View source for Finance:Pay to fly

'''Pay-to-fly''' is an aviation industry practice whereby professional pilots assume duty while paying for it. The practice extends to airline training in the form of type ratings with or without employment guarantee, that some pilots pay to increase their marketability. Even though studied, the subject matter is prevented under no regulation.
== Description ==
The '''pay-to-work''' program<ref name="senat">{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r13-450/r13-4501.pdf|title=RAPPORT D´INFORMATION FAIT au nom de la commission des affaires européennes sur le dumping social dans les transports européens|last1=BOCQUET|first1=Éric|date=April 10, 2014|publisher=Sénat (french Senate)|pages=41|language=fr|issue=450}}</ref>— mostly referred to as "pay-to-fly"<ref name="usa-today">{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-05-21-buffalo-crash_N.htm|title=Airline that trained Buffalo crash pilot fined $1.3M|last1=Levin|first1=Alan|date=May 21, 2009|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> or "p2f", also known as "self-sponsored line training"<ref name="pilotman">{{cite web|url=http://www.pilotman.net/things-you-dont-know-line-training/|title=What You Don't Know About Line Training|last1=Community Manager for Pilotman.net|first1=Kevin|access-date=2014-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004091143/http://www.pilotman.net/things-you-dont-know-line-training|archive-date=2014-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>—is an aviation industry practice whereby a professional pilot operates an aircraft on revenue-earning commercial operation <ref name="biz">{{cite news|url=http://aviationbm.e-publish.com/1d62c21e.C2RZH|title=Cockpit Crews PAY TO FLY|last1=Marques|first1=Charles|work=Aviation Business Magazine|issue=January 2014}}</ref> by paying for it.<ref name="france-info">{{cite news|url=http://www.franceinfo.fr/emission/le-plus-france-info/2013-2014/quand-le-co-pilote-aussi-paie-sa-place-dans-l-avion-06-16-2014-18-30|title=Quand le copilote aussi paie sa place dans l'avion... (When the copilot also pays for his seat in the plane)|author1=Jérôme Jadot|date=June 17, 2014|work=France Info (radio)|language=fr}}</ref> Prices range from{{As of?|date=September 2019}} around 14,000 euros<ref name="ram">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/RAMEX_Line_Trainee_Agreement.pdf|title=AGREEMENT FOR LINE TRAINING PROGRAM WITH Royal Air Maroc Express|last1=CHAUVAC|first1=Pierre-Gabriel|year=2012|website=www.etops.net/|publisher=ETOPS flight Asia Limited|pages=8}}</ref> to sometimes over 85,000 euros <ref name="france-2">{{cite news|url=http://www.france2.fr/emissions/complement-d-enquete/les-reportages/profession-pilote-la-fin-du-reve_256945|title=Profession pilote : la fin du rêve? (Pilot profession : the end of the dream?)|last1=Poussery|first1=Lionel|date=September 4, 2014|work=France 2 (national TV)|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="rts">{{cite news|url=http://www.rts.ch/emissions/temps-present/societe-moeurs/6004150-qui-est-le-pilote-dans-l-avion.html|title=Qui est le pilote dans l'avion ? (Who is the pilot in the airliner)|last1=Nègre|first1=Laurent|date=August 28, 2014|work=RTS - Radio Television Suisse|publisher=Temps Présent|last2=Engel|first2=Raphaël|language=fr}}</ref> for a "flight hour package" of generally 500 hours <ref name="france-info" /><ref name="an01SPA">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/small-planet-airline/Annex%201_successful%20probation_signed.pdf|title=Annex no.1, TO THE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012|author1=Vytautas Kaikaris|website=www.smallplanet.aero/|publisher=Small Planet Airlines|location=Warsaw|page=1|language=pl, en|quote=Agreement is concluded for a fixed term till Employee reaches 500 block hours on Airbus A320 type as First Officer}}</ref><ref name="eagle-lion">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Eagle%20Jet.jpg|title=Eagle Jet International AGREEMENT|author1=Stephane Hoinville|website=www.eaglejet.net/|publisher=Eagle Jet|quote=Student will fly with Eagle's partner airline Lion Air from Indonesia here after knows as (Airline) [...] Five hundred (500) B737 NG block hours}}</ref> on an airliner;<ref name="an01SPA" /><ref name="eagle-lion" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.youscribe.com/catalogue/tous/current-affairs-and-social-debate/de-pay-to-fly-de-la-societe-intermediaire-cockpit4u-basee-en-2459582|title=Occupational Training Agreement Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH|date=December 7, 2012|website=www.cockpit4u.com/|publisher=Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH|pages=1|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621234815/http://en.youscribe.com/catalogue/tous/current-affairs-and-social-debate/de-pay-to-fly-de-la-societe-intermediaire-cockpit4u-basee-en-2459582|archive-date=June 21, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> no salaries involved.<ref name="france-info" /><ref name="france-2" /><ref name="nouvelair">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/devis-mars-2012-nouvelair.pdf|title=march 2012 nouvelair & ATCT contract|website=www.nouvelair.com/|publisher=Nouvel Air Tunisia}}</ref><ref name="nouvelair1">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/devis-fev-2012-nouvelair.pdf|title=fev 2012 nouvelair contract|website=www.nouvelair.com/|publisher=Nouvel Air Tunisia}}</ref><ref name="tunisair">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/devis-mars-2012-tunisair.pdf|title=march 2012 tunisair contract|website=www.tunisair.com/|publisher=Tunisair}}</ref> When remuneration is offered,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/small-planet-airline/Annex%202_signed.doc%20(contract%20full%20time).pdf|title=Annex no.2, TO THE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012|author1=Vytautas Kaikaris|website=www.smallplanet.aero/|publisher=Small Planet Airlines|location=Warsaw|language=pl, en|quote=The Employer shall undertake the obligation to pay the Employee 1500 PLN monthly salary}}</ref> substantial [[Finance:Loan|loan]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/small-planet-airline/LOAN%20AGREEMENT%2036000.pdf|title=LOAN AGREEMENT No.****-**|website=www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/|publisher=Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD|page=4|quote=3.1.1. Total 36 000EUR for line training and up to 500 block hours of flying.}}</ref> to third parties (brokers) are enforced,<ref name="SP-PM">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/small-planet-airline/SERVICE%20CONTRACT%20signed.pdf|title=SERVICE CONTRACT **/**/2013 No.2013****|author1=Viktorija Dunciene|website=www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/|publisher=Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD|page=8|quote=I. The Third operator: Small Planet airlines}}</ref> which outweigh pilots' financial gain.<ref name="nrk">{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/norge/norwegian-kjopte-seg-ut-av-pilotkrisen-med-omstridt-selskap-fra-litauen-1.12249816|title=Norwegian kjøpte seg ut av pilotkrisen med omstridt selskap fra Litauen (Norwegian uses controversial airline from Lithuania to solve their pilot crisis)|author1=Mathias Vedeler|date=March 11, 2015|work=NRK|author2=Paal Wergeland|language=no}}</ref><ref name="PMS-loan">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/small-planet-airline/Loan%20schedule%2036000.pdf|title=Loan Schedule - ANNEX No. 1 to the SERVICE AGREEMENT No.*******|author1=Viktorija Dunciene|website=www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/|publisher=Pilot Management Services}}</ref>

