View source for Finance:Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles

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[[File:Recharging unit.jpg|thumb|[[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicle|Plug-in electric vehicle]]s subject to incentives in some countries include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and electric vehicle conversions. Shown here is a Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid recharging]]

'''Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles''' have been established around the world to support policy-driven adoption of [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicle|plug-in electric vehicle]]s. These incentives mainly take the form of purchase rebates, tax exemptions and [[Finance:Tax credit|tax credit]]s, and additional perks that range from access to bus lanes to waivers on fees (charging, parking, tolls, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/GlobalEVOutlook2017.pdf|title=Global EV Outlook 2007: Two million and counting.|date=2017-10-07|website=International Energy Agency|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607142215/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/GlobalEVOutlook2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> The amount of the financial incentives may depend on vehicle battery size or all-electric range. Often [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric vehicle]]s are included. Some countries extend the benefits to [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell vehicle]]s, and [[Engineering:Electric vehicle conversion|electric vehicle conversion]]s.

More recently, some governments have also established long term regulatory signals with specific target timeframes such as [[Engineering:Zero-emissions vehicle|ZEV]] mandates, national or regional {{CO2}} emissions regulations, stringent fuel economy standards, and the phase-out of internal combustion engine vehicle sales.<ref name=EVOutlook2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020 |title=Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive? |author=[[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |publisher=IEA Publications |date=June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref name=ICCT2020>{{cite web| url=https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/EV_city_policies_white_paper_fv_20200224.pdf | title=Analyzing Policies to Grow the Electric Vehicle Market in European Cities | first1=Sandra | last1=Wappelhorst | first2= Dale | last2=Hall | first3=Mike | last3=Nicholas | first4=Nic | last4=Lutsey |publisher=[[Organization:International Council on Clean Transportation|International Council on Clean Transportation]] | date=February 2020| access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref> For example, Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission vehicles ([[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|electric]] or [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|hydrogen]]).<ref name=NTP>{{cite web |url=https://elbil.no/english/norwegian-ev-policy/#:~:text=The%20Norwegian%20Parliament%20has%20decided,cars%20(BEVs)%20in%20Norway |title= Norwegian EV policy |publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association)|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name=ZEV2025Norsk>{{cite news |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/norway-aiming-for-100-percent-zero-emission-vehicle-sales-by-2025/ | title=Norway Aiming For 100-Percent Zero Emission Vehicle Sales By 2025 |first=Jeff |last=Cobb|work=HybridCars.com |date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> Other countries have announced similar targets for the electrification of their vehicle fleet, most within a timeframe between 2030 and 2050.<ref name=EVOutlook2020/>

==Asia==

===China===

[[File:BYD Electric Taxi.jpg|thumb|BYD e6 all-electric taxi in Shenzhen, China.]]
[[File:4838397 at Tian'anmen (20200825105132).jpg|thumb|Foton BJ6160SHEVCA-3 plug-in hybrid bus in Beijing]]

The Chinese government adopted a plan in 2009 with the goal of turning the country into one of the leaders of all-electric and [[Engineering:Hybrid vehicle|hybrid vehicle]]s by 2012. The government's intention was to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports, and to reduce urban pollution and its oil dependence. However, a study found that even though local air pollution would be reduced by replacing a gasoline car with a similar-size electric car, it would reduce [[Earth:Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emissions]] by only 19%, as China uses coal for 75% of its electricity production.<ref name=NYTChina>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/business/global/02electric.html|title=China Vies to Be World's Leader in Electric Cars|work=The New York Times|first=Keith|last=Bradsher|date=2009-04-01|access-date=2009-04-05}}</ref>

The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles, and only pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives.<ref name=NEVs>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNEWSCHINESE/Resources/3196537-1202098669693/EV_Report_en.pdf|title=The China New Energy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities |author=PRTM Management Consultants, Inc.|publisher=[[Organization:World Bank|World Bank]]|date=April 2011|access-date=2013-04-22}} ''See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v''</ref> On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives up to {{currency|60,000 |CNY}} (~{{USD|9,281}} in June 2011) for private purchase of new [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|battery electric vehicle]]s and {{currency|50,000|CNY}} (~{{USD|7,634}} in June 2011) for [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid]]s in five cities.<ref name=EdmondsCh>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/china-announces-plan-to-subsidize-evs-and-plug-in-hybrids-in-five-major-cities.html |title=China Announces Plan to Subsidize EVs and Plug-in Hybrids in Five Major Cities |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2010-06-01 |access-date=2010-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605040731/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/china-announces-plan-to-subsidize-evs-and-plug-in-hybrids-in-five-major-cities.html |archive-date=2010-06-05 }}</ref><ref name=NYT0610>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/china-to-start-pilot-program-providing-subsidies-for-electric-cars-and-hybrids/|title=China to Start Pilot Program, Providing Subsidies for Electric Cars and Hybrids|work=The New York Times|date=2010-06-02|access-date=2010-06-02 | first=Jim | last=Motavalli}}</ref> The cities participating in the pilot program are [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]], Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Hefei and Changchun. The subsidies are paid directly to automakers rather than consumers, but the government has stated that it expected that vehicle prices will be reduced accordingly.{{update after|2020|7|21}}<!-- do we have any good data on whether consumers are actually receiving the incidence of this benefit? or were manufacturers able to price higher because of the subsidies? --> The amount of the subsidy is to be reduced once 50,000 units are sold.<ref name=EdmondsCh/><ref name=NYT0610/> In addition to the subsidy, the Chinese government is planning to introduce, beginning on January 1, 2012, an exemption from annual taxes for pure electric, fuel-cell, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles were eligible for a 50% reduction only.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-06/20/content_12731970.htm|title=Taxes slashed to cut emissions|last=Han |first=Tianyang|work=China Daily|date=2011-06-20|access-date=2011-06-27}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2021}}

In 2011, only 8,159 electric cars were sold in China despite a {{currency|120,000|CNY}} subsidy.
Unsubsidized lead-acid EVs are produced without government approval at a rate of more than 30,000 per year in Shandong and requires no driving license because the top speed is less than 50&nbsp;km/h. They cost {{currency|31,600|CNY}} and have been the target of criticism from major car manufacturers.<ref name=reuShi>{{cite news |first1=Fang |last1=Yan |first2=Ken |last2=Wills |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-mini-ev-idUSBRE83I0CZ20120419 |title=Mini electric cars fill gap in China as official EVs sputter |publisher={{wipe|Reuters}} |location=US |date=2012-04-19 |access-date=2012-04-24}}</ref>

A 2021 study found that China's subsidies for fuel efficient vehicles was not welfare enhancing, as "the marginal cost of the program exceeds the marginal benefit by as much as 300 percent."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Chia-Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Wei-Min|last3=Knittel|first3=Christopher R.|date=2021|title=Subsidizing Fuel-Efficient Cars: Evidence from China's Automobile Industry|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20170098|journal=American Economic Journal: Economic Policy|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=152–184|doi=10.1257/pol.20170098|s2cid=240234917|issn=1945-7731}}</ref>

A mid-September joint announcement in 2013 by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government will provide a maximum of {{USD|9,800}} toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to {{USD|81,600}} for an electric bus. The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's problematic air pollution.<ref>{{cite news|title=China announces new electric car subsidy program|url=http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/node/64577|access-date=2013-09-18|newspaper=China Economic Review|date=2013-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217055135/http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/node/64577|archive-date=2013-12-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a result of the government support and new incentives issued in 2014, production of new energy vehicles between January and August reached 31,137 units, up 328% from the same period of 2013. Domestic production during the first eight months of 2014 includes 6,621 plug-in hybrid sedans and 16,276 all-electric cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ecns.cn/business/2014/09-07/133426.shtml|title=China's Jan.-Aug. NEV production up 328 percent |last=Gu |first=Liping|work=Xinhua|publisher=ECNS|date=2014-09-07|access-date=2014-09-07}}</ref>

Additionally, to further electric vehicle production, China passed measures to greatly increase the number of electric vehicles on the road. Original policy declared that companies with vehicles sales of over 30,000 vehicles must comply with new rules around NEVs. Each company was required to fulfill a number of NEV credits, as much as 8% by the year 2018. This target was later pushed to 2019, with a requirement of 12% by 2020. These credits are granted by the fuel efficiency and weight of the vehicles, so more fuel efficient vehicles count for more credits. Originally, these credits were granted according to the vehicles' range; however, the final policy provided a more continuous way of determine credits. The breakdown of credits in the original proposal are given below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Proposed Credit Policy
!Electric Range (km)
!Per-vehicle credit
|-
|'''80-150'''
|2
|-
|'''150-250'''
|3
|-
|'''250-350'''
|4
|-
|'''≥ 350'''
|5
|}
In the final policy, credits were instead given by the formula: (0.012 × electric range + 0.8) × adjustment factor. These credits were capped at 6. Additionally, these credits can be bought and sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-NEV-mandate_ICCT-policy-update_20032018_vF-updated.pdf |title=China's New Energy Vehicle Mandate Policy (Final Rule) |publisher=International Council on Clean Transportation |date=January 2018 |access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref>

In February 2018, to further promote energy-efficient electric vehicles, China raised subsidies for electric vehicles meeting additional range requirements. Electric vehicle incentives for cars with at least 400&nbsp;km of range increased from {{currency|44,000|CNY}} to {{currency|50,000|CNY}}, while vehicles with less than 150&nbsp;km of range have been removed from the list of vehicles qualifying for an incentive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-13/china-raises-subsidies-to-reward-longer-traveling-electric-cars|title=China Raises Subsidies to Reward Longer Range Electric Cars|date=2018-02-13 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref> Changes were also made to the incentive structure for electric buses and trucks. Buses are now required to have a range of at least 150&nbsp;km and have energy consumption of less than 0.7 Wh/km·kg.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-NEV_ICCT_policy-update_17052017_vF.pdf |title=Adjustment to subsidies for New Energy Vehicles in China |publisher=International Council on Clean Transportation |date=May 2017 |access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:REVA NXR.jpg|thumb|Mahindra e2o which is manufactured in India]]
In November 2010, the Government of India (GoI), through the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), announced a subsidy of {{currency|950|INR}} million for electric vehicles. The subsidy provided benefits up to 20% on the ex-factory price, with a maximum benefit of {{currency|100,000|INR}} on electric cars, {{currency|4,000|INR}} on two-wheelers, {{currency|5,000|INR}} on high speed two-wheelers, {{currency|400,000|INR}} for electric minibuses, and {{currency|60,000|INR}} for three-wheelers. To claim the subsidy, manufacturers needed to certify that 30% of the components were made in India. The scheme ended on 31 March 2012.<ref name=IndiaSalesDrop>{{cite news |title=Electric vehicles sales drop after subsidy scheme ends |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/news/32299423_1_subsidy-scheme-cash-subsidy-sohinder-gill |access-date=2015-01-14 |work=The Economic Times |date=2012-06-18}}</ref><ref name=IndiaApproves>{{cite news |title=India Approves Incentives for Electric Vehicles |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-22/india-approves-incentives-for-electric-vehicles-update1-.html |access-date=2015-01-14 |work={{wipe|Bloomberg News}} |date=2014-11-22}}</ref><ref name=IndiaSubsidyWall>{{cite news |title=How India's e-vehicle dream crashed into the subsidy wall |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/how-india-s-e-vehicle-dream-crashed-into-the-subsidy-wall-114082600021_1.html |access-date=2015-01-14 |work=Business Standard |date=2014-08-26}}</ref>

In April 2014, the Indian government announced a new plan to provide subsidies for hybrid and electric vehicles. The plan will have subsidies up to {{currency|150,000|INR}} for cars and {{currency|30,000|INR}} on two-wheelers. India aims to have seven million electric vehicles on the road by 2020.<ref name=IndiaNewPlan>{{cite news |title=Boost for electric and hybrid cars with Rs 1.5 Lakh subsidy |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/boost-for-electric-and-hybrid-cars-with-rs-1-5-lakh-subsidy/99/ |access-date=2015-01-14 |work=The Indian Express |date=2014-04-18}}</ref>

There is no subsidy or incentive for hybrids and imported vehicles, which acts as a deterrent to new entrants. To meet the stated GoI objectives under the Paris Accord, the GoI has set deadline for 'Only Electric Vehicle (Manufacturing)' by 2030. Although highly ambitious as it may seem, there is growing recognition among policy makers to incentivise electric vehicle manufacturing under the 'Make In India ' policy, and a new framework policy for this was to be released by year end, 2017. Moreover, infrastructure for electric vehicle charging is also being considered; provided either through existing energy retailers like fuel pumps or by subsidising manufacturers' investments in the field.

Tesla Motors has been offered tax incentives and potential financial backing via Special Purpose Vehicles ('SPV's) to establish a domestic manufacturing unit in India. Although, there are local sourcing norms of 30%, electric vehicle entrants have been exempted. Yet much will depends on governments plan to subsidise the vehicle, due their high upfront cost, that will determine any potential shift in the market.

According to an OECD report, India is regarded as a country providing the least subsidies, compared to other major markets, to renewable energy in electric vehicle and that may hamper the governments target of achieving the all-electric target by 2030.

Various state governments and cities provide their own subsidies:<ref>{{cite web|title=Electric Vehicle India |url=https://www.tekes.fi/globalassets/global/ohjelmat-ja-palvelut/ohjelmat/eve/selvitykset/finpro_electric_mobility_in_india_2013.pdf |first1=Rekha |last1=Salvi |first2=Sreehari B. |last2=Nambiar |publisher=Tekes: Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation |access-date=2015-01-14 |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government EV Policies in India |url=https://www.evnationnews.com/16-states-ev-policies-in-india/ |website=EV Nation News |location=India |date=2023-04-07 |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref>
* Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Lakshadweep don't levy VAT
* Chandigarh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat & West Bengal offer partial rebate on VAT
* Delhi also provides a 15% subsidy of the base price of select electric cars, like [[Engineering:REVAi|REVA]]. It also exempts such cars from road tax and registration fees.

===Japan===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan}}

The Japanese government introduced the first electric vehicle incentive program in 1996, and it was integrated in 1998 with the Clean Energy Vehicles Introduction Project, which provided subsidies and tax discounts for the purchase of [[Engineering:Electric vehicle|electric]], natural gas, [[Chemistry:Methanol fuel|methanol]] and [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric vehicle]]s. The project provided a purchase subsidy of up to 50% the incremental costs of a clean energy vehicle as compared with the price of a conventional engine vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evaap.org/pdf/incentive.pdf|title=Incentives for EV & HEV|date=October 2003|publisher=Electric Vehicle Association of Asia Pacific|access-date=2010-06-06}}</ref> This program was extended until 2003.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Max |last=Ahman|title=Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan|journal=Energy Policy|volume=34|date=March 2006|pages=433–443|issue=4|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2004.06.011}}</ref>

In May 2009 the National Diet passed the "Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure" that went into effect on June 19, 2009, but retroactive to April 10, 2009.<ref name=JAMAFact/> The program established tax deductions and exemptions for environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient vehicles, according to a set of stipulated environmental performance criteria, and the requirements are applied equally to both foreign and domestic produced vehicles. The program provides purchasing subsidies for two type of cases, consumers purchasing a new passenger car without a trade-in (non-replacement program), and for those consumers buying a new car trading a used car registered for 13 years or more ([[Finance:Scrappage program|scrappage program]]).<ref name=JAMAFact>{{cite web|url=http://jama.org/pdf/FactSheet10-2009-09-24.pdf |title=Fact Sheet - Japanese Government Incentives for the Purchase of Environmentally Friendly Vehicles |publisher=Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association |access-date=2010-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226222150/http://www.jama.org/pdf/FactSheet10-2009-09-24.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-26 }}</ref><ref name=JAMA2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.jama-english.jp/publications/MIJ2010.pdf|title=The Motor Industry of Japan 2010|publisher=Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association|access-date=2010-12-24|archive-date=2011-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516105248/http://www.jama-english.jp/publications/MIJ2010.pdf|url-status=dead}} ''See pages 45–46''.</ref>

====Tonnage and acquisition tax reductions====
[[File:Lawson-car.jpg|thumb|The cost of the Mitsubishi i MiEV in {{wipe|Japan}} falls from ¥4 million to ¥2.8 million after all government incentives are discounted from the sales price.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20100403a1.html|title=Showrooms get i-MiEV, first cheap electric car|first=Yuri |last=Kageyama (Associated Press)|publisher=The Japan Times|date=2010-04-03|access-date=2010-06-06}}</ref>]]

New next generation vehicles, including electric and [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell vehicle]]s, [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid]]s, [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric vehicle]]s, clean diesel and natural gas vehicles are exempted from both the acquisition tax and the [[Finance:Tonnage tax|tonnage tax]].<ref name=JAMA2010/><ref name=JAMANews>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jama-english.jp/asia/news/2009/vol36/index.html|publisher=Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association|access-date=2010-06-06|journal=News from JAMA Asia|issue=36|date=September 2009|title=Japan's measures to withstand impact of global crisis on its automotive industry - JAMA shares at the 4th Indonesia International Automotive Conference|archive-date=2010-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214155145/http://www.jama-english.jp/asia/news/2009/vol36/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Acquisition taxes on used vehicles were to be reduced by 1.6% to 2.7%, or between 150,000 yen (~US$1,600) and 300,000 yen (~US$3,200), as of 2010. Electric and fuel cell vehicles have a 2.7% reduction while plug-in hybrids have a 2.4% reduction.<ref name=JAMA2010/><ref name=Outlook/>

These incentives were effective from April 1, 2009, until March 31, 2012, for the acquisition tax which is paid once at the time of purchase. The tonnage tax reductions were effective from April 1, 2009, until April 30, 2012, and the incentive was applicable once, at the time of the first mandatory inspection, three years after the vehicle purchase.<ref name=JAMA2010/><ref name=JAMANews/> As an example, the amount exempted for the purchase of a new next generation vehicle was 81,000 yen (~US$975) corresponding to the acquisition tax, and 22,500 yen (~US$271) for the tonnage tax, for a total of 103,500 yen (~US$1,246).<ref name=JAMA2010/>

====Automobile tax reductions====
Consumers purchasing new next generation electric vehicles, including fuel cell vehicles, benefited from a 50% reduction of the annual automobile tax. These incentives were in effect from April 1, 2009, until March 31, 2010, applicable only once.<ref name=JAMA2010/>

====Incentives for purchasing new green vehicles====
Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles without scrapping a used car are 100,000 yen (~US$1,100) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 50,000 yen (~US$550) for the purchase of a [[Engineering:Kei car|mini or kei vehicle]]. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 200,000 yen (~US$2,100) and 900,000 yen (~US$9,600).<ref name=JAMAFact/><ref name=JAMANews/><ref name=Outlook/>

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles in the case of owners scrapping a 13-year or older vehicle are 250,000 yen (~US$2,700) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 125,000 yen (~US$1,300) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 400,000 yen (~US$4,300) and 1,800,000 yen (~US$19,000).<ref name=JAMAFact/><ref name=JAMANews/><ref name=Outlook/>

All incentives for new purchases with or without trading were applicable in Japan's fiscal year 2009, from April 1, 2009, through March 31, 2010.<ref name=JAMANews/><ref name=Outlook>{{cite web|url=http://www.marklines.com/en/rinji/outlookfor2009_sales_en.jsp#japan|title=Sales Promotion Scheme and 2009 Vehicle Sales Forecasts - Japan: Rebate for purchase or replacement with eco-friendly vehicles|publisher=Marklines.com|access-date=2010-06-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043330/http://www.marklines.com/en/rinji/outlookfor2009_sales_en.jsp#japan|archive-date=2009-04-26}}</ref>

===Philippines===
Under President Duterte's administration, the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act was signed into law, which has exemptions for anyone buying an electric vehicle alongside hybrids.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.autoindustriya.com/features/excise-tax-simulation-how-expensive-will-the-cars-of-2018-be.html |title=Excise Tax Simulation: How expensive will the cars of 2018 be? |first=Vince |last=Pornelos |work=AutoIndustriya |location=Philippines |date=2017-12-19 |access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref>

=== South Korea ===

In July 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced a plan to make electric car batteries run longer, build a network of charging stations and make electric car purchases and ownership more affordable. The government expects that the current and future policy programs will help increase the electric car market share in South Korea to 0.5% in 2017, up from 0.2% in 2015, and to achieve 5.3% in 2020.<ref name=Korea2020>{{cite news | url=http://www.bna.com/south-korea-formulates-n73014444008/ | title=South Korea Formulates Ambitious Plan to Promote E-Cars | first=James | last=Lim | work=Blomberg BNA | date=2016-07-10 | access-date=2016-09-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927011535/http://www.bna.com/south-korea-formulates-n73014444008/ | archive-date=2016-09-27 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The government subsidy has in place a one-time purchase subsidy for electric cars. Effective July 8, 2016, the subsidy was increased to 14 million won ({{USD|12,100}}) from 12 million won ({{USD|10,400}}). Also starting in 2016, the purchase tax surcharges of electric cars was planned to be reduced, and all-electric car drivers are projected{{according to whom|date=July 2020}} to benefit from reductions in insurance premiums, expressway tolls and parking fees. The government plan calls for the deployment of fast charging stations in 2020 to be available at an average of one within a two-kilometer radius in the capital city of Seoul. In addition, 30,000 slow charging stations were planned to be strategically located at about 4,000 apartment complexes nationwide by 2020.<ref name=Korea2020/>{{update after|2020|7|21}}<!-- did this happen? -->

The government's plan also includes the development of an electric car battery, beginning in 2016, with energy density high enough to more than double the travel distance on a charge to {{Convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. The government expects to increase the global market share of South Korean electric cars to match that of South Korean gasoline and diesel cars, which reached 8.5% based on sales by South Korea's two main car exporters, [[Company:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor Company]] and [[Company:Kia Motors|Kia Motors]].<ref name=Korea2020/>[[Religion:Iran|Iran]]

==Europe==
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe}}

Electrification of transport (electromobility) figures prominently in the Green Car Initiative (GCI),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.green-cars-initiative.eu |title=PPP European Green Cars Initiative |publisher=Green-cars-initiative.eu |access-date=2010-02-12}}</ref> included in the European Economic Recovery Plan. DG TREN is supporting a large European "electromobility" project on EVs and related infrastructure with a total budget of around {{euro|50 million}} as part of the Green Car Initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/transport/urban/vehicles/road/electric_en.htm |title=Transport: Electric vehicles – European commission |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |access-date=2009-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319033116/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/urban/vehicles/road/electric_en.htm |archive-date=2011-03-19 }}</ref>

There are measures to promote efficient vehicles in the Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:120:0005:0012:EN:PDF |title=DIRECTIVE 2009/33/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles |access-date=2010-12-26}}</ref> and in the Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on [[Physics:Efficient energy use|energy end-use efficiency]] and energy services.

As of April 2011, 15 of the 27 European Union member states provide tax incentives for [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicle|electrically chargeable vehicles]], which includes all [[Place:Western Europe|Western Europe]]an countries plus the [[Place:Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] and Romania. Also 17 countries levy [[Earth:Greenhouse gas emissions|carbon dioxide]] related taxes on passenger cars as a disincentive. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of PEVs, [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid vehicles]], and some [[Engineering:Alternative fuel vehicle|alternative fuel vehicle]]s.<ref name=NYT072911>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/automobiles/europes-incentive-plans-for-spurring-ev-sales.html?_r=1&emc=eta1|title=Europe's Incentive Plans for Spurring E.V. Sales|first=Paul |last=Hockenos|work=The New York Times|date=2011-07-29|access-date=2011-07-31}}</ref><ref name=ACEA2>{{cite web|url=http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20110330_EV_tax_overview.pdf |title=Overview of Purchase and Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU |publisher=European Automobile Manufacturers Association |date=2011-03-14 |access-date=2011-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060852/http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20110330_EV_tax_overview.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

=== Armenia ===
Armenia advanced an initiative to exempt VAT taxes from the import of electric cars. On January 17,{{year missing|date=July 2020}} the government approved the draft on the initiative on the draft law, according to which "the import of electric motor vehicles will be exempt from value added tax. The exemption is supposed to be in effect until January 1, 2022".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energyagency.am/en/category/noroutyounner-ev-mijocaroumner/elektromobilneri-nermoutsoumy-kazatvi-aah|title=Electric Vehicle Imports will become VAT-exempt|website=energyagency.am|language=en|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>

Armenia is also set to become the first country, the government of which will switch its fleet from petroleum-run cars to all electric cars. As the Minister of Nature Protection has stated, the Armenia has joined the Global Electric Mobility process. The country has already been granted relevant funds for undertaking this project, and as the minister states "in case of everything proceeding swiftly, all Cabinet members will be issued electric cars by year-end".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repatarmenia.org/en/engage/inspiration/a/armenia-to-become-world-s-first-country-to-switch-government-fleet-to-solely-electric-cars|title=Armenia to become world's first country to switch government fleet to solely electric cars|date=2019-05-09|website=RepatArmenia|language=en|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>

===Austria===
Electric vehicles are exempted from the fuel consumption tax, levied upon the first registration, and from the monthly vehicle tax. In addition to tax breaks, [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid vehicle]]s and other [[Engineering:Alternative fuel vehicle|alternative fuel vehicle]]s benefit from a fuel consumption tax that pays bonuses to passenger cars with low carbon dioxide output. Alternative fuel vehicles, including hybrids, qualify for as much as {{euro|800}} (around {{USD|1,120}}) in annual bonuses. This bonus was valid from 1 July 2008 until 31 August 2012.<ref name=NYT072911/><ref name=ACEA2/> Additionally, cars with no carbon emissions qualify for a deduction of the VAT (Value-Added Tax), as of January 2016.<ref name="EU-overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/EV_incentives_overview_2017.pdf |title=Overview on Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU |publisher=European Automobile Manufacturers Association |year=2017 |access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref>

===Belgium===
The Belgian government established a personal income tax deduction of 30% of the purchase price including VAT of a new electric vehicle, up to €9,190. [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|Plug-in hybrid]]s are not eligible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.going-electric.org/vehicules-electriques/nouvelles/cp100203-avantages-financiers-belgique.htm |title=Incitants à l'achat de véhicules électriques en Belgique, Press Release |publisher=Going Electric |date=2010-02-04 |access-date=2011-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005021946/http://www.going-electric.org/vehicules-electriques/nouvelles/cp100203-avantages-financiers-belgique.htm |archive-date=2011-10-05 }}</ref><ref name=Belg>{{cite web|language=fr|url=http://minfin.fgov.be/portail2/fr/downloads/composition/ssp-environment-taxation-09-11-20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706134124/http://minfin.fgov.be/portail2/fr/downloads/composition/ssp-environment-taxation-09-11-20.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-06|title=Conseil des Ministres : nouvelles mesures éco-fiscales, Press Release|publisher=Ministre des Finances|date=2009-11-20|access-date=2010-05-24}}</ref><ref name=ACEA3/> This tax incentive ended on December 31, 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://monargent.lecho.be/budget_et_temps_libre/budget/La_voiture_electrique_ne_s_impose_toujours_pas.9253324-2223.art?ckc=1|title=La voiture électrique ne s'impose toujours pas|language=fr|trans-title=The electric car still is not essential|first=Carine|last=Mathieu|work=L'Echo|date=2012-10-12|access-date=2012-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129221119/http://monargent.lecho.be/budget_et_temps_libre/budget/La_voiture_electrique_ne_s_impose_toujours_pas.9253324-2223.art?ckc=1|archive-date=2016-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is also available a tax deduction up to 40% for investments in external recharging stations publicly accessible, to a maximum of €250.<ref name=Belg/> The Wallonia regional government had an additional {{euro|4,500}} eco-bonus for cars registered before December 31, 2011.<ref name=NBelgium>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/11/nissan-leaf-priced-as-low-as-27-800-40-254-u-s-in-belgium/|title=Nissan Leaf priced as low as €27,800* ($40,254 U.S.) in Belgium|first=Eric |last=Loveday |publisher=AutoblogGreen |date=2011-06-11|access-date=2011-06-11}}</ref>

