Swedbank to accept US citizens as clients (E-004481/2013) |date=22 April 2013 |website=European Parliament}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2013-004481&language=EN |title=Answer given by Mr Šemeta on behalf of the Commission (E-004481/2013) |date=7 June 2013 |website=European Parliament}}</ref> These closures are despite the fact that countries who have signed IGAs had also promised to not close the accounts of US persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Canada-2-5-2014.pdf |title=Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Canada to Improve International Tax Compliance through Enhanced Exchange of Information under the Convention Between the United States of America and Canada with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref>
* '''Additional complexity for US persons''' US persons were already forbidden by the Securities Act of 1933 to make investments in US Securities at banks which are not certified inside the US by the Securities and Exchange Commission. This disallows US persons from participating in any product which may contain US investment products. If a financial institution is not able to segregate non-US investments from other investment products, a bank may place a total ban upon US persons using their investment products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swedbank.no/index.htm?contentid=CID_1207617 |title=Disclaimer |website=[[Company:Swedbank|Swedbank]] |access-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216023507/http://www.swedbank.no/index.htm?contentid=CID_1207617 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Minimum requirements without limits on the upper end'''. FATCA has minimum standards in its methodology of finding US persons. For example, the accounts with ''minimum'' end balance of US$50,000 ''must'' be investigated with ''at least'' the US-indicia criteria specified. The FATCA rules do not require any FFI ''not'' to investigate or report or FATCA-process accounts as low as zero. The FFI's are not prohibited from using any indicia to identify<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRoU-JNFhr0 |title=European Parliament FATCA Hearing Part 1 |author=FATCAEU |date=May 29, 2013 |website=YouTube}}</ref> U.S. persons. There are no restrictions in FATCA regulations as to what is not allowed to be used against U.S. persons.
* '''Marketability of American financial products'''. European Parliament's Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee public hearing on FATCA May 29, 2013, Robert Stack stated, "I believe the, the members here present today and the participants understand that the United States, ah, put its markets at risk in doing FATCA"<ref name="youtube.com"/>
* '''Income Tax Complications'''. For the 2014 tax year, National Bank of Canada Inc. issued 1099 forms for investments to US residents that only covered the 6 months prior to FATCA. With a 1099 form in hand, many residents filed income taxes not knowing the 1099 was incomplete. Subsequent years without 1099s leave residents guessing whether their dividends are 'qualified' for tax purposes or not.
* '''FATCA and human rights'''. In a 2016 paper, academics argue that tax evasion can be directly linked to violations of human rights. That situation must be balanced against the risk that collection techniques violate other human rights like privacy and the legitimate protection of trade secrets.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Taxation and Human Rights: A Delicate Balance |date=September 5, 2016 |first1=Gianluca |last1=Mazzoni |first2=Reuven S. |last2=Avi-Yonah |journal=Book Chapters |publisher=University of Michigan Public Law Research Paper No. 520 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2834883 |s2cid=168316594|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/book_chapters/236 }}</ref>
* '''FATCA and the European Union''': Robert Stack of the IRS stated the administration position that it was incorrect (a myth) "that legislation could force foreign banks to violate laws in their own countries: [Instead,] Treasury's decision to implement FATCA through IGAs that are respectful of the individual laws and customs of partner jurisdictions has contributed to the significant international interest in participating in FATCA compliance efforts."<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
** '''Privacy and data protection legislation in Europe'''. Civil rights such as the right to privacy, or the right to data protection as a taxpayer are compromised by FATCA and its IGAs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_Il-rL5TiI |title="FATCA infringements on EU rights" petition hearing at the European Parliament |author=amidaobscura |date=July 11, 2017 |website=YouTube}}</ref> There is no provision in FATCA for the protection of taxpayer rights, complains legal researcher Leopoldo Parada.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2720182 |title=Intergovernmental Agreements and the Implementation of FATCA in Europe |first=Leopoldo |last=Parada |date=June 24, 2015 |journal=World Tax Journal |volume=7 |number=2 |ssrn=2720182 |quote=Neither the IGAs nor the OECD Common Reporting Standard (CRS) or the new achievements on automatic exchange of information at the EU level say much about this. In this regard, a coordinated international standard of data protection rules for taxpayers would seem reasonable.}}</ref> The association of data protection supervisors is working on the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/items/640466/en |title=Article 29 Data Protection Working Party: Guidelines for Member States on the criteria to ensure compliance with data protection requirements in the context of the automatic exchange of personal data for tax purposes |date=16 December 2015 |website=European Commission}}</ref> As for other data protection legislation in Europe, for instance, the Swedish law ''Personuppgiftslagen'' (PUL) or personal data law, requires (unforced) consent of the individual in order to send data to a third country.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=58}} {{in lang|sv}}: "Till undantagen räknas de fall då den registrerade gett sin tillåtelse, om informationsutlämningen krävs på grund av myndighetsutövning." ["The exceptions include cases where the data subject has given his permission, if the disclosure of information is required due to the exercise of authority."]</ref> The need for the information must also be greater than the need for the persons integrity.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=58}} {{in lang|sv}}: "Vidare är behandlingen av personuppgifter tillåten om intresset av informationsutlämningen väger tyngre än skyddet för den personliga integriteten samt om personuppgiftsansvarige eller tredje man som tar emot personuppgifter ska kunna genomföra en arbetsuppgift på grund av myndighetsutövning." ["Furthermore, the processing of personal data is permitted if the interest in the disclosure of information outweighs the protection of personal privacy and if the person responsible for personal data or a third party who receives personal data must be able to carry out a task due to the exercise of authority."]</ref> It is forbidden to deliver data that is not protected to a level adequate to EU standards.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|pp=58-59}} {{in lang|sv}}: "Här stadgas att det är förbjudet att över personuppgifter till tredje land om landet inte har en adekvat skyddsnivå." ["It is stipulated here that it is forbidden to transfer personal data to third countries if the country does not have an adequate level of protection."]</ref>
** '''FATCA and the ECHR''': All of parties to the European Convention of Human Rights (which includes all EU member states) are bound by its provisions including the interpretation through the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Each law must have respect for an individual's private life except in cases of the state's or population safety, or the country's economic health.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=50}} {{in lang|sv}}: "Enligt artikel 8 punkt 1 har varje människa rätt till respekt för sitt privatoch familjeliv. Enligt artikel 8 punkt 2 får offentlig myndighet inte inskränka den rättigheten annat än med hänsyn till exempelvis statens säkerhet, den allmänna säkerheten, eller landets ekonomiska välstånd." ["According to Article 8, paragraph 1, every human being has the right to respect for his private and family life. According to Article 8 (2), a public authority may not restrict that right except with regard to, for example, the security of the State, public security, or the economic prosperity of the country. "]</ref> FATCA's data is not used for the benefit of any EU member state. An EU member's economic health is not improved by FATCA, it only avoids the threatened 30% tax sanctions by complying with FATCA.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=50}} {{in lang|sv}}: "...kan det konstateras att varken statens säkerhet, den allmänna säkerheten eller skydd för hälsa eller moraleller för andra personers fri- och rättigheter är relevanta undantagsgrunder i detta fall. De undantagsgrunder som däremot blir intressanta är landets ekonomiska välstånd på grund av den källskatt som påförs transaktioner. ["...it can be stated that neither state security, public security or protection of health or morals for the freedoms and rights of other persons are relevant exceptions in this case. The exceptional grounds that become interesting, on the other hand, are the country's economic prosperity due to the withholding tax imposed on transactions."]</ref>
** '''EU requirements limiting data-sharing'''. FATCA does not fulfill the EU requirements limiting data-sharing which allow sharing to be done only with organizations following the (now invalidated)<ref name="Court of Justice of the European Union Press Release No 117/15">{{cite press release |title=Judgment in Case C-362/14 Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner: The Court of Justice declares that the Commission's US Safe Harbour Decision is invalid |url=http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/P_180250/ |publisher=Court of Justice of the European Union |date=6 October 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> Safe Harbor Principles.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=54}} {{in lang|sv}}: "Enligt direktiv 2000/520/EG, punkt 5, anses adekvat skyddsnivå uppnådd för USA endast då informationen skickas til en organisation som följer de så kallade Safe Harbor Privacy-principerna." ["According to Directive 2000/520/EG, paragraph 5, an adequate level of protection is achieved for the United States only when the information is sent to an organization that complies with the so-called Safe Harbor Privacy Principles."]</ref> The IRS is not listed as meeting this demand.<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=54}} {{in lang|sv}}: "På amerikanska handelsministeriets hemsida finns en lista över de organisationer som anslutit sig till dessa principer. IRS finns inte med i denna lista." ["The US Department of Commerce's website lists the organizations that have adhered to these principles. The IRS is not on this list."]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kctl.uk/8V |title=Accidental Americans: The US Citizenship Conundrum |last=Baker |first=Keir |date=5 January 2016 |website=Keep Calm & Talk Law}}</ref>
** '''EU member state requirements that bank accounts be opened'''. Many EU countries require banks to open accounts for applicants (because this is the only method to receive salary). FATCA's mechanism to close bank accounts if FATCA demands are not met violates such laws (see ''insättningsgaranti'' in Sweden).<ref>{{harvnb|Jisander|2015|p=55}} {{in lang|sv}}: "Lagen om insättningsgaranti (1995:1571), hädanefter IGL, kan enligt Ulrika Hansson tolkas som att finansiella institut såsom banker kan omfattas av insättningsgarantin vilken innebär att ett inlåningskonto måste öppnas för den som så önskar. Om en FFI inte ser någon annan utväg än att avsluta konton ägda av motsträviga klienter kan detta strida mot rätten att inneha ett inlåningskonto menar hon." ["The Deposit Guarantee Act (1995:1571), hereafter IGL, according to Ulrika Hansson, can be interpreted as meaning that financial institutions such as banks can be covered by the deposit guarantee, which means that a deposit account must be opened for those who so wish. If an FFI sees no other way than to close accounts owned by reluctant clients, this may be contrary to the right to hold a deposit account, she says."]</ref> New FATCA IGA requirements demand that banks shall not open accounts for US persons or accounts for non-US persons if the individual refuses to declare US-person status upon bank account applications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sovos.com/blog/fatca-self-certification-could-cause-headaches-for-financial-institutions/ |title=FATCA self-certification could cause headaches for financial institutions |date=August 25, 2015 |website=Sovos Compliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118155630/http://sovos.com/blog/fatca-self-certification-could-cause-headaches-for-financial-institutions/ |archive-date=November 18, 2015}}</ref>
* '''Duplicate reporting requirements'''. FATCA has implemented reporting requirements that significantly overlap with FBAR reporting requirements already in place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-403 |title=Reporting Foreign Accounts to IRS: Extent of Duplication Not Currently Known, but Requirements Can Be Clarified |date=February 28, 2012 |website=Government Accountability Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2015ARC/ARC15_Volume1_LR_05_Foreign-Acct-Reporting.pdf |title=Foreign Account Reporting: Eliminate Duplicative Reporting of Certain Foreign Financial Assets and Adopt a Same-Country Exception for Reporting Financial Assets Held in the Country in Which a U.S. Taxpayer Is a Bona Fide Resident |date=2015 |website=National Taxpayer Advocate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417084035/https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2015ARC/ARC15_Volume1_LR_05_Foreign-Acct-Reporting.pdf |archive-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref> The National Taxpayer Advocate has recommended multiple times to eliminate this duplication.<ref>National Taxpayer Advocate, ''2015 Annual Report to Congress'', pp.353-62.</ref><ref>National Taxpayer Advocate, ''2014 Annual Report to Congress'', pp.343-45.</ref><ref>National Taxpayer Advocate, ''2013 Annual Report to Congress'', pp.228-37.</ref><ref>National Taxpayer Advocate, ''2013 Annual Report to Congress'', pp.238-48.</ref><ref>National Taxpayer Advocate, ''2012 Annual Report to Congress'', p.134-53.</ref><ref>TAS Recommendations for Published Guidance under IRC §§ 6038D and 1471 (Apr. 15, 2015) and (Apr. 24, 2014)</ref><ref>National Taxpayer Advocate Seeks End to Duplicative FATCA Reporting, 2015 TNT 71-16 (Apr. 14, 2015).</ref>
* '''Extreme penalties'''. The maximum penalty for failing to file an FBAR is $100,000 or 50% of the value of the account, whichever is greater for each unfiled annual report. Because the statute of limitations period is six years, the maximum penalty is essentially 300% of the maximum account balances. Another penalty of $10,000 or more may apply if the person does not report the same account on Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets. This would be true even if the taxpayer did not owe any U.S. tax on unreported income from the account, and even if the taxpayer's tax preparer did not inform him or her of the FBAR filing requirement.<ref>National Taxpayer Advocate, ''2013 Annual Report to Congress'', MSP #22.</ref> Such large penalties may be unconstitutional under the excessive fines clause.<ref>The Eighth Amendment provides: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Bopp-Statement-FATCA-4-26.pdf |title=Testimony of James Bopp, Jr. Before the Subcommittee on Government Operations of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Regarding the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act |website=U.S. Senate |access-date=July 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514002004/https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Bopp-Statement-FATCA-4-26.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Refusal of Domestic FATCA'''. Biden administration proposed a sweeping expansion of information reporting of domestic accounts in the US under the "American Families Plan Tax Compliance Agenda", with a threshold as low as 600$, which effectively enforces the report of almost all financial accounts to the IRS. The proposal was rejected by the Congress of the USA in 29 October 2021. Some of the reasons are the violation of privacy of US citizens as a basic right that should be disclosed only under reasonable means, including to the government, the lack of security of the IRS for the treatment of the data, and distrust about the power given to the government.
=== Opposition ===
====Congressional bills to repeal FATCA====
In 2017, bills to repeal FATCA were introduced in Congress: Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) introduced S. 869<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/869 |title=S.869 - A bill to repeal the violation of sovereign nations' laws and privacy matters |date=April 6, 2017 |website=U.S. Congress}}</ref> in the Senate <ref name="paul.senate.gov"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paul.senate.gov/news/sen-rand-paul-introduces-bill-repeal-fatca |title=Sen. Rand Paul Introduces Bill to Repeal FATCA |website=Paul.senate.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://taxcontroversy.foxrothschild.com/2017/11/senator-rand-paul-takes-aim-fatca/ |title=Senator Rand Paul Once Again Takes Aim at FATCA |first=Matthew D. |last=Lee |date=November 30, 2017 |website=Fox Rothschild LLP}}</ref> and Representative Mark Meadows (R-NC) introduced H.R. 2054 in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2054 |title=H.R.2054 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): To repeal the violation of sovereign nations' laws and privacy matters |first=Meadows |last=Mark |date=April 6, 2017 |website=U.S. Congress}}</ref> On 26 April 2017, the Oversight and Government Reform subcommittee on Government Operations held a hearing called 'Reviewing the Unintended Consequences of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act', chaired by Congressman Meadows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rV5FpIn3Eyg |title=The Unintended Consequences of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act |author=oversightandreform |date=April 26, 2017 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