Typical customers include, but are not limited to, "low timers" (inexperienced pilots) and low-hour type rated pilots<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Convair_580_Program%20_package.pdf|title=january 2015 First Officer Eagle Jet offer on Convair 580|website=www.eaglejet.net/|publisher=Eagle Jet International}}</ref> (e.g., B737 type rated or qualified, A320 type rated, etc.) that pay to work to build hours and improve their odds at finding an employment as airline pilots,<ref name="tnt">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/type-train---brookfield---nouvelair---tunisair.pdf|title=Type & Train Nouvelair --Tunisair, letter to candidate|author1=Brian Davies|date=February 16, 2012|website=typeandtrain.com/|publisher=Type & Train|quote=We are able to offer type rating courses on most commercial aircraft ( Boeing 737, Airbus 320 etc), followed by a placement with one of our sponsor airlines who will provide line training and up to 500 hours experience on-type, from which point a pilot’s experience becomes universally marketable}}</ref><ref name="slate">{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.fr/story/77550/pilotes-ligne-precarite|title=Pour les jeunes pilotes de ligne, le ciel doit attendre (For young airline pilots, the sky must wait)|last1=Le Diouris|first1=Pauline|date=September 19, 2013|work=Slate|language=fr}}</ref> thus challenging the "pilot shortage" mainstream consensus.<ref name="bloom">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-11/yes-theres-a-pilot-shortage-salaries-start-at-21-000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212150057/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-11/yes-theres-a-pilot-shortage-salaries-start-at-21-000|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2014|title=Yes, There's a Pilot Shortage: Salaries Start at $21,000|last1=Bachman|first1=Justin|date=February 11, 2014|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|quote=In 2010, Congress mandated that airlines’ first officers would need [...] at least 1,500 flight hours as opposed to the 250 hours and commercial pilot certificate previously required. The new rules, which took effect in August, came in response to the 2009 crash of a Continental Express regional flight // ALPA President Lee Moak said [...] that aimed to refute the “myth” of such a shortage}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alpa.org/portals/alpa/payandbenefitsshortage/Air_Line_Pilot_April_2014_Pilot_Shortage.pdf|title=A Pilot Shortage? Nope. It's All About the Money|author1=ALPA Staff|date=April 2014|work=Air Line Pilot}}</ref> The practice extends to airline-dedicated pilot training, in the form of type ratings available for a check,<ref name="baa-tr-lt">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/100714_baltic_aviation_academy.pdf|title=BAA - Type Rating & Line Training online advertisement|website=www.balticaa.com/for-pilots/type-rating/|publisher=Baltic Aviation Academy}}</ref><ref name="baa-tr-lt-1">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/baltic_aviation_academy_2014.pdf|title=Training Service Contract, GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS|author1=Egle Vaitkeviciute|website=www.cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/|publisher=Baltic Aviation Academy|pages=5–6}}</ref><ref name="ab-737tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/type-rating-course-boeing-737/?gclid=CLqr1IW4vcQCFabHtAodAg0AOQ|title=Type Rating Course: Boeing 737|website=www.airbaltictraining.com/en/|publisher=Air Baltic Training|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100900/http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/type-rating-course-boeing-737/?gclid=CLqr1IW4vcQCFabHtAodAg0AOQ|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-03-23|quote=For the graduates of our Boeing 737 Type Rating course we offer NG Difference training for a very special price!}}</ref><ref name="farnair">{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/farnair-program-2012-overview-and-price-list-atr-42_72-type-rating_lep.pdf|title=Program Overview and Price List ATR 42/72 Type Rating and Line Flying Building Experience (LEP)|website=www.farnair.com/Html/Company/FARNAIRTraining.php|publisher=FARNAIR Training GmbH}}</ref> no employment guarantee at stakes, where pilots further shift from investment-worth company assets to source of revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/baltic_aviation_academy_cooperation-offer-for-base-and-line-training.pdf|title=COOPERATION OFFER for Base and Line Training|author1=Dainuolė Bartasūnienė|date=February 10, 2012|website=www.balticaa.com/|publisher=Baltic Aviation Academy|page=4|quote=We are offering: Great chance to supplement Your Company’s budget with additional income, using our human resources: selected, recommended, checked students}}</ref><ref name="AAIB-mytravel">{{cite web|url=https://assets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk/media/5422f3ca40f0b613460004f5/Airbus_A320__G-DHJZ_12-08.pdf|title=SERIOUS INCIDENT A320, G-DHJZ, 5 July 2007|author1=AAIB|date=18 November 2008|website=gov.uk/aaib-reports/airbus-a320-g-dhjz-5-july-2007|publisher=Air Accidents Investigation Branch|location=Kos Airport, Greece|pages=1, 6, 7, 18, 20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002045805/https://assets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk/media/5422f3ca40f0b613460004f5/Airbus_A320__G-DHJZ_12-08.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2015|access-date=2 March 2016|quote=Under the scheme, a cadet would pay for a ‘Jet Bridge’ course, type rating and 150 hours of line flying with the airline. Thereafter, there would be a possibility of employment should the airline concerned have any vacancies. The commercial training organisation paid the airline for its involvement in the training, enabling the airline to generate revenue through their training department,}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/posts/Airbus_A320__G-DHJZ_12-08.pdf#page=6 Alt URL]</ref>

== Origin ==
On 2 November 1924, Harold Pitcairn founded the Pitcairn Flying School and Passenger Service. Rebranded Eastern Air Lines in 1926, it flourished for decades after the 1950s until acquired by Franz Lorenzo in 1985 amidst indebtment and labour dispute in the new [[Finance:Airline Deregulation Act|Airline Deregulation Act]] market. Management decisions (e.g., asset transfer to Continental Airlines) combined with further labour unrest against [[Organization:International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers|IAM]], TWA and ALPA during the 1989 Easter Airline strike led to the company liquidation in 1991.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Air Lines.|last=Bernstein|first=Aaron|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1990|isbn=9780671695385|location=New York}}</ref>

In 1988, Thomas L. Cooper, one of its former [[Engineering:Boeing 727|Boeing 727]] captain who flew during the 1989 strike,{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} launched a small charter company named Gulfstream International Airlines (GIA) offering flights around South Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba in [[Engineering:Cessna 402|Cessna 402]]s. Early on, Captain candidates paid $15,000 up front starting in 1992 with intermediary business Avtar International doing the recruiting and advertising, selling multi-engine time in [[Engineering:Cessna 402|Cessna 402]]s with the assurance from the Miami Flight Standard District Office that this time was loggable. At the time, captains received compensation only following successful completion of Initial Operating Experience (IOE), First Officers would continue to fly without pay for between 150–200 hours. They were often able to continue flying without purchasing additional hours if replacements didn't come in quickly enough.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/2014/p1-faa-pilots-p2f/|title=USA: P2F origins (part 1)|date=7 October 2014|website=CockpitSeeker}}</ref>

== Regulation ==

=== FAA ===
The Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash led to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) passing new pilot qualification standards.<ref name="bloom" /> These standards also addressed a mandate passed by the U.S. Congress when they enacted H.R. 5900 (111th),<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release – FAA Boosts Aviation Safety with New Pilot Qualification Standards|url=http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=14838|website=www.faa.gov/|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|date=July 10, 2013}}</ref> the Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ216/pdf/PLAW-111publ216.pdf | title=Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010 |publisher=U.S. Government |access-date=December 29, 2014}}</ref> This act also foresaw the modification of "requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate"<ref>{{cite web|title=AIRLINE SAFETY AND FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION EXTENSION ACT OF 2010|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ216/pdf/PLAW-111publ216.pdf|website=www.gpo.gov/|publisher=[US] Government printing Office|pages=21|date=Aug 1, 2010|quote=requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate}}</ref> in ways that were implemented by FAA's regulation & policy n°8900.225<ref>{{cite web|title=8900.225 - Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations Document Information|url=http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentid/1021509|website=www.faa.gov/|publisher=FAA|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> titled Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION N 8900.225 National Policy|url=http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Notice/N_8900.225.pdf|website=www.faa.gov/|publisher=FAA|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> on July 10, 2013 <ref>{{cite web|title=8900.225 - Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations|url=http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentid/1021509|website=www.faa.gov/|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|date=July 10, 2013}}</ref>

Aforementioned regulation reduced the scope of pay-to-fly among FAA licensees by raising minimum standards.<ref name="bloom" /> Indeed, to serve as SIC (Second In Command or First Officer):

"A pilot may be eligible if he or she was a military-trained pilot; a graduate of a four-year bachelor degree program with an aviation major; a graduate of a two-year associate degree program with an aviation major; or has 1,500 hours total time as a pilot".<ref>{{cite web|title=Table 5. Receive an ATP Certificate With Restricted Privileges (Restricted to Serving as SIC in Part 121 Operations—Multiengine Class Rating Only)|url=http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Notice/N_8900.225.pdf|website=www.faa.gov/|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|pages=4|format=Table 5. right column. (5)|date=July 10, 2013}}</ref>

No FAA regulations explicitly ban pay-to-fly.

=== EASA ===
[[File:EASA Logo.svg|thumb|left|''"The fact that airlines make their personnel pay does not intervene in aviation safety regulation, as long as pilots are technically qualified"''<ref name=france-info /> _Dominique Fouda, Head of EASA's Communication Department]]
In Europe, among EASA licence holders, pay-to-fly is a practice acknowledged to exist,<ref name="senat3">{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r13-450/r13-4501.pdf|title=RAPPORT D´INFORMATION FAIT au nom de la commission des affaires européennes sur le dumping social dans les transports européens|date=April 10, 2014|website=Senat.fr|publisher=Sénat (french Senate)|pages=41|language=fr|quote=La compagnie luxembourgeoise Strategic avait, quant à elle, mis en place un système dit de pay to fly, les jeunes pilotes devant payer pour voler et ainsi acquérir des heures de vol.|last1=BOCQUET|first1=Éric|issue=450}}</ref><ref name="eca2">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurocockpit.be/pages/fair-competition-in-aviation-is-a-must|title=Fair Competition in aviation is a must!|website=www.eurocockpit.be/|publisher=European Cockpit Association|quote=[...] making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and ‘pay-to-fly’ (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)}}</ref> though, "neither the European Commission, nor the EASA cared":<ref name="france-info2">{{cite news|url=http://www.franceinfo.fr/emission/le-plus-france-info/2013-2014/quand-le-co-pilote-aussi-paie-sa-place-dans-l-avion-06-16-2014-18-30|title=Quand le copilote aussi paie sa place dans l'avion... (When the copilot also pays for his seat in the plane)|date=June 17, 2014|work=France Info (radio)|language=fr|author1=Jérôme Jadot}}</ref>

"The fact that airlines make their personnel pay does not intervene in aviation safety regulation, as long as pilots are technically qualified",<ref name="france-info2" /> said Dominique Fouda, EASA Head of Communication  & Quality Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://easa.europa.eu/system/files/cv-pdoi/EASA_CV_dfo.pdf|title=Dominique Fouda Professional Profile|website=easa.europa.eu/|publisher=EASA|quote=Head of the Communication department, European Aviation Safety Agency|author1=eschel|access-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523000353/http://easa.europa.eu/system/files/cv-pdoi/EASA_CV_dfo.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Finance:Pay to fly#Academic research and studies|Several studies]] changed this position however.