===Bulgaria===

Electric vehicles, including cars, motorbikes and mopeds, are exempt from the annual circulation tax.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/vehicles/registration/taxes/bulgaria/index_en.htm |title=Car registration and taxes – Bulgaria |publisher=European Commission |date=2017-03-01 |access-date=2018-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421162718/https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/vehicles/registration/taxes/bulgaria/index_en.htm |archive-date=2018-04-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Cyprus ===
Vehicles with emissions less than 120 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer are exempt from paying registration taxes.<ref  name="EU-overview"/>

===Czech Republic===
Electric, hybrid and other alternative fuel vehicles used for business purposes are exempt from the road tax.<ref name=ACEA2/>

The Czech Republic has one of the lowest rates of plug-in electric vehicles on newly registered automobiles among [[Organization:OECD|OECD]] countries (only 0,3 % in 2018). It is becoming relevant topic for the country, especially for the [[Company:Škoda Auto|Škoda]] auto, the Czech greatest representative of the automobile industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ihned.cz/c1-66528610-zajistujeme-pro-cesko-ctvrtinu-exportu-tak-nas-podporte-v-prechodu-na-elektromobily-zada-vladu-sef-skody|title=Zajišťujeme pro Česko čtvrtinu exportu, tak nás podpořte v přechodu na elektromobily, žádá vládu šéf Škody|first=Eva|last=Srpová|date=March 18, 2019|website=Hospodářské noviny (iHNed.cz)}}</ref>

Hence, experimentally empirical research on Czech consumers’ preferences was conducted, whose aim was to evaluate the efficiency of various incentives that might promote the market with plug-in electric vehicles in the Czech Republic. The research has shown that except the price, the most relevant factors affecting the willingness to pay for the relatively expensive plug-in electric vehicles are: better fuel-efficiency (CZK 52,000 more on average for a reduction in operating costs of CZK 1 per 1&nbsp;km for a new car), increase in driving range (CZK 28,000 more on average for an increase in driving range of 100&nbsp;km), battery-charging time, financial support for electrical wiring in households, free parking in cities or environmental factors (26–40 thousand CZK for each 20% emission reduction). On the other hand, free motorway toll sticker or special traffic lane has non-significant effect on the incentives to buy the vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idea.cerge-ei.cz/files/IDEA_Studie_02_2019_Elektromobily/IDEA_Studie_02_2019_Elektromobily.html|title=IDEA_Studie_02_2019_Elektromobily|website=idea.cerge-ei.cz}}</ref>

===Denmark===
In 2016, battery electric vehicles lost access to their registration tax exemption. The registration tax will gradually be phased back in until 2020.<ref  name="EU-overview"/> {{As of|2016}} there are only 7,000 electric cars in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danskelbilalliance.dk/Statistik/Bestand_modeller.aspx|title=Dansk Elbil Alliance – Bestand af elbiler i Danmark|work=danskelbilalliance.dk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006030304/http://www.danskelbilalliance.dk/Statistik/Bestand_modeller.aspx|archive-date=2015-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of late 2018 another push for delay of the gradually phasing beyond the initial 20% of the normal up 150% registration tax is expected to pass with a wide majority resulting to final phase being pushed to 2023:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ing.dk/artikel/elbilerne-slipper-hoejere-afgifter-uendelig-langt-millionen-222541|title=Elbilerne slipper for højere afgifter, men der er uendelig langt til millionen|date=2018-12-07|website=Ingeniøren|language=da|access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref> This also includes even larger base registration deduction of 40K DDK in 2019 while keeping the 20% and increasing deduction to ~77K DKK in 2020 together with first big substantial increase to 40% of normal registration tax. This was an agreed minimum deal of improvements most parties could get behind due to the symbolic meaning that cars under 400K DKK including VAT (which itself has deductions for efficient cars) would experience the old full registration tax exception matching 2019–2020 delivers of the cheaper but long range models such as Tesla Model 3 LR, LEAF 60 kWh model and Hyundai Kona Electric 60 kWh model. These models could be argued being the first non-premium cars useful for the people with the longest daily drives which makes the close to or financial positive compared to cheap compacts. Until 2019 only premium cars, under much fuss due to the large per car exemptions, or short-range users had a financial incentive alone to buy a full BEV instead of a mild Hybris{{Clarify|date=April 2021}}. This 2018 push was after yet another round of discussions of even further incentives failed – a current split between moving too slowly and losing too much of the 57B DKK yearly income. 2018 law includes backstop moving from 5K to 10K cars sold since start of 2016 under this plan at which point incentives has to be revisited.

===Estonia===
No grants towards the purchase of Plug-In or Electric vehicles as of 2016. Electric vehicles are exempt from the city public parking fees and can use bus lanes.

From 2011 to 2014 Estonia has allocated a total of {{currency|9 million|euro}} in grants towards the purchase of battery electric vehicles (ended 7 August 2014).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kredex.ee/kredex/news/grant-for-purchase-of-electric-cars-proved-popular-admission-period-for-applications-ends-on-07-august |title=Sihtasutus KredEx – Grant for purchase of electric cars proved popular, admission period for applications ends on 07 August |work=Kredex |date=2014-08-06 |access-date=2015-01-29}}</ref> From 2011 to 2014, KredEx has allocated grants totaling {{currency|10.5 million|euro}}; the average grant per car was {{currency|16,500|euro}}. The grant has helped the purchase of over 650 electric cars in Estonia. At that time, a country-wide quick charging network (CHAdeMO 500&nbsp;V/120&nbsp;A and Type2 400&nbsp;V/32&nbsp;A) was established.

===Finland===
For the period of 2018–2021, €6,000,000 annually will be allocated towards the purchase of electric cars and conversion of petrol cars to E85 and gas. An individual registering a new electric car in the period 1.1.2018–30.11.2021 is eligible for a grant of €2,000, if the purchase price of the car is €50,000 or less.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trafi.fi/oleedellakavija/tayssahkoauto/sahkoauton_hankintatuki |title=Trafi.fi – Sähköauton hankintatuki |publisher=Trafi.fi |access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>

The Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010) Mr. Matti Vanhanen in 2010 mentioned that he wanted to see more [[Engineering:Electric car|electric car]]s on Finnish roads as soon as possible<ref>{{cite web|first=Tapio |last=Mainio |url=http://www.hs.fi/autot/artikkeli/Vanhanen+haluaa+s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6autot+Suomen+teille/1135238356818 |title=Vanhanen haluaa sähköautot Suomen teille – HS.fi – Autot |publisher=HS.fi |access-date=2010-02-12}}</ref> and with any cost to the governmental car related tax incomes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tuomas |last=Linnake |url=http://m.itviikko.fi/?page=showSingleNews&newsID=200820199 |title=Matti Vanhanen puhui sähköautojen puolesta &#124; It-viikko |publisher=M.itviikko.fi |access-date=2010-02-12|date=2008-08-05 }}</ref>

In the end of 2017, there were 1,449 electric cars registered in Finland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trafi.fi/tietopalvelut/tilastot/tieliikenne/ajoneuvokanta/ajoneuvokannan_kayttovoimatilastot/sahkokayttoiset_autot |title=Trafi.fi – Lk-ajoneuvojen käyttövoimatilastot |publisher=Trafi.fi |access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>

===France===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in France}}
Since 2008 France has a [[Finance:Bonus–malus|bonus–malus]] system offering a financial incentive, or bonus, for the purchase of cars with low carbon emissions, and a fee, or malus, for the purchase of high-emission vehicles. The bonus applies to private and company vehicles purchased on or after 5 December 2007 and are deduced from the purchase price of the vehicle. The malus penalty applies to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, and is added at the time of registration. Since 2009, every family with more than two children receives a deduction from the malus of 20 g of {{CO2}} per km per child.<ref name=EUenvironTax>{{cite web | url=http://www.ieep.eu/assets/1398/ETR_in_Europe_-_Annex_2_3_4.pdf | title=Environmental Tax Reform in Europe: Opportunities for the Future | publisher=[[Organization:Institute for European Environmental Policy|Institute for European Environmental Policy]] (IEEP) | date=2014-05-30 | access-date=2016-10-08 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009191722/http://www.ieep.eu/assets/1398/ETR_in_Europe_-_Annex_2_3_4.pdf | archive-date=2016-10-09 }}'' See Chapter 3 – Car Registration Tax ('Bonus-Malus' system) in France pp. 15-21.''</ref>

;2012–2014
[[File:Saint Étienne-Autolib-20140127.jpg|thumb|[[Engineering:Electric car|Electric car]]s purchased under a battery leasing contract, such as the Renault Zoe, are eligible for the full {{euro|6300}} bonus for zero {{CO2}} emission vehicles.]]

Until July 31, 2012, a premium up to {{euro|5,000}}, under the bonus-malus system, was granted for the purchase of new cars with {{CO2}} emissions of 60 g/km or less which benefited [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|all-electric cars]] and any [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid]] with such low emissions. Vehicles emitting up to 125 g/km or less, such as [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|conventional hybrids]] and natural gas vehicles, were granted up to {{euro|2,000}}.<ref name=ACEA3/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abccarbon.com/50000-electric-vehicles-france-commits-to-infrastructure-production/|title=50,000 Electric Vehicles: France Commits to Infrastructure & Production|publisher=ABC Carbon|date=2010-04-13|access-date=2010-05-24}}</ref> The incentive could not exceed 20% of the sales price including VAT, increased with the cost of the battery if it is rented.<ref name=ACEA3/>

Effective on August 1, 2012, the government increased the bonus for electric cars up to {{euro|7,000}} but capped at 30% of the vehicle price including VAT. The price includes any battery leasing charges, and therefore, electric cars which need a battery leasing contract also are eligible for the bonus. For example, an electric car sold for {{euro|23,333}} including VAT was eligible for the maximum bonus of {{euro|7000}}. The emission level for the maximum bonus was raised to 20 g/km or less. Cars with emission levels between 20 and 50 g/km were eligible to a bonus of up to {{euro|5,000}}, and between 50 and 60 g/km were eligible to a bonus of up to {{euro|4,500}}. After this limit, the bonus dropped to {{euro|550}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.automobile-propre.com/france-consumer-bonuses-for-electric-and-hybrid-cars/ |title=France: Consumer bonuses for electric and hybrid cars |first=Yoann |last=Nussbaumer |publisher=Automobile Propre |date=2012-08-10 |access-date=2013-02-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110165813/http://en.automobile-propre.com/france-consumer-bonuses-for-electric-and-hybrid-cars/ |archive-date=2012-11-10 }}</ref>

The fee schedule for the bonus-malus was modified in 2013. Effective November 1, 2013, the bonus was reduced from {{euro|7,000}} to {{euro|6300}} for all-electrics and any other vehicle with {{CO2}} emissions of less than 21 g/km. Vehicles emitting between 21 and 60 g/km, such as [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid]]s and [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|conventional hybrids]], were eligible to a bonus up to {{euro|4,000}}, and for emissions between 61 and 90 g/km up to {{euro|150}}, down from {{euro|550}}. Effective January 1, 2014, the fee schedule for the malus was increased to a maximum penalty of {{euro|8,000}} from {{euro|6,000}} for vehicles emitting over 200 g/km. Flex-fuel vehicles remained exempt from the malus fee. A neutral class applies to vehicles emitting between 91 and 130 g/km.<ref name=EUenvironTax/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bioethanolcarburant.com/actualite/de-nouveaux-baremes-bonus-malus-en-2014/ |title=De nouveaux barèmes bonus-malus en 2014 | language=fr | trans-title=New bonus-malus scales in 2014 |author=<!--Staff--> |publisher=Bioéthanol | date=2014-01-17 | access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref>

;2015–2016

From April 1, 2015, a super-bonus was introduced, increasing the financial incentive to a cumulative total of {{euro|10,000}}, consisting of the regular bonus of {{euro|6300}} for purchasing a pure electric car, plus up to {{euro|3700}} for customers [[Finance:Scrappage program#France|scrapping]] a diesel-powered car in circulation before 1 January 2001. In the case of plug-in hybrids with {{CO2}} emission levels between 21 and 60 g/km, the purchase bonus was {{euro|4000}} plus the scrapping premium of {{euro|3700}}. Also a specific {{euro|500}} grant was introduced for families which are below the income tax threshold who buy an ordinary new or secondhand car below certain {{CO2}} emission thresholds or a hybrid or electric car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connexionfrance.com/April-petrol-mutuelles-depassements-electric-cars-16798-view-article.html| title=What is new for April 1?| publisher=The Connexion| date=2015-04-01|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref>

[[File:BMW i3 Paris 04 2016 5605.JPG|thumb|[[Engineering:Electric car|Electric car]]s equipped with a range extender, such as the BMW i3 REx, are entitled to the {{euro|6300}} bonus if emitting between 21 and 60 g/km of {{CO2}}.]]

Effective January 4, 2016, the {{euro|6300}} bonus limited to 27% of the purchase price of vehicles emitting up to 20 g/km was kept. This bonus corresponds to pure electric vehicles and those equipped with a [[Engineering:Range extender (vehicle)|range extender]]. Vehicles emitting between 21 and 60 g/km are entitled to a {{euro|1000}} bonus. This bonus corresponds to the majority of plug-in hybrids. Conventional hybrid passenger cars emitting between 61 and 110 g/km with sufficient level of hybridization, with an electric motor with an output power of not be less than 10 kW, are entitle to a {{euro|750}} bonus.<ref name=bonus2016/> Diesel-powered hybrids, such as the PSA Hybrid4, are no longer eligible for the bonus, even if the car emits less than 110 g/km of {{CO2}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.autonews.fr/dossiers/industrie/204883-bonus-malus-bareme-2016-prime/ |title=Bonus-malus écologique : le barème 2016 | language=fr | trans-title=EcologicalBonus-malus: the 2016 scale |author=<!--Staff--> | work=Autonews France | date=2016-01-08 |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref>

The combined {{euro|10000}} super-bonus for the purchase or lease of a new all-electric car was maintained. To be eligible for the additional scrappage bonus, the old diesel-powered car have to be owned for at least a year and in circulation before 1 January 2006. The new vehicle must not be sold within 6 months of acquisition or have traveled less than {{convert|6000|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=bonus2016>{{cite web |url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Bonus-Malus-definitions-et-baremes.html |title=Bonus-Malus : définitions et barèmes pour 2016 |language=fr |trans-title=Bonus-Malus: definitions and scales for 2016 |publisher=Ministère de l'Environnement, de l'Energie et de la Mer |date=2016-05-04 |access-date=2016-10-08 |archive-date=2016-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712122107/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Bonus-Malus-definitions-et-baremes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The scrappage bonus for the purchase of an all-electric car was maintained at {{euro|3700}}, while the bonus for plug-in hybrid car emitting between 21 and 60 g/km was set at {{euro|2500}}. Only individuals or professionals are eligible for the scrappage bonus. Commercial vehicles are not eligible. Neither demonstration vehicles are eligible to the superbonus unless the vehicles are sold or leased within one year following the date of first registration.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=6110&from_espace_adherent=0 | title=Superbonus & prime à la conversion : mode d'emploi | language=fr | trans-title=Superbonus & conversion premium: user manual |publisher=Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Électrique- AVERE France |date=2016-01-04 |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> {{As of|2016|09}}, the scrappage bonus of {{euro|3700}} for trading in old diesel-powered cars has been granted to more than 10,000 purchase transactions.<ref name=AVEM10K>{{cite web | url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-les-aides-pour-les-2-3-et-4-roues-electriques-en-2017-annoncees-par-segolene-royal-6223.html | title= Les aides pour les 2, 3 et 4 roues électriques en 2017 annoncées par Ségolène Royal |language=fr | trans-title= Subsidy for the two-, three- and four-wheeled electric motorcycles by 2017 announced by Ségolène Royal |first=Philippe |last=Schwoerer |publisher= Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)|date=2016-10-06 |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref>

;2017
{{As of|2016|09}}, the government proposal to be in force from 1 January 2017 provides that the {{euro|10,000}} super-bonus for scrapping a diesel vehicle over 10 years-old was planned to be renewed. However, the bonus for the purchase of a pure electric car was slated to drop to {{euro|6000}} from {{euro|6300}} in 2016, but to compensate, the additional scrappage bonus was to be increased to {{euro|4000}} from {{euro|3700}} in 2016. Also, the government plans to introduce a purchase price cap to the vehicles eligible for the bonus, and to introduce a new bonus for two-wheeled motor vehicles. For the more polluting vehicles, the government intends to increase the maximum malus fee to {{euro|10000}} from {{euro|8000}} in 2016 for vehicles emitting more than 191 g/km, lowering the limit from 200 g/km in 2016.<ref name=bonus2017>{{cite web | url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-projet-de-loi-de-finances-2017-decryptage-6212.html | title= Projet de loi de finances 2017 : décryptage |language=fr | trans-title= Bill 2017 Finance: deciphering |first=Tiphaine |last=Leurent |publisher= Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)|date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref>

The government intended to maintain the {{euro|1000}} purchase bonus for plug-in hybrids with a {{CO2}} emission level between 21 and 60 g/km. However, the proposal does not include anything about the conversion premium for scrapping a 10-year-old diesel car for the purchase of a plug-in hybrid. The purchase bonus for non-rechargeable hybrid vehicles was to be eliminated.<ref name=bonus2017/>

==== 2020–2022 ====
The French government has canceled any bonus for cars priced above {{euro|60,000}}, than for the car that bonus will be {{euro|6000}} in 2020 and {{euro|5000}} in 2021; and {{euro|4000}} in 2020 for the cars priced below {{euro|45,000}} . For the car that cost between {{euro|45,000}} and {{euro|60,000}}, the bonus is reduced by 50%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemondedelenergie.com/voitures-electriques-bonus-2021/2019/12/18/|title=Voitures électriques: le bonus écologique revu à la baisse à partir de 2021|last=Rochain 18.12.2019|date=2019-12-18|website=Le Monde de l'Energie|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> but French government will certainly adapt if too many people bought foreign cars. French (Zoe, E208, C4, DS-3...) EV will be on Fully supported,{{clarify|date=July 2020}} but other foreign car and specially [[Company:Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] is targeted by this limit of {{euro|45,000}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Germany===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany}}

[[File:Elektromobilität - Angela Merkel 2010.JPG|thumb|Chancellor Angela Merkel announced her goal to bring 1 million electric vehicles on German roads at the 2010 Electromobility Summit in Berlin.]]

"[[Engineering:Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität|Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität]]" (NPE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/germany-starts-national-electric-mobility-platform-19976.html |title=Germany Starts National Electric Mobility Platform |publisher=autoevolution |access-date=2010-06-26|date=2010-05-03 }}</ref> is a German government initiative to develop Germany into a leading market for electric mobility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/05/vw-20100503.html |title=VW Showcases Golf Blue-e-motion at Berlin E-Mobility Event |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2010-05-03 |access-date=2010-06-26}}</ref> In May 2010, under its National Program for Electric Mobility, Chancellor [[Biography:Angela Merkel|Angela Merkel]] set the goal to bring 1 million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://proceedings.eceee.org/papers/proceedings2011/4-174_Praetorius.pdf?returnurl=http%3A%2F%2Fproceedings.eceee.org%2Fvisabstrakt.php%3Fevent%3D1%26doc%3D4-174-11|title=E-Mobility in Germany: A research agenda for studying the diffusion of innovative mobility concepts|first=Barbara|last=Praetorius|publisher=ECEEE|year=2011|access-date=2014-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114744/http://proceedings.eceee.org/papers/proceedings2011/4-174_Praetorius.pdf?returnurl=http%3A%2F%2Fproceedings.eceee.org%2Fvisabstrakt.php%3Fevent%3D1%26doc%3D4-174-11|archive-date=2014-08-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the government also announced that it would not provide subsidies to the sales of plug-in electric cars but instead it will only fund research in the area of electric mobility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5533192,00.html |first=John |last=Blau|title=Berlin plugs in electric mobility strategy|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=2010-05-03|access-date=2014-08-24}}</ref> Electric vehicles and plug-ins are exempt from the annual circulation tax for a period of five years from the date of their first registration.<ref name=ACEA3/><ref name=RAI>{{cite web|url=http://www.raivereniging.nl/dossiers/elektrische-voertuigen.aspx |publisher=rai vereniging (RAI Association – Dutch Association of Bicycle and Automobile Industry) |title=Policy support for electrically chargeable vehicles |date=February 2010 |access-date=2010-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112230831/http://www.raivereniging.nl/dossiers/elektrische-voertuigen.aspx |archive-date=2009-11-12 }} ''Click under "Overzicht stimuleringsprogrammas elektrische voertuigen (Overview incentive programs electric vehicles) to download the report in pdf format (website in Dutch)''.</ref> In 2016, the annual circulation tax exemption was extended from five to ten years, backdated to 1 January 2016.<ref name=Bild052016/>

The private use of a company car is treated as taxable income in Germany and measured at a flat monthly rate of 1% of the vehicle's gross list price. So plug-in electric cars have been at a disadvantage since their price tag can be as much as double that of a car using a conventional internal combustion engine due to the high cost of the battery. In June 2013 German legislators approved a law that ends the tax disadvantage for corporate plug-in electric cars. The law, backdated to 1 January 2013, allows private users to offset the list price with {{euro|500}} per unit of battery size, expressed in [[Kilowatt hour|kilowatt hour]]s (kWh). The maximum offset was set at {{euro|10,000}} corresponding to a 20 kWh battery. The amount one can offset will sink annually by {{euro|50}} per kilowatt hour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-electricvehicles-tax-idUSL5N0EJ1Y320130607|title=Germany ends tax disadvantage for corporate electric cars |work={{wipe|Reuters}} |date=2013-06-07|access-date=2013-06-24}}</ref> The range criteria will rise to {{Convert|40|km|abbr=on}} starting in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/transport/berlin-approves-new-incentives-electric-car-drivers-308700|title=Berlin approves new incentives for electric car drivers|first=Daniel |last=Tost |publisher=EurActiv.com|date=2014-09-25|access-date=2014-09-25}}</ref> As part of the package of financial incentives approved in 2016, private owners of plug-in electric vehicles that charge their cars in their employer premises are exempted from declaring this perk as a cash benefit in their income tax return. Employers who provide this perk are allowed to discount from their income tax a 25% of the lump sum value of the cash benefit. These two fiscal benefits apply only from 1 January 2017 until the end of 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/e-auto-praemie-diese-voraussetzungen-muessen-erfuellt-sein-a-545197/index6.html |title=E-Auto-Prämie: Diese Voraussetzungen müssen erfüllt sein: Gibt es auch Formen von Steuervergünstigungen oder Steuerbefreiungen? |language=de |trans-title=E-Car Bonus: These requirements must be met: Are there any tax relief or tax exemption benefits? |author=<!--Staff--> |work=KFZ-betrieb |date=2016-08-09|access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref>

[[File:Opel Ampera and smart-ed 2012.JPG|thumb|left|Smart ED all-electric car (right) and Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid (left) in Germany]]

In August 2014, the federal government announced its plan to introduce non-monetary incentives through new legislation to be effective by 1 February 2015. The proposed user benefits include measures to privilege battery-powered cars, fuel cell vehicles and some plug-in hybrids, just like Norway does, by granting local governments the authority to allow these vehicles into bus lanes, and to offer free parking and reserved parking spaces in locations with charging points.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/neuwagen/handel/articles/454644/?cmp=nl-125 |title=Förderung von Elektroautos kommt ins Rollen |language=de |trans-title=Promotion of electric cars gets rolling |author=<!--Staff--> |work=KFZ-betrieb |date=2014-08-04 |access-date=2014-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826165602/http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/neuwagen/handel/articles/454644/?cmp=nl-125 |archive-date=2014-08-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2014/08/15/germany-plans-new-ev-incentives-to-spur-uptake/|title=Germany plans new EV incentives to spur uptake|first=Faye|last=Sunderland|work=The Green Car Website UK|date=2014-08-15|access-date=2014-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160841/http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2014/08/15/germany-plans-new-ev-incentives-to-spur-uptake/|archive-date=2014-08-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Not all plug-in hybrids will qualify for the benefits, only those with {{CO2}} emissions of no more than 50 g/km or an [[Engineering:All-electric range|all-electric range]] of over {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}} are eligible.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-09-24/germany-proposes-free-parking-to-spur-electric-car-sales |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925011901/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-09-24/germany-proposes-free-parking-to-spur-electric-car-sales |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-09-25 |title=Germany Proposes Free Parking to Spur Electric-Car Sales |first=Stefan |last=Nicola |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=2014-09-24 |access-date=2014-09-24 }}</ref>

According to the fourth progress report of the German National Electric Mobility Platform, only about 24,000 plug-in electric cars are on German roads by the end of November 2014, well behind the target of 100,000 unit goal set for 2014. As a result, Chancellor [[Biography:Angela Merkel|Angela Merkel]] recognized in December 2014 that the government has to provide more incentives to meet the goal of having 1 million electric cars on the country's roads by 2020. Among others, and based on the recommendations of the report, the federal government is considering to offer a tax break for zero-emission company cars, more subsidies to expand charging infrastructure, particularly to deploy more public fast chargers, and more public funding for research and development of the next generation of rechargeable batteries.<ref name=GERincentives2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-12-02/merkel-backs-incentives-in-1-million-electric-cars-push |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141207130846/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-12-02/merkel-backs-incentives-in-1-million-electric-cars-push |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-12-07 |title=Merkel Backs Incentives in Push for a Million Electric Cars |first1=Brian |last1=Parkin |first2=Dorothee |last2=Tschampa |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=2014-12-02 |access-date=2014-12-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/the-future-is-electric-or-is-it/a-18108847|title=The future is electric – or is it?|first=Sabine |last=Kinkartz|work=Deutsche Welle|date=2014-12-03|access-date=2014-12-07}}</ref>

In order to meet the [[Earth:German Climate Action Plan 2050#Transport sector|climate targets for the transport sector]], in 2016 the government set the goal to have from 7 to 10&nbsp;million plug-in electric cars on the road by 2030, and 1&nbsp;million charging points available in Germany also by 2030.<ref name=GermanyEV2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Allgemein/pm01_2021_E_Antrieb.html?nn=646300 |title=Pressemitteilung Nr. 01/2021 – Elektromobilität in Deutschland auf der Überholspur |language=de |trans-title=Press release No. 01/2021 – Electromobility in Germany in the fast lane |author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) |publisher=KBA |date=2021-01-06 |access-date=2021-01-25 |archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125113659/https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Allgemein/pm01_2021_E_Antrieb.html?nn=646300 |url-status=dead }}''The term electric drive used by KBA includes battery-electric, plug-in and fuel-cell cars.''</ref><ref name=GermanGoals2030>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/climate-action/klimaschonender-verkehr-1795842 |title=Climate-friendly transport: Promoting the conversion to electric mobility |author=Die Bundesregierung (The Federal Government) |publisher=Cabinet of Germany |date=2020-09-22 |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>

;Purchase incentive

====2016–2019====
At the beginning of 2016, German politicians from the three parties in Mrs. Merkel's ruling coalition and auto executives began talks to introduce a subsidy for green car buyers worth up to {{euro|5000}} ({{USD|5500}}) to boost sales of electric and plug-in hybrid cars.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://europe.autonews.com/article/20160129/ANE/160129831/germany-will-mull-5000-euro-incentive-for-ev-plug-in-hybrid-sales | title=Germany considers $5,500 incentive for electric cars | agency={{wipe|Reuters}} | publisher= Automotive News Europe |date=2016-01-29 |access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> {{As of|2016|02}}, the German government proposal is for the auto industry to cover 40% of the cost of the purchase subsidy. Private buyers would get the full {{euro|5000}} subsidy, while corporate buyers would receive {{euro|3000}} for each electric car, and the program is expected to run until 2020, the deadline set to achieve the goal of 1 million electric cars on German roads. Incentives will fall by {{euro|500}} each year.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-electric-germany-idUSKCN0VZ251 |title=Automakers would share German electric car incentive plan cost | first1=Tina |last1=Bellon | first2 = Markus |last2 = Wacket |work={{wipe|Reuters}} |date=2016-02-26 |access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> In March 2016, Nissan Europe announced its support to the green car incentive and its commitment to double the government's E-premium incentive when buying a Nissan electric car, with a reduction of the purchase price of the same amount of the subsidy. Nissan Center Europe CEO said "''we remain convinced that the goal of one million electric cars by 2020 is still achievable''." According to Nissan if from now on electric car sales double every year until 2020, it is still possible to achieve the government goal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/wirtschaft/articles/526724/?cmp=nl-125&uuid=B225CA8F-E6F9-464D-9839-BAB0E10881B8 |title=Nissan will zusätzliche E-Prämie zahlen | language=de |trans-title= Nissan will pay an additional E-premium | first=Andreas |last=Grimm |work=KFZ-betrieb |date=2016-03-18 |access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref>

[[File:2014 Tesla Model S in Germany.jpg|thumb|The Tesla Model S, and other premium cars with a purchase price over {{euro|60,000}} ({{USD|67800}}) are not eligible to the purchase bonus.]]

