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{{Short description|Interdisciplinary study  of law and economic and social development}}
'''Law and development''' is an interdisciplinary study of law and economic and [[Social:Social change|social development]].  It examines the relation between law and development and analyzes how to use law as an instrument to promote economic and social development.

==Classical Philosophers==
The idea that law is relevant to economic and social development goes back 250 years. Adam Smith stated in his Lectures on Jurisprudence that “the imperfection of the law and the uncertainty in its application” was a factor that retarded commerce.<ref>Adam Smith (1978)</ref> Max Weber, a philosopher of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, explained the importance of “rational” law in economy and society.<ref>Max Weber (1967)</ref> Friedrich Hayek, a prominent [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] economist of the twentieth century, studied relevant legal concepts to support liberty as the prerequisite for development.<ref>Friedrich Hayek (1960)</ref> 

==The Law and Development Movements==
Law and development studies originated largely as by-products of "development assistance" activities by the United States government, international development institutions like the [[Organization:World Bank|World Bank]], and private foundations working with governments and
legal institutions in developing countries. In the 1960s, some American organizations such as the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Ford Foundation sponsored the law reform in developing countries. Economists led the pack and
economic development studies were for a time one of the most glamorous areas of applied economics.<ref>Hagen (1968).</ref> Legal scholars from leading American law schools wrote many articles discussing the contribution of law reform to economic development.  This was called the law and development movement. Law and development studies were never well integrated or monolithic. But at a very general level most of the scholars and some of the developers shared, in the early years, some rather fundamental notions about the nature of law, and the character of development. These assumptions told the scholars how to orient their research, and gave them confidence that their scholarly and assistance efforts were morally worthy.<ref>Trubek & Galanter (1974).</ref> 

However, after only one decade, both key involved scholars and former Ford Foundation officials declared this movement failed.<ref>Trubek & Galanter (1974).</ref> The presumably failed law and development movement was revived in the 1980s, with the proliferation of law reform projects based on [[Social:Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] ideals. These projects supported liberal reforms such as [[Finance:Privatization|privatization]] and [[Social:Free trade|trade liberalization]], with the emphasis on the [[Philosophy:Rule of law|rule of law]]. Substantial investments were made on these projects by international development agencies such as the [[Organization:World Bank|World Bank]], USAID, and other public agencies and private foundations, but these law reform projects were criticized for being ineffective or causing adverse impacts on development in many places in the world. The three main critiques were:
1. the critique of universality (ethnocentrism of liberal legalist paradigm);
2. the critique of formal law’s potency (disregard of the significance of informal alternatives); and
3. the inequality of legal reform (empowering elites, containing protest).

==The New Law and Development==
The cause of the failure in the previous law and development movements is that the law reform projects were developed and implemented without sufficient understanding of the mechanism by which LFIs impact economic and social development, which is affected by various socio-economic factors on the ground. <ref>Lee (2015).</ref>  [http://www.lawanddevelopment.net The Law and Development Institute] was set up in 2009 to promote studies in law and development and develop a comprehensive analytical model for law and development, and the [http://www.degruyter.com/ldr Law and Development Review] was launched in 2008 as the only peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to law and development. 

In 2017 Professor Yong-Shik Lee published the General Theory of Law and Development [https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol50/iss3/2/], the first major theory in law and development that defines the disciplinary parameters of law and development and explains the mechanisms by which law impacts development ("the regulatory impact mechanisms"). The General Theory has been adopted to explain the process of development in several countries, such as South Korea, South Africa, the United States, and Botswana, from legal and institutional perspectives. 