===Switzerland===
According to FOCA vice director Marcel Zuckschwerdt:<ref>{{cite web|title=Marcel Zuckschwerdt nouveau sous-directeur à l'OFAC|url=http://www.bazl.admin.ch/aktuell/medieninformation/00024/index.html?lang=fr&msg-id=2217|website=www.bazl.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en|publisher=OFAC/FOCA|language=fr|date=November 30, 2000|access-date=March 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114912/http://www.bazl.admin.ch/aktuell/medieninformation/00024/index.html?lang=fr&msg-id=2217|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

"There is no regulation that would prohibit from doing this [pay-to-fly], it is absolutely possible. One can wonder of course, is it safe? Is it acceptable in terms of safety?
And when we examined the matter, we reached the conclusion that, in the end, it's the pilot motivation that is the argument to say it is satisfying in terms of safety" <ref name="rts" /> (at 9':50")

====France====
Pay-to-fly is illegal per social regulation as a work contract can be established on demand by a judge as long as:

# there's a proven subordination relationship between the service provider and the party benefiting from said service;
# the moral or physical person benefiting from the service enforces a framework to which the service provider abides.
Legal action can be taken in case of violation, and sanctions can amount from 45,000 to 220,000 euros in fines and 3 years of prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contrat de travail|url=http://contrat-de-travail.comprendrechoisir.com/comprendre/requalification-contrat-de-travail|website=contrat-de-travail.comprendrechoisir.com/|publisher=ComprendreChoisir|language=fr}}</ref>
According to the French DGAC, "pay-to-fly is not used among carriers operated under the French flag" <ref name="france-info" /> which doesn't prevent French pilots from suffering from it.<ref name="france-info" /><ref name=france-2 /><ref name=slate />

=====France statistics=====
In 2013, 1,739 French pilots were registed in Pôle emploi, a 43% rise as per the three preceding years.<ref name=france-info />
In December 2014, graduate student pilots from the ENAC (French Civil Aviation University) alone, reported under the AGEPAC association that, from 2006 to 2011 concerning a sample of 319 pilots:<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011|url=http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf|website=www.agepac.org/|publisher=AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile)|language=fr|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141815/http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 15% were voluntary workers/without activity/registered in Pôle emploi<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011|url=http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=6|website=www.agepac.org/|publisher=AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile)|page=6|language=fr|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141815/http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=6|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 42% didn't have an activity allowing them to fly<ref name=frastat>{{cite web|title=STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011|url=http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=7|website=www.agepac.org/|publisher=AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile)|page=7|language=fr|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141815/http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 44% deemed their activity wasn't in accordance with their training<ref name=frastat />
* Salaried employment rate (all employment fields) went gradually from 94% for 2006 trainees to 15% for 2011 ones.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011|url=http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=8|website=www.agepac.org/|publisher=AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile)|page=8|language=fr|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141815/http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=8|url-status=dead}}</ref>
As a result, of the pilots not flying as their main activity:
* 86% were willing to move abroad<ref name=frastat1>{{cite web|title=STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011|url=http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=11|website=www.agepac.org/|publisher=AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile)|page=11|language=fr|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141815/http://www.agepac.org/fichiers/files/AGEPAC_Suivi-EPL_Dec2014.pdf#page=11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 82% were willing to pay a type rating<ref name=frastat1 />

====Norway====
The Civil Aviation Authority, responsible for aviation safety in Norway, is not concerned.

According to Frode Lenning, head of Fleet Operation Section, CAA: “Pilots have been trained within commercial companies for years. However, it is new that some companies ask money to train pilots within their own company [...] We have been training cadet pilots in the cockpit for years, at different levels. What is new here, is the social aspect, and this is not part of the aviation safety regulatory system” <ref name=nrk />".

However, during the pilots' strike of Norwegian in March 2015,<ref>{{cite news|title=Norwegian Pilots End Strike After Deal Reached With Airline|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/norwegian-pilots-end-strike-deal-reached-airline-29534937|publisher=ABC News Internet Ventures|date=March 10, 2015}}</ref> pay-to-fly airline Small Planet Airlines<ref>{{cite web|title=Small Planet Airline p2f setup with Pilot Management Services (Cyprus)|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/small-planet-airline/|website=www.smallplanet.aero/|publisher=Small Planet Airlines}}</ref> performed 50 NAS slots under wet lease,<ref name=nrk /> establishing a workforce that pay to work while at the same time breaking their colleagues' strike.

====Netherlands====
[[File:Persfoto Wilma Mansveld 03.jpg|thumb|right|''"Given the fact that EASA tackles this issue appropriately and also given the fact that the Dutch aviation sector to the extent known is currently not using these contracts on a large scale, from a safety point of view there is as yet no reason to intervene at a national level."''<ref name=dutch-a/> _Wilma Mansveld]] Since 2008 the job market for pilots has deteriorated rapidly. Most pilots that have been trained at a Dutch flight school have to look for a job abroad. According to VNV-DALPA the job market for ab initio pilots is poor. "Some companies outside the Netherlands do hire pilots, but these are so-called pay to fly-schemes. This means pilots have to invest a lot of money for a badly paid job and a temporary contract".<ref>{{cite web|title=Werkloosheid in de luchtvaart (Unemployment in aviation)|url=http://www.wordpiloot.nl/voor/page/Grafieken-t-b-v-banenmarkt/Werkloosheid-in-de-luchtvaart/e/ms/34/|website=www.wordpiloot.nl/|publisher=WordPiloot|language=nl|access-date=2015-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134926/http://www.wordpiloot.nl/voor/page/Grafieken-t-b-v-banenmarkt/Werkloosheid-in-de-luchtvaart/e/ms/34/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On May 22, 2015, Member of Dutch Parliament Martijn van Helvert issued a first round of four questions to the House of Representatives of the States General on 'pay to fly', answered on June 2, 2015, by former State Secretary for the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment Wilma Mansveld.<ref name=dutch-a>{{cite web|author1=Wilma J. Mansveld|title=Beantwoording Kamervragen van het lid Van Helvert (CDA) inzake zzp piloten (Answers to Parliamentary questions about selfemployed pilots, asked by Member of Parliament Mr Van Helvert (CDA))|url=http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2015/06/02/beantwoording-kamervragen-van-het-lid-van-helvert-cda-inzake-zzp-piloten.html|website=www.rijksoverheid.nl/|publisher=Rijksoverheid|access-date=23 July 2015|language=nl|date=June 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724033844/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2015/06/02/beantwoording-kamervragen-van-het-lid-van-helvert-cda-inzake-zzp-piloten.html|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A second round of seven questions and answers followed on June 22, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Wilma J. Mansveld|title=Beantwoording Kamervragen van het lid Van Helvert (CDA) inzake ZZP-piloten (Answers to Parliamentary questions about selfemployed pilots, asked by Member of Parliament Mr Van Helvert (CDA))|url=http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2015/06/22/beantwoording-kamervragen-van-het-lid-van-helvert-cda-inzake-zzp-piloten.html|website=www.rijksoverheid.nl/|publisher=Rijksoverheid|access-date=23 July 2015|language=nl|date=June 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724031528/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2015/06/22/beantwoording-kamervragen-van-het-lid-van-helvert-cda-inzake-zzp-piloten.html|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Netherlands statistics=====
In February 2015 the Dutch Airline Pilots Association (VNV - Dutch ALPA) reported 1,200 Dutch pilots out of 4,100 worldwide (almost 30%) were unemployed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Driessen|first1=Camil|title=Komt Turkish Airlines hier 500 werkloze piloten uit de brand helpen? (Is Turkish Airlines coming to the rescue of 500 unemployed pilots?)|url=http://www.nrcq.nl/2015/02/26/komt-turkish-airlines-hier-500-werkloze-piloten-uit-de-brand-helpen|work=NRCQ|date=February 26, 2015|language=nl}}</ref>
The unemployment rate remains high.<ref>{{cite web|title=Werkloosheid in de luchtvaart (Unemployment in aviation)|url=http://www.wordpiloot.nl/voor/page/Grafieken-t-b-v-banenmarkt/Werkloosheid-in-de-luchtvaart/e/ms/34/|website=www.wordpiloot.nl/|publisher=Word Piloot|language=nl|access-date=2015-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134926/http://www.wordpiloot.nl/voor/page/Grafieken-t-b-v-banenmarkt/Werkloosheid-in-de-luchtvaart/e/ms/34/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Germany====
[[File:2013 01 Jutta Steinruck.jpg|thumb|left|''"Given these strongly undesirable developments in the aviation industry [p2f], I would like to see a determined action by the EU Commission. An end to the exploitation of young pilots must now be set."''<ref name=js-mep>{{cite web|author1=Jutta Steinruck|title=EU-Kommission macht wenig bis gar nichts gegen ausbeuterische Praktiken von Billig-Airlines (European Commission makes little to nothing against exploitative practices of budget airlines)|url=http://jutta-steinruck.de/2015/07/14/eu-kommission-macht-wenig-bis-gar-nichts-gegen-ausbeuterische-praktiken-von-billig-airlines/|website=jutta-steinruck.de/|publisher=Jutta Steinruck|access-date=23 July 2015|language=de|date=July 14, 2015|quote=Angesichts dieser krassen Fehlentwicklungen in der Luftfahrtbranche würde ich mir ein entschlossenes Handeln der EU-Kommission wünschen. Der Ausbeutung von jungen PilotInnen muss jetzt ein Ende gesetzt werden.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724025530/http://jutta-steinruck.de/2015/07/14/eu-kommission-macht-wenig-bis-gar-nichts-gegen-ausbeuterische-praktiken-von-billig-airlines/|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> _Jutta Steinruck]]On May 5, 2015, Member of European Parliament Jutta Steinruck issued a set of three written questions to the European Commission under the subject "Exploitative employment models at low-cost airlines (‘Pay to Fly’)":<ref name=mep-q>{{cite web|last1=Steinruck|first1=Jutta|last2=Preuß|first2=Gabriele|last3=Regner|first3=Evelyn|last4=Ertug|first4=Ismail|title=Parliamentary questions|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2015-007228+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=en|website=www.europarl.europa.eu/portal/en|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=23 July 2015|date=May 5, 2015|quote=Subject:  Exploitative employment models at low-cost airlines (‘Pay to Fly’)}}</ref>
# Is the Commission aware that European airlines operate Pay to Fly schemes? <ref name=mep-q />
# Does the Commission agree that this employment model may undermine aviation safety? <ref name=mep-q />
# Does the Commission intend to take action against airlines which operate these exploitative schemes, and will it investigate training systems in the aviation sector? <ref name=mep-q />
On behalf of the Commission, on July 10th 2015, Violeta Bulc respectively answered:<ref name=mep-a>{{cite web|last1=Bulc|first1=Violeta|title=Parliamentary questions|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2015-007228&language=EN|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=23 July 2015|date=July 10, 2015|quote=Answer given by Ms Bulc on behalf of the Commission}}</ref>
# The Commission has been informed recently by pilots' organisations about pay-to-fly schemes used by certain European airlines. The Commission services are currently investigating this specific matter.<ref name=mep-a />
# The Commission has so far not received clear evidence as to the impact of this employment model on safety.<ref name=mep-a />
# Based on the information and data collected, the nature and extent of the phenomenon will be assessed and the need for targeted action discussed at the appropriate level.<ref name=mep-a />
The questions were formulated 2 days before the May 7th 2015 EP "Committee on Employment and Social Affairs" meeting in Brussels that MEP Steinruck also attended where pay-to-fly was discussed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Committee on Employment and Social Affairs - meeting 07/05/2015 15.00-18.30 (video)|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20150504IPR49627/html/Committee-on-Employment-and-Social-Affairs-meeting-07052015|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=23 July 2015|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>