An incentive scheme to promote plug-in electric vehicle adoption was approved in April 2016 with a budget of {{euro|1 billion}} ({{USD|1.13 billion}}). A total of {{euro|600 million}} ({{USD|678 million}}) is reserved for the purchase subsidies, which are expected to run until all the money is disbursed, estimated to last until 2019 at the latest. Another {{euro|300 million}} ({{USD|339 million}}) are budgeted to finance the deployment of charging stations in cities and on autobahn highway stops. And another {{euro|100 million}} ({{USD|113 million}}) would go toward purchasing electric cars for federal government fleets. The program is aimed to promote the sale of 400,000 electric vehicles. The cost of the purchase incentive is shared equally between the government and automakers. Electric car buyers get a {{euro|4000}} ({{USD|4520}}) discount while buyers of plug-in hybrid vehicles get a discount of {{euro|3000}} ({{USD|3390}}). Premium cars, such as the [[Engineering:Tesla Model S|Tesla Model S]] and [[Engineering:BMW i8|BMW i8]], are not eligible to the incentive because there is a cap of {{euro|60,000}} ({{USD|67800}}) for the purchase price.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/autos-electric-germany-discount-idINKCN0XO1Y4 | title=Germany to launch 1 billion-euro discount scheme for electric car buyers | first=Andreas | last=Cremer | work={{wipe|Reuters}} | date=2016-04-27 | access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/28/germany-subsidy-boost-electric-car-sales | title=Germany to give €1bn subsidy to boost electric car sales |author=Agence France-Presse | work={{wipe|The Guardian}} | date=2016-04-28 | access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/wirtschaft/articles/531213/?cmp=nl-125&uuid=B225CA8F-E6F9-464D-9839-BAB0E10881B8 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160616183533/http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/wirtschaft/articles/531213/?cmp=nl-125&uuid=B225CA8F-E6F9-464D-9839-BAB0E10881B8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-06-16 |title=Bis zu 4.000 Euro Förderung für Elektroautos |language=de |trans-title=Up to 4,000 euros in funding for electric cars |author=<!--Staff--> |work=KFZ-betrieb |date=2016-04-27 |access-date=2016-04-14 }}</ref> Only electric vehicles purchased after 18 May 2016 are eligible for the bonus and the owner must keep the new electric car at least nine months. The same rule applies for leasing.<ref name=Bild052016>{{cite news |url=http://www.bild.de/politik/inland/elektroauto/kabinett-beschliesst-umweltbonus-45858838.bild.html |title=Prämie für E-Autos beschlossenWie komme ich jetzt an den Bonus?|language=de |trans-title=Premium For Electric Cars Decided, how do I get to the bonus? |work=Bild | date=2016-05-18 |access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref>

{{As of|2016|09}}, BMW, Citroën, Daimler, Ford, Hyundai, Kia, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo had signed up to participate in the scheme.<ref name=Bild052016/><ref name=BAFA092016/> In May 2016, Nissan announced the company decided to raise the bonus with an additional {{euro|1000}} ({{USD|1130}}) to {{euro|5000}} ({{USD|5650}}) for customers of its all-electric Leaf car and e-NV200 utility van.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/nissan-sparks-interest-electric-vehicles-added-bonus-customers/ | title=Nissan sparks interest in electric vehicles with an added bonus for customers | work=Nissan Press Release | publisher=Automotive World | date=2016-05-12 | access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref> The online application system to claim the bonus went into effect on 2 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/wirtschaft/articles/540876/?cmp=nl-125&uuid=B225CA8F-E6F9-464D-9839-BAB0E10881B8 |title=Bislang 175 Anträge für Elektroauto-Prämie |language=de |trans-title=175 applications for electric car-premium up today |author=<!--Staff--> |work=KFZ-betrieb |date=2016-07-04 |access-date=2016-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110521/http://www.kfz-betrieb.vogel.de/wirtschaft/articles/540876/?cmp=nl-125&uuid=B225CA8F-E6F9-464D-9839-BAB0E10881B8 |archive-date=2016-09-27 }}</ref> {{As of|2016|09}}, a total of 26 plug-in electric cars and vans are eligible for the purchase bonus.<ref name=BAFA092016/> According to the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA), a total of 4,451 applications have been made for the government subsidy for the purchase of a plug-in electric model {{as of|2016|09|30|lc=y}}, consisting of 2,650 all-electrics and 1,801 plug-in hybrids.<ref name=BAFA092016>{{cite web |url=http://www.bafa.de/bafa/de/wirtschaftsfoerderung/elektromobilitaet/publikationen/emob_zwischenbilanz.pdf |title=Elektromobilität (Umweltbonus) Zwischenbilanz zum Antragstand vom 30. September 2016 |language=de |trans-title=Electromobility (Environmental bonus) Interim balance of application as of 30 September 2016| publisher=Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA) |date=2016-09-30 |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> {{As of|2016|09|30}}, the federal states with the most claims are Bayern (1,130), Baden-Württemberg (873), and Nordrhein-Westfalen (726).<ref name=BAFA092016/>

{{As of|2016|09|01}}, the following 26 plug-in electric cars and vans are eligible for the purchase bonus: Audi A3 e-tron, [[Engineering:BMW 2 Series|BMW 225xe]], [[Engineering:BMW 3 Series|BMW 330e]], [[Engineering:BMW i3|BMW i3]], [[Engineering:Citroën Berlingo|Citroën Berlingo Electric]], [[Engineering:Citroën C-Zero|Citroën C-Zero]], Ford Focus Electric, [[Engineering:Kia Soul EV|Kia Soul EV]], Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive (B 250e), [[Engineering:Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)#C350 e Plug-in Hybrid (2015-)|Mercedes-Benz C350 e]], [[Engineering:Mitsubishi i-MiEV|Mitsubishi i-MiEV]], Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Nissan e-NV200 5- and 7-seater Combi, [[Engineering:Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf]], Peugeot iOn, [[Engineering:Peugeot Partner|Peugeot Partner Electric]], Renault Kangoo Z.E., [[Engineering:Renault Zoe|Renault Zoe]], Smart Fortwo electric drive, [[Engineering:Tesla Model 3|Tesla Model 3]], [[Engineering:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid|Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]], Volkswagen e-Golf, Volkswagen e-Up!, Volkswagen Golf GTE, Volkswagen Passat GTE, and Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid.<ref name=BAFA092016/>

====2020–2021====
[[File:PEV Registrations Germany 2010 2014.png|thumb|325px|Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in Germany by type of powertrain between 2010 and 2021. The economic incentives issued in 2020 as part of the COVID-19 recovery plan increased plug-in car sales significantly in 2020 and 2021.<ref name=SalesGer2011full>{{cite web|url=http://www.best-selling-cars.com/germany/2011-full-year-best-selling-electric-cars-in-germany-in-2011/|title=2011 Full Year Best-Selling Electric Cars in Germany in 2011|author=Autobild |publisher=BestSellingCars.com|date=2012-01-12|access-date=2012-10-31}} ''Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 4,541 as of January 1, 2012. All-electric car and van registrations in 2010 totaled 541 units and 2,154 in 2011.''</ref><ref name=GerSales2012full>{{cite news|url=http://www.autobild.de/artikel/neuzulassungen-e-mobilitaet-2012-3793952.html|title=Neuzulassungen E-Mobilität 2012-Kaum Zuwachs wegen Twizy |language=de |trans-title=Registrations E-mobility – Low growth due to Twizy|author= Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA)|work=Auto Bild|date=2013-01-31|access-date=2013-02-14}} ''A total of 2,956 all-electric cars were registered in Germany during 2012''.</ref><ref name=Germany2013>{{cite web|url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2013/201312GV1monatlich/201312_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=791842|title=Monatliche Neuzulassungen – Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2013|language=de|trans-title=Monthly registrations – New registrations Barometer in December 2013|author= Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA)|publisher=KBA|access-date=2014-09-06}} ''A total of 1,385 plug-in hybrids and 6,051 all-electric cars were registered during 2013''.</ref><ref name=Germany2014>{{cite web|url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201412GV1monatlich/201412_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=653844|title=Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014|language=de|trans-title=New Registrations Barometer December 2014|author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA)|publisher=KBA|date=January 2015|access-date=2015-01-27|archive-date=2015-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119045201/http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201412GV1monatlich/201412_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=653844|url-status=dead}} ''A total of 13,049 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars and 4,527 plug-in hybrids.''</ref><ref name=Germany2015>{{cite web|url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2015/201512GV1monatlich/201512_nzbarometer/201512_n_barometer.html?nn=1129994|title=Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2015|language=de|trans-title=New Registrations Barometer December 2015|author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA)|publisher=KBA|date=January 2016|access-date=2015-01-21|archive-date=2016-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126040643/http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2015/201512GV1monatlich/201512_nzbarometer/201512_n_barometer.html?nn=1129994|url-status=dead}} ''A total of 23,464 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2015, consisting of 12,363 all-electric cars and 11,101 plug-in hybrids.''</ref><ref name=Germany2016>{{cite web |url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2016/201612GV1monatlich/201612_nzbarometer/201612_n_barometer.html?nn=653844 |title=Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2016 |language=de |trans-title=New Registrations Barometer December 2015 |author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) |publisher=KBA |date=January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-11 |archive-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028014631/https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2016/201612GV1monatlich/201612_nzbarometer/201612_n_barometer.html?nn=653844 |url-status=dead }} ''A total of 25,154 plug-in electric cars were registered in Germany in 2016, consisting of 11,410 all-electric cars and 13,744 plug-in hybrids.''</ref><ref name=Germay2017>{{cite web |url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2017/201712_GV1monatlich/201712_nzbarometer/201712_n_barometer.html?nn=1841712 |title=Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2017  |language=de|trans-title=New Registrations Barometer December 2017|author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) |publisher=KBA|date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2018-01-12}} ''A total of 29,436 plug-in hybrids and 25,056 all-electric cars were registered in Germany in 2017.''</ref><ref name="Ger2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2018/201812_GV1monatlich/201812_nzbarometer/201812_n_barometer.html?nn=2146326 |title=Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2018 |language=de |trans-title=New registration barometer in December 2018 |author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) |publisher=KBA |date=January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-15 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604164654/https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2018/201812_GV1monatlich/201812_nzbarometer/201812_n_barometer.html?nn=2146326 |url-status=dead }} ''Click on the tab Kraftstoffarten for the market shares by fuel: Electric was 1.0% in 2018, and plug-in hybrid was 0.9%''</ref><ref name=Germay2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Fahrzeugzulassungen/pm02_2021_n_12_20_pm_komplett.html? |title=Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 – Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 – Jahresbilanz |language=de |trans-title=Press release No. 02/2021 – Vehicle registrations in December 2020 – Annual balance sheet |author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) |publisher=KBA |date=2021-01-08 |access-date=2021-01-10 |archive-date=2021-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719055859/https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Fahrzeugzulassungen/pm02_2021_n_12_20_pm_komplett.html |url-status=dead }} ''A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).''</ref><ref name=Germany2021>{{cite web |url=https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Allgemein/pm01_2021_E_Antrieb.html?nn=646300 |title=Pressemitteilung Nr. 01/2021 – Elektromobilität in Deutschland auf der Überholspur |language=de |trans-title=Press release No. 01/2021 – Electromobility in Germany in the fast lane |author=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) |publisher=KBA |date=2021-01-06 |accessdate=2021-01-24 |quote=In the case of cars with electric drive, this positive development was even more pronounced at +147.1 percent – here the share of the total stock rose from 0.5 percent to 1.2 percent (Translated from the original) |archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125113659/https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Allgemein/pm01_2021_E_Antrieb.html?nn=646300 |url-status=dead }} ''The term electric drive used by KBA includes battery-electric, plug-in and fuel-cell cars.''</ref>]]
As a result of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government approved in June 2020 an economic recovery plan with a budget of {{euro|130 billion}}, which included {{euro|8 billion}} to promote electric vehicle adoption and deployment of charging infrastructure.<ref name=GerCOVID19>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/germany-s-recovery-fund-gets-green-hue-with-its-focus-on-climate |title=Germany Just Unveiled the World's Greenest Stimulus Plan |author=Laura Millan Lombrana and Akshat Rathi |work=Bloomberg Green |date=2020-06-05 |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>

As part of the stimulus plan, the purchase bonus for plug-in electric cars was raised by temporarily doubling the federal contribution of the environmental bonus until the end of 2021. The so-called "innovation bonus" increased the subsidy for new cars costing less than {{euro|40,000}} from {{euro|6,000}} to {{euro|9,000}} for fully electric cars, and for plug-in hybrids from {{euro|4,500}} to {{euro|6,750}}. This became the highest economic incentive granted in any European country, but there is a holding period, the vehicle must be registered in Germany for at least six months.<ref name=GermanGoals2030/><ref name=GerCOVID19/><ref name=GerBonus2025/>

There are also lower bonuses available for leasing; new cars costing between {{euro|40,000}} and {{euro|65,000}}; and also for used cars, provided no environmental bonus was granted in a previous purchase. In addition, other tax incentives for electric vehicles were introduced. In November 2020 the government decided to keep the innovation bonus until the end of 2025, but for plug-in hybrid cars to be eligible they must have a minimum [[Engineering:All-electric range|electric range]] of {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} from 2022 and at least {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} from 2025.<ref name=GerBonus2025>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adac.de/rund-ums-fahrzeug/elektromobilitaet/kaufen/foerderung-elektroautos/|title=Förderung für Elektroautos|website=www.adac.de|date=24 February 2023 }}</ref>

===Greece===
From 2011 to June 2016, all electric vehicles were exempt from the registration tax.<ref name=ACEA2/> From 1 July 2016 onwards the registration tax for hybrid vehicles was reduced to 50%.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economy365.gr/article/9587/oi-nees-allages-sti-forologia-trikyklon-yvridikon-kai-ilektrikon-ih |script-title=el:Οι νέες αλλαγές στη φορολογία τρικύκλων, υβριδικών και ηλεκτρικών ΙΧ |trans-title=New changes in taxation of tricycles, hybrids and electric cars |work=Economy 365 |location=Greece |language=el|date=2016-08-06 |access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref>

In June 2020, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced the government's plan to support the adoption of new [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|battery electric vehicle]]s (BEV) and [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid electric vehicles]] (PHEV) by individuals and corporations, with the aim for one-in-three new vehicles in Greece to be electric by 2030. The plan includes purchase subsidizing, exemption from the road tax and any parking fees, as well as incentives for setting up charging stations, for [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|pure electric]] private passenger cars and motorbikes, as well as for pure electric or [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicle|plug-in hybrid]] taxis and light commercial vehicles. The government's subsidy covers the purchase of new BEVs and PHEVs with a total of 100 million euros for 18 months in the first phase, which is estimated to cover 25% of the cost of about 14.000 new electric vehicles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Greek PM: Electromobility plan an emblematic initiative for the future|url=https://www.tornosnews.gr/en/tornos/green-travel/40394-greek-pm-electromobility-plan-an-emblematic-initiative-for-the-future.html|access-date=2020-06-16|website=TornosNews.GR|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-05|title=PM Mitsotakis announces incentives for purchase and use of electric cars|url=https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2020/06/05/greece-electric-cars-incentives/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Keep Talking Greece|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Capital.gr|title=Πώς θα δοθεί η επιδότηση των 100 εκατ. ευρώ για την ηλεκτροκίνηση|url=https://www.capital.gr/oikonomia/3458924/pos-tha-dothei-i-epidotisi-ton-100-ekat-euro-gia-tin-ilektrokinisi|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Capital.gr|language=el}}</ref>

The government will subsidize the purchase of each new electric vehicle, covering 15% of its cost (up to €5.500) for private passenger and light commercial vehicles, 20% of the cost (up to €800) for motorbikes and 25% of the cost (up to €8.000) for taxis. Vehicle owners that will concurrently retire their old vehicle will receive an additional bonus of up to €2.500.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Η αγορά αυτοκινήτου μπαίνει στην... πρίζα, Της Δήμητρας Μανιφάβα {{!}} Kathimerini|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/1082070/article/oikonomia/epixeirhseis/h-agora-aytokinhtoy-mpainei-sthn-priza|access-date=2020-06-16|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=10 June 2020 }}</ref> Furthermore, expenses for charging the electric car will be exempt from taxable income. The benefit for each new electric car, if combined with the ecological bonus and the relevant tax exemptions, will approach 10.000 euros.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

===Hungary===
All hybrid and electric vehicles are exempt from registration tax. The Government announced that from October 27, 2016, electric vehicles would be eligible for a 21% rebate of the gross purchase price, capped at a {{currency|1.5 million|HUF}} ({{euro|4,800}} at the December 2016 exchange rate). Furthermore, to promote electric cars, the Government has added some other regulatory incentives, such as green license plates, and simplified tax and regulations on electric charge points. By 2020, the Government expects that there will be 30,000 environmentally friendly cars on Hungarian roads.<ref>{{cite web |title=New government incentive for purchasing environmentally friendly vehicles |url=http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-for-national-economy/news/new-government-incentive-for-purchasing-environmentally-friendly-vehicles |publisher=Government |location=Hungary |access-date=2016-12-06 |date=2016-09-21}}</ref>

===Iceland===
All electric vehicles are exempt from VAT up to {{currency|6,000,000|ISK}}, and the tax is applied at the normal rate for the remainder of the price.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amendments to vehicle taxes |url=http://www.althingi.is/altext/140/s/1656.html |publisher=Government of Iceland |language=is |access-date=2014-07-29 |date=2012-06-19}}</ref> Electric vehicles, as well as hydrogen powered vehicles, that are shorter than 5 meters also get free parking in the city center for up to 90 minutes. The free parking also applies to methane and hybrid vehicles that weigh less than 1,600&nbsp;kg, although in order for hybrid vehicles to be applicable, they must have {{CO2}} emissions of less than 50 g/km.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eco-friendly vehicles |url=https://reykjavik.is/thjonusta/visthaefir-bilar |publisher=Reykjavik City |language=is |access-date=2019-07-29 |date=2017-01-01}}</ref>

===Ireland===
[[File:Bilbao 05 2012 Opel Ampera 2472.JPG|thumb|The Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid is available in several European countries.]]

Series production EVs were exempted from VRT until December 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revenue.ie/en/tax/vrt/leaflets/change-tax-base.html |title=Change to the Tax Base |publisher=Irish Tax & Customs |year=2008 |access-date=2018-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209033520/http://www.revenue.ie/en/tax/vrt/leaflets/change-tax-base.html |archive-date=2008-12-09 }}</ref> The VRT exemption was replaced by a €5000 credit against the tax.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revenue.ie/en/importing-vehicles-duty-free-allowances/guide-to-vrt/index.aspx|title=Guide to Vehicle Registration Tax (VRT)|website=www.revenue.ie}}</ref> Annual motor tax for EVs is €120.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/MotorTax/MotorTaxRates/MotorTaxRatesbasedonCO2Emissions/|title=Motor Tax Rates|work=Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government|access-date=2015-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912005613/http://www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/MotorTax/MotorTaxRates/MotorTaxRatesbasedonCO2Emissions/|archive-date=2015-09-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Government has set a target of 10% for all vehicles on Irish roads to be electric by 2020.

The ESB eCar electric vehicle charging network serves as the main charging network for the island of Ireland and has rapidly expanded in recent years. Currently the network is free to use with an RFID card provided by ESB to EV owners who wish to use the network. The network aims to provide rapid charging every 30&nbsp;km on major routes and as of 2015 has almost 2000 standard charging points (all provide connection via [[IEC 62196]] Type 2 Mennekes, around half are 22&nbsp;kW with the remainder a mix of 3.6&nbsp;kW and 7.4&nbsp;kW). There are around 100 [[Organization:CHAdeMO|CHAdeMO]] rapid chargers with over 70 located outside the [[Place:Dublin|Dublin]] Metro area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esb.ie/ecars/charge-point-map|title=Charge Point Map|website=www.esb.ie}}</ref> All rapid chargers installed since mid-2014 have been triple standard [[Organization:CHAdeMO|CHAdeMO]]/[[Engineering:Combined Charging System|Combined Charging System]]/AC 43&nbsp;kW. Four rapid chargers in Dublin and two rapid chargers in Belfast were co-funded by the EU as part of the UK/Ireland RCN program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidchargenetwork.com/resources.php|title=Rapid Charge Network|publisher=Rapid Charge Network}}</ref> The UK charging network operated by Ecotricity has a single [[Organization:CHAdeMO|CHAdeMO]] only rapid charger at IKEA Belfast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecotricity.co.uk/for-the-road/our-electric-highway|title=Our Electric Highway|access-date=2015-08-30|archive-date=2015-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821093113/http://www.ecotricity.co.uk/for-the-road/our-electric-highway|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is the sole rapid charger on the island that is not part of the ESB eCars network.

Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland offers a government grant of up to €5,000 for the purchase of a new electric car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gas2.org/2010/04/13/ireland-moves-to-ease-switch-to-electric-cars-with-grants-infrastructure/|title=Ireland Moves To Ease Switch To Electric Cars With Grants, Infrastructure|publisher=Gas2.0|date=2010-04-13|access-date=2010-05-17}}</ref> Electric and hybrid vehicles had a reduction of up to {{euro|2,500}} off the registration tax between July 2008 and December 2010.<ref name=ACEA3/> However this grant is only available on vehicles on an approved list of models <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seai.ie/Grants/Electric_Vehicle_Grant_Scheme/I_am_a_consumer/List_of_Eligible_Vehicles/|title=SEAI – List of Eligible Vehicles}}</ref> which must be sold by a dealer registered for the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seai.ie/Grants/Electric_Vehicle_Grant_Scheme/I_am_a_dealer/Current_List_of_Registered_Dealers/List_of_Registered_Electric_Vehicle_Grant_Scheme_Dealers.html|title=SEAI – List of Registered Electric Vehicle Grant Scheme Dealers}}</ref> No grant applies where a vehicle is imported privately. The grant is reduced to €3,800 for business purchasers or those who require finance to purchase the vehicle, however some importers will report financed private sales as cash sales to acquire the full grant.