====Republican National Committee====
On January 24, 2014, the Republican National Committee passed a resolution calling for the repeal of FATCA.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abolishfatca.com/live/RNC_FATCA_Resolution.pdf |title=Resolution to Repeal the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) |website=AbolishFATCA.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193459/https://www.abolishfatca.com/live/RNC_FATCA_Resolution.pdf |archive-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref>

====American expatriates====
American Citizens Abroad, Inc., (ACA) a not-for-profit organization claiming to represent the interests of the millions of Americans residing outside the United States, asserts that one of FATCA's problems is citizenship-based taxation (CBT). Originally, ACA called for the US to institute residence-based taxation (RBT) to bring the United States in line with all other OECD countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americansabroad.org/files/6513/6370/3681/finalsubrbtmarch2013.pdf |title=Residence-Based Taxation: A Necessary and Urgent Tax Reform |date=March 2013 |website=American Citizens Abroad |access-date=2016-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724012453/https://americansabroad.org/files/6513/6370/3681/finalsubrbtmarch2013.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2015}}</ref> Later in 2014, two ACA directors commented on the situation of Boris Johnson.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.citizenshipsolutions.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Bugnion-Crim.pdf |title=Letters to the Editor: Thank You, Mayor Boris Johnson, For Speaking for Many |first1=Jackie |last1=Bugnion |first2=Roland |last2=Crim |journal=Tax Notes |date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916025126/http://www.citizenshipsolutions.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Bugnion-Crim.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 16, 2016 }}</ref> In 2015, ACA decided on a more refined stance.<ref>"ACA believes that instead of fighting FATCA with efforts to repeal—essentially telling the Congress that we believe there is no need to combat tax evasion—ACA should fight FATCA on its specific negative effects on the community of Americans overseas", {{cite web |title=News Update: 4th Quarter 2015 |url=http://americansabroad.org/news-and-events/newsletters/ |date=January 1, 2016 |website=American Citizens Abroad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930062749/https://americansabroad.org/news-and-events/newsletters/ |archive-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref> ACA's current position on FATCA as of 2019 is published on its website.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACA's Position on FATCA - Update |url=https://www.americansabroad.org/acas-position-on-fatca-update/ |website=American Citizens Abroad |access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref>

In March, 2015, the United States Senate Committee on Finance sought public submissions to a number of Tax Reform Working Groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/release/?id=3bcf1fcf-9dd8-47d4-9202-21a0870cd8d6 |title=Hatch, Wyden Launch New Effort to Seek Input on Bipartisan Tax Reform |date=March 11, 2015 |website=The United States Senate Committee on Finance}}</ref> Over 70 percent of all submissions to the International Taxation Working Group<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.senate.gov/legislation/details/?id=34184F67-5056-A032-52C8-0A4960018D92 |title=International Tax Working Group Submissions |website=The United States Senate Committee on Finance|date=March 25, 2015 }}</ref> and close to half of all submissions to the Individual Taxation Working Group<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.senate.gov/legislation/details/?id=CFD27F04-5056-A032-52B0-B94A2BBAD764 |title=Individual Tax Working Group Submissions |website=The United States Senate Committee on Finance|date=March 25, 2015 }}</ref> came from individual US expatriates, many citing specific consequences of FATCA in their countries of residence, and nearly all calling both for residence-based taxation and the repeal of FATCA.

====Republicans Overseas Legal Challenge====
In 2014, attorney James Bopp, [[Organization:Republicans Overseas|Republicans Overseas]], and Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky, Mark Crawford, among others, brought suit challenging the constitutionality of FATCA. Paul is among the individuals suing the U.S. Treasury and IRS. The plaintiffs, in the case ''Crawford v. U.S. Department of Treasury'', argued that FATCA and related intergovernmental agreements violated the Senate's power with respect to treaties, the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, or the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/5/superlawyer-jim-bopp-takes-on-mccain-backed-tax-ac/?page=all |title=Superlawyer Jim Bopp takes on McCain-backed tax act that targets Americans overseas |first=Ralph Z. |last=Hallow |date=May 5, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/24/sen-rand-paul-sue-irs-us-treasury/ |title=Rand Paul to sue IRS, U.S. Treasury |work=The Washington Times}}</ref> In 2016, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio dismissed the suit, determining that the plaintiffs lacked [[Social:Standing (law)|standing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/789224/sen-rand-paul-s-fatca-lawsuit-tossed-for-lack-of-standing |title=Sen. Rand Paul's FATCA Lawsuit Tossed For Lack of Standing |first=Jack |last=Newsham |date=April 26, 2016 |website=Law360}}</ref> In 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld the dismissal.<ref name=Crawford>{{cite court |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/868/438/|litigants=Crawford v. U.S. Dep't of the Treasury |vol=868 |reporter=F.3d |opinion=438 |court=6th Cir. |date=2017}}</ref>

====Canadians, particularly those considered to be American persons for taxation purposes====
Two American-Canadian dual citizens living in Canada, Virginia Hillis and Gwendolyn Louise Deegan, sued the Canadian government (specifically the Attorney General of Canada and the Minister of National Revenue) in 2014 in the Federal Court of Canada, claiming (among other things) that the intergovernmental US-Canadian agreement that implements FATCA violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, particularly the provisions related to discrimination on the basis of citizenship or national origin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/group-plans-constitutional-challenge-to-budget-bill/article19399762/ |title=Group plans constitutional challenge to budget bill |first=Josh |last=Wingrove |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |date=June 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/expats-in-canada-sue-over-u-s-effort-to-collect-taxes-abroad-1407856738 |title=U.S. Expats Sue Over Canadian Deal to Tell Washington About Their Accounts |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |first=Rita |last=Trichur |date=August 12, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1504452/dual-citizens-sue-feds-over-fatca-deal-letting-banks-pass-info-to-irs/ |title=Dual citizens sue feds over FATCA tax deal with U.S. |first=Patrick |last=Cain |date=August 12, 2014 |website=Global News}}</ref><ref name=Pearse>{{cite web |url=https://www.pearse-trust.ie/blog/canadian-court-denies-fatca-challenge-door-open-for-appeal |title=Canadian Court Denies FATCA Challenge – Door Open For Appeal |date=November 23, 2015 |website=Pearse Trust}}</ref> The suit was prepared by a group called the Alliance for the Defence of Canadian Sovereignty (ADCS).<ref name=Pearse/> In 2015, the Federal Court of Canada dismissed the suit, upholding the intergovernmental agreement.<ref name=Pearse/><ref name=Sovos>{{cite web |url=https://sovos.com/blog/2015/10/03/canadian-court-dismisses-fatca-lawsuit/ |title=Canadian Court Dismisses FATCA Lawsuit |date=October 3, 2015 |website=Sovos}}</ref> The Federal Court also rejected the claims in 2019,<ref name=2019Dismisses>{{cite web |url=https://www.advisor.ca/tax/tax-news/federal-court-dismisses-fatca-charter-challenge/ |title=Federal Court dismisses FATCA charter challenge |date=July 22, 2019 |website=Advisor's Edge}}</ref><ref name=2019Duo>{{cite web |first=Cristian |last=Angeloni |url=https://international-adviser.com/canadian-duo-takes-fatca-fight-to-court-of-appeals/ |title=Canadian duo takes FATCA fight to court of appeals |work=International Adviser |date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> although a further appeal to the Federal Court of Appeal may follow.<ref name=2019Duo/>

====Democrats Abroad====
In April 2022, Democrats Abroad's Taxation Task Force voted to update its position, supporting the repeal of FATCA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://americanexpatfinance.com/tax/item/950-dems-abroad-seeks-to-open-door-to-discussions-on-fatcas-future | title=Dems Abroad TTF in move to open door to discussions on FATCA's future | date=April 18, 2022 }}</ref>

== Implementation ==
On September 11, 2018, the U.S. Government successfully prosecuted its first case against an individual for conspiracy to defraud the United States by failing to comply with FATCA. Former CEO of (liquidated) Loyal Bank Limited,{{efn|Loyal Bank Limited was based in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} Adrian Paul Baron (a British citizen) was arrested in Hungary, then transported to the U.S. for trial. Baron pleaded guilty, and was subsequently removed to England by authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/ice-removes-uk-national-convicted-violating-fatca |title=ICE removes UK national convicted of violating FATCA |date=February 22, 2019 |website=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref>

=== Domestic ===
FATCA added {{USC|26|6038D}} (section 6038D of the Internal Revenue Code) which requires the reporting of any interest in foreign financial assets over $50,000 after March 18, 2010. FATCA also added a requirement in {{USC|26|1471|1474}} that US payors withhold taxes on payments to foreign financial institutions (FFI) and nonfinancial foreign entities (NFFE) that have not agreed to provide the IRS with information on accounts held by US persons. FATCA also added {{USC|26|1298(f)}} requiring shareholders of a [[Finance:Passive foreign investment company|passive foreign investment company]] (PFIC) to report certain information.