=====Germany statistics=====
From a 2013 Der Spiegel article, "According to calculations by [VC spokesman Handwerg]'s union, there are already more than 1,500 unemployed pilots in Germany, an upward trend".<ref name=spiegel>{{cite journal|author1=Deckstein Dinah|title=Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)|journal=Der Spiegel|date=March 30, 2013|issue=14|page=61|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-91768500.html|language=de|quote=Nach Berechnungen seiner Gewerkschaft gibt es in Deutschland bereits jetzt über 1500 arbeitslose Piloten, Tendenz: steigend.}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
Following the ECA Conference of February 12-13th 2015 on "Atypical Employment"<ref name="atypicalEMPL">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurocockpit.be/pages/conference-atypical-forms-of-aircrew-employment-in-the-european-aviation-industry|title=Conference Atypical forms of aircrew employment in the European aviation industry|website=Eurocockpit|publisher=ECA - European Cockpit Association|access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> where one "Nextgen pilot [said] pay to fly is wrong but policy makers turning their backs [...]",<ref>{{cite web|title=Nextgen pilot|url=https://twitter.com/BALPApilots/status/566165848608759808|website=twitter.com/BALPApilots|publisher=BALPA|access-date=6 November 2015|date=February 13, 2015|quote=Nextgen pilot says pay to fly is wrong but policy makers turning their backs. That's the sort of pilot the profession needs #atypicalEMPL}}</ref> BALPA launched the NexGen program on February 27 to "protect the Profession by reaching down to new entrants".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.balpa.org/Positions/nextGen|title=nextGen|date=February 27, 2015|website=www.balpa.org|publisher=BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association|quote=BALPA has set up the nextGen programme to help protect the profession by reaching down to these new entrants and giving them a voice.|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Acknowledging "the most difficult part of pilots’ career is the beginning",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balpa.org/Become-A-Pilot/How-To-Become-A-Pilot.aspx|title=How To Become A Pilot|website=www.balpa.org|publisher=BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association|quote=Probably the most difficult part of a pilots’ career is the beginning. Getting that first job can be like finding a needle in a haystack. Most airlines only recruit experienced pilots who have flown jet aircraft before, and are not willing to employ cadets fresh from flight training. This gap is bridged either by paying for extra training, by networking and getting a job flying smaller aircraft or simply by luck.|access-date=7 November 2015|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813011229/http://www.balpa.org/Become-A-Pilot/How-To-Become-A-Pilot.aspx|archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> Wendy Pursey, head of membership and career services<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.balpa.org/About/team|title=BALPA Staff Listing|website=www.balpa.org|publisher=BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association|quote=Membership & Careers Services - Wendy Pursey Head of Membership and Career Services WendyPursey@balpa.org 0208 476 4088|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> at BALPA authored<ref name=thegua-p2f>{{cite web|author1=Aida Edemariam|title=Sky high: who'd be an airline pilot today?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/oct/24/who-would-be-an-airline-pilot-today|website={{wipe|The Guardian}}|access-date=8 November 2015|date=October 24, 2015|quote=Wendy Pursey, head of membership and career services at Balpa, wrote a pamphlet, Becoming A Pilot: The Inside Track}}</ref> a booklet titled ''Becoming A Pilot: The Inside Track'',<ref name="balpa-ng-booklet">{{cite web|url=https://www.balpa.org/Members/Career-Services/Become-a-pilot/BALPA-The-Inside-Track.aspx|title=BECOMING A PILOT THE INSIDE TRACK|date=April 23, 2015|website=www.balpa.org|publisher=BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association|pages=16, 23|author1=Wendy Pursey|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133854/https://www.balpa.org/Members/Career-Services/Become-a-pilot/BALPA-The-Inside-Track.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> warning :
* Some airlines require the pilot to pay for a type rating in full before commencing training, usually at a cost – about £18,000 to £35,000.<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet />
* It is possible to complete the type rating and line training without having employment. Some agencies and FTOs will charge you to put you through your type rating and place you with an airline to operate as a First Officer until completion of your line training. You would receive no salary during hours-building, so arguably you are paying the airline to work for them.<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet />
* The cost of this varies depending upon the company, and often does not usually come with any guaranteed job offer at the end of the line training or hours-building.<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet />
* The risk to consider here is that you are rating yourself on one particular aircraft, and therefore in the event that you do not continue with that airline, it makes you more attractive only to other airlines operating that type, and can be a waste of money if you land a job with the operator of a different type. This airline may then require you to fund another type rating which might be beyond you financially once you’ve funded the first rating.<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet />
"BALPA does not recommend funding type ratings unless absolutely necessary".<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet />

=====UK statistics=====
Questioned by {{wipe|The Guardian}} on October 24, 2015, Pursey assessed :
* there are currently 505 unemployed pilots on Balpa’s books.<ref name=thegua-p2f />
* Cadets can graduate with repayment obligations of up to £1,500 a month, no guarantee of a job.<ref name=thegua-p2f />
* Starting salaries as low as £29,000.<ref name=thegua-p2f />
Of the 560 cadets in Balpa’s membership :
* for more than 50% of them, the cost of training would exceed £100,000.<ref name=thegua-p2f />
* Only 12% had any kind of sponsorship;<ref name=thegua-p2f />
* 45.2% had taken out a loan,<ref name=thegua-p2f />
* 41.9% were being helped by their parents.<ref name=thegua-p2f />

== Academic research and studies ==

=== French Senate report ===
On April 10, 2014, Senator Éric Bocquet released an Information Report on behalf of the European Affairs Commission on social dumping in European transport.<ref name="senat3"/> In the aviation sector specifically (chapter II), subpart B (frauds), Senator Bocquet acknowledged "Strategic Airlines Luxembourg had, for all intents and purposes, set up a system of pay-to-fly, young pilots having to pay in order to fly and thus acquire flight hours".<ref name="senat3" />