{{As of|2014|09}}, plug-in electric car purchasers are eligible for a government credit worth up to {{euro|5,000}} (about {{USD|6,500}}). Vehicle Registration Tax (VRT), up to {{euro|5,000}} is also waived for electric cars. Also, all-electric car owners pay the lowest rate of annual road tax, which is based on emissions. In addition, the first 2,000 electric cars registered in Ireland are eligible for installation of a free home-charging points worth about {{euro|1,000}} (about {{USD|1,300}}).<ref name=GCR>{{cite news |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1094211_electric-cars-in-ireland-how-to-get-to-the-tipping-point |title=Electric Cars In Ireland: How To Get To The Tipping Point? |first=Colin |last=Cleary |work=Green Car Reports |date=2014-09-14 |access-date=2016-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130114738/http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1094211_electric-cars-in-ireland-how-to-get-to-the-tipping-point |archive-date=2016-01-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Italy===
Electric vehicles are exempt from the annual circulation tax or ownership tax for five years from the date of their first registration. Thereafter, EVs benefit from a 75% reduction of the tax rate applied to equivalent gasoline-powered vehicles.<ref name=ACEA2/> Buyers of electric vehicles and other vehicles emitting 70 g/km or less of carbon dioxide are eligible to receive from €1,500 to €6,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecobonus.mise.gov.it/|title=Ecobonus|website=ecobonus.mise.gov.it}}</ref> In the region of Lombardy, electric vehicles are exempt from the annual ownership tax.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tributi.regione.lombardia.it/ds/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Tributi%2FSitiTematici%2FST_Layout&cid=1213376080623&p=1213369696045&packedargs=areaCorrelata%3DNA%26azioneTributaria%3DEsenzione%26introduttivo%3D1213369745423%26nomeTributo%3DTassa%2BAutomobilistica%26subtype%3DTRBT%252FContenutoTributario%26templateDaVisualizzare%3DContenutoTributarioDettaglio%26voceServizi%3DSi&pagename=TRBTWrapper |title=Portale dei Tributi :: Tassa Automobilistica |language=it |publisher=Regione Lombardia |access-date=2015-09-15}}</ref>

=== Latvia ===
Electric vehicles, including cars, goods vehicles, buses, and motorcycles, are exempt from payment of the Vehicle Operation Tax. [http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Citi/Law_On_the_Vehicle_Operation_Tax_and_Company_Car_Tax.doc]

===Luxembourg===
Buyers of electric vehicles and other vehicles emitting 60 g/km or less of carbon dioxide are eligible to receive a premium of {{euro|3,000}} (around {{USD|4,200}}), this premium ended 31 December 2011. In order to qualify for the rebate, the owner must have concluded an agreement to buy electricity from [[Engineering:Renewable energy|renewable energy]].<ref name=NYT072911/><ref name=ACEA2/>

===Monaco===
Buyers of electric vehicles and plug in hybrids are eligible to receive {{euro|9,000}} (around {{USD|12,600}}) from the Monegasque Government. In addition vehicles owners are allowed to park free at any public parking facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teslamotors.com/goelectric/incentives/MC/ |title=Electric Vehicle Incentives |publisher=Tesla Motors |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspectediplomatice.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=351%3Athe-tesla-companys-electric-cars-establish-a-headquarters-in-monaco-&catid=42%3Arokstories&Itemid=120 |title=The Tesla Company's electric cars establish a headquarters in Monaco |publisher=Aspectediplomatice.ro |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233515/http://www.aspectediplomatice.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=351:the-tesla-companys-electric-cars-establish-a-headquarters-in-monaco-&catid=42:rokstories&Itemid=120 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Netherlands===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands}}
[[File:PEV Registrations in the Netherlands 2011 2020.png|thumb|Annual sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands by year between 2011 and 2020. The strong fluctuation in annual registrations is the result of frequent changes in purchase and tax incentives.<ref name=EVOutlook2020/><ref name=Nether2018_2020/>]]

Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles in the country due to its relative small size and geography, the Dutch government set a target of 15,000 to 20,000 electric vehicles with three or more wheels on the roads in 2015; 200,000 vehicles in 2020; and 1 million vehicles in 2025.<ref name=Nether2011_13/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=121053|title=The potential of electric vehicles amongst Dutch lease drivers |first=Sander |last=van der Kuip|publisher=[[Organization:Tilburg University|Tilburg University]] |date=November 2011|access-date=2013-10-11}}</ref> The first government target was achieved in 2013, two years earlier, thanks to the sales peak that occurred at the end of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zerauto.nl/2013/12/24/de-ev-markt-van-2014-wat-wordt-het/|language=nl|trans-title=De EV-markt van 2014: wat wordt het?|title=The EV market in 2014: how it will be?|first=Marc|last=Bolier|publisher=Zerauto Netherlands|date=2013-12-24|access-date=2014-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101012239/http://www.zerauto.nl/2013/12/24/de-ev-markt-van-2014-wat-wordt-het/|archive-date=2014-01-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to official figures, 30,086 plug-in electric vehicles with three or more wheels have been registered in the country through 31 December 2013.<ref name=Nether2011_13>{{cite web|url=http://www.bovag.nl/data/sitemanagement/media/2013_cijfers%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20tm%20december%202013.pdf |title=Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen elektrische auto (31-12-2013) |language=nl |trans-title=Figures electric transport – Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands and Top 5 registered electric vehicle models (12-31-2013) |publisher=Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend (RVO) |location=The Netherlands |date=January 2014 |access-date=2014-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531142953/http://www.bovag.nl/data/sitemanagement/media/2013_cijfers%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20tm%20december%202013.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-31 }} ''See under the heading "31-12-2013" for total registrations figures at the end of December 2013.''</ref>

Initially, the Dutch government set incentives such as the total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, which resulted in savings of approximately {{euro|5,324}} for private car owners over four years,<ref name=ACEA2/><ref name=NissanNl>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissan.nl/NL/nl/inside-nissan/innovation-and-technology/leaf_prijzen.html|title=Leaf prijzen|language=nl|publisher=Nissan Netherlands|access-date=2010-05-19|archive-date=2010-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527072447/http://www.nissan.nl/NL/nl/inside-nissan/innovation-and-technology/leaf_prijzen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and {{euro|19,000}} for corporate owners over five years.<ref name=ABGreen0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/17/nissan-announces-european-prices-for-leaf-under-30-000-after-i/|title=Nissan announces European prices for Leaf, under €30,000 after incentives|first=Sam |last=Abuelsamid|date=2010-05-17 |publisher=AutoblogGreen |access-date=2010-05-19}}</ref> Other vehicles including [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric vehicle]]s were also exempt from these taxes if they emit less than 95 g/km for diesel-powered vehicles, or less than 110 g/km for gasoline-powered vehicles.<ref name="ACEA2"/> The exemption from the registration tax ended on January 1, 2014, and thereafter, all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.<ref name=RegTax>{{cite news|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/590251-forse-toename-elektrische-autos.html|title=Forse toename elektrische auto's|language=nl|trans-title=Major increase in electric car sales|work=Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS)|date=2013-12-24|access-date=2013-12-26}}</ref>

In addition, the national government offers through the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment a {{euro|3,000}} subsidy on the purchase of all-electric taxis or delivery vans. This subsidy increases to {{euro|5,000}} per vehicle in [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], Rotterdam, [[Place:The Hague|The Hague]], Utrecht, and Arnhem-Nijmegen metropolitan area. An additional subsidy is offered by several local government for the purchase of full electric taxis and vans, {{euro|5,000}} in Amsterdam and {{euro|3,000}} in Limburg and Tilburg.<ref name=HighlightsNED2013>{{cite web|url=http://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2014/04/Electromobility%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20Highlights%202013.pdf|title=Electromobility in the Netherlands – Highlights 2013|publisher=Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend (RVO)|location=The Netherlands |date=March 2014|access-date=2014-09-25}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''See Financial stimulation, pp. 8.''</ref><ref name=Rotterdam/>

[[File:Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (side) white.JPG|thumb|left|Launched in the Dutch market in 2013, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the country's top selling ever plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.<ref name=Nether2018_2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/01/Statistics%20Electric%20Vehicles%20and%20Charging%20in%20The%20Netherlands%20up%20to%20and%20including%20December%202020.pdf|title=Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2020)}}</ref>]]

In Amsterdam EV owners also have access to parking spaces reserved for [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|battery electric vehicle]]s, so they avoid the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam, which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the city.<ref name=JustAuto0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/nissan-leaf-costlier-in-europe-even-with-incentives_id104404.aspx?lk=dm|publisher=Just-Auto|title=UK: Nissan Leaf costlier in Europe even with incentives|first=Graeme|last=Roberts|date=2010-05-17|access-date=2010-05-17|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152517/http://www.just-auto.com/news/nissan-leaf-costlier-in-europe-even-with-incentives_id104404.aspx?lk=dm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Free charging is also offered in public parking spaces.<ref name=NYT02913/> EV owners in the city of Rotterdam are entitled to one year of free parking in downtown and enjoy subsidies of up to {{euro|1,450}} if they install a home charger using green electricity.<ref name=Rotterdam>{{cite news|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/rotterdam-introduces-worlds-best-ev-incentives-improve-air-quality/|title=Rotterdam introduces world's best EV incentives to improve air quality|work=Automotive World|date=2014-08-29|access-date=2014-09-25}}</ref> The city also introduced in 2014 a [[Finance:Scrappage program|scrappage program]] to remove old polluting vehicles to improve air quality in the city. Rotterdam offers a {{euro|2,500}} incentive for business buyers to replace the old vehicles with all-electric vehicles. The subsidy is only available to the first 5,000 applicants that buy an eligible vehicle before the end of December 2013.<ref name=Rotterdam/>
Other factors contributing to the rapid adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the relative small size of the country, which reduces [[Engineering:Range anxiety|range anxiety]] (the Netherlands stretches about {{convert|100|mi|abbr=on}} east to west); a long tradition of environmental activism; high gasoline prices ({{USD|8.50}} per gallon as of January 2013), which make the cost of running a car on electricity five times cheaper; and also some EV leasing programs provide free or discounted gasoline-powered vehicles for those who want to take a vacation driving long distances. With all of these incentives and tax breaks, plug-in electric cars have similar driving costs to conventional cars.<ref name=NYT02913/>

Initially, sales of plug-in electric car were lower than expected, and during 2012 the segment captured a market share of less than 1% of new car sales in the country.<ref name=NYT02913>{{cite news|title=Plugging In, Dutch Put Electric Cars to the Test|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/world/europe/dutch-put-electric-cars-to-the-test.html|access-date=2013-02-11|newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}}|date=2013-02-09|first=Elisabeth |last=Rosenthal}}</ref> As a result of the end of the total exemption of the registration fee, the segment sales peaked at the end of 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.z24.nl/ondernemen/topjaar-verkoop-hybride-autos-maar-2014-wordt-minder-427872 |title=Topjaar verkoop hybride auto's, maar 2014 wordt minder |language=nl|trans-title=Peak annual sales of hybrid cars, but 2014 will be lower|first=Jeroen |last=de Boer|work=Z24|date=2014-02-14|access-date=2014-03-02}}</ref> and plug-in electric car sales reached a market share of 5.34% of new car sales in 2013.<ref name=EVshare2013>{{cite web|url=http://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2014/01/Special%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20analyse%20over%202013.pdf |title=Special: Analyse over 2013|language=nl|trans-title=Special: Analysis of 2013 (Closer look at the development of electric vehicles in 2013)|publisher=Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend (RVO) |location=The Netherlands |date=January 2014|access-date=2014-03-02}}</ref> The total cost of the tax exemptions for the Dutch treasury of the more than 22,000 plug-in electric vehicles sold in 2013 was estimated at {{euro|500 million}} ({{USD|691 million}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2014/03/seven_tax_breaks_on_electric_c.php|title=Seven tax breaks on electric cars cost Dutch treasury €500m|author=Volkskrant|work=Dutch News|date=2014-03-29|access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>

===Norway===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway}}
[[File:Buddys and revas in norway.jpg|thumb|The [[Engineering:Buddy (electric car)|Buddy]] and REVAi were among the top selling electric cars in Norway until 2010. Shown a free parking lot for EVs with charging stations.]]

The Parliament of Norway set the goal to reach 50,000 zero emission vehicles by 2018. Among the existing incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars.<ref name=NorIncentives/> As an example, by early 2013 the price of the top selling Nissan Leaf was 240,690 kroner (around {{USD|42,500}}) while the purchase price of the 1.3-lt [[Engineering:Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Golf]] was 238,000 Krone (about {{USD|42,000}}).<ref name=Reuters032013>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cars-norway-idUSBRE92C0K020130313|title=Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost? |first1=Alister |last1=Doyle |first2=Nerijus |last2=Adomaitis |work={{wipe|Reuters}}|date=2013-03-13|access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> Electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual road tax, all public parking fees, and [[Engineering:Toll road|toll payments]], as well as being able to use [[Engineering:Bus lane|bus lane]]s.<ref name=NorIncentives>{{cite web|url=http://www.emc-mec.ca/files/Electric_Mobility_Canada_2008_open.pdf |title=Electric Vehicle Policies in Norway |first=Lars Ole |last=Valøen |access-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302034445/http://www.emc-mec.ca/files/Electric_Mobility_Canada_2008_open.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-02 }}</ref><ref name=NORincentives>{{cite web|url=http://www.elbil.no/om-elbilforeningen/english-please |title=The Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association |publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) |date=October 2012 |access-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011060518/http://elbil.no/om-elbilforeningen/english-please |archive-date=2012-10-11 }}</ref>

Government officials reserved in 1999 the "EL" prefix for exclusive use of all-electric vehicles in order to be able to enforce on the road the benefits available to EVs. As the "EL" series is set to end at "EL 99999" (most vehicles in the country have five-digit registration numbers between 10000 and 99999), the Norwegian Public Roads agency opted for the prefix "EK" in the second series of plates, to signify "''elektrisk kjøretøy''", Norwegian for electric vehicle. And because the sale of electric vehicles is expected to continue at a rapid pace, meaning that the second phase of license plates is likely to run out as well, the "EV" prefix has been set aside for future electric cars.<ref name=NorskEK>{{cite news| url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2015/08/28/electric-car-craze-keeps-rolling-along/ |title=Electric car craze keeps rolling along |first=Nina |last=Berglund |work=News in English.no |date=2015-08-28 |access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> In July 2016, as the stock of "EL" prefix plates was almost depleted, the first electric vehicles registered with the new "EK" series were on the road.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dinside.no/937121/elbil-eller-ladbar-hybrid | title=Elbil eller ladbar hybrid? |language=no |trans-title=BEV or PHEV? |first=Fred Magne |last=Skillebæk |work=Dinside.no | date=2016-08-14 | access-date=2016-08-15}}</ref><ref name=EKseries>{{cite news | url=http://norwaytoday.info/finance/first-ek-registered-e-cars-road/ | title=The first EK-registered e-cars on the road | first=Stefan | last=Jekic | work=Norway Today | date=2016-07-11 | access-date=2016-08-15}}</ref>

Until June 2013, [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid]]s were not eligible for these benefits.<ref name="NorIncentives"/><ref name="NORincentives"/> Because the Norwegian tax system levies higher taxes for heavier vehicles, plug-in hybrids were more expensive than similar conventional cars due to the extra weight of the battery pack and its additional electric components. Beginning on 1 July 2013, the existing weight allowance for [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|conventional hybrid]]s and plug-in hybrids of 10% was increased to 15% for PHEVs.<ref name=IncentivesPHEV2013>{{cite web|url=http://www.gronnbil.no/nyheter/billigere-plug-in-hybrider-fra-1-juli-article338-239.html |title=Billigere plug-in hybrider fra 1.juli |trans-title=Cheaper plug-in hybrids from 1 July |publisher=Grønn bil |date=2013-06-05 |access-date=2013-06-06 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807123118/http://www.gronnbil.no/nyheter/billigere-plug-in-hybrider-fra-1-juli-article338-239.html |archive-date=2013-08-07 }}</ref>

[[File:Nissan Leaf in bus lanes Norway.jpg|thumb|left|Electric cars have access to bus lanes in Norway. Shown a Nissan Leaf, the top selling plug-in electric car in the country since 2012.]]

In September 2013 the Norwegian Parliament approved, as part of the revised 2014 budget, an exemption from the 25% VAT for leasing electric vehicles effective on 1 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/debatt/3128-positive-elbilnyheter-i-budsjettforliket |title=Positive elbilnyheter i budsjettforliket |language=no |trans-title=Positive EV news in the budget compromise |first=Ståle |last=Frydenlund |publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) |date=2013-11-15 |access-date=2014-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914045447/http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/debatt/3128-positive-elbilnyheter-i-budsjettforliket |archive-date=2014-09-14 }}</ref> However, {{as of|2014|09|lc=y}}, the exemption has not gone into effect because the Minister of Finance decided to defer the measure, pending a formal consultation with the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) to ensure that the VAT exemption for leasing was not in violation of the European Economic Area Agreement. The government's loss of revenue due to the still not implemented leasing exemption is estimated at 47 million krone (around {{USD|7.3 million}}) per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/debatt/3355-elbilforeningen-markerte-seg-pa-nrk |title=Elbilforeningen fikk fram MVA-misnøye på NRK |language=no |trans-title=The EV Society brought forth VAT dissatisfaction on NRK |first=Ståle |last=Frydenlund |publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) |date=2014-09-08 |access-date=2014-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914045700/http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/debatt/3355-elbilforeningen-markerte-seg-pa-nrk |archive-date=2014-09-14 }}</ref><ref name=LeasingVAT>{{cite news|url=http://www.vg.no/forbruker/bil-baat-og-motor/venstre-raja-lei-av-sivs-elbil-sommel/a/23292011/|title=Venstre-Raja lei av Sivs elbil-sommel|language=no|trans-title=Left-Raja tired of Sivs EV-procrastination|first1=Alf Bjarne |last1=Johnsen |first2=Hanne |last2=Hattrem |work=Verdens Gang|date=2014-09-11|access-date=2014-09-15}}</ref> One Member of Parliament has criticized the government for the delay. He had argued that the initial VAT exemption for all electric vehicles was never approved in ESA. In addition, an ESA spokesman confirmed that the Government has not sent any request {{as of|2014|09|lc=y}}, nor has ESA received any complaints about Norway's original EV tax exemption. The MP said he will demand that the decision be implemented when Parliament meets in October 2014.<ref name=LeasingVAT/>

[[File:Feiring av EL60000 i Norge 50K.jpg|thumb|The government's initial goal of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015. The plate "EL 60000" was granted to the 50,000th electric car registered,<ref name=Nor50K/> which was a Tesla Model S.]]

The target of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected.<ref name=Nor50K>{{cite news|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/norway-celebrates-50000th-plug-in-car-sold-will-ev-incentives-continue/|title=Norway Celebrates 50,000th Plug-in Car Sold; Will EV Incentives Continue?|first=Jeff |last=Cobb|work=HybridCars.com|date=2015-04-20|access-date=2015-04-20}}</ref><ref name=EVs50K>{{cite web|url=http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/elbilpolitikk/3519-50-000-elbiler-pa-norske-veier |title=50.000 elbiler på norske veier! |language=no |trans-title=50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads! |first=Petter |last=Haugneland |publisher=Norsk elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association)|date=2015-04-20 |access-date=2015-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425221106/http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/elbilpolitikk/3519-50-000-elbiler-pa-norske-veier |archive-date=2015-04-25 }}</ref> In early March 2015 negotiations began among parties represented in the Parliament to define the future of all motor vehicles and fuel taxes. The Liberal Party wanted all the benefits to continue beyond the established quota. The Ministry of Finance also made a comprehensive review of all motor vehicle taxes. The two purchase tax exemptions cost the government about 3 billion krone (around {{USD|480 million}}) in lost revenue just in 2014, and up to 4 billion krone (around {{USD|640 million}}) if all the other benefits are accounted for.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tv2.no/2015/02/26/nyheter/el-bil/6621425|title=Fredningstiden for elbilene snart over|language=no|trans-title=Close season for electric cars will be over soon|first1=Kristoffer |last1=Thoner |first2=Robin |last2=Krüger |work=TV2|date=2015-02-26|access-date=2015-03-15}}</ref> Despite passing the established cap of 50,000 electric cars, the tax benefits were expected to continue at least until the end of 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenbladet.no/nyheter/okonomi/50000-elbiler-passeres-denne-maneden-3668323.html|title=50.000 elbiler passeres denne måneden|language=no|trans-title=50,000 EVs passed this month|author=Norsk Telegrambyrå (NBT)|work=Aften Bladet|date=2015-04-02|access-date=2015-04-21}}</ref><ref name=Nor50K_3>{{cite news|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=277541|title=Feature: Electric cars in Norway make headway mixed with growing public debate|work=Shanghai Daily|date=2015-04-21|access-date=2015-04-21}}</ref>

==== Phase out of incentives ====

In May 2015 the Government decided to keep the existing incentives through 2017, and the political parties in Parliament agreed to reduced and phase out some of the incentives. Beginning in January 2018, electric car owners will be required to pay half of the yearly road license fee and the full rate as of 2020. The value-added tax (VAT) exemption for electric cars will end in 2018, but replaced by a new scheme, which may be subjected to a ceiling that could be reduced as technology develops. The agreement also gave local authorities the right to decide whether electric cars can park for free and use public transport lanes.<ref name=EV2018_1>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11589548/Norway-to-slash-electric-car-perks-because-its-costing-government-too-much-money.html | title=Norway to slash electric car perks because it's costing government too much money |work=Agence France-Presse |date=2015-05-07|access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref><ref name=EV2018_2>{{cite news| url=http://www.dn.no/nyheter/politikkSamfunn/2015/05/06/2226/Bilavgifter/samarbeidspartiene-enige-om-bilavgifter | title= Samarbeidspartiene enige om bilavgifter |language=no| trans-title=Cooperative parties agreed vehicle taxes |work=Dagens Næringsliv |date=2015-05-06|access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref>

In March 2016, the Ministry of Transport issued new regulations for parking in locations with access to the general public. The new parking regulations, that go into effect on January 1, 2017, terminated the free parking for zero-emission vehicles, but established that Municipalities can introduce payment exemption for electric and hydrogen powered motor vehicles on municipal parking locations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2016-03-18-260#KAPITTEL_1 | title=Forskrift om vilkårsparkering for allmennheten og håndheving av private parkeringsreguleringer (parkeringsforskriften) | language=no | trans-title=Regulations on conditions parking for the general public and the enforcement of private parking regulations (parking regulations) |author=Ministry of Transport | publisher=LOVEDATA | access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref> {{As of|2016|09}}, the city councils of [[Place:Trondheim|Trondheim]] and Tønsberg decided to introduce full payment for EVs from 2017; the cities of Bodø and Tromsø will introduce payment for parking in downtown but exempted parking outside the city's center; and the cities of [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]], Mandal and Drammen decided to keep free parking for zero-emission vehicles.<ref name=Norsk092016>{{cite web | url= http://elbil.no/mandal-forst-ute-med-fortsatt-gratis-parkering-for-elbil/ | title=Mandal først ute med fortsatt gratis parkering for elbil |language=no |trans-title=Mandal pioneered to keep free parking for electric cars | first=Petter |last=Haugneland |publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) |date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://elbil.no/drammen-fortsetter-med-gratis-elbilparkering/ | title=Drammen fortsetter med gratis elbilparkering |language=no |trans-title=Drammen continues with free parking for electric cars | first=Ståle |last=Frydenlundd |publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) |date=2016-09-21 |access-date=2016-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/8620804/ | title=I denne byen blir det slutt på gratis elbil-parkering |language=no |trans-title=This city finally gets free electric vehicle parking | first=Robin
|last=Krüger | work=TV2 |date=2016-09-27 |access-date=2016-09-28}}</ref>

===Portugal===
The Portuguese Government launched in early 2008 a national Programme for Electric Mobility called Mobi.E.<ref>[http://www.mobi-e.pt/ MOBI.E – Rede Nacional de Mobilidade Eléctrica. A energia que nos move] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726000501/http://www.mobi-e.pt/ |date=2009-07-26 }}. Mobi-e.pt (2010-06-15). Retrieved on 2010-10-14.</ref>

Mobi.E is deploying a national electric mobility system. The system was designed to be scalable and used in multiple geographies, overcoming the current situation of lack of communication among the different electric mobility experiences that are being deployed in Europe. By the first semester of 2011, a wide public network of 1 300 normal and 50 fast charging points will be fully implemented in the main 25 cities of the country.

EVs are fully exempt from both the Vehicle Tax due upon purchase (Imposto Sobre Veículos) and the annual Circulation Tax (Imposto Único de Circulação). Personal income tax provides an allowance of EUR 803 upon the purchase of EVs. EVs are exempt from the 5%-10% company car tax rates which are part of the Corporation Income Tax. The Budget Law provides for an increase of the depreciation costs related to the purchase of EVs for the purpose of Corporation Income Tax.

Portugal established a government subsidy of €5,000 for the first 5,000 new electric cars sold in the country. In addition, there is in place a €1,500 incentive if the consumer turns in a used car as part of the down payment for the new electric car.<ref name=Portg0510>{{cite news|url=https://jn.sapo.pt/blogs/velocidade/archive/2010/05/17/nissan-j-225-divulgou-pre-231-o-do-carro-el-233-ctrico-leaf.aspx|title=Nissan já divulgou preço do carro eléctrico Leaf|publisher=Journal de Notícias|date=2010-05-17|access-date=2010-05-17|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100517184611/http%3A//jn.sapo.pt/blogs/velocidade/archive/2010/05/17/nissan%2Dj%2D225%2Ddivulgou%2Dpre%2D231%2Do%2Ddo%2Dcarro%2Del%2D233%2Dctrico%2Dleaf.aspx|archive-date=2010-05-17}}</ref> Electric cars are also exempt from the registration tax.<ref name=ACEA3>{{cite web|url=http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20100420_EV_tax_overview.pdf|title=Overview of Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU|publisher=European Automobile Manufacturers Association|date=2010-04-20|access-date=2010-05-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611201348/http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20100420_EV_tax_overview.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-11}}</ref>

===Romania===

{{As of|2011|04}}, Romania offers a government grant of up to 25% of the price (up to a maximum of {{euro|5,000}}) for the purchase of a new electric car.<ref name=Romania>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediafax.ro/english/romanian-clunkers-program-available-for-electric-car-buyers-starting-next-week-8157168|title=Romanian Clunkers Program Available For Electric Car Buyers Starting Next Week|publisher=MediaFax|date=2011-04-14|access-date=2011-04-14}}</ref> Furthermore, through the cash-for-clunkers program ([[Finance:Scrappage program|scrappage program]]), those who wish to purchase an electric car will receive vouchers of over €5,000 total in return for their used car.<ref name=Romania/> For hybrid vehicles, with or without plug-in capabilities, a €550 grant is offered, plus an additional €160 grant for hybrid vehicles emitting under 100g/km of {{CO2}}. Combined with the cash-for-clunkers program, the total grant is up to €2200.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promotor.ro/masini-noi/dosar-analize/analiza-merita-sau-nu-sa-cumperi-un-hibrid-plug-in-sau-o-masina-electrica-14204615|title=ANALIZĂ: merită sau nu să cumperi un hibrid plug-in sau o maşină electrică?|author=Apropo Media|work=promotor.ro|date=4 May 2015}}</ref>
Electric and hybrid vehicles are exempt from the environmental tax, which also acts as a registration tax.
From March 2015, electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual tax, while hybrid vehicles have a 95% reduction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/sci-tech/auto/impozit-mic-pentru-masinile-electrice-si-hibrid-445904|title=Impozit mic pentru mașinile electrice și hibrid|website=www.digi24.ro|date=8 October 2015 }}</ref>

In 2016, the "Rabla Plus" program offered a government grant of {{currency|5,000|EUR}} for the purchase of a new electric car.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmediu.ro/app/webroot/uploads/files/2016-06-14_INFOGRAFIC_Rabla_2016.pdf |title=Infografic rabla 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests |location=Romania |language=ro |date=2016-06-14 |access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> In 2017, the "Rabla Plus" grant program increased to EUR 10,000 for the purchase of a pure electric vehicle (BEV). Furthermore, car owners will receive an additional {{currency|1,400|EUR}} if they end their registration of a car older than eight years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-cash-bangers-rabla-program-kick-off-mid-may/ |title=Romania's Cash-for-Bangers "Rabla" program to kick off in mid-May |work=Romania Insider |date=2017-05-12 |access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

===Spain===
Spain's government aimed to have 1 million electric cars on the roads by 2014 as part of a plan to cut energy consumption and dependence on expensive imports, Industry Minister Miguel Sebastián said.<ref name="euobserver.com">{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/882/26594|title=EUobserver / EU states plug in to electric cars|first=Helena |last=Spongenberg|date=2008-08-27|publisher=Euobserver.com|access-date=2009-09-19}}</ref><ref name="blogs.edmunds.com">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2008/07/spain-taking-steps-to-put-1-million-electric-vehicles-on-nations-roads-by-2014.html |title="Spain Taking Steps to Put 1 Million Electric Vehicles on Nation's Roads by 2014" Green Car Advisor |publisher=Blogs.edmunds.com |date=2008-07-30 |access-date=2009-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227043904/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2008/07/spain-taking-steps-to-put-1-million-electric-vehicles-on-nations-roads-by-2014.html |archive-date=2009-12-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gas2.org/2008/07/30/1-million-electric-cars-on-spains-roads-by-2014/|title=1 Million Electric Cars on Spain's Roads by 2014|work=Gas 2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.triplepundit.com/2008/07/spain-to-put-1-million-electric-cars-on-the-road/|title=TriplePundit &#124; We report the business case for sustainability}}</ref>

In May 2011 the Spanish government approved a {{€|72 million}} ({{USD|103 million}}) fund for year 2011 to promote electric vehicles. The incentives include direct subsidies for the acquisition of new electric cars for up to 25% of the purchase price, before tax, to a maximum of €6,000 per vehicle (US$8,600), and 25% of the gross purchase price of other electric vehicles such as buses and vans, with a maximum of €15,000 or €30,000, depending on the range and type of vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/05/spain-20110510.html#more|title=Government of Spain approves subsidies for purchase of electric vehicles|date=2011-05-10|publisher=Green Car Congress |access-date=2011-05-10}}</ref> Several regional government grant incentives for the purchase of [[Engineering:Alternative fuel vehicle|alternative fuel vehicle]]s including electric and hybrid vehicles. In Aragón, Asturias, Baleares, [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]], Navarra, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castilla y León electric vehicles are eligible to a €6,000 tax incentive and hybrids to €2,000.<ref name=ACEA3/>