The US Department of the Treasury issued temporary and proposed regulations on December 14, 2011, ({{USCFR|26|1|6038D-0T}} ''et seq.'') for reporting foreign financial assets, requiring the filing of [https://www.irs.gov/uac/Form-8938,-Statement-of-Foreign-Financial-Assets Form 8938] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421041934/https://www.irs.gov/uac/Form-8938,-Statement-of-Foreign-Financial-Assets |date=April 21, 2016 }} with income tax returns.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRS Releases Guidance on Foreign Financial Asset Reporting |website=[[Finance:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]] |date=December 14, 2011 |url=https://www.irs.gov/uac/IRS-Releases-Guidance-on-Foreign-Financial-Asset-Reporting |access-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517222924/https://www.irs.gov/uac/irs-releases-guidance-on-foreign-financial-asset-reporting |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{USFR|76|78553}} of December 19, 2011. {{USFR|76|78594}} of December 19, 2011.</ref> The Department of the Treasury issued final regulations and guidance on reporting interest paid to nonresident aliens on April 16, 2012 ({{USCFR|26|1|6049-4}} ''et seq.'', {{USCFR|26|31|3406(g)-1}}).<ref>{{USFR|77|23391}} of April 19, 2012</ref> Treasury issued proposed regulations regarding information reporting by, and withholding of payments to, foreign financial institutions on February 8, 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=Treasury, IRS Issue Proposed Regulations for FATCA Implementation |website=[[Finance:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]] |date=February 8, 2012 |url=https://www.irs.gov/uac/Treasury,-IRS-Issue-Proposed-Regulations-for-FATCA-Implementation |access-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-date=October 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003201420/http://www.irs.gov/uac/Treasury,-IRS-Issue-Proposed-Regulations-for-FATCA-Implementation |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Treasury and IRS Issue Proposed Regulations Under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act to Improve Offshore Tax Compliance and Reduce Burden |website=United States Department of the Treasury |date=February 8, 2012 |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1412.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{USFR|77|9022}} of February 15, 2012</ref> and final regulations on January 17, 2013 ({{USCFR|26|1|1471-0}} ''et seq.'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Treasury and IRS Issue Final Regulations to Combat Offshore Tax Evasion |website=United States Department of the Treasury |date=January 17, 2013 |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1825.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{USFR|78|5874}} of January 28, 2013.</ref> On December 31, 2013, the IRS published temporary and proposed regulations ({{USCFR|26|1|1291-0T}} ''et seq.'') on annual filing requirements for shareholders of PFICs.<ref>{{USFR|78|79602}} of December 31, 2013. {{USFR|78|79650}} of December 31, 2013. {{USFR|78|79652}} of December 31, 2013.</ref> On February 20, 2014, the IRS issued temporary and proposed regulations making additions and clarifications to previously issued regulations and providing guidance to coordinate FATCA rules with preexisting requirements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treasury Releases Last Substantial Rules Package to Combat Offshore Tax Evasion |date=February 20, 2014 |website=United States Department of the Treasury |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2296.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{USFR|79|12725}} of March 06, 2014. {{USFR|79|12811}} of March 06, 2014. {{USFR|79|12867}} of March 06, 2014. {{USFR|79|12879}} of March 06, 2014.</ref>

On April 2, 2014, the U.S. Department of the Treasury extended from April 25, 2014, to May 5, 2014, the deadline by which an FFI must register with the IRS in order to appear on the initial public list of "Global Intermediary Identification Numbers" (GIINs) maintained by the IRS, also known as the "FFI List."<ref name=in-substance>{{cite web |title=Treasury to Treat Jurisdictions with FATCA Agreements in Substance as Agreements in Effect to Prepare for Start of Law |website=United States Department of the Treasury |date=April 2, 2014 |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2343.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Scott S. |last1=Jones |first2=Amy G. |last2=Drais |first3=Amy |last3=Blackwood |first4=Howard J. |last4=Beber |first5=Sarah K. |last5=Cherry |first6=Daniel J. |last6=Davis |title=IRS Offers FATCA Relief, Extending Registration Deadline and Expanding Intergovernmental Agreement List - Internal Revenue Service, Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act |journal=The National Law Review |date=11 April 2014 |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/irs-offers-fatca-relief-extending-registration-deadline-and-expanding-intergovernmen |access-date=13 April 2014 |publisher=Proskauer Rose LLP.}}</ref> In June 2014, the IRS began publishing a monthly online list of registered FFIs, intended to allow withholding agents to verify the GIINs of their payees in order to establish that withholding is not required on payments to those payees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/International-Businesses/IRS-FFI-List-Schema-and-Test-Files |title=FFI List Schema and Test Files |website=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref>

=== International implementation ===
Implementation of FATCA may encounter legal hurdles. It may be illegal in foreign jurisdictions for financial institutions to disclose the required account information.<ref>{{cite web |website=Shearman & Sterling LLP |title=Key Aspects of the FATCA Regime |date=May 15, 2012 |url=http://www.shearman.com/files/Publication/4a2d6d20-5450-4e0b-ad00-f7877cc20d5d/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/9e3fbc25-e29f-4b78-96f6-99fa73bef44c/Key-Aspects-of-the-FATCA-Regime-Tax-052112.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319040655/http://www.shearman.com/files/Publication/4a2d6d20-5450-4e0b-ad00-f7877cc20d5d/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/9e3fbc25-e29f-4b78-96f6-99fa73bef44c/Key-Aspects-of-the-FATCA-Regime-Tax-052112.pdf |archive-date=March 19, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a controversy about the appropriateness of intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) to solve any of these problems, intellectually spearheaded by Allison Christians.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Dubious Legal Pedigree of IGAs (and Why it Matters) |journal=Tax Notes International |publisher=Tax Analysts |volume=69 |issue=6 |page=565 |first=Allison |last=Christians |date=February 11, 2013 |ssrn=2280508}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IRS claims statutory authority for FATCA agreements where no such authority exists |first=Allison |last=Christians |date=July 4, 2014 |url=http://taxpol.blogspot.co.nz/2014/07/irs-claims-statutory-authority-for.html |website=Tax, Society & Culture}}</ref>

France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom announced in 2012 they consented to cooperate with the U.S. on FATCA implementation,<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Statement from the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom Regarding an Intergovernmental Approach to Improving International Tax Compliance and Implementing FATCA |date=February 8, 2012 |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Documents/020712%20Treasury%20IRS%20FATCA%20Joint%20Statement.pdf |website=United States Department of the Treasury}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=News Analysis: U.K. Hoping U.S. Will Make FATCA Easier to Swallow |first=Jeremiah |last=Coder |work=Tax Notes Today |date=June 28, 2012}}</ref> as did Switzerland, Japan<ref>{{cite news |work=Accounting Today |title=U.S. Strikes FATCA Deals with Switzerland and Japan |last=Cohn |first=Michael |date=June 21, 2012 |url=http://www.accountingtoday.com/news/fatca-switzerland-japan-treasury-63091-1.html}}</ref> and South Africa.