=== Ghent University study ===
Co-financed by the European Commission and carried out across 11 countries by the [[Organization:Ghent University|Ghent University]] on behalf of the European [http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&langId=en&intPageId=1829 Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee for Civil Aviation] (notably the AEA, the ECA and the ETF), the study on "Atypical Employment in Aviation" was presented during the High-Level Atypical Employment conference in Paris on 12 and 13 February 2015.<ref name="atypicalEMPL" />

Accounting for policy options, the study concluded:<blockquote>"A mandatory internship for newly licensed cadets should be considered. Pilots fresh from school are in an extremely weak labour market position often only finding jobs at deplorable conditions or even having to resort to pay-to-fly schemes in order to clock up the flight experience required by airlines offering better conditions. [...] It is our strong opinion that pay-to-fly schemes should be prohibited, not only in the European Union, but globally".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/6852830/file/6853379.pdf|title=Atypical Employment in Aviation - Final Report|date=February 2015|website=Universiteit Gent|publisher=UGent|page=296|access-date=11 July 2016|quote=A mandatory internship for newly licensed cadets should be considered. Pilots fresh from school are in an extremely weak labour market position often only finding jobs at deplorable conditions or even having to resort to pay-to-fly schemes in order to clock up the flight experience required by airlines offering better conditions. [...] It is our strong opinion that pay-to-fly schemes should be prohibited, not only in the European Union, but globally}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Expert consultancy ===
* The European Commission (both DG MOVE and DG EMPL) met the ECA and Cockpitseeker on June 18 to collect their views and evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/posts/2015-12-09%20Sub-group%20social%20matters%20in%20air%20transport_P2F.pdf|title=5. Other analyses from stakeholders and Member States|date=9 December 2015|publisher=CockpitSeeker|access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>
* Partly in Response to MEP Jutta Steinruck's questions, Steer Davies Gleave delivered to DG MOVE its study on "employment and working conditions in air transport and airports" on October 2, 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/studies/doc/2015-10-employment-and-working-conditions-in-air-transport-and-airports.pdf|title=Study on employment and working conditions in air transport and airports|last1=Offord|first1=Rosie|last2=Kouris|first2=Stefan|date=2 October 2015|website=ec.europa.eu|publisher=Steer Davies Gleave|pages=21, 159, 163|access-date=11 July 2016|quote="Pay-to-fly schemes are schemes that require pilots to contribute financially to an airline 'in order to be allowed to fly and thus gain requisite flight experience'. Junior pilots without significant amounts of flight (type rating) experience are particularly vulnerable to such practices, although it is not clear how prevalent this is, or precisely which airlines are offering these schemes. [...] Pay-to-fly is acknowledged in published literature (e.g. Atypical employment study, Ghent University) as an issue however stakeholders did not specifically comment in this area."|last3=Capek|first3=Hannah|last4=Wainwright|first4=Stephen|edition=3.0}}</ref> It found that: "Pay-to-fly schemes are schemes that require pilots to contribute financially to an airline 'in order to be allowed to fly and thus gain requisite flight experience'. Junior pilots without significant amounts of flight (type rating) experience are particularly vulnerable to such practices, although it is not clear how prevalent this is, or precisely which airlines are offering these schemes. [...] Pay-to-fly is acknowledged in published literature (e.g. Atypical employment study, Ghent University) as an issue however stakeholders did not specifically comment in this area."<ref name=":0" />

=== French National Assembly report ===
On June 28, 2016, deputy member of the Assemblée Nationale Gilles Savary presented an Information Report<ref name="assembnat">{{cite web|author1=Gilles SAVARY|title=RAPPORT D'INFORMATION DÉPOSÉ PAR LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES EUROPÉENNES sur la stratégie européenne pour l'aviation présentée par la Commission européenne le 7 décembre 2015 (COM(2015) 613 final)|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/pdf/europe/rap-info/i3887.pdf|website=assemblee-nationale.fr|publisher=Commission des affaires européennes|access-date=13 February 2017|page=66|language=fr|date=28 June 2016|quote=...la législation sociale dans le secteur aérien n’est pas seulement mal appliquée, elle est aussi insuffisante, les formes de travail atypiques (contrats zéro heures, système « pay-to-fly », faux indépendants et sociétés boîtes aux lettres) ne relevant pas d’une interprétation divergente des règles mais bien des lacunes de ces dernières.}}</ref> on behalf of the commission for European Affairs and focused on the european strategy for aviation issued by the European Commission on December 7, 2015.
Paragraph II.C.1. asserts that Senator Bocquet's [[Finance:Pay to fly#French Senate report|report]] "published little more than two years ago established an enlighting overview on social dumping associated with applicable right in the air transport, which remains fully relevant to this day".<ref>{{cite web|author1=Gilles SAVARY|title=RAPPORT D'INFORMATION DÉPOSÉ PAR LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES EUROPÉENNES sur la stratégie européenne pour l'aviation présentée par la Commission européenne le 7 décembre 2015 (COM(2015) 613 final)|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/pdf/europe/rap-info/i3887.pdf|website=assemblee-nationale.fr|publisher=Commission des affaires européennes|access-date=13 February 2017|page=65|language=fr|date=28 June 2016|quote=.Le rapport d’information de M. Éric Bocquet [...] publié voilà un peu plus de deux ans fait un panorama éclairant du risque de dumping social associé au droit applicable dans le transport aérien, qui reste pleinement d’actualité.}}</ref> Subsequent II.C.1.a. titled "European Commission adopts a near ''laissez-faire'' attitude towards the labour aspect" states:
<blockquote>"Representative stakeholder organizations heard by the rapporteur brought an important nuance [...]: labour law in the [aviation] sector is not only poorly applied but also insufficient. Atypical employment forms (zero hours contracts, «pay-to-fly» scheme, fake self-employment and mailbox companies) aren't to blame on diverging rule interpretation but truly on their loopholes".<ref name="assembnat" /></blockquote>

== Related incidents/accidents ==
[[File:Airbus A320-214, MyTravel Airways JP6113702.jpg|alt=Airbus A320-214, MyTravel Airways|thumb|[[Engineering:Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]]-214, MyTravel Airways]]

=== MyTravel Airways ===
On 5 July 2007, a First Officer who was not an employee but was paying MyTravel to gain flight experience on their aircraft (pay-to-fly), landed an Airbus A320 heavily at Kos airport in Greece causing substantial damage to the main landing gear.<ref name="AAIB-mytravel" /> The report was critical of both the pilots training record and non-employees paying airlines to gain experience.

In February the same year, MyTravel Group plc agreed on a merger with Thomas Cook AG<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a5c4380a-ba34-11db-89c8-0000779e2340|title=MyTravel agrees merger with Thomas Cook|last1=Spikes|first1=Sarah|last2=Blitz|first2=Roger|date=February 12, 2007|website=ft.com/|publisher=Financial Times|access-date=December 16, 2016|quote=MyTravel, the £1.1bn UK holiday company, and Thomas Cook, its privately-owned Germany-based rival, on Monday agreed a merger of equals that would create a global powerhouse of tour operators.}}</ref> that became effective in June.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://thomascookairlinesuk-newsroom.condor.com/en/int/about-us/history/|title=Thomas Cook Airlines' history|website=thomascookairlinesuk|publisher=Thomas Cook Airlines UK|access-date=December 16, 2016|quote=Following the merger between Thomas Cook AG and MyTravel Group plc in June 2007, the new Thomas Cook Airlines (amalgamating Thomas Cook Airlines UK Ltd and MyTravel Airways) is launched at Gatwick on 30th March 2008.|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221012121/http://thomascookairlinesuk-newsroom.condor.com/en/int/about-us/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, the accident occurred under the common umbrella of Thomas Cook Group plc (as listed on the [[Company:London Stock Exchange|London Stock Exchange]]), with MyTravel Airways and Thomas Cook Airlines UK Ltd fusing into Thomas Cook Airlines on 30 March 2008.<ref name=":1" />

==Controversy==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===Pros===
Defending the 'pay-to-fly' model, a Cockpit4u spokeswoman stated: "It opens up career starters opportunities that are currently not offered on the European market. Abroad such training programs have been common for years".<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Deckstein Dinah|title=Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)|journal=Der Spiegel|date=March 30, 2013|issue=14|page=61|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-91768500.html|language=de|quote=Es eröffne Berufseinsteigern "Chancen, die sich im europäischen Markt derzeit nicht bieten". Derartige Trainingsprogramme seien im Ausland schon seit Jahren üblich.}}</ref>

Baltic Aviation Academy's view: When employed regularly, one "will most likely sign an agreement which indicates some sort of liabilities [...] and concessions for the company" that will "commit [oneself] to fly for a few years with that airline" with a "salary deduction from your monthly payment" in order to reimburse the airline's investment on the pilot whereas, one can "choose paid Line Training" to gain "independence" and avoid being "absolutely in [an airline's] service", to "gain the 'luxury' of choosing the airline which you would love to work for and ability to focus on the job which will bring you everyday pleasure" <ref name=baa-st>{{cite web|title=Line Training: to pay or not to pay?|url=http://www.balticaa.com/line-training-to-pay-or-not-to-pay/|website=www.balticaa.com/|publisher=Baltic Aviation Academy|date=February 25, 2015}}</ref>