===Sweden===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden}}

In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a {{SEK|200 million|link=yes}} program, effective starting in January 2012, to provide a subsidy of {{SEK|40,000}} per car for the purchase of electric cars and other "super green cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions (below 50 grams of carbon dioxide per km).<ref>{{cite news|last=Desk|first=Lifestyle|title=Sweden Follows Suit with Electric Car Subsidy|url=http://theglobalherald.com/sweden-follows-suit-with-electric-car-subsidy/24444/|access-date=13 September 2011|newspaper=The Global Herald|date=2011-09-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017103803/http://theglobalherald.com/sweden-follows-suit-with-electric-car-subsidy/24444/|archive-date=2011-10-17}}</ref> There is also an exemption from the annual circulation tax for the first five years from the date of their first registration that benefits owners of electric vehicles with an energy consumption of 37 kWh per 100&nbsp;km or less, and hybrid vehicles with {{CO2}} emissions of 120 g/km or less. In addition, for both electric and hybrid vehicles, the taxable value of the car for the purposes of calculating the benefit in kind of a company car under personal income tax is reduced by 40% compared with the corresponding or comparable gasoline- or diesel-powered car. The reduction of the taxable value has a cap of {{SEK|16,000}} per year.<ref name=ACEA2/>

{{As of|2014|07}}, a total of 5,028 new "super clean cars" had been registered in the country since January 2012, and because the government allocated funds for a total of 5,000 super clean cars between 2012 and 2014, the fund has been exhausted.<ref name=Sweden072014>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/nyregistreringar_per_manad_1/nyregistreringar-2014/nyregistreringar-juli-2014|title=Fjärde högsta julisiffran någonsin för nya bilar|language=sv|trans-title=Fourth highest July sales figure ever for new cars|work=Bil Sweden |date=2014-08-01|access-date=2014-09-01}} ''A total of 5,209 super clean cars have been registered in Sweden since 2011. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km. ''</ref><ref name=RebateEnds>{{cite news|url=http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/supermiljobilspremien-ar-slut/|title=Supermiljöbilspremien är slut|language=sv|trans-title=Super car rebate ends|author=Lasse Swärd|work=Dagens Nyheter|date=2014-08-01|access-date=2014-09-01}}</ref><ref name="Joomla">{{cite web|url=http://avenytv.se.hemsida.eu/bilsweden/index.php/statistik/157-fjarde-hogsta-julisiffran-nagonsin-for-nya-bilar |title=Fjärde högsta julisiffran någonsin för nya bilar |language=sv |trans-title=Fourth highest July sales figure ever for new cars |publisher=[[Software:Joomla|Joomla]] |date=August 2014 |access-date=2014-09-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903070211/http://avenytv.se.hemsida.eu/bilsweden/index.php/statistik/157-fjarde-hogsta-julisiffran-nagonsin-for-nya-bilar |archive-date=2014-09-03 }}</ref> BIL Sweden, the national association for the automobile industry, requested the government an additional {{SEK|100 million}} to cover the subsidy for another 2,500 registrations of new super clean cars between August and December 2014.<ref name="RebateEnds"/><ref name="Joomla"/> In December 2014 the Riksdagen, the Swedish parliament, approved an appropriation of {{SEK|215 million}} to finance the super clean car subsidies in 2015. The appropriation for 2015, according to the parliamentary decision and subsequent government decision, was to also be used for the retroactive payment of the super green cars registered in 2014 that did not receive the subsidy.<ref name=Sweden2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilsweden.se/publikationer/pressmeddelanden/urstark-bilmarknad-under-2014|title=Urstark bilmarknad under 2014|language=sv|trans-title=Exceptionally strong car market in 2014|work=Bil Sweden|date=2015-10-02|access-date=2015-02-22|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221231503/http://www.bilsweden.se/publikationer/pressmeddelanden/urstark-bilmarknad-under-2014|url-status=dead}} ''A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 all-electric vans were registered in Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 plug-in electric vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the introduction of the super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars have been registered.''</ref>

The Government raised the appropriation for the super green car rebate by {{SEK|132 million}} for 2015 and by {{SEK|94 million}} for 2016. Beginning in 2016, only [[Engineering:Zero-emissions vehicle|zero emissions cars]] are entitled to receive the full {{SEK|40,000}} premium, while other super green cars, plug-in hybrids, receive half premium. The exemption for the first five years of ownership from the annual circulation tax is still in place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bilsweden.se/fordon-i-samhallet/miljo/e10/stimulanser-for-miljobilar |title=Stimulanser för miljöbilar |language=sv |trans-title=Incentives for green cars |work=Bil Sweden |date=2016 |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref name=Subisdies2015_2020/> In 2016, in order to promote the introduction of electricity-powered buses in the market, the Government planned to allocate {{SEK|50 million}} for 2016 and {{SEK|100 million}} per year between 2017 and 2019 to introduce an electric bus premium.<ref name=Subisdies2015_2020>{{cite web |url=http://www.government.se/government-policy/environment/fossil-free-transport-and-travel-the-governments-work-to-reduce-the-impact-of-transport-on-the-climate/ |title=Fossil-free transport and travel: The Government's work to reduce the impact of transport on the climate |publisher=Government Offices of Sweden |date=2016-05-25 |access-date=2016-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022025330/http://www.government.se/government-policy/environment/fossil-free-transport-and-travel-the-governments-work-to-reduce-the-impact-of-transport-on-the-climate/ |archive-date=2016-10-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Two alternative proposals are being considered by the Swedish government regarding the introduction of a [[Finance:Bonus-malus|bonus-malus]] system. Both proposals entail changes to vehicle and car benefit taxation and the premium system for purchases of new cars. An official inquiry report was due by 29 April 2016. The goal is for the system to enter into force on 1 January 2017.<ref name=Subisdies2015_2020/>
The new bonus-malus system, starting 1 July 2018, will offer electric car buyers a bonus of {{SEK|60,000}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/vagtrafik/Fordon/bonus-malus/|title=Bonus malus-system för personbilar, lätta lastbilar och lätta bussar – Transportstyrelsen|website=www.transportstyrelsen.se}}</ref>


===Switzerland===
Switzerland has a car import tax which is 4% of the purchase price (before adding the VAT) which is waived for electric cars.<ref name=ezv>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezv.admin.ch/zollinfo_privat/04392/04393/04394/index.html?lang=de|title=Eidgenössische Zollverwaltung|date=2013-05-21}}</ref><ref name=xtares>{{Cite web|url=http://xtares.admin.ch|title=swiss customs database}}</ref> Since {{wipe|Switzerland}} consists of 26&nbsp;cantons which have their own legislature, additional incentives for plug-in electric vehicles differ between the respective regions. The current list can be downloaded from the website of the Swiss Department of Energy.<ref name=bfe>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfe.admin.ch/energieetikette/00886/02038/index.html?lang=de&dossier_id=02083|title=Bundesamt für Energie|date=2014-02-04}}</ref>

There are no additional incentives on the actual purchase price, but some cantons offer road tax cuts. The Swiss road tax is a yearly recurring fixed amount calculated based on the specifications of the tax payers car. Currently, only the cantons Glarus (GL), Solothurn (SO), Ticino (TI) and Zurich (ZH) are completely waiving the tax for plug-in electric vehicles.

;Calculation example for Zurich

Based on a usual car with the following specification:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stva.zh.ch/internet/sicherheitsdirektion/stva/de/StVAgeb/GEBva14/VArechner.html|title=Verkehrsabgabenrechner|work=zh.ch}}</ref>
* Engine: 2 L
* Total weight: 1800&nbsp;kg
* Energy efficiency: C
* Year: 2013

The resulting tax to be paid per year will be {{CHF|278}}. Hence when calculating with a life expectancy of 10 years, the car owner in this example might save around {{CHF|2,780}} when buying a plug-in electric car.

However, since the [[Chemistry:Fuel tax|tax on fossil fuels]] are relatively high in all European countries, including Switzerland, there is still an indirect, but quite strong incentive for car buyers to decide for energy efficient vehicles.

Based on the following examples:
* Fuel economy: {{Convert|7.8|L/100km|mpgUS|abbr=on}} unleaded
* Driving habits: {{Convert|15000|km|abbr=on}} per year
* Fuel tax: {{CHF| 0.7312}} per liter ({{CHF|2.7679}} per gallon)
* Carbon tax (since January 1, 2014): {{CHF|0.1414}} per liter ({{CHF|0.5353}} per gallon)

The resulting taxes on the burned fuels will be around {{CHF|1,021}} per year, which results in {{CHF|10,210}} over the car's 10-year lifetime.

===United Kingdom===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom}}

====Plug-in Car Grant====

The Plug-in Car Grant '''(PiCG)''' started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the UK. The program reduces the up-front cost of eligible cars by providing a 25% grant towards the cost of new plug-in cars capped at {{GBP|5,000}} ({{USD|7450}}).<ref name=GCC0210/><ref name=DfT>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/plug-in-car-grant/plug-in-car-grant-vehicles |title=Plug-in car grant eligibility guidance |publisher=Department for Transport |date=February 2015 |access-date=2015-02-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216174641/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/plug-in-car-grant/plug-in-car-grant-vehicles |archive-date=2015-02-16 }}</ref> From 1 April 2015, the purchase price cap was raised to cover up to 35% discount of the vehicle's recommended retail price, up to the already existing {{GBP|5,000}} limit. This change means electric cars priced under {{GBP|20,000}} will be able to take advantage of most or all of the {{GBP|5,000}} discount.<ref name=Grant2015>{{cite web|url=https://transportevolved.com/2015/02/13/uk-government-announces-changes-plug-car-incentives-introduces-banding-based-zev-capabilities/|title=UK Government Announces Changes to Plug-in Car Incentives, Introduces Banding Based on ZEV Capabilities|first=Nikki|last=Gordon-Bloomfield|publisher=Transport Evolved|date=2015-02-13|access-date=2015-02-16|archive-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216181049/https://transportevolved.com/2015/02/13/uk-government-announces-changes-plug-car-incentives-introduces-banding-based-zev-capabilities/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both private and business fleet buyers are eligible for this grant, which is received at the point of purchase and the subsidy is claimed back by the manufacturer afterwards.<ref name=GCC0210>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/uk-ev-20100226.html|title=UK Government Announces £5,000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First "Plugged-in Places"|publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2010-02-26|access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> The subsidy programme is managed in a similar way to the grant made as part of the 2009 Car Scrappage Scheme, allowing consumers to buy an eligible car discounted at the point of purchase with the subsidy claimed back by the manufacturer afterwards.<ref name=GCC0210/><ref name=DfT/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/green-motoring/7316351/5000-grant-to-buy-plug-in-electric-cars.html|title=£5,000 grant to buy plug-in electric cars|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|first=Paul |last=Hudson|date=2010-02-28|access-date=2010-04-23 |location=London}}</ref>

[[File:Tesla Roadster.JPG|thumb|The Tesla Roadster was available in the UK but not included on the government's plug-in electric car grant list of eligible vehicles.<ref name=TeslaUK/>]]

The government announced in April 2014 that funding for the full grant of up to {{GBP|5000}} will remain in place until either 50,000 grants have been issued or 2017, whichever is first.<ref name=Grant2015/><ref name=UKGrant25K/> As forecasts estimated that the scheme will reach its 50,000 limit around November 2015, the government announced in August 2015 that the Plug-in Car Grant will continue until at least February 2016 for all plug-in cars with {{CO2}} emissions of 75 g/km of under.<ref name=GrantExtended>{{cite web|url=http://www.nextgreencar.com/news/7192/plugin-car-grant-scheme-extended/|title=Plug-in Car Grant scheme extended|first=Chris |last=Lilly|publisher=Next Green Car|location=UK |date=2015-08-26|access-date=2015-10-17}}</ref> The Government also announced that a minimum of {{GBP|200 million}} ({{USD|311 million}}) has been made available to continue the Plug-in Car Grant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/08/20150826-uk.html|title=UK extends current levels of the Plug-in Car Grant to at least February 2016 |publisher=Green Car Congress |first=Mike |last=Millikin|date=2015-08-26|access-date=2015-10-17}}</ref>

Vehicles eligible for the subsidy must meet the following criteria:<ref name=GCC0210/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.dft.gov.uk/eligibility-criteria-summary.pdf |title=Summary of the Plug-in Car Grant Eligibility Criteria |publisher=Department for Transport |access-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328012159/http://assets.dft.gov.uk/eligibility-criteria-summary.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-28 }}</ref>
* Vehicle type: Only ultra-low emission cars are eligible (vehicle category M1). Motorbikes, quadricycles and vans are not covered.
* Carbon dioxide exhaust emissions: Vehicles must emit equal or less than 75 grams of carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}) per kilometre driven.
* Range: [[Engineering:Electric vehicle|Electric vehicle]]s (EVs) must be able to travel a minimum of {{Convert|70|mi}} between charges. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) must have a minimum [[Engineering:All-electric range|all-electric range]] of {{Convert|10|mi}}.
* Minimum top speed: Vehicles must be able to reach a speed of {{Convert|60|mph}} or more.
* Warranty: Vehicles must have a 3-year or {{Convert|60,000|mi}} vehicle warranty (guarantee) and a 3-year battery and electric drive train warranty, with the option of extending the battery warranty for an extra 2 years('drive train' means the parts that send power from the engine to the wheels. These include the clutch, transmission (gear box), drive shafts, U-joints and differential).
* Battery performance: Vehicles must have either a minimum 5-year warranty on the battery and electric drive train as standard, or extra evidence of battery performance to show reasonable performance after 3 years of use
* Electrical safety: Vehicles must comply with certain regulations (UN-ECE Reg 100.01) that show that they are electrically safe.
* Crash safety: To make sure cars will be safe in a crash, they must either have: EC whole vehicle type approval (EC WVTA, not small series) or evidence that the car has appropriate levels of safety as judged by international standards.

In February 2015 the government announced that to take account of rapidly developing technology, and the growing range of ULEVs on the British market, the criteria for the plug-in car grant was updated and from April 2015, eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) must meet criteria in one of the following categories depending on emission levels and zero-emission-capable mileage, with a technology neutral approach, which means that [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|hydrogen fuel cell cars]] are also eligible for the grant:<ref name=DfT/><ref name=Grant2015/>
* Category 1: {{CO2}} emissions of less than 50g/km and a zero emission range of at least {{Convert|70|mi|abbr=on}}.
* Category 2: {{CO2}} emissions of less than 50g/km and a zero emission range between {{Convert|10|and|69|mi|abbr=on}}.
* Category 3: {{CO2}} emissions of 50–75g/km and a zero emission range of at least {{Convert|20|mi|abbr=on}}.

In December 2015, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that Plug-in car grant was extended until March 2018 to encourage more than 100,000 UK motorists to buy cleaner vehicles. A total funding of {{GBP|400 million}} (~{{USD|600 million}}) is available for the extension. To reflect the changes in the British market, the criteria for the Plug-in Car Grant was updated and the maximum grant drops from {{GBP|5,000}} (~{{USD|7,450}}) to {{GBP|4,500}} (~{{USD|6,700}}). For the extension, the amount of the grant is linked in directly with the Office for Low Emission Vehicles three vehicle categories issued in April 2015. The eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) must meet criteria in one of three categories depending on emission levels ({{CO2}} emissions bands between 50 and 75g/km) and zero-emission-capable mileage (minimum of {{Convert|10|mi|abbr=on}}), with a technology neutral approach, which means that [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|hydrogen fuel cell cars]] are eligible for the grant.<ref name=Grant2015/><ref name=Extension2018>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/dec/17/plug-in-car-grant-extended-to-2018 |title=Plug-in car grant extended to 2018|work={{wipe|The Guardian}}|date=2015-12-17|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name=Extension2018_2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nextgreencar.com/news/7409/extension-announced-for-plugin-car-grant/ |title=Extension announced for Plug-in Car Grant|first=Chris |last=Lilly|publisher=Next Green Car|location=UK |date=2015-12-17|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> The updated scheme went into force on 1 March 2016.<ref name=Extension2018_2/>

A price cap is in place, with all Category 1 plug-in vehicles eligible for the full grant no matter what their purchase price, while Category 2 and 3 models with a list price of more than {{GBP|60000}} (~{{USD|90000}}) are eligible for the grant. Vehicles with a zero-emission range of at least {{Convert|70|mi|abbr=on}} (category 1), including hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, get a full {{GBP|4,500}} (~{{USD|6,700}}), but plug-in hybrids (categories 2 and 3) costing under {{GBP|60000}} (~{{USD|90000}}) receive {{GBP|2500}} (~{{USD|3725}}).<ref name=Extension2018/><ref name=Extension2018_2/> The grant scheme will come under review when a cumulative total of 40,000 Category 1 claims, and 45,000 Category 2 and 3 combined sales have been made. Both these totals will include cars sold before March 2016.<ref name=Extension2018_2/>

{{As of|2016|10}}, the following 31 cars available in the British market are eligible for the grant according to their category:<ref name=UKGrantEligible>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/plug-in-car-van-grants/eligibility|title=Plug-in car and van grants – Eligible vehicles by category |publisher=UK Government|date=2016-10-25 | access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref>

;Eligible category 1 vehicles
[[Engineering:BMW i3|BMW i3]], [[Engineering:BYD e6|BYD e6]], Citroen C-Zero, Ford Focus Electric, Hyundai Ioniq Electric, [[Engineering:Kia Soul EV|Kia Soul EV]], [[Engineering:Mahindra e2o|Mahindra e2o]], Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive, Nissan e-NV200 5- and 7-seater Combi, [[Engineering:Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf]], Peugeot iOn, Renault Fluence Z.E., [[Engineering:Renault Zoe|Renault Zoe]], Smart Fortwo electric drive, [[Engineering:Tesla Model S|Tesla Model S]], [[Engineering:Toyota Mirai|Toyota Mirai]], Volkswagen e-Golf, and Volkswagen e-Up!.

;Eligible category 2 vehicles
Audi A3 e-tron (MY 2016 only), [[Engineering:BMW 2 Series|BMW 225xe]], [[Engineering:BMW 3 Series|BMW 330e]], Kia Optima PHEV, [[Engineering:Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)#C350 e Plug-in Hybrid (2015-)|Mercedes-Benz C350 e]], Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (except GX3h 4Work), [[Engineering:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid|Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]], Vauxhall Ampera, Volkswagen Golf GTE, Volkswagen Passat GTE, Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (D5 and D6 Twin Engine), and Volvo XC90 T8 Twin Engine Momentum.<ref name=UKGrantEligible/>

;Ineligible vehicles
Category 2 or 3 vehicles with a recommended retail price over {{GBP|60,000}} aren't eligible for a grant. This includes: [[Engineering:BMW i8|BMW i8]] (category 2), Mercedes-Benz S500 Plug-in Hybrid (category 3), and Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid (category 3).<ref name=UKGrantEligible/>

The [[Engineering:Tesla Roadster (2008)|Tesla Roadster]] was not included in the government's list of eligible vehicles for the plug-in electric car grant. Tesla Motors stated that the company applied for the scheme, but did not complete its application.<ref name=TeslaUK>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2010/dec/14/tesla-roadster-electric-car-list|title=Why is the Tesla Roadster not on the government's electric car grant list?|work={{wipe|The Guardian}}|date=2010-12-14|access-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>

In 2018 the PICG was reduced from {{GBP|4500}} to {{GBP|3500}},<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2018|title=Changes to the Plug-in Car Grant|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/plug-in-car-grant-changes-to-grant-level-november-2018/upcoming-changes-to-the-plug-in-car-grant|access-date=2020-11-23|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Office for Low Emission Vehicles|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922040441/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/plug-in-car-grant-changes-to-grant-level-november-2018/upcoming-changes-to-the-plug-in-car-grant|url-status=live}}</ref> and in March 2020 it was cut to {{GBP|3000}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2020|title=Update on plug-in vehicle grants following today's budget|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/plug-in-vehicle-grants-update-following-todays-budget|access-date=2020-11-23|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Office for Low Emission Vehicles|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209165107/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/plug-in-vehicle-grants-update-following-todays-budget|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to the extension of the Plug-in Grant, the government also announced it will continue the "Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme." Starting in March 2016 owners of ultra-low emission vehicles who install a dedicated charge point at their home, covering roughly half the average cost, will get {{GBP|500}} (~{{USD|750}}) towards the cost of installing the charging point, rather than the previous {{GBP|700}} (~{{USD|1050}}) maximum.<ref name=Extension2018/><ref name=Extension2018_2/>

====Plug-in Van Grant====
[[File:Vito E-Cell trimmed.jpg|thumb|The Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell is eligible for the Plug-In Van Grant.]]

The Plug-In Van Grant '''(PiVG)''' began in February 2012. Van-buyers can receive 20% – up to {{GBP|8000}} – off the cost of a plug-in van. To be eligible for the scheme, vans have to meet performance criteria to ensure safety, range, and ultra-low tailpipe emissions. Consumers, both business and private will receive the discount at the point of purchase.<ref name=UKPIVan/> The Plug-In Van Grant scheme was extended in October 2016 to make electric trucks above 3.5 tonnes eligible for grants of up to {{GBP|20,000}}, when businesses switch their large trucks to an electric vehicle. The government also announced their commitment for an additional {{GBP|4 million}} to the scheme so that all vans and trucks meeting the eligibility requirements can benefit from the grant scheme.<ref name=UKtruck>{{cite web| url=http://www.investinuk.net/news/%C2%A34-million-boost-help-businesses-switch-vans-and-trucks-electric | title=£4 million boost to help businesses switch vans and trucks to electric | publisher=InvestInUK | date=October 2016 | access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref> The extension of the Plug-In Van grant means that [[Engineering:Large goods vehicle|N2 vans]] (3.5 – 12 tonnes gross weight) and N3 vans (over 12 tonnes gross weight) are now eligible.<ref name=UKtruck/>
 
The eligibility criteria for vans with a gross weight of 3.5 tonnes or less (N1 van) are:<ref name=UKPIVan>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/plug-in-van-grant|title=Plug-in Van Grant|publisher=Department for Transport (DfT) |location=UK |date=2014-02-03|access-date=2014-08-17}} ''{{As of|2013|06|30}}, 637 claims have been made through the plug-in van grant program.''</ref>

* Vehicle type: only new N1 vans are eligible. This includes pre-registration conversions (normal, internal combustion engine vans that were converted to battery or hybrid versions by specialist converters before the car's first registration).
* Carbon dioxide exhaust emissions: vehicles must emit less than 75 grams of carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}) per kilometre driven.
* Range: eligible fully electric vans must be able to travel a minimum of {{convert|60|mi|abbr=on}} between charges. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) must have a minimum electric range of {{convert|10|mi}}.
* Minimum top speed: vehicles must be able to reach a speed of {{convert|50|mi/h|abbr=on}} or more.
* Warranty: Vehicles must have a 3-year or {{convert|60000|mi|abbr=on}} vehicle warranty (guarantee) and a 3-year battery and electric drive train warranty, with the option of extending the battery warranty for an extra 2 years
* Battery performance: vehicles must have either a minimum 5-year warranty on the battery and electric drive train as standard
or extra evidence of battery performance to show reasonable performance after 3 years of use
* Electrical safety: vehicles must comply with certain regulations (UN-ECE Reg 100.00) that show that they are electrically safe.
* Crash safety To make sure cars will be safe in a crash, they must either have EC whole vehicle type approval (EC WVTA, not small series) or evidence that the car has appropriate levels of safety as judged by international standards.