The deputy director general of legal affairs of the [[Company:People's Bank of China|People's Bank of China]], the [[Finance:Central bank|central bank]] of the People's Republic of China, Liu Xiangmin said "China's banking and tax laws and regulations do not allow Chinese financial institutions to comply with FATCA directly."<ref>{{cite news |title=China central bank official slams U.S. tax dodging law |first=Michael |last=Flaherty |editor-first=Larry |editor-last=King |work={{wipe|Reuters}} |date=November 28, 2012 |location=[[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-regulation-china-idUSBRE8AR0N720121128}}</ref> The U.S. Department of the Treasury suspended negotiations with Russia in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/ap-enterprise-us-unleash-irs-russian-banks-23593797 |title=US to Use Tax Law on Russian Banks |date=May 5, 2014 |first=Stephen |last=Ohlemacher |work=ABC News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506012127/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/ap-enterprise-us-unleash-irs-russian-banks-23593797 |archive-date=May 6, 2014}}</ref> Russia, while not ruling out an agreement, requires full reciprocity and abandonment of US extraterritoriality before signing an IGA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moscow wants tax information exchanges with U.S. to be mutual, balanced |date=November 2, 2013 |agency=Interfax |work=Russia Beyond the Headlines |url=http://rbth.co.uk/news/2013/11/02/moscow_wants_tax_information_exchanges_with_us_to_be_mutual_balanced_31406.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |script-title=ru:Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России в связи с сообщениями СМИ о подготовке российско-американского соглашения об обмене налоговой информацией  |trans-title=Commentary by the Information and Press Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry in connection with media reports on the preparation of a Russian-American agreement on the exchange of tax information |language=ru |date=November 2, 2013 |website=Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/F422FC5604891F1344257C1700419F07}}</ref> Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on June 30, 2014, that allowed Russian banks to transfer FATCA data directly to US tax authorities—after first reporting the information to the Russian government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Signs Last-Minute Law to Satisfy FATCA |first=Delphine |last=d'Amora |date=June 30, 2014 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/putin-signs-last-minute-law-to-satisfy-fatca/502732.html}}</ref> Russian banks are required to obtain client consent first but can deny service if that consent is not given.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intergovernmental agreement monitor |website=[[Company:PricewaterhouseCoopers|PricewaterhouseCoopers]] |url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/financial-services/publications/fatca-publications/intergovernmental-agreements-monitor.jhtml#russia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318123810/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/financial-services/publications/fatca-publications/intergovernmental-agreements-monitor.jhtml |archive-date=March 18, 2014}}</ref> Bangladeshi banks, which have accounts of US taxpayers, may report to the IRS, However they need prior approval of their clients.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh Bank suggests FATCA reporting by local banks |url=https://resource.ogrlegal.com/bangladesh-bank-suggest-fatca-reporting/ |website=Resource portal of OGR Legal |date=January 20, 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

A 2014 Swiss referendum against the act did not come to fruition.<ref name=SwissFATCA/>

In 2019, only Japan has signed a protocol to assist in collection of taxes to residents, including penalties for willful failure to file tax return.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/114/cdoc/tdoc1/CDOC-114tdoc1.pdf |title=Protocol Amending the Convention between USA and Japan |date=April 13, 2015 |website=U.S. Congress}}</ref>

==== Intergovernmental agreements ====
As enacted by Congress, FATCA was intended to form the basis for a relationship between the U.S. Department of the Treasury and individual foreign banks. Some FFIs responded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uppsatser.se/uppsats/e4f5b128c4/ |title=Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act: om USA:s extraterritoriella rättstillämpning och lagens förenlighet med svensk banksekretess |trans-title=Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act: on US extraterritorial law enforcement and the law's compatibility with Swedish bank secrecy |first=Helena |last=Karlsson |date=2013 |website=Uppsatser |language=sv}}</ref> however, that it was not possible for them to follow their own countries' laws on privacy, confidentiality, discrimination, and so on and simultaneously comply with FATCA as enacted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bsmlegal.com/PDFs/FATCA_ANZBankGrp.pdf |title=Text of the FATCA Comment Letter Submitted by Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited |date=7 June 2011 |website=BSM Legal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062917/http://bsmlegal.com/PDFs/FATCA_ANZBankGrp.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.treasury.govt.nz/downloads/pdfs/b14-info/b14-2828155.pdf |title=Budget 2014 Information Release |date=July 2014 |website=New Zealand Treasury |page=15 |access-date=September 19, 2015 |quote=...the US legislation prima facie breaches New Zealand privacy and tax laws, which will impact on NZFIs' ability to comply |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121070509/http://www.treasury.govt.nz/downloads/pdfs/b14-info/b14-2828155.pdf |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This resulted in the creation of [[Finance:Tax information exchange agreement|intergovernmental agreement]]s (IGAs) between the Executive Branch of the United States government and foreign governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgbt.lu/en/securities-services/regulatory-watch/fatca/fatca-faq/ |title=FATCA FAQ |website=[[Company:Société Générale|Société Générale]] |access-date=February 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095349/http://www.sgbt.lu/en/securities-services/regulatory-watch/fatca/fatca-faq/ |archive-date=March 2, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This development resulted in foreign governments implementing the US FATCA requirements into their own legal systems, which in turn allowed those governments to change their privacy and discrimination laws<ref name=uu.diva-portal.org>{{cite thesis |url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:792177/FULLTEXT01.pdf |title=Rättigheter vid informationsutbyte i spåren av FATCA |trans-title=Rights in the exchange of information in the footsteps of FATCA |language=sv |first=Gustav |last=Berg |type=MA |publisher=[[Organization:Uppsala University|Uppsala University]] Faculty of Law |date=2015}}</ref> to allow the identification and reporting of US persons via those governments.<ref name=uu.diva-portal.org/> 
 
[[File:FATCA implementation agreements.svg|thumb|400 px|{{legend|#0077DD|United States}}
Jurisdictions with agreements regarding FATCA implementation<br/>{{legend|#77DD00|Model 1 agreement in force}}
{{legend|#DD0077|Model 2 agreement in force}}
{{legend|#337700|Model 1 agreement not in force}}
{{legend|#770033|Model 2 agreement not in force}}]]
The United States Department of the Treasury has published model IGAs which follow two approaches. Under Model 1, financial institutions in the partner country report information about U.S. accounts to the tax authority of the partner country. That tax authority then provides the information to the United States. Model 1 comes in a reciprocal version (Model 1A), under which the United States will also share information about the partner country's taxpayers with the partner country, and a nonreciprocal version (Model 1B). Under Model 2, partner country financial institutions report directly to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, and the partner country agrees to lower any legal barriers to that reporting.<ref name=treasury.gov/> Model 2 is available in two versions: 2A with no Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) or Double Tax Convention (DTC) required, and 2B for countries with a pre-existing TIEA or DTC. The agreements generally require parliamentary approval in the countries they are concluded with, but the United States is not pursuing ratification of this as a treaty.

In April 2014, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and IRS announced that any jurisdictions that reach "agreements in substance" and consent to their compliance statuses being published by the July 1, 2014, deadline would be treated as having an IGA in effect through the end of 2014, ensuring no penalties would be incurred during that time while giving more jurisdictions an opportunity to finalize formal IGAs.<ref name=in-substance/><ref name=treasury.gov/>

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) said "FATCA in its current form lacks complete reciprocity from the US counterparts, and there is an asymmetry in due-diligence requirements." Furthermore, "Sources close to the development say the signing has been delayed because of Indian financial institutions' unpreparedness."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-flags-down-govt-on-india-us-tax-pact-114122900041_1.html |title=Sebi flags down govt on India-US tax pact |first=Jayshree P. |last=Upadhyay |date=December 29, 2014 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref>