"Independence" comes at 19,500 euros the type rating, to which a line training opportunity can be added that "can vary from 46,000 to 55,000 euros" <ref name=baa-tr-lt-1 />

AviationCV reckons: "Line training price depends on the type of aircraft [...] line training A320 might cost around 40 000 – 50 000€ [...]. Usually cadets are asked to pay around 60% of payment before the program and rest of it after. It is important to mention that when obtaining for line training, pilots are not being paid."<ref name=aviationcv-go-p2f>{{cite web|author1=AviationCV.com|title=Line training for pilot: everything you need to know|url=http://www.aviationcv.com/aviation-blog/2015/line-training-for-pilot-everything-you-need-to-know|website=www.aviationcv.com/|publisher=AviationCV|access-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724033102/http://www.aviationcv.com/aviation-blog/2015/line-training-for-pilot-everything-you-need-to-know|archive-date=July 24, 2015|date=July 14, 2015}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/posts/AviationCV_Line-training-for-pilot_everything-you-need-to-know.pdf Alt URL]</ref> adding:
"Despite the opinion that line training destroys the airline pilot industry (“Pay to fly”), line training is in itself necessary [...]. For sure, there was a time when airline pilot training was sponsored by the airline hiring a pilot. However, the situation has changed and only few airlines still apply this policy [...]. In order to start your pilot’s career, you need to invest."<ref name=aviationcv-go-p2f />
{{col-break}}

===Cons===
Since the beginning of the recession “pay to fly” contracts have been introduced by some carriers. These contracts are designed to provide flexibility to the carrier and usually involve all the training costs being met by the applicant.<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet /> Unfortunately at present, due to the economic situation and the surplus of pilots, this appears to be becoming an increasing trend and arguably results in individuals having limited loyalty and moving on to another airline which offers better careers, contracts/benefits/pay and long-term permanent employment at the earliest opportunity. In order to remain competitive many other carriers are seeing this as an attractive option resulting in potentially this type of contract being more common in the future. According to BALPA, "this is shortsighted and will ultimately deter some potentially good pilots from entering the industry",<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet /> adding the Association is "concerned by the implications long-term".<ref name=balpa-ng-booklet />

The spreading of the practice is also linked to the rise of pilot generations "slowly strangled by their debt"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Groenendijk-Feenstra|first1=Nienke|url=https://werklozevliegers.wordpress.com/2015/02/19/interview-met-airobserver/|publisher=AirObserver|date=October 18, 2013|title=Pilots are slowly strangled by their debt|access-date=March 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142521/https://werklozevliegers.wordpress.com/2015/02/19/interview-met-airobserver/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> where, pilot unions warn, "only the wealthiest, rather than the best, candidates will become pilots, because growing numbers of airlines are having their cadets pay to fly".<ref>{{cite web|title=Even the pilots pay on some low-cost flights|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/even-the-pilots-pay-on-some-lowcost-flights-9028635.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/even-the-pilots-pay-on-some-lowcost-flights-9028635.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=www.independent.co.uk|publisher=The Independent|date=December 29, 2013}}</ref>

The ECA considers pay-to-fly as being "flexible contractual set-ups that are often at the edge of what is legal and what is necessary to guarantee flight safety".<ref name=eca>{{cite web|title=Fair Competition in aviation is a must!|url=https://www.eurocockpit.be/pages/fair-competition-in-aviation-is-a-must|website=www.eurocockpit.be/|publisher=European Cockpit Association|quote=[...] making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and ‘pay-to-fly’ (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)}}</ref>

"These set-ups force employees into temporary contract relationships, fake self-employment (e.g. requiring air crew to set up their own limited liability company that offers its services through agencies to the airline), and/or making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and ‘pay to fly’ (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)" <ref name=eca />

Aside from a French senator report of information in the name of European commission affairs on [[Social:Social dumping|social dumping]] in transports<ref name=senat /> and a European petition supported by the ECA, as far as 'pay-to-fly' is concerned, no regulation and no legislation have been proposed so far.
{{col-end}}

== Airlines and brokers involved ==
When the information is available, brokers also aviation schools are prefixed: *