{{As of|2016|12}}, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme totaled 2,938 units since the launch of the programme in 2012, up from 1,906 made by the end of December 2015.<ref name=UK4Q2016Van>{{cite web |url=http://www.racfoundation.org/data/plug-in-van-grant-claims-data-page |title=Claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme |publisher=RAC Foundation |location=UK |date=February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-24}} ''See graph with PIVG cumulative claims and claims by quarter''.</ref> {{As of|2016|10}} the following nine vans are eligible for the grant: BD Otomotive eTraffic, BD Otomotiv eDucato, [[Engineering:Peugeot ePartner|Citroën Berlingo]], Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell, Mitsubishi Outlander GX3h 4Work, Nissan e-NV200, [[Engineering:Peugeot ePartner|Peugeot ePartner]], Renault Kangoo Z.E., and Smith Electric Edison.<ref name=UKGrantEligible/>

====Number of beneficiaries====

The number of eligible registered plug-in electric vehicles passed the 25,000 unit milestone in January 2015.<ref name=UKGrant25K>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/take-up-of-plug-in-car-grant-continues-to-rise|title=Take-up of plug-in car grant continues to rise – Number of ultra-low emission vehicles breaks 25,000 barrier.|publisher=Department for Transport, Office for Low Emission Vehicles and Baroness Krame|location=UK |date=2015-02-13|access-date=2015-02-14}}</ref> {{As of|2017|03}}, the number of eligible registered plug-in electric cars that have benefited with the subsidy totaled 94,541 units since the launch of the programme in 2011.<ref name=UK032017>{{cite web | url=https://www.smmt.co.uk/2017/04/march-2017-ev-registrations/ |title=March 2017 – EV registrations |publisher=Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) |date=2017-04-05 |access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref> {{As of|2016|12}}, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme totaled 2,938 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.<ref name="UK4Q2016Van"/> About 90,000 [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicle|plug-in electric vehicle]]s have been registered in the UK up until December 2016, including over 85,000 plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars, and about 4,000 plug-in commercial vans. Not all vehicles were eligible for the grant schemes.<ref name=UKStats>{{cite web|url=http://www.nextgreencar.com/electric-cars/statistics/|title=Electric car market statistics|first=Ben |last=Lane|publisher=Next Green Car|location=UK |date=February 2017|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref>

====Plugged-in Places====
On 19 November 2009, Andrew Adonis, the Secretary of State for Transport, announced a scheme called "Plugged-in-Places", making available £30 million to be shared between three and six cities to investigate further the viability of providing power supply for electric vehicles, and encouraging local government and business to participate and bid for funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.which.co.uk/news/2009/11/thousands-of-electric-car-charging-points-due-189176|publisher=Which?|date=2009-11-20|access-date=2009-11-22|title=Thousands of electric car charging points due|archive-date=2009-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122125813/http://www.which.co.uk/news/2009/11/thousands-of-electric-car-charging-points-due-189176|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The UK government is supporting the "Plugged-In Places" program to install vehicle recharging points across the UK. The scheme offers match-funding to consortia of businesses and public sector partners to support the installation of EV recharging infrastructure in lead places across the UK.<ref name=DfT2>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/topics/sustainable/olev/recharging-electric-vehicles/|title=Recharging infrastructure|publisher=Department for Transport|access-date=2011-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222024540/http://www.dft.gov.uk/topics/sustainable/olev/recharging-electric-vehicles/|archive-date=2011-12-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are eight Plugged-In Places:East of England;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sourceeast.net/ |title=Source East |publisher=Source East |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> Greater Manchester; London;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sourcelondon.net/ |title=Source London |publisher=Source London |date=2011-11-05 |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> Midlands;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cenex.co.uk/programmes/plugged-in-places|title=Plugged-in-Places|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825170205/http://www.cenex.co.uk/programmes/plugged-in-places|archive-date=2011-08-25}}</ref> Milton Keynes;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chargemasterplc.com/charging-schemes/milton-keynes/ |title=Milton Keynes « ChargeMaster |publisher=Chargemasterplc.com |access-date=2012-03-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316101205/http://chargemasterplc.com/charging-schemes/milton-keynes/ |archive-date=2012-03-16 }}</ref> North East;

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chargeyourcar.org.uk/ |title=Charge Your Car |publisher=Charge Your Car |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> Northern Ireland;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/ecar |title=Northern Ireland e-car project |publisher=nidirect |date=2009-10-04 |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> and Scotland. The Government also published an Infrastructure Strategy in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications/plug-in-vehicle-infrastructure-strategy|title=Making the connection: the plug-in vehicle infrastructure strategy|work=dft.gov.uk}}</ref>

====London congestion charge====
All-electric vehicles (BEVs) and eligible plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) qualify for a 100% discount from the [[Finance:London congestion charge|London congestion charge]]. A plug-in electric drive vehicle qualifies if the vehicle is registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and has a fuel type of 'electric', or alternatively, if the vehicle is a 'plug-in hybrid' and is on the Government's list of PHEVs eligible for the OLEV grant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge/discounts-and-exemptions?intcmp=4368|title=Discounts and exemptions – Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)|publisher=Transport for London |date=February 2015|access-date=2015-02-15}} ''Click on "Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)" for details.''</ref> {{As of|2015|02}}, approved PHEVs include all extended-range cars such as the BMW i3 with range extender and Vauxhall Ampera, and plug-in hybrids that emit 75g/km or less of {{CO2}} and that meet the Euro 5 standard for air quality, such as the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, [[Engineering:BMW i8|BMW i8]], Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and [[Engineering:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid|Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goultralow.com/what-are-go-ultra-low-cars/types-of-vehicles/plug-in-hybrid/|title=Vehicle technologies – Plug-in hybrids|publisher=Go Ultra Low|date=February 2015|access-date=2015-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416230722/https://www.goultralow.com/what-are-go-ultra-low-cars/types-of-vehicles/plug-in-hybrid/|archive-date=2015-04-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The original Greener Vehicle Discount was substituted by the Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED) scheme that went into effect on 1 July 2013. The ULED introduced more stringent emission standards that limited the free access to the congestion charge zone to any car or van that emits 75g/km or less of CO<sub>2</sub> and meets the Euro 5 emission standards for air quality. {{As of|2013|07}} there are no internal combustion-only vehicles that meet this criteria. The measure is designed to limit the growing number of diesel vehicles on London's roads. Mayor Boris Johnson approved the new scheme in April 2013, after taking into account a number of comments received during the 12-week public consultation that took place. About 20,000 owners of vehicles registered for the Greener Vehicle Discount by June 2013 were granted a three-year [[Social:Sunset provision|sunset period]] (until 24 June 2016) before they have to pay the full congestion charge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/04/uled-20130424.html |title=London to introduce new Ulta Low Emission Discount for Congestion Charge scheme; countering dieselization |publisher=Green Car Congress  |date=2013-04-24 |access-date=2013-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/24/pollution|title=London tightens up congestion charge in attempt to drive out diesel |work={{wipe|The Guardian}}|date=2013-04-24|access-date=2013-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2013/07/01/london-tightens-congestion-charge-exemptions/ |title=London tightens Congestion Charge exemptions |first=Faye |last=Sunderland |publisher=The Green Car Website |location=UK |date=2013-07-01 |access-date=2013-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216062939/http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2013/07/01/london-tightens-congestion-charge-exemptions/ |archive-date=2015-02-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-23125082|title=New green discount for the congestion charge comes in |work=BBC News|date=2013-07-01|access-date=2013-07-02}}</ref>

Effective from 8 April 2019, the ULED scheme will be replaced with the Cleaner Vehicle Discount. This means that from April 2019, only vehicles which are Euro 6, emit up to 75g/km of {{Co2}} and have a minimum 20 mile zero emission range, will qualify for the discount. A further phase from October 2021 will mean that only zero-emission vehicles ([[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|pure electric vehicles]] and [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|hydrogen fuel cell vehicles]]) will qualify for the discount, which will be phased out completely from December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/decisions/md2397-amendments-congestion-charge-and-ultra-low-emission-zone|title=Mayoral Decision 2397: Amendments to the Congestion Charge and Low Emission Zone|date=17 December 2018|website=Greater London Authority (GLA)|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref>

==North America==
[[File:Ride and Drive EVs Plug'n Drive Ontario.jpg|thumb|Nissan Leaf, Smart electric drive, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV (from farthest to closest) electric cars in downtown Toronto.]]

===Canada===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada}}
The Government of Canada introduced a federal Incentive for Zero Emission Vehicles (iZEV) program on May 1, 2019. Under iZEV, the purchaser or lessee is entitled to a rebate of up to {{CAD|5,000}} on the after-tax cost of an eligible new electric- or hydrogen-powered vehicle in addition to any provincial incentive programs. The amount of the rebate is determined by Transport Canada based on the vehicle's battery capacity and electric range, and all eligible vehicles must have a [[Social:List price|list price]] of {{CAD|45,000}} or less ({{CAD|55,000}} or less if the vehicle seats seven or more passengers).<ref>{{cite web |title=Zero-emission vehicles |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/en/services/road/innovative-technologies/zero-emission-vehicles.html |website=Transport Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=18 August 2019 |date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dangerfield |first1=Katie |title=Electric car incentives in Canada – what to know about the rebate that includes Tesla 3 |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5225373/canada-electric-car-rebate-program/ |access-date=18 August 2019 |work=Global News |date=1 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Simultaneously, the federal government launched a federal Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Program administered by Natural Resources Canada. The program provides rebates to businesses and governments for new [[Engineering:Charging station|electric vehicle charging stations]] in public places, workplaces, multi-family residential buildings, and in public transit and delivery fleets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Program |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/zero-emission-vehicle-infrastructure-program/21876 |website=Natural Resources Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=18 August 2019 |date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

====Ontario====
;Former rebate program
The Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) established the Electric Vehicle Incentive Program (EVIP) – later renamed the Electric and Hydrogen Vehicle Incentive Program (EHVIP) – in 2010. To qualify, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) had to be purchased or leased from a seller in Ontario and owned or leased for at least 12 months. Leased vehicles with 12-month terms received 33% of the incentive, 24-month lease terms received 66%, and lease terms 36 months or longer received the full incentive. Vehicles were required to be on a government-developed list of approved vehicles to qualify, and vehicles with a Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) of {{CAD|75,000}} or greater were not eligible for the incentive. Electric vehicles with a battery size of 5 -16 kWh were eligible for incentives from {{CAD|6000}} to {{CAD|10,000}}. Vehicles with a battery size exceeding 16 kWh qualified for {{CAD|9000}} to {{CAD|13,000}}. Vehicles with five or more seats were eligible for an additional {{CAD|1000}}. Demonstration vehicles under a specified mileage and used exclusively for test drives at dealerships or leasing companies were also eligible. Applications for incentives were required to be submitted within 3 months of the vehicle's provincial registration. Prior to the cancellation of the program, the Government of Ontario included rebates of up to {{CAD|14000}} for electric and hybrid vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/vehicles/electric/electric-vehicle-rebate.shtml |title=Eligible Electric Vehicles |publisher=Ministry of Transportation |location=Ontario |date=2017-12-14 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> The EHVIP was financed by proceeds from Ontario's participation with Quebec and California in the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) [[Earth:Emissions trading|cap and trade]] program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/vehicles/electric/electric-vehicle-incentive-program.shtml |title=Electric vehicles incentive program |publisher=Ministry of Transportation |location=Ontario |date=2017-02-01 |access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref>

The program (and the companion incentive program to encourage private businesses to install charging stations) was cancelled on July 11, 2018, after the government of Premier Doug Ford began the withdrawal of Ontario from the WCI.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ontario government ends electric and hydrogen vehicle incentive programs |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-electric-hydrogen-vehicle-charging-incentive-program-ends-1.4743579 |work=CBC News |date=2018-07-11 |access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref> Rebates were still issued if the vehicle had been delivered to the consumer, registered, and plated on or before July 11; or if the vehicle was in the inventory of a dealership on or before July 11 or was ordered directly from the manufacturer before that date, provided that the vehicle was delivered to the consumer, registered, and plated by September 10, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maronese |first1=Nicholas |title=Ontario's EV rebate goes away by September 10 |url=https://driving.ca/auto-news/news/ontarios-ev-rebate-goes-away-by-september-10 |work=Driving |publisher=Postmedia Network |date=2018-07-12 |access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref>

;Green vehicle plates
[[File:2010 Ontario license plate GVAH 823 electric vehicle.png|thumb|Design of the Ontario Green Vehicle License Plate]]

Electric vehicles in Ontario are eligible for special license plates, officially called Green Vehicle License Plates, from the Ministry of Transportation. In addition to a green colour scheme distinct from the province's typical blue and white license plates, these green plates permit BEV and PHEV owners to travel in the province's [[Engineering:High-occupancy vehicle lane|high-occupancy vehicle]] (HOV) and travel at no cost in the [[Finance:High-occupancy toll lane|high-occupancy toll]] (HOT) lanes, regardless of the number of passengers in the vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goddard |first1=John |title=Going green has perks for drivers |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/personal_finance/spending_saving/2011/09/02/going_green_has_perks_for_drivers.html |work=Toronto Star |date=2011-09-02 |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ontario's Green Vehicle Licence Plate Program |url=http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/vehicles/electric/green-licence-plate.shtml |website=Ministry of Transportation |publisher=Government of Ontario |access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref>

====Quebec====
Quebec began offering rebates of up to {{CAD|8000}} (~ {{USD|5600}}) beginning on January 1, 2012, for the purchase of new plug-in electric vehicles equipped with a minimum of 4 kWh battery, and new [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric vehicle]]s were eligible for a {{CAD|1,000}} rebate. All-electric vehicles with high-capacity battery packs were eligible for the full {{CAD|8,000}} rebate, and lower incentives were set for low-range electric cars and plug-in hybrids. Quebec's government earmarked {{CAD|50 million}} (~ {{USD|49.9 million}}) for the program, and the maximum rebate amount was set to be slowly reduced every year until a maximum of {{CAD|3,000}} in 2015, but the rebates would continue until the fund runs out. There was also a ceiling for the maximum number of eligible vehicles: 10,000 for all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, and 5,000 for conventional hybrids.<ref name=QuebecRebate>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/04/11/quebec-offer-plug-in-vehicle-rebates-8000-dollars/|title= Quebec to offer plug-in vehicle rebates of up to C$8,000 |first=Eric |last=Loveday |publisher=AutoblogGreen |date=2011-04-11|access-date=2011-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vehiculeselectriques.gouv.qc.ca/english/pdf/action-plan.pdf|title=Running on Green Power! Electric Vehicles: 2011-2020 Québec Action Plan |publisher=Gouvernement du Québec|year=2011|access-date=2011-06-08}} ''See Table Box 7 for the rebate details and how it changes by year.''</ref>

[[File:Mitsubishi i-MiEV Hydro-Québec.JPG|thumb|left|Mitsubishi i MiEV from Hydro-Québec showcased at the 2012 Montreal International Auto Show.]]

In November 2013, the provincial government announced its decision to earmark in 2014 an additional {{CAD|65 million}} (~ {{USD|45.5 million}}) to fund a three-year extension to the electric-vehicle rebate program. The maximum rebate was kept at {{CAD|8000}}, but a graded scale was introduced in order to spread the incentive over 10,000 or more vehicles.<ref name=Quebec2014>{{cite news | url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1088156_will-quebec-join-california-oregon-as-electric-car-pioneers | title=Will Quebec Join California, Oregon As Electric-Car Pioneers? | first=Matthew |last=Klippenstein | work=Green Car Reports | date=2013-11-07 | access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref> Quebec's government also set the goal to deploy 12,500 more electric vehicles in the province by 2017, consisting of 10,200 consumer cars, 325 taxis, and 2,000 government-fleet vehicles. Also, incentives were issued for "greening" 525 taxis, aimed to introduce 325 plug-in vehicles (275 plug-in hybrids and 50 all-electrics) and 200 conventional hybrids. The purchase incentives start at {{CAD|20,000}} for battery-electric taxis, {{CAD|12,000}} for plug-in hybrids, and {{CAD|3,000}} for conventional hybrids, with the rebate declining over time. The province planned to also subsidize 125 Level 2 stations for the taxi industry, paying 75% of the cost up to {{CAD|5,000}}, and pay for the majority of costs to fund 10 Level 3 chargers for taxis.<ref name=Quebec2014/>

Also in 2013, the provincial government announced it support to deploy 5,000 new charging stations. A total of 500 stations were to be located around various cities and along the province's so-called Electric Circuit route, another 1,000 near government buildings, and 3,500 at various workplaces for employee use. Businesses are eligible for a 75% rebate on installation costs up to {{CAD|5,000}} for Level 1 or Level 2 charging stations. In addition, a 50% rebate will continue to be offered to individuals for installation of home charging stations, with a maximum of {{CAD|1,000}}.<ref name=Quebec2014/> Also the government announced an initiative for the gradual electrification of the provincial government's own vehicle fleet. The goal is to replace vehicles of the provincial government's 34 ministers (cabinet-level officials) with plug-in hybrid or pure electric vehicles by March 2017. The government expects to bring 2,000 plug-in vehicles into the provincial fleet over the same time.<ref name=Quebec2014/>

In October 2016, the National Assembly of Quebec passed a new zero emission vehicle legislation that obliges any carmaker who sells in the Canadian province more than 4,500 new vehicles per year over a three-year average, to offer their customers a minimum number of plug-in hybrid and all-electric models. Under the new law, 3.5% of the total number of autos sold by carmakers in Quebec have to be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV) starting in 2018, rising to 15.5% in 2020. A [[Earth:Carbon credit|tradable credit system]] was created for those carmakers not fulfilling their quotas to avoid financial penalties. The quotas will be determined by Quebec's Ministry of Sustainable Development. Quebec became the first Canadian province to pass such legislation, joining ten U.S. states, including California, that have similar ZEV laws. Quebec aims to have 100,000 zero emission vehicles on the road by 2020.<ref name=QuebecPEVs>{{cite web |url=http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=6747&from_espace_adherent=0 |title=L'Assemblée nationale du Québec adopte la loi véhicules zéro émission | language=fr | trans-title=Quebec's National Assembly enacted a zero emissions vehicle law |publisher=France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France |date=2016-10-28 |access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref><ref name=QuebecZEV>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/canada-autos-quebec-idUSL1N1CW1TZ | title=Quebec approves new law to boost sales of zero-emission vehicles | first=Allison |last=Lampert | work={{wipe|Reuters}} | date=2016-10-26 | access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref> Initially, the provincial government set the goal in 2011 to have 300,000 plug-in vehicles on the roads by 2020.<ref name=QuebecRebate/>

====British Columbia====
[[File:Model S Charging at Parksville beach BC Canada.jpg|thumb|Tesla Model S charging in Parksville, British Columbia.]]

As of June 22, 2019, British Columbia's Clean Energy Vehicle (CEV) Program, funded by the Government of British Columbia and administered by the New Car Dealers of British Columbia industry group, was renewed with funding for approximately 12,000 vehicles. This program will expire when the current 26.5 million in new funding is depleted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/news_releases_2017-2021/2019EMPR0025-001302.htm|title=B.C. tops up electric vehicle rebate program|last=Province of|first=British Columbia|date=22 June 2019|publisher=Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources}}</ref> The current levels of incentives for vehicles under CA$55,000 are: {{CAD|3000}} for an EV (min 85&nbsp;km range), {{CAD|1500}} for a plug-in hybrid or an extended range vehicle with a smaller battery capacity (less than 85&nbsp;km range)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cevforbc.ca/eligible-cevforbc%E2%84%A2-vehicles|title=Eligible CEVforBC™ Vehicles {{!}} Clean Energy Vehicles for British Columbia {{!}} New Car Dealers of BC|website=www.cevforbc.ca|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> these amounts may be reduced annually. All vehicles must be new and purchased in BC, each claim is processed by the dealer at the Point of Sale and deducted from the vehicle price after taxes. The previous program that provided funding to cover part of the cost of installing home EV charging equipment has been discontinued.

There is also a separate privately funded "SCRAP-IT" program with incentives for scrapping conventional gas-powered vehicles. Basic incentives range from bus passes to co-op car-share membership credits, or {{CAD|200}} in cash. However, there is also the option of applying for a {{CAD|3000}} rebate cheque when buying used EV (min. 15 kWh capacity) and a {{CAD|6000}} rebate cheque when buying a new EV (min. 15 kWh capacity). There is a requirement of 6 months of continuous driving insurance on the vehicle being scrapped from the application date backwards. Incentives are limited yearly (in 2019, there were 1,300 new and 200 used incentives). The "SCRAP-IT" rebate program currently brings the combined provincial incentives available to buyers of a qualifying new EV in BC to {{CAD|11000}}. There is an MSRP limit of CA$77,000. SCRAP-IT also introduced a home charging station program on October 18, 2018, called ZapBC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zapbc.ca/|title=Home|website=ZAPBC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> This program covers the cost of a Level 2 ChargePoint charging station. Applicants must pay taxes on the charging station and installation costs. An estimate is provided once the application is submitted.

Since 2016, PHEV and BEV owners can apply for a special decal which permits access to high-occupancy vehicle lanes regardless of the number of passengers in the vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meissner |first1=Dirk |title=Electric vehicles get HOV lane access in B.C. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/electric-vehicles-hov-bc-1.3472255 |access-date=September 28, 2018 |work=CBC News |agency=The Canadian Press |date=March 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Electric Vehicles & HOV Lanes |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/driving-and-cycling/traveller-information/routes-and-driving-conditions/hov-lanes/electric |website=Government of British Columbia |access-date=September 28, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mexico ===
[[File:Parque_España_-_Ciudad_de_México_-_Auto_eléctrico_en_estación_de_carga.jpg|thumb|EVstation at Parque España, Mexico City. Charging is free at EVstations and available for plug-in cars, electric bicycles and motorcycles.]]
Mexico has set a minimum goal of clean energies as part of the electric power generation mix in for the next years (25% in 2018, 30% in 2021 and 35% in 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5421295&fecha=24/12/2015|title=Energy Transition Law|date=2017-10-07|website=Official Journal of the Federation}}</ref> as a strategy to reach Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emission cuts. [[Physics:Efficient energy use|Energy efficiency]] is also regarded as one of the greater cost-benefit potential alternatives to achieve GHG reduction.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/214/ENE.pdf|title=National Energy Strategy 2014-2028|website=Ministry of Energy}}</ref> Moreover, the transport sector in Mexico represents 44.7% of the total final consumption of energy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sie.energia.gob.mx/bdiController.do?action=cuadro&cvecua=IE7C02|title=Energy Information System|date=2017-10-07|website=Ministry of Energy – Energy Information System}}</ref> almost 17% more than the world average (28%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorldEnergyTrends.pdf|title=Excerpt from: World energy balances|date=2017-10-07|website=International Energy Agency}}</ref> Thus, replacing low fuel efficient transport with alternative fuels<ref name=":3" /> is regarded as a considerable contribution to reduce 50% of its GHG emissions by the year 2050, as established by the General Law on Climate Change commitments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Mexico/1/MEXICO%20INDC%2003.30.2015.pdf|title=Intended Nationally Determined Contribution – Mexico|date=2017-10-07|website=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref> Therefore, incentives for PHEVs have been created both at regional and federal levels to decrease cost of ownership for the end-consumers.

'''Minimum fuel efficiency by vehicle class'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diariooficial.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5379566&fecha=27/01/2015|title=Energy Efficiency Guidelines for the Federal Public Administration|date=2017-10-07|website=Official Journal of the Federation}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Vehicle Class'''
|'''Minimum Fuel Efficiency''' '''(km/L)'''
|-
|Subcompact
|16.43
|-
|Compact
|14.39
|-
|Multiple use
|9.7
|-
|Light truck class 1
|8.61
|-
|Light truck class 2
|8.51
|}

==== Federal ====
In Mexico, there are several existing incentives regarding Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) at a federal level. Fiscal incentives for end-consumers include higher daily lease tax deductions per car ($285 versus $200 MXN), higher tax deduction caps per car ($250,000 versus $175,000 MXN), and fiscal credits for up to 30% of investments for charging stations located in public places.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LISR_301116.pdf|title=Income Tax Law|date=2017-10-07|website=Mexico's Chamber of Deputies|access-date=2017-10-13|archive-date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012235329/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LISR_301116.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Furthermore, PHEVs are exempt of the tax on new vehicles (paid by the manufacturer, assembler or dealer).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/123_120117.pdf|title=Federal Tax Law on New Vehicles|website=Mexico's Chamber of Deputies}}</ref>

Also, the electrical power service contract for residential charging stations can be independent of household consumption under a commercial rate, which can save up to 40% on electricity compared to consolidating billing in the same meter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saladeprensa.cfe.gob.mx/boletines/show/8381/|title=CFE promotes the use of electric vehicles with installation of independent meters on consumer's households.|date=2017-10-07|website=Federal Electricity Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfe.gob.mx/casa/4_Informacionalcliente/SiteAssets/Paginas/Para-contratar/Guiacontratacionservicios.pdf|title=Power service contract guide for charging stations for electric vehicles|date=2017-10-07|website=Federal Electricity Commission}}</ref>

==== Regional ====
In [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]], Mexico State and [[Place:Jalisco|Jalisco]], PHEVs are exempt from vehicular emission verification.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.senado.gob.mx/sgsp/gaceta/63/1/2016-04-28-1/assets/documentos/Dic_MA_PA_Vehiculos_Electricos.pdf|title=Opinion of the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources to the Agreement point that urges federal government and governors or the 32 federation entities to implement actions that encourage the use of electric vehicles.|date=2017-10-07|website=Mexico's Senate of the Republic}}</ref> They can instead obtain an exempt hologram which unbounds them from the restrictions imposed by the vehicular emission verification programs, which limits car usage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sedema.cdmx.gob.mx/programas/programa/verificacion-vehicular|title=Programs: Vehicle Verification|date=2017-10-07|website=Mexico's Ministry of the Environment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sma.edomex.gob.mx/vehiculos_nuevos|title=Services and Procedures|date=2017-10-07|website=Mexico State's Ministry of the Environment}}</ref> PHEVs are also exempt of the annual ownership vehicle tax in Baja California, Durango, [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]], Mexico State, Nayarit, Tlaxcala and Querétaro.<ref name=":4" /> In Mexico City, they also have right to a 50% discount on other contributions (permits, concessions, registry, etc.), and models from 2002 to 2017 pay only an endorsement right for vehicle control services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.finanzas.cdmx.gob.mx/servicios/servicio/servicios-de-control-vehicular|title=Services: Vehicular Control Services 2017|date=2017-10-07|website=Mexico City's Ministry of Finance}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.finanzas.cdmx.gob.mx/tesoreria/controlvehicular/hibridosElectricos_2017.html|title=Ownership or use tax 2017: Electric and hybrid vehicles|date=2017-10-07|website=Mexico City's Ministry of Finance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014034004/https://data.finanzas.cdmx.gob.mx/tesoreria/controlvehicular/hibridosElectricos_2017.html|archive-date=2017-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Finally, in Mexico City, PHEVs also have preferential parking in private and public parking lots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paot.org.mx/centro/leyes/df/pdf/2016/LEY_MOVILIDAD_DISTRITO_FEDERAL_07_10_2016.pdf|title=Mobility Law|date=2017-10-07|website=Mexico City's Environmental and Territorial Ordering Office}}</ref>

==== Charging station network ====
As of January 2017, in Mexico there were 700 public access charging stations for PHEVs that are privately owned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energiaadebate.com/blog/1281/|title=CFE's CEO inaugurates substation and charging station for PHEVs number 700|date=2017-10-07|website=Energia a Debate}}</ref> The Ministry of Energy and the state owned electric power utility, Comision Federal de Electricidad, will destine $25 million MXN to install 100 more charging stations through 2017–2018 in the metropolitan areas of Guadalajara, Monterrey and [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cartera/economia/sener-anuncia-instalacion-de-100-electrolineras-en-el-pais|title=The Energy Ministry announces the installation of 100 charging stations for PHEVs|date=20 September 2017|website=El Universal}}</ref> As of now, users of the existing network can charge their PHEVs for free, as the cost of electricity is absorbed by the owners of the establishments where the charging stations are located.