Recently, efforts have also been made to expand the application of law and development approaches to economic problems in developed countries such as the United States. <ref>Lee (2019).</ref> [https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol68/iss2/6/] Law and development has traditionally been associated with less developed countries in the Third World (“developing countries”), not the economically advanced countries (“developed countries”). However, the changing economic conditions in recent decades, such as the widening income gaps among individual citizens and regions within developed countries, stagnant economic growth deepening economic polarization, and an institutional incapacity to deal with these issues, render the law and development approaches relevant to the assessment of the economic problems in developed countries

== New Comparative Economics in the 2000s==
A related field is [https://scholar.harvard.edu/shleifer/publications/new-comparative-economics new comparative economics]. The theme of this research is that institutions exert a profound influence on economic development. To understand capitalist institutions, one needs to understand the basic tradeoff between the costs of disorder and those of dictatorship. This logic is applied to study the structure of efficient institutions, the consequences of colonial transplantation, and the politics of institutional choice.

The interest in institutions revived with the collapse of socialism and the transition of the economies in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and China to capitalism. This experience has been diverse, ranging from rapid growth in China and Poland, to a sharp decline followed by recovery in Russia, to stagnation with limited reform in Belarus and Uzbekistan. Early debates on transition focused on the speed of reforms as a crucial determinant of performance. Although it is now clear that the absence of reform, as in the Ukraine and Cuba, is associated with both economic and political stagnation, the emphasis on speed turned out to be excessive.<ref>Djankov et al (2003)</ref>

One recognizable product in this sub-field is the [[Finance:Ease of doing business index|ease of doing business index]], an index created jointly by Simeon Djankov, Michael Klein and Caralee McLiesh, three leading economists at the [[Organization:World Bank|World Bank]]. The origins of the idea are described in a 2016 [[Finance:Journal of Economic Perspectives|Journal of Economic Perspectives]] [https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.30.1.247 article]. The academic research for the report was done jointly with [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] professors Edward Glaeser, [[Biography:Oliver Hart (economist)|Oliver Hart]] and [[Biography:Andrei Shleifer|Andrei Shleifer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/ |title=Doing Business - Measuring Business Regulations - World Bank Group |publisher=Doing Business |date=2011-12-30 |access-date=2013-05-20}}</ref>

The latest research in this sub-field focuses on the difference between laws on the books and the practice of law.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://benny.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20200738|title=Public Procurement in Law and Practice|journal=American Economic Review |date=2022-04-15 |doi=10.1257/aer.20200738 |access-date=2023-03-05 |last1=Bosio |first1=Erica |last2=Djankov |first2=Simeon |last3=Glaeser |first3=Edward |last4=Shleifer |first4=Andrei |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1117 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (1960).
* David Trubek  & Mark Galanter, “Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies in the United States” (1974) 4 Wisc. L. Rev. 1062
* David Trubek & Alvaro Santos (eds.) ''The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
* Kevin Davis & Michael Trebilcock, “The Relationship between Law and Development: Optimists vs. Skeptics” (2008) 56 Amer. J. Comp. L. 895
* Simeon Djankov & Edward Glaeser & Rafael LaPorta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer. 2003. “[https://scholar.harvard.edu/shleifer/publications/new-comparative-economics The New Comparative Economics].” Journal of Comparative Economics 31 (4): 595-619.
* Everett Hagen, [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Economics_of_Development.html?id=k-o7Q4-uHS8C The Economics of Development] (1968).
* Yong-Shik Lee, "[https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol50/iss3/2/ General Theory of Law and Development]" (2017) 50 Cornell Int'l L.J.
* Yong-Shik Lee, ''[https://www.routledge.com/Law-and-Development-Theory-and-Practice/Lee/p/book/9780367546854 Law and Development: Theory and Practice]'' (2d ed., Routledge, 2022)
* Adam Smith, Lectures On Jurisprudence 528 (1978).
* Max Weber, Law in Economy and Society (Max Rheinstein ed., Edward Shils & Max Rheinstein trans., 1967).

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Finance:Legal origins theory}}
* {{annotated link|Finance:International development}}
* {{annotated link|Finance:International economic law}}  
* {{annotated link|Finance:Ease of doing business index}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Law And Development}}
[[Category:Economic development]]

{{Sourceattribution|Law and development}}