TRTOs (Type Rating Training Organisations) prefixed: **
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Operator or Broker (when applicable) !! Airlines !! Type Ratings !! Line Training
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Czech}}{{flagicon|Taiwan}}{{flagicon|Ghana}}Aerorganizer Aviation Service International Co. LTD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerorgnizer.com/|title={{!}} Aerorganizer Aviation Service International Co. Ltd. 通勝航領國際有限公司|website=www.aerorgnizer.com|access-date=2019-09-03|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719063000/http://www.aerorgnizer.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="aerorganizer">{{cite web |title=A320 Type Rating & Line Training Program |url=https://www.aerorgnizer.com/a320-type-rating-and-line-training-service |website=aerorgnizer.com |access-date=9 May 2020 |ref=aerorganizer |quote="A320 type rating: $25,000- USD A320 Base Training (6 landings & Touch and go) $13500- USD. A320 Line training 500 hours: $75,000 USD [...] Full flight simulator with ATCT [...] working with Tunisair }} </ref> also with {{flagicon|Tunisia}} **Aviation Training Center of Tunisia (ATCT)|| Tunisair<ref name="aerorganizer" /> In general, pilot Recruitment & Training Service, Aircraft selling & Dry/Wet lease, A320 on type pilot training 500 hours with job assessment opportunity , A320 CBT courses selling || Yes<ref name="aerorganizer" /> || Yes<ref name="aerorganizer" />
|-
| {{flagicon|Czech}} Aerojob<ref>{{cite web|title=Aerojob Worldwide|url=http://www.aerojob.cz/|website=www.aerojob.cz/|publisher=Aerojob|access-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418015902/http://www.aerojob.cz/|archive-date=April 18, 2015|language=cs|quote=Type rating B737 and A 320 Sale 12900 EUR Total Price for 68 hours}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/AeroJOB%20_%20world%20wide.pdf Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Travel Service pilot jobs Wiki|url=http://www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/jobs/Travel_Service|website=www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/|publisher=Pilot Jobs Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418002805/http://www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/jobs/Travel_Service|archive-date=April 18, 2015|quote=Recruitment Process for Travel Service Pilot Jobs FO+Cadet 3-day assessment organised by AeroJob in Prague}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Travel%20Service%20pilot%20jobs%20news%20for%20airline%20pilots%20and%20aviation%20schools.pdf Alt URL]</ref> || Travel Service a.s (under SmartWings) || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Poslání společnosti AeroJOB a program DOPRAVNÍ PILOT (Company Mission AeroJOB and transport pilot program)|url=http://www.aerojob.cz/|website=www.aerojob.cz/|publisher=AeroJob|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418015902/http://www.aerojob.cz/|archive-date=April 18, 2015|language=cs|quote=Type rating B737 and A 320 Sale 12900 EUR Total Price for 68 hours}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/AeroJOB%20_%20world%20wide.pdf Alt URL]</ref>|| No
|-
| (Unknown) ||Aeronova|| Yes <ref name="nova1">{{cite web|title=ESCUELA Con nuestra experiencia mejorarás volando (With our experience, get better at flying)|url=http://www.aeronova.com/escuela/|website=www.aeronova.com/|publisher=Aeronova|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101522/http://www.aeronova.com/escuela/|archive-date=May 18, 2015|language=es|quote=Programa Fairchild SA227: Habilitación de tipo + Base training + Line training. [...] Detalle del programa: Habilitación de tipo. 6 tomas y despegues. 120 h. como copiloto en el modelo de avión.|access-date=April 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nova2">{{cite web|title=FAIRCHILD SA227 PROGRAM PRESENTATION|url=http://www.aeronova.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Presentacion-Curso-Metro-Web-nueva-OVA.pdf|website=www.aeronova.com/|publisher=Aeronova|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101514/http://www.aeronova.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Presentacion-Curso-Metro-Web-nueva-OVA.pdf|archive-date=May 18, 2015|page=4|quote=The price of the initial program is of 16500 € And the price for the follow-up is of 8000 € Please note that the 120 h per 2 month period (which could be in several separate not continuing contracts) is a guaranteed number of hours.|access-date=April 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| Yes <ref name="nova1" /><ref name="nova2" />
|-
| {{flagicon|Latvia}} ***Air Baltic Training<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/about-us|website=www.airbaltictraining.com|publisher=Air Baltic|access-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619195151/http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/about-us|archive-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> (subsidiary of Air Baltic) || Air Baltic || Yes <ref name=ab-737tr /><ref name=ab-d8-400-tr-lt>{{cite web|title=Dash 8 Q400 Type Rating + Line Training|url=http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/dash-8-q400-type-rating-line-training/|website=www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/|publisher=Air Baltic Training|access-date=2015-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093105/http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/dash-8-q400-type-rating-line-training/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Yes <ref name=ab-d8-400-tr-lt />
|-
| {{flagicon|Turkey}} *Atlantic Flight Academy (AFA)<ref>{{cite web|title=AFA Atlantic Flight Academy|url=http://www.afa.aero/|website=www.afa.aero/|publisher=Atlantic Flight Academy|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> || Atlasjet || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=A320 Family Type Rating Training|url=http://www.afa.aero/Content.aspx?Page=3108|website=www.afa.aero/|publisher=AFA - Atlantic Flight Academy|access-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112401/http://www.afa.aero/Content.aspx?Page=3108|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=pjn-atlasjet>{{cite web|title=Atlasjet pilot jobs Wiki|url=http://www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/jobs/Atlasjet|website=www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/|date=December 15, 2014|quote=Atlasjet Pilot Jobs Situation: Current Situation: type rating + line training 100 hours for local via AFA}}</ref> || Yes <ref name=pjn-atlasjet />
|-
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Aircrew Training Center (ATC)<ref>{{cite web|title=ATC AircrewTraining Center|url=http://www.aircrewcenter.nl/index.php?lang=en|website=www.aircrewcenter.nl|publisher=Aircrew Center|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=atc-part>{{cite web|title=TYPE RATING PROGRAM|url=http://www.aircrewcenter.nl/index.php?page=tr_prog&lang=en|website=www.aircrewcenter.nl|quote=The Aircrew Training Center is preferred supplier for Enter Air and FARNAIR.}}</ref> || Farnair (and subsidiary Farnair Training), Enter Air,<ref name=atc-part /> Carpatair || Yes <ref name=farnair /><ref name=atc-part /><ref name=enter>{{cite web|title=Flight Training|url=http://www.enterair.pl/about-us/flight-training|website=www.enterair.pl/|publisher=Enter Air|quote=Practical training [...] is divided into two phases: the first phase are school flights (on an "empty" plane); the second phase are trainee airline flights (scheduled flights).|access-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003154423/http://www.enterair.pl/about-us/flight-training|archive-date=2014-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Yes <ref name=farnair /><ref name=atc-part /><ref name=enter />
|-
| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} airhub flight school || Getjet<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/AIRHUB%20-%20Piltot%20-%20GJT_Line%20Training%20Agreement%20-%20Boeing%20(v.10.02.2020_final).pdf|title=Line Training Program agreement|last=Tiuchtij|first=Oksana}}</ref>|| No || Yes
|-
|-
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} Atrans Aviation<ref>{{cite web|title=Atrans Aviation|url=http://www.atransaviation.com|website=www.atransaviation.com|publisher=Atrans Aviation|access-date=19 June 2015|quote=A-320 Type Rating + Line Training  & Guaranteed 2+ years First Officer Job}}</ref>  || VietjetAir || No || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Vietnam - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Vietnam%20A320%20Line%20Training.pdf|website=www.atransaviation.com/|publisher=Atrans Aviation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cambodia - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Cambodia%20A320%20Line%20Training.pdf|website=www.atransaviation.com/|publisher=Atrans Aviation}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} AviationCV || Small Planet Airlines || No || Yes<ref>{{cite web|author1=Gabrielius BileviĊius|title=EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM AviationCV|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/presentation%20to%20pilot%20with%20TR%20A320%202012.pdf|website=www.aviationcv.com/|publisher=Aviation CV|pages=7–8, 10}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} ***Baltic Aviation Academy || Atlasjet,<ref name=baa-partners>{{cite web|title=Baltic Aviation Academy News Overview|url=http://www.balticaa.com/baltic-aviation-academy-news-overview-2/|website=www.balticaa.com/|publisher=Baltic Aviation Academy|date=February 28, 2012|quote=Baltic Aviation Academy has signed a new partnership contract with the Turkish airlines Atlas Jet. The agreement consists of line training package which enable pilots to gather 300-500 flight hours. Type rating contract was signed with Estonian Air.}}</ref> Estonian Air,<ref name=baa-partners/> Royal Air Maroc,<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite news|url=https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/zdfinfo-doku/gefahr-im-cockpit-der-germanwings-absturz-und-die-folgen-102.html|title=Gefahr im Cockpit: Der Germanwings-Absturz und die Folgen|access-date=2017-03-18|language=de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014729/https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/zdfinfo-doku/gefahr-im-cockpit-der-germanwings-absturz-und-die-folgen-102.html|archive-date=2017-03-22}}</ref> VietjetAir<ref name="zdf.de"/> || Yes <ref name=baa-tr-lt /><ref name=baa-tr-lt-1 /> (Estonian Air) <ref name=baa-partners /> || Yes <ref name=baa-tr-lt /><ref name=baa-tr-lt-1 /> (not Estonian Air) <ref name=baa-partners />
|-
| (Unknown) || {{flagicon|Romania}} Blue Air BMS srl || Yes || Yes
|-
| (Unknown) || Blue Panorama Airlines || No || No
|-
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} CAE Parc Aviation and {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Brookfield Aviation International || Ryanair, EasyJet || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=B737NG type-qualification program|url=https://pilot.cae.com/Programs/Ryanair.aspx?prog=6|website=pilot.cae.com/|publisher=Ryanair & CAE|quote=Type Rating Course: € 28,500 excluding VAT (for courses starting before 31 March 2015) - € 29,500 excluding VAT (for courses starting on/after 01 April 2015)|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174013/https://pilot.cae.com/Programs/Ryanair.aspx?prog=6|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=easyp2f>{{cite web|title=CAE Oxford Aviation Academy easyJet APP First Officer Plus Programme Now Open|website=www.caeoaa.com|publisher=CAE Oxford|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/easy-jet-recruitment-now-open-april-2015.pdf|date=April 15, 2015|quote=Must self-fund Type, Base and Line Training including VAT at a cost of £38,400}}</ref>(2)|| Yes <ref name=easyp2f /><ref>{{cite web|author1=David George|title=Terms and Conditions of Contract for Services|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/brookfield/Brookies.pdf|website=brookfieldav.com/|publisher=Brookfield Aviation International Ltd|pages=1, 5|date=2013|quote=The "Hirer" means Ryanair Plc [...] The company Representative will be responsible for the cost of line training flights (currently €150 per scheduled block hour (pshb)) for the company representative}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} **Cockpit4U || Germania<ref name=france-info /><ref name=c4u-tr>{{cite web|author1=Jost Haugust|title=Germania - company reference for Cockpit4U|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/cockpit4u/Reference.pdf.pdf|website=www.flygermania.de/en/|publisher=Germania|date=June 25, 2012|quote=I personnaly have worked with Cockpit4u for many years both in my role as Post Holder Training and Type Rating Examiner [...] I highly recommend them [Cockpit4U] to any client or other airline as 100% reliable Type Rating Training Organization}}</ref> || Yes <ref name=france-info /><ref name=c4u-tr /><ref>{{cite web|title=Type Rating|url=http://www.cockpit4u.com/en/type-rating-training-courses|website=www.cockpit4u.com/en/start/|publisher=Cockpit4u|quote=Cockpit4u is the right partner for the type rating training you need.|access-date=2015-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201636/http://www.cockpit4u.com/en/type-rating-training-courses|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Yes <ref name=france-info /><ref name=c4u-tr /><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Deckstein Dinah|title=Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)|journal=Der Spiegel|date=March 30, 2013|issue=14|page=61|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-91768500.html|language=de|quote=In dem Werbezettel offeriert die Berliner Firma Cockpit4u fertig ausgebildeten Flugzeugführern, die noch keine Praxiserfahrung haben, einen befristeten Vertrag als Erster Offizier bei einer "namhaften Airline". Gemeint ist die drittgrößte deutsche Linienfluglinie, Germania, auch wenn die in dem Werbeprospekt nicht konkret genannt wird.}}</ref>(3)