===United States===

==== Federal government ====
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Chevrolet Volt WAS 2010 8852.JPG|image2=Nissan Leaf 001.JPG|width=225|caption2=The [[Engineering:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]] (top) and the [[Engineering:Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf]] (bottom) are PEVs eligible for a U.S. federal [[Finance:Tax credit|tax credit]] up to {{USD|7,500}}, and additional incentives in several states.}}

In his 2011 State of the Union address, President [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] set the goal for the U.S. to become the first country to have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015.<ref name=USA0710/><ref name=SC0211/> For this purpose, his administration pledged {{USD|2.4}} billion in federal grants to support the development of next-generation electric vehicles and batteries.<ref name=USA0710>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/07/obama-pushes-electric-cars-battery-power-this-week-/1|title=Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week | work=USA Today | date=2010-07-14 |first=Chris|last=Woodyard}}</ref><ref name=SC0211>{{cite web |url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/progress_alerts.cfm/pa_id=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323053421/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/progress_alerts.cfm/pa_id%3D152 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-03-23 |title=EERE News: Recovery Act Announcement: President Obama Announces $2.4 Billion for Electric Vehicles |publisher=Apps1.eere.energy.gov |date=2009-03-19 |access-date=2009-09-19 }}</ref> The funds were allocated as follows: $1.5 billion in grants to U.S.-based manufacturers to produce highly efficient batteries and their components; up to $500 million in grants to U.S.-based manufacturers to produce other components needed for electric vehicles, such as electric motors and other components; and up to $400 million to demonstrate and evaluate plug-in hybrids and other electric infrastructure concepts{{snd}}like truck stop charging station, electric rail, and training for technicians to build and repair electric vehicles (greencollar jobs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1051.html |title=Obama's Pitches for Plug-In Hybrids: Videos, Transcripts, Clips |publisher=Calcars.org |access-date=2009-09-19}}</ref>

Considering that actual plug-in car sales were lower than initially expected, as of early 2013, several industry observers have concluded that Obama's one million goal was unattainable.<ref name=NYT062012>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/business/energy-environment/a123-us-backed-battery-maker-claims-breakthrough.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Shaky Battery Maker Claims an Advance|author1=Bill Vlasic  |author2=Matthew L. Wald |name-list-style=amp |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=2012-06-11|access-date=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref name=CBS062012>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57445738/electric-vehicles-fall-drastically-short-of-obamas-1-million-goal/|title=Electric vehicles fall drastically short of Obama's 1 million goal |first=Sharyl |last=Attkisson |work=CBS News|date=2012-06-02|access-date=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120417/AUTO01/204170368|title=Battery-powered autos proving a tough sell|first=David |last=Shepardson|work=The Detroit News|date=2012-04-17|access-date=2012-06-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611232950/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120417/AUTO01/204170368|archive-date=2012-06-11}}</ref> U.S. cumulative plug-in sales since 2008 achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in August 2016.<ref name=US500k>{{cite news|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/americans-buy-their-half-millionth-plug-in-car/ | title=Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car | first=Jeff | last=Cobb| work=HybridCars.com| date=2016-09-01| access-date=2016-09-10}} ''See other figures in graphs.''</ref> According to a July 2012 study by Pike Research, cumulative sales would reach the one million goal set by the Obama Administration only in 2018,<ref name=Pike072012>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/07/pikepev-20120702.html|title=Pike Research projects plug-in sales to fall short of US 2015 target; strong growth through 2020|author=Pike Research|publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2012-07-02|access-date=2013-03-03}}</ref> while other analysts agree that the goal could be achieved in 2018.<ref name=US500k/> Secretary of Energy, Ernest Moniz, said in January 2016 that the one million goal may not be reached until 2020. According to the Secretary purchases have fallen well below President Barack Obama's goal due to low gasoline prices, which had a negative impact on sales. Also improvements in battery technology are required as lowering battery costs is "absolutely critical" to boost electric vehicle sales.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-electric-moniz-idUSKCN0UZ2MK |title= U.S. may not hit one million electric vehicles until 2020: official |first=David |last=Shepardson |work= {{wipe|Reuters}} |date=2016-01-21|access-date=2016-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://fortune.com/2016/01/25/elon-musk-oil-prices-electric-cars/ |title= Tesla CEO Elon Musk Says Cheap Oil Will Hurt Electric Cars |first=Kirsten |last=Korosec |work= Fortune |date=2016-01-25|access-date=2016-02-01}}</ref>

In March 2018, a group of America's largest electric utilities sided with U.S. automakers and asked Congress to preserve the tax credit in order to support the continued growth of sales of electric vehicles. Currently, there are hundreds of thousands of electric vehicles on the road. However, the auto industry is approaching a point at which the tax incentives will begin to expire. According to ''Daily Energy Insider'', "The utilities' efforts occur at a time when growth in electric sales is sluggish and electric companies see a possible opportunity to apply the latest battery technology to help serve their customers."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/11363-utilities-ask-congress-keep-electric-vehicle-tax-incentive/|title=Utilities ask Congress to keep electric vehicle tax incentive|last=Yingling|first=Bill|date=2018-03-20|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=2018-03-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

===== New plug-in electric vehicles =====<!--move image?-->

The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 granted tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric drive motor vehicles.<ref name="IRS2009" /> The [[Finance:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] (ARRA) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug-ins, though the credit is lower than for new PEVs.<ref name="IRS0409" /> American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) also had extensive provisions for electric cars. The bill called for all electric utilities to, "develop a plan to support the use of plug-in electric drive vehicles, including heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles". The bill also provides for "smart grid integration," allowing for more efficient, effective delivery of electricity to accommodate the additional demands of plug-in electric vehicles. Finally, the bill allows for the Department of Energy to fund projects that support the development of PEVs and smart grid technology and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090331/acesa_discussiondraft.pdf |title=Discussion Draft of Waxman Markey ACES Bill |access-date=2009-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813103414/http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090331/acesa_discussiondraft.pdf |archive-date=2009-08-13 }}</ref>

As defined by the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, a PEV is a vehicle which draws propulsion energy from a traction battery with at least 4 kWh of capacity and uses an offboard source of energy to recharge such battery.<ref name="IRS2009">{{cite web|url= https://www.irs.gov/irb/2009-48_IRB/ar09.html |title=Notice 2009-89: New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit|publisher=[[Finance:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]]|date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref><ref name="IRS2009s">{{cite web|url= https://www.irs.gov/businesses/plug-in-electric-vehicle-credit-irc-30-and-irc-30d |title=Plug In Electric Vehicle Credit IRC 30 and IRC 30D (Summary) |publisher= Internal Revenue Service|work=www.irs.gov |access-date= 2017-10-06}}</ref> The tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles is worth $2,500 plus $417 for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 4 kWh, and the portion of the credit determined by battery capacity cannot exceed $5,000. Therefore, the maximum amount of the credit allowed for a new PEV is $7,500.<ref name="IRS2009" /> Both the [[Engineering:Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf]] electric vehicle and the [[Engineering:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]] plug-in hybrid, launched in December 2010, are eligible for the maximum $7,500 tax credit.<ref name="Yahoo0330">{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Nissans-electric-car-to-cost-apf-3270595876.html?x=0&sec=topStories&pos=6&asset=&ccode= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100405223750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Nissans-electric-car-to-cost-apf-3270595876.html?x=0&sec=topStories&pos=6&asset=&ccode= |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-05 |title=Nissan will sell electric car for just over $25K |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=2010-03-30 |access-date=2010-03-30 }}</ref> The [[Engineering:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid|Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]], released in January 2012, was eligible for a $2,500 tax credit due to its smaller battery capacity of 5.2 kWh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1040132_toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-on-sale-in-2011-less-than-10k-more|title=Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid On Sale in 2011, Less Than $10K More|publisher=GreenCarReports.com|first=John|last=Voelcker|date=2009-12-14|access-date=2010-04-18|archive-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124233835/http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1040132_toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-on-sale-in-2011-less-than-10k-more|url-status=dead}}</ref> All [[Company:Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] cars and [[Engineering:Chevrolet Bolt|Chevrolet Bolt]]s were eligible for the $7,500 tax credit.

As granted by the 2009 ARRA, electric vehicles produced after 2010 are eligible for an IRS tax credit from $2,500 to $7,500.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electric Vehicles: Tax Credits and Other Incentives |url=https://energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicles-tax-credits-and-other-incentives |publisher=US Department of Energy (Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy) |access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> There are some limitations and rules however that go along with the applied tax credit from electric vehicles. When an electric vehicle is leased, the tax credit is held by the manufacturer offering the lease, not by the lessee.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electric Vehicle Tax Credits: What You Need to Know |url=https://www.edmunds.com/fuel-economy/the-ins-and-outs-of-electric-vehicle-tax-credits.html |work=Edmunds |date=2017-03-29 |access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> Other restrictions that affect PEV tax credit include limitation of credit for electric vehicles used in reselling purposes, terms requiring the vehicle to remain in the United States, and production by qualified sellers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Edmunds|title=Electric Vehicle Tax Credits: What You Need to Know|url=https://www.edmunds.com/fuel-economy/the-ins-and-outs-of-electric-vehicle-tax-credits.html |website=Edmunds|publisher=Edmunds |date=2018-01-12|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>

;Phaseout
[[File:US EV Federal Tax Credit phaseout example.gif|thumb|Example of phaseout]]

These granted tax credits on PEV vehicles will phase out once 200,000 plug-in vehicles are sold by each manufacturer in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/how-does-the-electric-car-tax-credit-work |title=How Does the Electric Car Tax Credit Work?|last1=Vincent|first1=John |website=U.S. News & World Report|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|date=2017-02-15|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> During this phase out period after 200,000 plug-in car sales, qualified producers will experience a drop in a tax credit of $7,500 to $3,750 for the next 6 months followed by a drop to $1,875 for another 6 months until the credit is run out completely.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/us-federal-7500-ev-credit-expiry-date-by-automaker-estimates/ |title=US Federal $7,500 Electric Vehicle Credit Expiry Date By Automaker|last1=Cole|first1=Jay |website=InsideEVs|date=2017-01-12|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>

{{external media
| topic  =  
|float=right
| image1 =[http://blog.ucsusa.org/wp-content/uploads/Federal-incentive-tracking.png PEV tax credit development since 2011] <!-- from http://blog.ucsusa.org/dave-reichmuth/ev-incentives -->
| image2 =[https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iabb9G366Ek4/v1/800x-1.png PEV tax credit development since 2016] <!-- from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-25/tesla-buyers-antsy-for-model-3-keys-months-after-1-000-deposit -->
}}

The qualified plug-in electric vehicle credit phases out for a PEV manufacturer over the one-year period beginning with the second calendar quarter after the calendar quarter in which at least 200,000 qualifying vehicles from that manufacturer have been sold for use in the U.S. Cumulative sales started counting sales after December 31, 2009. After reaching the cap, qualifying PEVs for one quarter still earn the full credit, the second quarter after that quarter PEVS are eligible for 50% of the credit for six months, then 25% of the credit for another six months and finally the credit is phased out.<ref name="IRS2009" /><ref name="IRS2009s" />

In July 2018, Tesla Inc. was the first plug-in manufacturer to pass 200,000 sales and the full tax credit was available until the end 2018, with the phase out beginning in January 2019.<ref name=TeslaPhaseout>{{cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/tesla-likely-passed-200k-deliveries/ |title=UPDATE: Tesla Has Officially Confirmed Passing 200k, Credit Safe until December | first=Wade | last=Malone | publisher=InsideEVs.com | date=2018-07-12 | access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> [[Company:General Motors|General Motors]] combined sales of plug-in electric vehicles passed 200,000 units in November 2018. The full tax credit was available until the end of March 2019 and thereafter reduced gradually until complete phase out beginning on April 1, 2020.<ref name=GM200K>{{cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/chevy-volt-bolt-sales-november-2018/ |title=Chevy Volt and Bolt Estimates: Sales Skyrocket In November | first=Wade | last=Malone | publisher=InsideEVs.com | date=2018-12-04 | access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref><ref name=UStaxcredits2018>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2018/11/30/gm-must-adapt-or-die-a-lesson-for-u-s-automakers/ |title=GM Must Adapt Or Die: A Lesson For U.S. Automakers |first=Ariel |last=Cohen |work=Forbes |date=2018-11-30| access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name=UStaxcredit>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimgorzelany/2018/11/13/will-the-next-congress-extend-or-kill-the-electric-car-tax-credit/ |title=Will The Next Congress Extend, Or Kill, The Electric Car Tax Credit? |first=Jim |last=Gorzelany |work=Forbes |date=2018-11-13| access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> {{as of|January 2021}}, 21 vehicles have access to full tax credit, depending on taxpayer's conditions. Several plugin-vehicles are also approved for significant credits.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doll |first1=Scooter |title=Which electric vehicles still qualify for US federal tax credit? |url=https://electrek.co/2021/01/05/which-electric-vehicles-still-qualify-for-us-federal-tax-credit/ |website=[[Social:Electrek|Electrek]] |date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float: center;"
|+ '''Federal tax credit sales numbers<br>({{As of|2018|11|30}})'''<ref name=US200kCap112018>{{cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/top-6-automakers-200000-federal-tax-credit-limit/ |title=NOVEMBER UPDATE – 4 Automakers Closest To Losing Federal Tax Credit | first=Mark | last=Kane| publisher=InsideEVs.com | date=2018-12-06 | access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>

! Carmaker
! Cumulative<br> sales (Oct 2020){{update after|2020|7|21}}
! Date cap<br> was reached
|-
| Tesla || align=right| ~1,250,000 || align=center|July 2018<ref name=TeslaPhaseout/>
 |-
| [[Company:General Motors|General Motors]] || align=right| ~203,941  || align=center|Nov 2018<ref name=GM200K/>{{update|date=July 2020}}<!-- GM has hit the limit; and their phaseout is a quarter or two behind the Tesla phase out -->
 |-
| [[Company:Nissan|Nissan]] || align=right| 126,875 || 
 |-
| [[Company:Ford Motor Company|Ford]] || align=right| 111,715 || 
 |-
| [[Company:Toyota|Toyota]] || align=right| 93,011 ||
 |-
| BMW Group || align=right| 79,679 ||
|}

;Studies
A 2013 study published in the journal ''Energy Policy'' determined that current federal subsidies are "not aligned with the goal of decreased gasoline consumption in a consistent and efficient manner." In particular, hybrid-vehicle credit is given according to battery capacity rather than on the vehicle's [[Engineering:All-electric range|all-electric range]]. Across the battery-capacity and charging-infrastructure scenarios examined, the lowest-cost solution is for more drivers to switch to traditional hybrid electrics or low-capacity plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Installing charging infrastructure would provide lower gasoline savings per dollar spent than paying for increased PHEV battery capacity.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/sustainability/cost-effectiveness-plug-in-hybrids-charging-infrastructure | title=Cost-effectiveness of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity and Charging Infrastructure Investment for Reducing U.S. Gasoline Consumption}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Peterson | first1 = Scott B. | last2 = Michalek | first2 = Jeremy J. | year = 2013 | title =Cost-effectiveness of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity and Charging Infrastructure Investment for Reducing U.S. Gasoline Consumption | journal = Energy Policy | volume = 52 | pages = 429–438 | doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.059}}</ref>

A 2016 study conducted by researchers from the [[Organization:University of California, Davis|University of California, Davis]] found that the federal tax credit was the reason behind more than 30% of the plug-in electric sales. The impact of the federal tax incentive is higher among owners of the [[Engineering:Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf]], with up to 49% of sales attributable to the federal incentive. The study, based on a stated preference survey of more than 2,882 plug-in vehicle owners in 11 states, also found that the federal tax credit shifts buyers from [[Earth:Internal combustion engine|internal combustion engine]] vehicles to plug-in vehicles and advances the purchase timing of new vehicles by a year or more.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Exploring the Impact of the Federal Tax Credit on the Plug-In Vehicle Market |first1=Gil |last1=Tal |first2=Michael A. |last2=Nicholas  |journal=Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board | volume=2572 |pages= 95–102|date=2016 |doi=10.3141/2572-11|s2cid=112951938 }} Published online 2008-02-11.</ref>

===== Plug-in conversion kits =====
[[File:Charging stations in SF City Hall 02 2009 01.jpg|thumb|Plug-in electric drive conversion were also eligible for a maximum $4,000 federal tax credit. Shown here are normal Toyota Priuses that were converted to Plug-in hybrids recharging in {{wipe|San Francisco}}.]]The 2009 ARRA provided a tax credit for plug-in electric drive conversion kits. The credit is equal to 10% of the cost of converting a vehicle to a qualified plug-in electric vehicle and in service after February 17, 2009. The maximum amount of the credit is $4,000. The credit does not apply to conversions made after December 31, 2011.<ref name=IRS0409>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/taxbreaks.htm|title=Consumer Energy Tax Incentives: Plug-In Hybrid Conversion Kits|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|access-date=2010-04-01|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728004717/http://www.energy.gov/taxbreaks.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=206871,00.html/|title=Energy Provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: Conversion Kits|publisher=[[Finance:Internal Revenue Service|Internal Revenue Service]]|date=2009-04-10 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref>

===== Charging equipment =====
Through 2010, there was a federal tax credit equal to 50% of the cost to buy and install a home-based [[Engineering:Charging station|charging station]] with a maximum credit of {{USD|2,000}} for each station. Businesses qualified for tax credits up to $50,000 for larger installations.<ref name=Yahoo0330/><ref name=HC0310>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/incentives-laws/us-tax-incentives-plug-hybrids-and-electric-cars.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311193109/http://www.hybridcars.com/incentives-laws/us-tax-incentives-plug-hybrids-and-electric-cars.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-03-11|title=US Tax Incentives for Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-03-08|access-date=2010-01-04}}</ref> These credits expired on December 31, 2010, but were extended through 2013 with a reduced tax credit equal to 30% with a maximum credit of up to {{USD|1,000}} for each station for individuals and up to {{USD|30,000}} for commercial buyers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/breaking-electric-car-charging-station-tax-credit-extended-lower-30-pre-stimulus-levels-106580.html|title=Electric Car Charging Station Tax Credit Extended, But at Lower 30% Pre-Stimulus Levels|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=2010-12-17|access-date=2010-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/federal-and-local-incentives-plug-hybrids-and-electric-cars.html|title=Federal and Local Incentives for Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars|publisher=plugincars.com|date=2013-05-08|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

===== New proposals =====
[[File:Cadillac ELR 2013 NY Auto Show.jpg|thumb|left|An initiative by the Obama Administration to increase the maximum tax credit for plug-in electric vehicles to {{USD|10,000}}, would not apply to luxury vehicles with a sales price of over {{USD|45,000}}, such as the Cadillac ELR (shown) and the Tesla Model S.]]

Two separate initiatives were pursued in 2011 to transform the tax credit into an instant cash rebate; these did not pass. The objective of both initiatives was to make new qualifying plug-in electric cars more accessible to buyers by making the incentive more effective. The rebate would have been available at the point of sale allowing consumers to avoid a wait of up to a year to apply the tax credit against income tax returns.<ref name=Rebate1>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1055032_senator-stabenow-7500-electric-car-credit-should-be-rebate|title=Senator Stabenow: $7,500 Electric-Car Credit Should Be Rebate|first=John|last=Voelcker|publisher=GreenCarReports.com|date=2011-02-08|access-date=2011-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213042712/http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1055032_senator-stabenow-7500-electric-car-credit-should-be-rebate|archive-date=2011-02-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Rebate2>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/02/budget-20110214.html#tp|title=Obama FY 2012 budget proposes big boost for EVs and EV technology, cuts for hydrogen |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2011-02-14|access-date=2011-02-16}}</ref> The first initiative was from Senator Debbie Stabenow who reintroduced the "Charging America Forward Act." This bill was introduced in August 2010 but was not voted by the full Senate.<ref name=Rebate1/> The bill would have turned the tax credit into a rebate worth up to {{USD|7500}} for plug-in electric vehicles and also would have provided businesses with a tax credit for purchasing medium or heavy duty [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid]] trucks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stabenow.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=238|title=Charging America Forward Act to support Michigan-made vehicles|publisher=Stabenow.senate.gov|date=2011-02-08}}</ref> The other initiative was from the Obama Administration and was submitted in the FY2012 Budget as a provision to transform the existing credit into a rebate that would have been claimable by dealers and passed along to the consumers, this was not included in the Budget.<ref name=Rebate2/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/white-house-pushes-instant-7500-cash-rebate-towards-electric-car-purchases-106794.html|title=White House Pushes For a $7,500 Instant Cash Rebate Towards Electric Car Purchases|publisher=PluginCars.com|first=Nick |last=Chambers|date=2011-02-09|access-date=2011-02-16}}</ref>

Another change plug-in tax credit was proposed by Senator Carl Levin and Representative Sander Levin who proposed to raise the existing cap on the number of plug-in vehicles eligible for the tax credit. The proposal would have raised that limit from the existing 200,000 PEVs per manufacturer to 500,000 units, this was not passed.<ref name=Rebate1/>

In March 2014 the Obama Administration included a provision in the FY2015 Budget to increase the maximum tax credit for plug-in electric vehicles and other advanced vehicles to {{USD|10,000}}. However, the new maximum tax credit would not apply to luxury vehicles with a sales price of over {{USD|45,000}}, which would be capped at {{USD|7,500}}. The proposal sought to remove the 200,000 vehicle cap per manufacturer after which the credit phases out over a year. Instead, the incentives would begin to phase out{{snd}}falling to 75% of the current credit{{snd}}starting in 2019 for all manufacturers, and would be completely phased out by 2022; this did not get included in the Budget.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140304/AUTO01/303040118 |title=White House: Boost EV, alternative vehicle tax credits to $10,000 |first=David |last=Sheparson |work=The Detroit News |date=2014-03-04 |access-date=2014-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310071656/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140304/AUTO01/303040118 |archive-date=2014-03-10 }}</ref>

In November 2017, House Republicans proposed scrapping the $7,500 tax credit as part of a sweeping tax overhaul,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-vehicles/house-republicans-propose-to-scrap-7500-electric-vehicle-credit-idUSKBN1D2282|title=House Republicans propose to scrap $7,500 electric vehicle credit|date= 2017-11-02|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref> but the final bill passed left the credit intact.

==== {{Anchor|California}} In California ====
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in California}}
[[File:Model S 04 2015 Berkeley 1849.JPG|thumb|The Tesla Model S is eligible for a {{USD|7,500}} federal tax credit and a rebate in {{wipe|California}}, depending on income.]]

The Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP), initially funded with a total of {{USD|4.1}} million by the California Environmental Protection Agency's Air Resources Board (ARB), was established in order to promote the production and use of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), including plug-in electric and [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell vehicle]]s. The program was created from Assembly Bill 118 that was signed by Governor Schwarzenegger in October 2007. The funding is provided on a first-come, first-served basis, and the project is expected to go through 2015.<ref name=CalCVRP>{{cite web|url=http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project|title=Clean Vehicle Rebate Project|publisher=Center for Sustainable Energy|access-date=2010-04-01|archive-date=2010-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101613/http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg|thumb|left|Besides a {{USD|2,500}} federal tax credit, the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid is eligible for a rebate in {{wipe|California}}, depending on income.]]
Eligible vehicles include only new ARB-certified or approved zero-emission or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A list of eligible vehicles can be found on the California Center for Sustainable Energy web site.<ref name=CalifEligible/> Among the eligible vehicles are neighborhood electric vehicles, [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|battery electric]], [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid electric]], and [[Physics:Fuel cell|fuel cell]] vehicles including cars, trucks, medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, and zero-emission motorcycles. Vehicles must be purchased or leased on or after March 15, 2010. Rebates of up to $5,000 per light-duty vehicle are available for individuals and business owners who purchase or lease new eligible vehicles. Certain zero-emission commercial vehicles are also eligible for rebates up to $20,000.<ref name=CalCVRP/><ref name=CalifEligible>{{cite web|url=http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project/cvrp-eligible-vehicles|title=CVRP Eligible Vehicles|publisher=Center for Sustainable Energy California|access-date=2014-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729184130/http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project/cvrp-eligible-vehicles|archive-date=2013-07-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Chevrolet Volt WAS 2011 946.JPG|thumb|The 2012 Chevrolet Volt fitted with a low emissions package qualified in California for the {{USD|1,500}} CVRP rebate and had free access to high-occupancy vehicle lanes.]]

As of early September 2012, private individuals accounted for 88% of rebate funds reimbursed.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/28/california-issues-10000th-rebate-for-zero-emissions-incentive-program/?ref=automobiles |title=California Issues 10,000th Rebate for Zero-Emissions Incentive Program |first=Tori |last=Tellem |work=The New York Times |date=2012-09-28 |access-date=2012-09-29}}</ref> As of early March 2013, CARB has issued about 18,000 rebates totaling {{USD|41}} million.<ref name=CEC2013>{{cite web|url= http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/03/cec-20130301.html |title=California Energy Commission awards $4.5M to ARB for more clean vehicle rebates|author=California Energy Commission|publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2013-03-01 |access-date=2013-03-03}}</ref> However, CARB notices that approximately 2,300 Chevrolet Volts were sold in California before the Volt became eligible for the rebate in February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project/cvrp-project-statistics |title=Clean Vehicle Rebate Project Statistics |publisher=California Center for Sustainable Energy |date=March 2013 |access-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130119223428/http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project/cvrp-project-statistics |archive-date=2013-01-19 }}</ref> As a result of the rebate and other existing incentives, such as allowing solo drivers in HOV lanes, California is the leading PEV market in the United States with about 40% of all new plug-in electric vehicles sold nationwide during 2011 and 2012, while the state represents about 10% of all new car sales in the country.<ref name=CEC2013/>

{{As of|2014|03|10}}, a total of 52,264 clean vehicle rebates have been issued by the CVRP, for a total of {{USD|110,222,866}} disbursed, with only {{USD|3.8 million}} remaining for fiscal year 2013–2014. {{As of|2014|04}}, the CVRP was facing an estimated {{USD|30 million}} funding shortfall for the 2013-14 fiscal year, and uncertainty about additional funding for the 2014-15 fiscal year. CARB staff presented a proposal to the board to overcome the funding shortage and also to facilitate the rebates to benefit buyers in disadvantaged communities who live in areas with bad air quality or who can't afford high-end electric cars.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://capitolweekly.net/tesla-rebates-california-cap-msrp/ |title=ARB, Tesla at odds over rebate cuts for electric vehicles|first=John |last=Howard|work=Capitol Weekly|date=2014-04-10 |access-date=2014-04-12}}</ref>

A bill signed into law in September 2014, mandated the CARB to draft a financial plan to meet California's goal of putting one million vehicles on the road while making sure that disadvantaged communities can participate. CARB had to change the Clean Vehicle Rebate program to provide an extra credit for low-income drivers who wish to purchase or lease an electric car. CARB also provides assistance to [[Engineering:Carsharing|carsharing]] programs in low-income neighborhoods and install charging stations in apartment buildings in those communities. Under bill SB 1275, low-income residents who agree to scrap older, polluting cars will also get a clean vehicle rebate on top of existing payments for junking smog-producing vehicles.<ref name=SFG092014>{{cite news|url= http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Brown-signs-several-clean-air-vehicle-bills-5771184.php |title=Brown signs several clean-air vehicle bills|first=Marisa |last=Lagos|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2014-09-22 |access-date=2014-09-22}}</ref><ref name=Green77K>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-brown-electric-vehicles-20140921-story.html |title=Gov. Jerry Brown signs bills to boost purchases of electric cars|first1= Melanie |last1=Mason |first2=Patrick |last2=McGreevy |work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|date=2014-09-21|access-date=2014-09-21}}</ref>

Another bill signed into law in September 2014, AB 1721, grants clean air vehicles free or reduced rates in [[Finance:High-occupancy toll lane|high-occupancy toll lane]]s (HOT) lanes.<ref name=SFG092014/><ref name=GCC092014>{{cite web|url= http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/09/20140922-california.html |title=California governor signs 6 bills to advance state's electric vehicle market; HOT and HOV benefits|first=Mike |last=Millikin|publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2014-09-22|access-date=2014-09-23}}</ref> AB 2565 facilitates access to charging stations by requiring commercial and residential property owners to approve installation if the charging station meets requirements and complies with the owner's process for approving a modification to the property.<ref name=SFG092014/><ref name=GCC092014/>

{{As of|2016|03|29}}, California added income-based caps to its rebate system. Buyers with incomes less than 300% of the Federal poverty level will get up to {{USD|3,000}} for a plug-in hybrid, {{USD|4,000}} for an all-electric car, and {{USD|6,500}} for a hydrogen fuel-cell car and the rebate scales down until Californian buyers with incomes over {{USD|250,000}} are no longer are eligible for incentives on hybrids or electric cars, however can get {{USD|5,000 for a hydrogen fuel-cell car}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1098988_california-ends-electric-car-rebates-for-wealthiest-buyers-boosts-them-for-poorest |title=California Ends Electric-Car Rebates For Wealthiest Buyers, Boosts Them For Poorest |first=Stephen |last=Edelstein |work=Green Car Reports |date=2015-07-15 |access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref><ref name=cvrIncome>{{cite web|url=https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng/income-eligibility|title=Income Eligibility|date= 2016-05-31 |access-date= 2017-07-26}}</ref> As of March 2016, the Center for Sustainable Energy has issued more than $291 million in the CVRP for over 137,200 vehicles since 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://electrek.co/2016/03/15/psa-california-clean-vehicle-rebate/ |title=PSA: California Clean Vehicle Rebate is increasing for low- and moderate-income drivers, and going away for high-income drivers on March 29 |first=Fred |last=Lambert |work= [[Social:Electrek|Electrek]] |location=US |date=2016-03-15 |access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref> As of November 2023 California city officials said they will offer qualifying low-income residents up to $4,000 to buy used electric vehicles and will build a network of fast chargers in underserved neighborhoods after a new report concluded that low-income individuals are being left behind in the transition to clean energy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Penn |first=Ivan |date=2023-11-16 |title=Los Angeles Will Offer More Energy Incentives to Low-Income Residents |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/business/energy-environment/los-angeles-energy-inequality.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The income-base caps went into effect on 1 November 2016. Residents will not be eligible for rebates if their gross annual income exceeds {{USD|150,000}} for single tax filers, {{USD|204,000}} for head of household filers and {{USD|300,000}} for joint filers.<ref name=cvrIncome/> These limits do not apply to the purchase of fuel cell electric vehicles, which represent less than 1% of rebate applications.<ref name=CVRP112016>{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/11/20161108-berk.html |title=Berkeley study finds clean vehicle rebates have predominantly benefited wealthy, white Californians |first=Mike |last=Millikin |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2016-11-08 |access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-electric-car-rebates-20161031-story.html | title=California's electric-car rebates jump for lower-income buyers and vanish for more high earners | first=Rob |last=Nikolewski | work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}} | date=2016-10-31 | access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref>