With Canada's agreement in February 2014, all [[Organization:G7|G7]] countries have signed intergovernmental agreements. {{Asof|2023|1}}, the following jurisdictions have concluded intergovernmental agreements with the United States regarding the implementation of FATCA, most of which have entered into force.<ref name=treasury.gov>{{cite web |title=U.S. Treasury FATCA Resource Center |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |website=United States Department of the Treasury}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|+ Intergovernmental agreements
|-
! Jurisdiction !! Model !! Signature !! Entry into force !! Notes
|-
|{{left|{{DZA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|October 13, 2015}} || {{dts|January 18, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{AGO}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 9, 2015}} || {{dts|October 2, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{AIA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|January 15, 2017}} || {{dts|June 22, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{ATG}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 31, 2016}} || {{dts|June 7, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{ARG}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 18, 2022}} || {{dts|January 1, 2023}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{ARM}}}} || 2 || {{dts|February 12, 2018}} || {{dts|July 7, 2019}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{AUS}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 28, 2014}} || {{dts|June 30, 2014}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treasury.gov.au/Policy-Topics/Taxation/Tax-Treaties/HTML/Intergovernmental-Agreement |website=Australia Department of the Treasury |title=Australia-US Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) to improve international tax compliance and to implement FATCA (the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) |access-date=July 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806155615/http://www.treasury.gov.au/Policy-Topics/Taxation/Tax-Treaties/HTML/Intergovernmental-Agreement |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||
|-
|{{left|{{AUT}}}} || 2 || {{dts|April 29, 2014}} || {{dts|December 9, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{AZE}}}} || 1 || {{dts|September 9, 2015}} || {{dts|November 5, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{BHS}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 3, 2014}} || {{dts|September 17, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{BHR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|January 18, 2017}} || {{dts|March 5, 2018}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{BRB}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 17, 2014}} || {{dts|September 25, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{BLR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|March 18, 2015}} || {{dts|July 29, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{BEL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 23, 2014}} || {{dts|December 23, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{BMU}}}} || 2 || {{dts|December 19, 2013}} || {{dts|August 19, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/l/treaty/tias/2014/index.htm |title=2014 Treaties and Agreements |website=United States Department of State}}</ref> ||
|-
|{{left|{{BRA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|September 23, 2014}} || {{dts|June 26, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{VGB}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 30, 2014}} || {{dts|July 13, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{BGR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 5, 2014}} || {{dts|June 30, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{KHM}}}} || 1 || {{dts|September 14, 2015}} || {{dts|December 23, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{CAN}}}} || 1 || {{dts|February 5, 2014}} || {{dts|June 27, 2014}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fin.gc.ca/treaties-conventions/notices/unitedstates-etatsunis_1-eng.asp |website=Department of Finance Canada |title=Entry into Force of the Information Exchange Agreement between Canada and the United States |date=July 2, 2014 |access-date=July 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107194949/https://www.fin.gc.ca/treaties-conventions/notices/unitedstates-etatsunis_1-eng.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{left|Implementation act published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fin.gc.ca/drleg-apl/2014/can-us-eu-0214l-eng.asp |title=Legislative Proposals Relating To the Canada–United States Enhanced Tax Information Exchange Agreement |work=Department of Finance, Canada |access-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305180451/http://www.fin.gc.ca/drleg-apl/2014/can-us-eu-0214l-eng.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{left|{{CPV}}}} || 1 || {{dts|March 30, 2021}} ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{CYM}}}} || 1B<ref name="Bilateral Pacts Represent First FATCA Agreements in the Caribbean">{{cite web | url=https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=54942bd0a2b5d61771383206e41215c0&csvc=lt&cform=byCitation&_fmtstr=FULL&docnum=1&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLzVzt-zSkAb&_md5=adcab8e0fd1241439c7689a186ca20da |title=Bilateral Pacts Represent First FATCA Agreements in the Caribbean |website=Tax Analysts |date=November 29, 2013 |access-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref> || {{dts|November 29, 2013}} || {{dts|July 1, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{CHL}}}} || 2 || {{dts|March 5, 2014}} ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{CHN}}}} || 1 || "in substance" ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{COL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 20, 2015}} || {{dts|August 27, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{CRI}}}} || 1A<ref name="Bilateral Pacts Represent First FATCA Agreements in the Caribbean"/> || {{dts|November 26, 2013}} || {{dts|July 8, 2019}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{HRV}}}} || 1 || {{dts|March 20, 2015}} || {{dts|December 27, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{CUW}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 16, 2014}} || {{dts|August 3, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{CYP}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 2, 2014}} || {{dts|September 21, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{CZE}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 4, 2014}} || {{dts|December 18, 2014}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{DNK}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 19, 2012}} || {{dts|September 30, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> || style=text-align:left| Implementation law L67 passed December 20, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.dk/samling/20131/lovforslag/l67/beh1/forhandling.htm?startItem=20 |title=L 67 - Forslag til lov om ændring af skattekontrolloven og forskellige andre love. (Indberetning og automatisk udveksling af skatterelevante oplysninger om finansielle konti samt ophævelse af bagatelgrænser for ind- og udbetalinger m.v). |trans-title=L 67 - Proposal for an Act amending the Tax Control Act and various other acts. (Reporting and automatic exchange of tax-relevant information on financial accounts as well as abolition of de minimis limits for deposits and withdrawals, etc.). |date=26 November 2013 |language=da |website=Folketinget}}</ref> Draft implementation regulation published, hearing ended May 8, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hoeringsportalen.dk/Hearing/Details/28692 |title=Bekendtgørelse om identifikation og indberetning af konti med tilknytning til USA |trans-title=Executive Order on the Identification and Reporting of Accounts Associated with the United States |date=11 April 2014 |language=da |website=Høringsportalen}}</ref> Due diligence deadlines June 30, 2015, and June 30, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwc.dk/da/nyt/skat/selskabsskat/fatca-dansk-lov.jhtml |title=Dansk lov om FATCA |trans-title=Danish law on FATCA |language=da |website=PricewaterhouseCoopers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306122303/http://www.pwc.dk/da/nyt/skat/selskabsskat/fatca-dansk-lov.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|{{left|{{DMA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 15, 2018}} || {{dts|August 12, 2019}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{DOM}}}} || 1 || {{dts|September 15, 2016}} || {{dts|July 17, 2019}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{EST}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 11, 2014}} || {{dts|July 9, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{FIN}}}} || 1 || {{dts|March 5, 2014}} || {{dts|February 20, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/l/treaty/tias/2015/index.htm |title=2015 Treaties and Agreements |website=United States Department of State}}</ref> ||
|-
|{{left|{{FRA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 14, 2013}} || {{dts|October 14, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{GEO}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 10, 2015}} || {{dts|September, 18 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{DEU}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 31, 2013}} || {{dts|December 11, 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/235185.pdf |title=Treaties in Force 2014 |website=United States Department of State}}</ref> ||
|-
|{{left|{{GIB}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 8, 2014}} || {{dts|September 17, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{GRC}}}} || 1 || {{dts|January 19, 2017}} || {{dts|December 13, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{GRL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|January 17, 2017}} || {{dts|November 30, 2018}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{GRD}}}} || 1 || {{dts|October 17, 2016}} || {{dts|April 6, 2018}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{GGY}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 13, 2013}} || {{dts|August 26, 2015}} || {{left|Draft implementation regulation published.<ref name=CD/>}}
|-
|{{left|{{GUY}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 29, 2016}} || {{dts|September 29, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{HTI}}}} || 1 || "in substance" ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{HND}}}} || 1 || {{dts|March 31, 2014}} || {{dts|February 19, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{HKG}}}} || 2 || {{dts|November 13, 2014}} || {{dts|July 6, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{HUN}}}} || 1 || {{dts|February 4, 2014}} || {{dts|July 16, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{ISL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 26, 2015}} || {{dts|September 22, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{IND}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 9, 2015}} || {{dts|August 31, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{IDN}}}} || 1 || "in substance" ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{IRQ}}}} || 2 || "in substance" ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{IRL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|January 23, 2013}} || {{dts|April 2, 2014}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{IMN}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 13, 2013}} || {{dts|August 26, 2015}} || {{left|Draft implementation regulation published.<ref name=CD/>}}
|-