The standard tax credits (on eligible cars) are $1,500 for plug-in hybrids, $2,500 for all-electrics, and $5,000 for fuel cell cars.<ref name=CVReligiblecars>{{cite web|url= https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng/eligible-vehicles |title=CVRP Eligible Vehicles|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref>

=====Access to HOV lanes=====
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Cal green sticker CMax Energi 04 2015 SFO 2530.JPG|caption1=California's green Clean Air Vehicle sticker for plug-in hybrids (expired in 1/1/2019)|image2=Cal Red sticker Chevy Bolt EV SDQ 02 2020 2465.jpg
|caption2=California's red Clean Air Vehicle sticker for all-electric cars (expires in 1/1/2022)}}

In California a vehicle that meets specified emissions standards may be issued Clean Air Vehicle (CAV) decals that allow the vehicle to be operated by a single occupant in California's [[Engineering:High-occupancy vehicle lane|high-occupancy vehicle lane]]s (HOV), or [[Engineering:Carpool|carpool]] or diamond lanes. All-electric vehicles are classified as Federal Inherently Low Emission Vehicles (ILEVs), and as zero emissions vehicles are entitled to an unlimited number of white CAV stickers. Green CAV stickers were initially available to a limited number of applicants that purchased or leased cars meeting California's Enhanced Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (Enhanced AT PZEV) or Transitional Zero-Emission Vehicle (TZEV) requirements, for which plug-in hybrids classify. The green car sticker cap was increased several times, and since September 2016 the cap was removed.<ref name=CAVdecal>{{cite web|url= http://www.dmv.ca.gov/vr/decal.htm |title=Clean Air Vehicle (CAV) Decals – High Occupancy Vehicle HOV Lane Usage |publisher=Department of Motor Vehicles |location=California|date=March 2014|access-date=2014-07-12}}</ref>

Research performed in 2015 by the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation found that access to HOV lanes has a significant impact on plug-in car sales. Researchers linked automobile sales to a sample of more than 7,000 of the 8,057 census tracts in California for the study, including Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego and San Francisco. The study concluded that the ability to use potentially time-saving HOV lanes prompted the purchase of more than 24,000 plug-in electric cars and hybrids in the four urban areas from 2010 to 2013, or about 40% of the total of such vehicles. The UCLA researcher concluded that without the policy giving plug-in vehicles access to HOV lanes, total plug-in sales in the same study areas would have been only 36,692 for the three-year period.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-1111-california-commute-20151111-story.html |title=Law expanding HOV access to plug-in cars drives higher sales, UCLA study says|first=Dan |last=Weikel|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}} |date=2015-11-10 |access-date=2015-11-22}}</ref>

==== All states ====
{{As of|2014|11}}, 37 states and [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], had established incentives and [[Finance:Tax exemption|tax exemption]]s for [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|BEV]]s and [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]]s, or utility-rate breaks, and other non-monetary incentives such as free parking and [[Engineering:High-occupancy vehicle lane|high-occupancy vehicle lane]] access.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025117609_electriccarsxml.html |title=Inslee pushes incentives for electric cars |first=Phuong |last=Le |publisher=The Seattle Times |work=The Associated Press |date=2014-11-27 |access-date=2014-11-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128050135/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2025117609_electriccarsxml.html |archive-date=2014-11-28 }}</ref> All states are eligible for the $7,500 income tax credit.

=={{Anchor|Oceania}} Oceania ==

=== Australia ===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia}}

==== Federal incentives ====
An Australian National Electric Vehicle Strategy was set to be released by mid-2021 by the Federal coalition government.<ref name="Healey">{{Cite web|last=Healey|first=Bianca|date=2021-04-12|title=A leading industry group is calling for an end to electric vehicle taxes, saying they are holding back uptake in Australia|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/ev-victorian-government-2021-4|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Business Insider Australia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2019-03-26|title=Coalition says no plans for electric vehicle strategy until mid-2020|url=https://thedriven.io/2019/03/26/coalition-says-no-plans-for-electric-vehicle-strategy-until-mid-2020/|access-date=2019-09-06|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title='Do-nothing document': Australian electric vehicle strategy lets emissions keep rising|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/05/do-nothing-document-australian-electric-vehicle-strategy-allows-emissions-to-keep-rising|access-date=2021-05-12|website={{wipe|The Guardian}}|language=en}}</ref>{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Electric car part of RAC electric highway project.jpg
| width1 = 300
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = 2011 NRMA Roadside Assist Imiev Electric Patrol Car - NRMA Drivers Seat - Flickr - NRMA New Cars.jpg
| width2 = 175
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Driver assistance vehicles operated by the Royal Automobile Club of Western Australia (left, [[Engineering:BMW i3|BMW i3]]) and the NRMA (right, Mitsubishi i MiEV).
}}

Fuel efficient vehicles attract less Luxury Car Tax, leading to a saving of up to $2,648.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2020-06-30|title=Australia's luxury car tax threshold quietly lifted for electric vehicles|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/07/01/australias-luxury-car-tax-threshold-quietly-lifted-for-electric-vehicles/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Driven}}</ref> In 2021, the Luxury Car Tax threshold is $69,152 for fuel efficient vehicles and $79,659 for full electric vehicles BEVs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vorrath|first=Sophie|date=2021-06-01|title=Australia raises luxury car tax threshold for EVs for second year in row|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/06/01/australia-raises-luxury-car-tax-threshold-for-evs-for-second-year-in-row/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2021-04-12|title=VW boss takes aim at hybrids in call for Australia vehicle emissions targets|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/04/12/vw-boss-takes-aim-at-hybrids-in-call-for-australia-vehicle-emissions-targets/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref> However, Australia's largest states of Victoria and New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory, are exempt from the Luxury Car Tax.<ref name=":1434">{{Cite web|title=Luxury car tax Australia: What is the LCT?|url=https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-advice/luxury-car-tax-australia-what-is-the-lct-82593|access-date=2021-05-05|website=CarsGuide|language=en}}</ref> The Federal Government has also committed to an industry-wide review of petrol and diesel standards in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 FCAI Australian vehicle emissions report: Toyota tops passenger cars, tanks on utes, vans and 4WDs {{!}} CarAdvice|url=https://www.caradvice.com.au/942099/2020-fcai-australian-vehicle-emissions-report-toyota-tops-passenger-cars-tanks-on-utes-vans-and-4wds/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=CarAdvice.com|language=en}}</ref> Euro 6 petrol and diesel standards are currently planned nationally in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Locking in Australia's fuel security {{!}} Prime Minister of Australia|url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/locking-australias-fuel-security|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.pm.gov.au}}</ref>

The Federal Government pledged to spend $74.5 million on charging infrastructure in the budget in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title='Do-nothing document': Australian electric vehicle strategy lets emissions keep rising|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/05/do-nothing-document-australian-electric-vehicle-strategy-allows-emissions-to-keep-rising|access-date=2021-05-12|website=The Guardian}}</ref> The Federal Government is also contributing $15 million to a national electric vehicle charging network built by Evie Networks and connecting Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, Adelaide and Brisbane.<ref name=":81">{{Cite web|title=Australian government pledges $15 million to EV charging network|url=https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-news/australian-government-pledges-15-million-to-ev-charging-network-75882|access-date=2020-12-26|website=CarsGuide}}</ref>

A Federal Government target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles before 2050 could also be included in the Federal Government's National Electric Vehicle Strategy.<ref name=":46">{{Cite news|last=Cox|first=Lisa|date=2019-04-12|title=Poll shows 50% of Australians support shifting all sales of new cars to electric vehicles by 2025|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/12/poll-shows-50-per-cent-of-australians-support-shifting-all-sales-of-new-cars-to-electric-vehicles-by-2025|access-date=2020-12-12|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> This is due to the Prime Minister stating in 2021 that the government's goal is to reach net zero emissions by 2050, which would require a national transition to 100% electric vehicles before 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Malos|first1=Anna|last2=Skarbek|first2=Anna|title=Scott Morrison has embraced net-zero emissions – now it's time to walk the talk|url=http://theconversation.com/scott-morrison-has-embraced-net-zero-emissions-now-its-time-to-walk-the-talk-154478|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> Moreover, 60% of Australians support a nationwide ban on petrol and diesel car sales by 2035.<ref name=":140">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-17|title=Majority of Australians support ban on new petrol and diesel cars by 2035|url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/finance/finance-news/2021/03/18/electric-vehicle-subsidies-petrol-ban/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=The New Daily|language=en-US}}</ref>

====State and Territory incentives====
State government's offer significant electric vehicle incentives to ensure they meet their EV sales targets. Victoria aim for 50% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030.<ref name=":136">{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2021-05-01|title=Victoria to offer $3,000 subsidy for electric vehicles, sets 50pct target by 2030|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/01/victoria-to-offer-3000-subsidy-for-electric-vehicles-sets-50pct-target-by-2030/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Driven}}</ref> The Government of South Australia also aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035.<ref name=":65">{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2020-12-20|title="Biggest change in Model T": South Australia wants all new car sales to be electric by 2035|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/20/biggest-change-in-model-t-south-australia-wants-all-new-car-sales-to-be-electric-by-2035/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Driven}}</ref> The NSW Government is also considering an official ban date for the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2021-05-05|title="Historic opportunity:" NSW hints at EV incentives and petrol car sales ban|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/05/historic-opportunity-nsw-hints-at-ev-incentives-and-petrol-car-sales-ban/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Driven}}</ref>

===== Victoria =====
Victoria offers a subsidy of $3,000 - $5,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=Perkins|first=Miki|date=2021-04-30|title='Thought bubble response': Treasurer floats $5000 electric vehicle rebates but critics pan scheme|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/thought-bubble-response-treasurer-floats-5000-electric-vehicle-rebates-but-critics-pan-scheme-20210430-p57nt5.html|access-date=2021-04-30|website=The Age}}</ref><ref name=":1362">{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2021-05-01|title=Victoria to offer $3,000 subsidy for electric vehicles, sets 50pct target by 2030|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/01/victoria-to-offer-3000-subsidy-for-electric-vehicles-sets-50pct-target-by-2030/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Driven}}</ref> for BEV cars under $68,740.<ref>{{Cite web|last=jasoncartwright|date=2021-05-01|title=How to get the $3,000 Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) Subsidy in Victoria|url=https://techau.com.au/how-to-get-the-3000-zero-emissions-vehicle-zev-subsidy-in-victoria/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=techAU}}</ref> Victorian EV, PHEV and hybrid drivers also pay a reduced rate of stamp duty and $100 off registration fees.<ref name=":79">{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2020-12-23|title=EV policy and strategy in Australia: what has changed in 2020?|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/23/ev-policy-and-strategy-in-australia-what-has-changed-in-2020/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=The Driven}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=VicRoads - Registration fees|url=https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/registration/registration-fees/vehicle-registration-fees|access-date=2015-01-15|publisher=VicRoads}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 July 2010|title=Victorian Hybrids And EVs To Get $100 Rego Rebate; Opposition Calls Hybrid Camry A "Flop"|publisher=themotorreport.com.au|url=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/50581/victorian-hybrid-and-ev-drivers-to-get-100-registration-rebate|access-date=2015-01-15}}</ref> Victoria's peak infrastructure advisory body recommended the removal of registration fees altogether for electric vehicles<ref name=":422">{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2020-12-10|title=Plugged In: Model news from Tesla, BMW and Mazda, and some charging developments|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/11/plugged-in-model-news-from-tesla-bmw-and-mazda-and-some-charging-developments/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref> Victoria aim for 50% of new car sales to be electric vehicles/FCEVs by 2030.<ref name=":1363">{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2021-05-01|title=Victoria to offer $3,000 subsidy for electric vehicles, sets 50pct target by 2030|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/01/victoria-to-offer-3000-subsidy-for-electric-vehicles-sets-50pct-target-by-2030/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref> Ban of internal combustion-engine vehicles advised by peak infrastructure advisory body<ref name=":422"/> This will be presented to the Victorian Government in mid-2021<ref name=":80">{{Cite web|title=Victoria's Draft 30-Year Infrastructure Strategy|url=https://www.infrastructurevictoria.com.au/project/30-year-strategy/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Infrastructure Victoria|language=en-US}}</ref>

Victoria has created a $5 million innovation fund to increase commercial EV uptake<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2021-05-01|title=Victoria to offer $3,000 subsidy for electric vehicles, sets 50pct target by 2030|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/01/victoria-to-offer-3000-subsidy-for-electric-vehicles-sets-50pct-target-by-2030/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref> A $3,000 BEV car rebate is available for 2 vehicles only per company.<ref name="jasoncartwright">{{Cite web|last=jasoncartwright|date=2021-05-01|title=How to get the $3,000 Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) Subsidy in Victoria|url=https://techau.com.au/how-to-get-the-3000-zero-emissions-vehicle-zev-subsidy-in-victoria/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=techAU|language=en-AU}}</ref> $46 million ZEV subsidy program, the first of its type in Australia, providing grants to people and businesses wanting to buy ZEVs, targeted at the supply of low to medium-priced vehicles.<ref name=":176">{{Cite web|last=Department of Economic Development|first=Jobs|title=Transport sector emissions reduction pledge|url=https://transport.vic.gov.au:443/our-transport-future/future-directions-for-transport/our-strategic-directions/environmentally-sustainable-transport/transport-sector-emissions-reduction-pledge|access-date=2021-06-04|website=transport.vic.gov.au|language=en-au}}</ref> $5 million commercial sector ZEV Innovation Fund to encourage the uptake of ZEV light commercial vehicles in the commercial passenger vehicle, logistics, construction and service-sector industries.<ref name=":176" /> Police fleet will be 100% electric by 2029<ref name=":85">{{Cite web|last=Brewer|first=Peter|date=2020-11-17|title=Electric cars on hold as police opt for high-end BMWs|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7014143/electric-cars-on-hold-as-police-opt-for-high-end-bmws/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Canberra Times|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":86">{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2020-06-26|title="Best car I've ever driven": NSW energy minister's new car is Tesla Model 3|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/06/26/best-car-ive-ever-driven-nsw-energy-ministers-new-car-is-tesla-model-3/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref>

All vehicles in Victoria are exempt from the Luxury Car Tax.<ref name=":1434"/>

In 2021, Victoria introduced the world's first EV tax, charged as road user charges.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-21|title='The worst electric vehicle policy in the world': automotive coalition pans Victoria's EV tax|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/22/the-worst-electric-vehicle-policy-in-the-world-automotive-coalition-pans-victorias-ev-tax|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Drivers pay 2c per km for PHEV, and 2.5c per km for BEV, paid annually upon registration renewal. This has been cited as the worst EV in the world and made Victoria the laughing stock of the EV community globally <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=EV tax passes lower house, bringing Victoria one step closer to becoming a laughing stock|url=https://greens.org.au/vic/news/ev-tax-passes-lower-house-bringing-victoria-one-step-closer-becoming-laughing-stock|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Australian Greens Victoria|language=en}}</ref>

===== Australian Capital Territory =====
ACT offers $15,000 interest free loans.<ref name=":332">{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2020-11-17|title=ACT drivers to access free rego and zero interest loans for electric cars|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/11/17/act-drivers-to-access-free-rego-and-zero-interest-loans-for-electric-cars/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=The Driven}}</ref> ACT BEVs are also stamp duty exempt and there is a 20% reduction in registration fees<ref name=":31">{{Cite web|last=Brewer|first=Peter|date=2020-08-19|title=ACT charges ahead on electric car push leaving other governments behind|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6883644/act-charges-ahead-on-electric-car-push-leaving-other-governments-behind/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Canberra Times}}</ref> with the first 2 years of registration free<ref name=":332"/> EVs exempt from stamp duty until June 2024 (new and second-hand EVs)<ref name=":137">{{Cite web|last=Fernyhough|first=James|date=2021-05-03|title=Tasmanian EV buyers to get tax break as Liberals win state poll|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/03/tasmanian-ev-buyers-to-get-tax-break-as-liberals-win-state-poll/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Driven}}</ref> Free registration available to converted EV's also (worth up to $1,200).<ref name=":111">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-24|title=What would it take for you to buy an electric car? Does free registration sweeten the deal?|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-24/canberrans-get-free-registration-for-electric-vehicles-in-act/100160324|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Whyte|first=Sally|date=2018-04-16|title=All ACT government vehicles to be electric by 2021|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6019484/all-act-government-vehicles-to-be-electric-by-2021/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Canberra Times|language=en-AU}}</ref> ACT committed to allowing EVs to drive in transit lanes until 2023<ref name=":793">{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2020-12-23|title=EV policy and strategy in Australia: what has changed in 2020?|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/23/ev-policy-and-strategy-in-australia-what-has-changed-in-2020/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref>

Class B, C and D Green Vehicles pay reduced stamp duty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stamp duty for cars explained|url=https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-advice/stamp-duty-for-cars-explained-31021|access-date=2021-04-30|website=CarsGuide|language=en}}</ref>

All vehicles in ACT are exempt from the Luxury Car Tax.<ref name=":1434"/>

===== South Australia =====
The South Australian Liberal government aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035<ref name=":652">{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2020-12-20|title="Biggest change in Model T": South Australia wants all new car sales to be electric by 2035|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/20/biggest-change-in-model-t-south-australia-wants-all-new-car-sales-to-be-electric-by-2035/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref>

South Australian Government will contribute $5,000 or 50% towards residential and commercial EV charger purchases and installations<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-06|title=Number of Australians considering buying electric vehicles has tripled|url=https://thedriven.io/2019/09/06/australians-consider-shift-electric-vehicles-doubled/|access-date=2019-09-06|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref> Also 100% discounted parking for EVs. Taxis to be 100% electric vehicles by 2030<ref name=":653">{{Cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Giles|date=2020-12-20|title="Biggest change in Model T": South Australia wants all new car sales to be electric by 2035|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/20/biggest-change-in-model-t-south-australia-wants-all-new-car-sales-to-be-electric-by-2035/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref> Ride share fleet to be 100% electric vehicles by 2030<ref name=":653" />

===== New South Wales =====
New South Wales offer $250 discount from registration fees and NSW plan stamp duty exemption for EVs saving $1,200 - $18,000<ref name=":1424">{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2021-05-05|title="Historic opportunity:" NSW hints at EV incentives and petrol car sales ban|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/05/historic-opportunity-nsw-hints-at-ev-incentives-and-petrol-car-sales-ban/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hagon|first=Toby|date=2021-05-04|title=$1200-plus stamp duty savings for proposed NSW EV incentives|url=https://evcentral.com.au/1200-plus-stamp-duty-savings-for-proposed-nsw-ev-incentives/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=EV Central|language=en-US}}</ref> NSW plan to allow EVs in transit lane.<ref name=":1424"/> NSW plan to subsidize parking.<ref name=":1424"/> Ban of internal combustion-engine vehicles planned in NSW.<ref name=":1424"/>

All vehicles in NSW are exempt from the Luxury Car Tax.<ref name=":1434"/>

===== Tasmania =====
EVs exempt from stamp duty until 2023.<ref name=":1372">{{Cite web|last=Fernyhough|first=James|date=2021-05-03|title=Tasmanian EV buyers to get tax break as Liberals win state poll|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/03/tasmanian-ev-buyers-to-get-tax-break-as-liberals-win-state-poll/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref> Car rental companies exempt from registration fees on new and used EVs<ref name=":1372" /> Tasmania offer grants for public and business electric charging stations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Electric car incentives in Australia|url=https://fleets.chargetogether.org/article/electric-car-incentives-australia/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Charge Together Fleets|language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Queensland =====
EVs pay $660 less stamp duty than other vehicles<ref name=":792">{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2020-12-23|title=EV policy and strategy in Australia: what has changed in 2020?|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/23/ev-policy-and-strategy-in-australia-what-has-changed-in-2020/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":154">{{Cite web|title=Electric car subsidies: how Australia compares to the rest of the world {{!}} CarAdvice|url=https://www.caradvice.com.au/866630/electric-car-subsidies-how-australia-compares-to-the-rest-of-the-world/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=CarAdvice.com|date=9 August 2020|language=en}}</ref> Queensland electric and hybrid vehicles pay a lower stamp duty of 2 per cent.<ref name=":154" /> 50% discounted parking for EVs.

===== Northern Territory =====
NT EVs only pay the small car category for registration ($665.55 a year) irrelevant of size<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-29|title=Australian governments 'shooting themselves in the foot' with EV policies|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/30/electric-vehicle-vacuum-leads-to-confusion-between-states-and-territories|access-date=2021-06-01|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
{{further|Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in New Zealand}}
In June 2021, the New Zealand government announced a "feebate" scheme, by which electric vehicles would be subsidised, while particularly high-emitting ICE vehicles would have a cost added to them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-22|title=Government announces feebate for EVs|url=https://enews.nz/2021/06/government-announces-feebate-for-evs/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=eNewsNZ}}</ref> The scheme is intended to be revenue-neutral, so that the fees on high-emitting vehicles would pay for the rebates on electric ones. The rebate system began operation on 1 July 2021, with the fee part originally intended to begin on 1 January 2022 (although this has since been delayed to 1 April 2022). This came after a 2019 proposal for a feebate was seemingly vetoed by the minority coalition member New Zealand First.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-21|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/119713361/nz-first-axe-governments-electric-vehicle-subsidy-plan-while-greens-vow-to-take-the-policy-to-the-election|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Stuff|title=NZ First axes Government's 'feebate' electric vehicle subsidy plan, while Greens vow to take the policy to the election}}</ref>

26,000 EVs were registered in New Zealand in 2020 and the government have a target of an additional 60,000 electric vehicles on New Zealand roads by 2023.<ref name=":147">{{Cite web|last=Fernyhough|first=James|date=2021-05-06|title=Siemens signs deal to bring EV charging equipment to New Zealand|url=https://thedriven.io/2021/05/06/siemens-signs-deal-to-bring-ev-charging-equipment-to-new-zealand/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref>

All government vehicles and the national bus fleet are required to be electric in the future with New Zealand mandating that all government agencies must only purchase electric vehicles in 2020 to ensure one-third of the fleet is electric by 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=New Zealand mandates electric vehicles only for all government departments|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/12/08/new-zealand-mandates-electric-vehicles-only-for-all-government-departments/|access-date=2020-12-12|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schmidt|first=Bridie|date=2020-09-15|title=In New Zealand, even the Tories want sanity on electric vehicle policy|url=https://thedriven.io/2020/09/15/in-new-zealand-even-the-tories-want-sanity-on-electric-vehicle-policy/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Driven|language=en-US}}</ref>

=={{Anchor|South America}} South America==
===Ecuador===
In Ecuador, all electric vehicles are exempt from customs duties and taxes starting in June 2019. The electric vehicle offer in the country is set to increase. The Ecuadorean government has been incentivizing the use of electric vehicles with tax cuts. However, both the offer and demand remained short, encouraging the government to eliminate all duties to electric vehicles.

==Africa==
===Morocco===
Electric and hybrid vehicles are exempt from customs duties since 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/10/200202/morocco-introduces-tax-package-reward-eco-friendly-car-owners/ |title=Morocco Introduces Tax Package to Reward Eco-Friendly Car Owners |first=Ezzoubeir |last=Jabrane |work=Morocco World News |date=2016-10-31 |access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>

===South Africa===
Electric vehicles pay a 25% duty, this is 7% higher than fossil fuel vehicles from the EU that only pay 18%. Beyond this disincentive, there are no incentives or advantages for EV ownership in South Africa.

==See also==
* [[Engineering:Electric car use by country|Electric car use by country]]
* [[Engineering:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles|Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles]]
* Government incentives for fuel efficient vehicles in the United States
* [[Engineering:Hybrid tax credit|Hybrid tax credit]]
* [[Engineering:List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles|List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles]]
* Plug In America

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project Clean Vehicle Rebate Project website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101613/http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project |date=2010-04-02 }}
* [http://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EV-fiscal-incentives_20140506.pdf Driving Electrification – A Global Comparison of Fiscal Incentive Policy for Electric Vehicles], International Council on Clean Transportation, May 2014
* [http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/09-20-12-ElectricVehicles_0.pdf Effects of Federal Tax Credits for the Purchase of Electric Vehicles] [[Organization:Congressional Budget Office|Congressional Budget Office]], September 2012
* [http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/research/publications/publication-detail/?pub_id=2097 Evaluating the Impact of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Access on Plug-In Vehicles (PEVs) Purchasing and Usage in California], [[Organization:University of California, Davis|University of California, Davis]], Working Paper UCD-ITS-WP-14-01, April 2014
* [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/ Federal and State Laws and Incentives for alternative fuels and vehicles], Alternative Fuels Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092257/https://www.plugincentives.com/blog/list-us-electric-vehicle-and-evse-incentives-state List of U.S. Electric Vehicle and EVSE Incentives by State], September 2014
* [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/FEG/tax_EV.shtml New Energy Tax Credits for Electric Vehicles purchased in 2009]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110611201348/http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20100420_EV_tax_overview.pdf Overview of Tax Incentives for Electrically Chargeable Vehicles in the E.U.]
* [http://www.pluginamerica.org/vehicles/ Plug-in Tracker: A comprehensive list of highway-capable PEVs (cars and trucks, 2- and 3-wheeled and commercial vehicles)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806112233/https://pluginamerica.org/vehicles/ |date=2018-08-06 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232238/http://www.dft.gov.uk/topics/sustainable/olev/plug-in-car-grant UK Plug-in Car Grant website]
* [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/ U.S. Federal & State Incentives & Laws]
* [http://www.pluginamerica.org/why-plug-vehicles/state-federal-incentives State and Federal Incentives for EVs, PHEVs and Charge Stations – State and Federal Incentives – United States Incentives Map], Plug In America
* [http://www.hybridcars.com/incentives-laws/us-tax-incentives-plug-hybrids-and-electric-cars.html US Tax Incentives for Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars]
* [https://olevgrant.com/ UK website for government ev grant claims]
* [https://english.caucasianjournal.org/2019/06/akaki-mamaladze-on-production-of-first.html/ Akaki Mamaladze on production of first electric cars in Caucasus: "Our childhood dreams come true"] – Interview of A. Mamaladze, director of AIProduction, for ''[https://english.caucasianjournal.org Caucasian Journal]''


{{DEFAULTSORT:Plug-In Electric Vehicle}}
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Subsidies]]

{{Sourceattribution|Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles}}