|{{left|{{ISR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 30, 2014}} || {{dts|August 29, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{ITA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|January 10, 2014}} || {{dts|August 17, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{JAM}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 2, 2014}} || {{dts|September 24, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{JPN}}}} || 2 || {{dts|June 11, 2013}} || {{dts|June 11, 2013}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{JEY}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 13, 2013}} || {{dts|October 28, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> || {{left|Draft implementation regulation published.<ref name=CD>{{cite web |url=http://www.whereyoucan.com/ibweb/res/pdf//Draft%20guidance%20notes%2031.01.2014.pdf |title=Taxation (International Tax Compliance) (Crown Dependency [CD]) Regulations 2014, Guidance notes |date=January 31, 2014 |website=Whereyoucan.com |access-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307020710/http://www.whereyoucan.com/ibweb/res/pdf//Draft%20guidance%20notes%2031.01.2014.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2014}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{left|{{KAZ}}}} || 1 || {{dts|September 11, 2017}} || {{dts|April 5, 2022}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{KOS}}}} || 1 || {{dts|February 26, 2015}} || {{dts|November 4, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{KWT}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 29, 2015}} || {{dts|January 28, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{LVA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 27, 2014}} || {{dts|December 15, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{LIE}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 19, 2014}} || {{dts|January 22, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{LTU}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 26, 2014}} || {{dts|October 7, 2014}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{LUX}}}} || 1 || {{dts|March 28, 2014}} || {{dts|July 29, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{MAC}}}} || 2 || {{dts|December 14, 2016}} || {{dts|July 30, 2021}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{MYS}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 21, 2021}} || {{dts|October 3, 2022}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{MLT}}}} || 1A<ref>{{cite news |title=2013 TNT 243-24 Malta Announces Signing of FATCA Agreement with U.S. |work=Tax Analysts |date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> || {{dts|December 16, 2013}} || {{dts|June 26, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{MUS}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 27, 2013}} || {{dts|August 29, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{MEX}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 19, 2012}} || {{dts|January 1, 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Mexico-11-19-2012.pdf |title=Agreement between the Department of the Treasury of the United States of America and the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit of the United Mexican States to Improve International Tax Compliance including with respect to FATCA |date=2012 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |quote=Article 10, Term of Agreement, para 1. The Agreement shall enter into force on January 1st, 2013 and shall continue in force until terminated.}}</ref> || {{left|Replaced by revised treaty on April 9, 2014, with no break in enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Mexico-4-17-2014.pdf |title=Agreement between the Department of the Treasury of the United States of America and the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit of the United Mexican States to Improve International Tax Compliance including with respect to FATCA [Article 10(1)] |date=2014 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{left|{{MDA}}}} || 2 || {{dts|November 26, 2014}} || {{dts|January 21, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{MNE}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 1, 2017}} || {{dts|March 28, 2018}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{MSR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|September 8, 2015}} || {{dts|October 28, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{NLD}}}} || 1A<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Netherlands-12-18-2013.pdf |title=Agreement between the United States of America and the Kingdom of the Netherlands to Improve International Tax Compliance and to Implement FATCA |date=December 18, 2013 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref> || {{dts|December 18, 2013}} || {{dts|April 9, 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officielebekendmakingen.nl/trb-2015-72.html |title=Briefwisseling tussen Nederland en de VS |trans-title=Correspondence between the Netherlands and the US |language=nl |website=Government of the Netherlands |date=April 28, 2015 |access-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref> ||
|-
|{{left|{{NIC}}}} || 2 || "in substance" ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{NZL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 12, 2014}} || {{dts|July 3, 2014}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ird.govt.nz/resources/c/8/c85d2b32-6a3b-483c-a7e8-e5be274c21ab/fatca-us-reportable-accounts-guidance-notes-30-july-2014.pdf |title=Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) - U.S. Reportable Accounts Guidance Notes |website=Inland Revenue Department |at=p. 3, Introduction (1) |date=July 9, 2014 |access-date=August 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812120459/http://www.ird.govt.nz/resources/c/8/c85d2b32-6a3b-483c-a7e8-e5be274c21ab/fatca-us-reportable-accounts-guidance-notes-30-july-2014.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||
|-
|{{left|{{NOR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 15, 2013}} || {{dts|January 27, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{PAN}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 27, 2016}} || {{dts|October 25, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{PRY}}}} || 2 || "in substance" ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{PER}}}} || 1 || "in substance" ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{PHL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 13, 2015}} ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{POL}}}} || 1 || {{dts|October 7, 2014}} || {{dts|July 1, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{PRT}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 6, 2015}} || {{dts|August 10, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{QAT}}}} || 1 || {{dts|January 7, 2015}} || {{dts|June 23, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{ROU}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 28, 2015}} || {{dts|November 3, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{KNA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 31, 2015}} || {{dts|April 28, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{LCA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 19, 2015}} || {{dts|September 1, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{nowrap|{{VCT}}}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 18, 2015}} || {{dts|May 13, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{SMR}}}} || 2 || {{dts|October 28, 2015}} || {{dts|August 30, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{SAU}}}} || 1 || {{dts|November 15, 2016}} || {{dts|February 28, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{SRB}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 10, 2019}} || {{dts|January 8, 2020}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{SYC}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 1, 2019}} ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{SGP}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 9, 2014}} || {{dts|March 28, 2015}} || {{left|Replaced by revised agreement signed on November 18, 2018, entered into force on January 1, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Singapore-11-18-2018.pdf |title=Agreement between the government of the United States of America and the government of the Republic of Singapore to improve international tax compliance and to implement FATCA |date=November 18, 2018 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{left|{{SVK}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 31, 2015}} || {{dts|November 9, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{SVN}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 2, 2014}} || {{dts|July 1, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{ZAF}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 9, 2014}} || {{dts|October 28, 2014}}<ref name=tias2014/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{KOR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 10, 2015}} || {{dts|September 8, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{ESP}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 14, 2013}} || {{dts|December 9, 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/l/treaty/tias/2013/index.htm |title=2013 Treaties and Agreements |website=United States Department of State}}</ref> ||
|-
|{{left|{{SWE}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 8, 2014}} || {{dts|March 1, 2015}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{CHE}}}} || 2<ref>{{cite web |title=FATCA agreement |website=State Secretariat for International Financial Matters |url=http://www.sif.admin.ch/sif/en/home/themen/internationale-steuerpolitik/fatca-abkommen.html |quote=The Federal Council approved the mandate for negotiations with the United States on switching to Model 1 on 8 October 2014. |access-date=June 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704103654/https://www.sif.admin.ch/sif/en/home/themen/internationale-steuerpolitik/fatca-abkommen.html |archive-date=July 4, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{dts|February 14, 2013}} || {{dts|June 2, 2014}}<ref name=SwissFATCA>{{cite web |url=http://www.sif.admin.ch/sif/en/home/dokumentation/medienmitteilungen/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-53267.html |title=Federal Council brings FATCA Act into force |date=June 6, 2014 |website=State Secretariat for International Financial Matters}}</ref> || {{left|Parliamentary approval obtained;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/de/home/topics/intla/intrea/dbstv/data44/e_99994344.html |language=de |title=Internationales Abkommen, Agreement between Switzerland and the United States of America for Cooperation to Facilitate the Implementation of FATCA |website=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308010106/http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/de/home/topics/intla/intrea/dbstv/data44/e_99994344.html |archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> insufficient supporters for a referendum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Entry into force of FATCA agreement between Switzerland and United States was delayed by six months |date=September 30, 2013 |url=http://www.admin.ch/aktuell/00089/index.html?lang=en&msg-id=50414 |website=The Federal Authorities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111184455/http://www.admin.ch/aktuell/00089/index.html?lang=en&msg-id=50414 |archive-date=January 11, 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{left|{{TWN}}}} || 2 || {{dts|December 22, 2016}} ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{THA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|March 4, 2016}} ||  ||
|-
|{{left|{{TTO}}}} || 1 || {{dts|August 19, 2016}} || {{dts|September 22, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{TUN}}}} || 1 || {{dts|May 13, 2019}} || {{dts|September 9, 2019}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{TUR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 29, 2015}} || {{dts|June 14, 2021}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{TKM}}}} || 1 || {{dts|July 28, 2017}} || {{dts|November 6, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{TCA}}}} || 1 || {{dts|December 1, 2014}} || {{dts|July 25, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{UKR}}}} || 1 || {{dts|February 7, 2017}} || {{dts|November 18, 2019}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{ARE}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 17, 2015}} || {{dts|February 19, 2016}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{GBR}}}} || 1A || {{dts|September 12, 2012}} || {{dts|August 11, 2014}}{{efn|name=Uk|In the UK, formal approval of treaties by the legislature before ratification is not required, although the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 requires that they are presented to Parliament with an explanatory memorandum, which the government did in September 2012.}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{UZB}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 3, 2015}} || {{dts|July 7, 2017}} ||
|-
|{{left|{{VAT}}}} || 1 || {{dts|June 10, 2015}} || {{dts|June 10, 2015}}<ref name=tias2015/> ||
|-
|{{left|{{VNM}}}} || 1 || {{dts|April 1, 2016}} || {{dts|July 7, 2016}} ||
|}

=== Delays in implementation of IGAs ===
Many jurisdictions are required to have their IGAs in effect and start exchange of information by 30 September 2015. The US IRS has issued Notice 2015–66, which relaxes the deadline for countries which have signed Model 1 IGAs "to hand over information regarding accounts held by U.S. taxpayers",<ref name="taxcontroversywatch.com">{{cite web |url=https://taxcontroversywatch.com/2015/09/18/fatca-update-treasury-relaxes-september-30-deadline-for-model-1-iga-jurisdictions-to-exchange-tax-information/ |title=FATCA Update: Treasury Relaxes September 30 Deadline for Model 1 IGA Jurisdictions to Exchange Tax Information |first=Matthew D. |last=Lee |date=September 18, 2015 |website=Tax Controversy Watch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115820/https://taxcontroversywatch.com/2015/09/18/fatca-update-treasury-relaxes-september-30-deadline-for-model-1-iga-jurisdictions-to-exchange-tax-information/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-15-66.pdf |title=Notice 2015-66: Extension of FATCA Transitional Rules for Gross Proceeds, Foreign Passthru Payments, Limited Branches and Limited FFIs, and Sponsored Entities; Modification to Grandfathered Obligation Rule with Respect to Collateral; and Reporting of 2014 Information under a Model 1 IGA |website=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> if the jurisdiction requests more time and "provides assurance that the jurisdiction is making good faith efforts to exchange the information as soon as possible."<ref name="taxcontroversywatch.com"/>

Implementation is noted as delayed in the following countries:

* '''Croatia''' "The Croatian tax authority announced September 10 (2015) that it would not implement reporting provisions of the intergovernmental agreement it signed with the United States by the September 30 deadline in the IGA but that Croatia would not be subject to the withholding tax."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://haydonperryman.com/2015/09/14/croatia-to-delay-implementation-of-fatca-agreement/ |title=Croatia to Delay Implementation of FATCA Agreement |first1=Haydon |last1=Perryman |date=September 14, 2015 |website=haydonperryman.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422045857/https://haydonperryman.com/2015/09/14/croatia-to-delay-implementation-of-fatca-agreement/ |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
* '''Philippines''' "The mandatory reporting of financial information on US nationals by local financial institutions, as required under the new treaty on Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (Fatca) between the Philippines and the US, has been moved to the second quarter of 2016. Internal Revenue Commissioner Kim Jacinto-Henares has advised Philippine financial institutions that the required reporting of financial information on US nationals will not take place on September 30, as originally intended. The deferment was because the intergovernmental agreement (Iga) on Fatca has yet to be ratified by the Senate as a treaty." It is known (see above) that the treaty is not ratified by the US Senate, but it is not determined in the text if Philippines has ratified the FATCA IGA in its own Senate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/fatca-terms-moved-forward-6-mos-to-q2-2016/ |title=FATCA terms moved forward 6 mos to Q2 2016 |first=David |last=Cagahastian |date=September 13, 2015 |newspaper=BusinessMirror}}</ref>
* '''Belgium''' "the Belgian Ministry of Finance orally confirmed that the IRS agreed to delay the FATCA reporting deadline. Belgian financial institutions now will have until the 10th day following the publication of the Belgian FATCA law into the Belgian official gazette to report their 2014 FATCA information to the Belgian tax authorities. The Belgian FATCA law is expected to be voted on before 2015 year-end."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.offshorenewsflash.com/2015/09/14/belgium-update-on-fatca-reporting-for-2014/ |title=Belgium: Update on FATCA Reporting for 2014 |date=September 14, 2015 |website=Offshore News Flash}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2015/09/belgium-fatca-14-sept-2015.pdf |title=KPMG REG FATCA Alert |date=September 14, 2015 |website=KPMG}}</ref>

==Related international regulations==
In 2014, the OECD introduced its [[Finance:Common Reporting Standard|Common Reporting Standard]] (CRS) proposed for the automatic exchange of information (AEOI) through its Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. The G-20 gave a mandate for this standard, and its relation to FATCA is mentioned on page 5 of the OECD's report.<ref name="oecd">{{cite web |title=Putting an end to offshore tax evasion |url=http://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/ |website=[[Organization:OECD|OECD]]}}</ref> Critics immediately dubbed it "GATCA" for Global FATCA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profwilliambyrnes.com/2014/07/04/66th-country-signs-oecd-convention-on-tax-information-exchange/ |title=66th country signs OECD Convention on Tax Information Exchange |first=William |last=Byrnes |date=July 4, 2014 |website=profwilliambyrnes.com |quote=The CRS is also informally called 'GATCA', referring to the 'globalization' of FATCA.}}</ref>

The Common Reporting Standard requires each signatory country to gather the full identifying information of each bank customer, including additional nationalities and place of birth. Prior to the implementation of CRS, there had been no other method of fully and globally identifying immigrants and emigrants and citizens by way of their identification numbers, birthplaces, and nationalities. Each participating government is tasked with collecting and storing the data of all its citizens and immigrants and of transferring the data automatically to participating countries. CRS is capable of transmitting person data according to the demands of either residence-based taxation, citizenship-based taxation (CBT) or personhood-based taxation.

==Renunciation of citizenship==
The number of [[Finance:Renunciation of citizenship#United States|Americans renouncing their citizenship]] has risen each year since the enactment of FATCA, from just 743 in 2009 to 3,415 in 2014,<ref name="Economist, 2015-02-21">{{cite news |date=February 21, 2015 |title=An Englishman's home |url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21644160-mayor-london-renounces-his-american-citizenship-englishmans-home |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]] |page=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123211403/http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21644160-mayor-london-renounces-his-american-citizenship-englishmans-home |archive-date=January 23, 2016 |access-date=February 13, 2016 }}</ref> 4,279 in 2015,<ref name="BBC, 2016-02-09">{{cite web |last=Newlove |first=Russell |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Why expat Americans are giving up their passports |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/35383435 |url-status=live |website=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209171527/http://www.bbc.com/news/35383435 |archive-date=February 9, 2016 |access-date=February 13, 2016 }}</ref> and 5,411 in 2016.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Among those who renounced was the then Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, who did so after the IRS taxed the sale of his house in London.<ref name="Economist, 2015-02-21"/> Due to the rise in applications and resulting backlog, the fee for renouncing citizenship was raised by roughly 400 percent in 2015 to $2,350.<ref name="BBC, 2016-02-09"/> The 5,411 renunciations in 2016 were a 26% increase from the previous record, set in 2015.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> The number of renunciations for the first three quarters of 2017 was 4,448, which exceeds the entire year's total for 2015.<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-more-americans-are-handing-in-their-citizenship/ |title=Why more Americans are handing in their citizenship |first=Jonathan |last=Berr |date=August 7, 2017 |website=CBS News}}</ref>

== See also ==
<!-- add in alphanumeric order --> 
* [[Finance:Common Reporting Standard|Common Reporting Standard]], dubbed the Global Account Tax Compliance Act (GATCA)
* [[Finance:European Union withholding tax|European Union withholding tax]]
* Extraterritorial jurisdiction#United States
* FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States
* [[Finance:Financial Secrecy Index|Financial Secrecy Index]]
* [[Finance:Foreign earned income exclusion|Foreign earned income exclusion]]
* Income tax in the United States
* [[Finance:International taxation#Citizenship|International taxation]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite thesis |url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:811086/FULLTEXT01.pdf |title=Är FATCA förenligt med svensk rätt och EU-rätt? |trans-title=Is FATCA compatible with Swedish law and EU law? |language=sv |first=Simon |last=Jisander |type=MA |publisher=[[Organization:Uppsala University|Uppsala University]] Faculty of Law |date=2015}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Poptcheva |first=Eva-Maria |title=A FATCA for the EU? Data protection aspects of automatic exchange of bank information |year=2013 |publisher=Library of the European Parliament |pages=6 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130530/LDM_BRI(2013)130530_REV1_EN.pdf}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/reporting-unauthorized-disclosure-or-misuse-of-tax-information-exchanged-under-an-international-agreement Report Unauthorized Disclosure or Misuse of Tax Information Exchanged Under an International Agreement, such as FATCA], U.S. Internal Revenue Service 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234735/https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Corporations/Frequently-Asked-Questions-FAQs-FATCA--Compliance-Legal FATCA FAQ] from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service 
* [http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FATCA Resource Center] from the U.S. Department of the Treasury


[[Category:International taxation]]

{{Sourceattribution|Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act}}