|-
| (Unknown) || Croatia Airlines || No || Yes <ref>{{cite web|author1=Joseph Bohutnski|title=Mladi piloti plaćaju Croatia Airlinesu 30.000 eura da nauče voziti avion (Young pilots pay Croatia Airlines 30,000 euros to learn to fly a plane)|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/mladi-piloti-placaju-croatia-airlinesu-30000-eura-da-nauce-voziti-avion-987389|website=www.vecernji.hr/|publisher=Vecernji list|language=hr|date=February 2, 2015|quote=(Applicants that must have 500 hours of flight time hourly pay 10 euros and are not only free labor but also pay to work)}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} Desert Rose Aviation || (Unknown) || Yes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desert-training.com/a320-type-rating|title=A320 TYPE RATING|website=Desert Training|access-date=May 8, 2019|quote=Price: 12000€}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desert-training.com/737-ng|title=737 NG TYPE RATING|website=Desert Training|access-date=May 8, 2019|quote=Price: 11000€}}</ref>|| Yes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desert-training.com/a320-line-training|title=A320 line training 200 / 500 HOURS|access-date=May 8, 2019|quote=Cost 52000€, for EASA & ICAO Pilots, 200 hours or 500 hours with job opportunities at the end of the training}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} Direct Personnel || (Unknown) || No || No
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} Eagle Jet || {{flagicon|Hungary}} BH Air  ||No || Yes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/BH%20Air%20&%20EagleJet/agreementEaglejetBHAir.pdf|title=AGREEMENT|date=May 15, 2018|access-date=May 18, 2018|quote=Eagle’s partner airline BH Air from Bulgaria [...] Pilot agrees to pay Eagle the sum of Twenty Nine Thousand Five Hundred Euros (€29,500) [...] Three hundred (300) block hours from the right seat of A319/320 during Airline operations.}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} Eagle Jet <ref name=eagle-lion /> || {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lion Air,<ref name=eagle-lion /><ref name="lionair">{{cite web|title=ADDENDUM - Eagle Jet/Lion Air 737 NG agreement extract|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/contract%20Lion%20Air.jpg|website=lionair.co.id/|publisher=Lion Air}}</ref> {{flagicon|Estonia}} Nordica through subsidiary Regional Jet OÜ<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com//wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Agreement%20NORDICA%20aviation%20group.pdf|title=Agreement NORDICA aviation group|last=Deisy A.|first=Arteaga|website=CockpitSeeker|access-date=June 15, 2017|quote=Pilot will fly with Eagle’s partner airline Nordic Aviation Group / Regional Jet OU from Estonia [...] student agrees to pay Eagle the sum of Thirty Nine Thousand Nine Hundred Euros (€39,900)}}</ref>|| Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Supplementary Statement Credit Application Boeing 737-900ER Type Rating|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/lionair/Aanvullende%20Verklaring%20Kredietaanvraag%20Boeing%20737-900ER%20Type%20Rating%20Versie.pdf|website=cockpitseeker|publisher=ABN AMRO|access-date=29 December 2016|language=nl|quote=Cost Type Training: EUR 31.610,00}}</ref><ref name=":2" />|| Yes <ref name=eagle-lion /><ref name=lionair /><ref name=":2" />
|-
| {{flagicon|Spain}} Elite Sky Aviation <ref>{{cite web|title=Elite Sky Aviation|url=http://eliteskyaviation.com/|website=eliteskyaviation.com|publisher=Elite Sky Aviation|access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> || (Unknown) || No || Yes <ref>{{cite web|last1=Posada Elechiguerra|first1=Iñigo González|title=BOEING 737-300 EFIS FIRST OFFICER|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/elite%20sky%20aviation/DOSSIER%20LINE%20TRAINING%20V0%20REV1.pdf|website=eliteskyaviation.com|publisher=General Manager Iñigo González‐Posada Elechiguerra|access-date=2 March 2016|location=Madrid (Spain)|pages=2–3|quote=This program is based in Eastern Europe, and it has a duration of 500 hours [...] PRICE: 39.900,00 € (VAT included) [...] 1.000,00 € before starting Airline Assessment phase.}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} ETOPS Flight <ref name=ram /> || Royal Air Maroc Express<ref name=ram /> || Yes (broker only <ref>{{cite web|title=ETOPS Type Rating on ATR 42/72-500|url=http://www.etops.net/pilot-training/type-rating-courses/atr-type-rating/|website=www.etops.net/|publisher=ETOPS flight|date=2013-09-24|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406064032/http://www.etops.net/pilot-training/type-rating-courses/atr-type-rating/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ETOPS Type Rating on Airbus 320|url=http://www.etops.net/pilot-training/type-rating-courses/a320-type-rating/|website=www.etops.net/|publisher=ETOPS Flight|date=2013-12-16|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403040117/http://www.etops.net/pilot-training/type-rating-courses/a320-type-rating/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ETOPS Type Rating on Boeing 737NG|url=http://www.etops.net/pilot-training/type-rating-courses/b737ng-type-rating/|website=www.etops.net/|publisher=ETOPS Flight|date=2013-12-16|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406064632/http://www.etops.net/pilot-training/type-rating-courses/b737ng-type-rating/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ) || Yes <ref name=ram />
|-
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} Fly Gosh || (Unknown) || No || No
|-
| {{flagicon|Spain}} *FTE Jerez || Volotea || Yes <ref name=fte-jerez_volotea>{{cite web|author1=Gianfranco Giacchetti Director of Flight Operations Volotea|title=Terms|url=http://www.ftejerez.com/terms/25|website=www.ftejerez.com/|publisher=Volotea via FTE Jerez|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015852/http://www.ftejerez.com/terms/25|archive-date=24 September 2015|quote=The price for The ATPL course, including the Volotea Boeing 717 Type Rating, is 140,500€, including VAT. This price is inclusive of the following: [...] The full Boeing 717 type rating course [...] a minimum of 125 hours line training|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| Yes <ref name=fte-jerez_volotea />
|-
| (Unknown) || Galain Aviation || No || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Boeing 737 (300/500/700) line training and time building program (Europe)|url=http://www.avianation.com/aviation_jobs/jobDetail.cfm?jobid=9071644813|website=www.avianation.com|publisher=Galain Aviation|date=March 12, 2009|quote=line training and time building program (Europe)|access-date=April 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406142241/http://www.avianation.com/aviation_jobs/jobDetail.cfm?jobid=9071644813|archive-date=April 6, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} **IAGO flight training UK || Thomas Cook || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} IXO Aviation Swiss || (Unknown) || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} **Jet Flight Training Ltd || (Unknown) || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} ***TUIfly Academy Brussels || Jetairfly || Yes <ref>{{cite web|author1=TUIfly Academy Brussels|title=TUIfly Academy Brussels, Type Rating Training Organization (TRTO)|url=https://www.jetairfly.com/sites/jetairfly/files/uploads/TRTO_en.pdf|website=www.jetairfly.com/|publisher=Jetairfly|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428023130/https://www.jetairfly.com/sites/jetairfly/files/uploads/TRTO_en.pdf|archive-date=April 28, 2015|page=3|quote=[...] advanced pilot training [...] is provided to third party customers, amongst which some other airlines of the TUI-group. This includes Type rating Courses}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/jetairfly_TRTO_en.pdf Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=ANDRIES WHISTLE|title=Jonge copiloot: "Ik zal niet toegeven dat ik te moe ben" (Young co-pilot: "I will not admit that I'm too tired")|url=http://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/jonge-copiloot-ik-zal-niet-toegeven-dat-ik-te-moe-ben-a2335301/|website=www.demorgen.be/|publisher=DeMorgen|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527194341/http://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/jonge-copiloot-ik-zal-niet-toegeven-dat-ik-te-moe-ben-a2335301/|archive-date=May 27, 2015|language=nl|date=May 25, 2015|quote=Een net afgestudeerde piloot kreeg van de Antwerpse luchtvaartschool BAFA een voorstelomzo’n training te volgen voor Jetairfly. Kostprijs: 25 à 30 000 euro, zonder garantie op werk bij de Belgische carrier. Wie aanvaard wordt, krijgt alleen een tijdelijk contract voor een paar maanden. ()}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/posts/23-05-2015-archive-De-Morgen.pdf Alt URL]</ref>|| No
|-
| {{flagicon|India}}/{{flagicon|Cyprus}} Knots Aviation || (Unknown) || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=A320 JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating|url=http://knotsaviation.com/?page_id=304|website=knotsaviation.com/|publisher=Knots Aviation|quote=Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes A320 Type Rating|access-date=2015-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142116/http://knotsaviation.com/?page_id=304|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=B737 NG JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating|url=http://knotsaviation.com/?page_id=114|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914090614/http://knotsaviation.com/?page_id=114|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-14|website=knotsaviation.com/|publisher=Knots Aviation|quote=Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes B737 Type Rating}}</ref>|| Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Knots Aviation - Line Training|url=http://knotsaviation.com/?page_id=303|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914090349/http://knotsaviation.com/?page_id=303|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-14|website=knotsaviation.com/|publisher=Knots Aviation|quote=Knots Aviation offers Line Training on Airbus A320 Boeing CL/NG to the pilots in East Europe through its collaborative partnerships with reputed airlines.}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Laffair Aviation via {{flagicon|France}} Sim Aviation Group || Pegasus Airlines, AtlasGlobal, Turkish Airlines, SunExpress || Yes <ref name="laff">{{cite web|title=Laffair A320 Type Rating Program with Traineeship in Turkey|url=http://www.sim.aero/sim-aviation-academy/approved-training-organization/pilots-trainees/a320laffair|website=sim.aero|publisher=Sim Aviation Group|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170203150540/http://www.sim.aero/sim-aviation-academy/approved-training-organization/pilots-trainees/a320laffair|quote=On behalf of Laffair Aviation, SIM Aviation Group [...] offer [...] Assessment Fee: EUR 600 [...] A320 TR Training Program with Traineeship up to 18 months - EUR 77, 000|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| Yes <ref name="laff" />
|-
| {{flagicon|Estonia}} Nordic Crew Management (NCM) || NAG - Nordic Aviation Group (Nordica) || (Unknown) || Yes <ref>{{cite web|last1=Cavegn|first1=Dario|title=Fly with us, says the Nordic Aviation Group - no thanks, say pilots|url=http://news.err.ee/v/business/economy/cf342728-90a7-4fde-b2af-02ced3c9517a/fly-with-us-says-the-nordic-aviation-group-no-thanks-say-pilots|website=News.err|publisher=News.err.ee|access-date=29 December 2016|date=February 15, 2016|quote=Through Nordic Crew Management, NAG hires for a base salary plus hours flown, and at the same time hires based on pay-to-fly, which creates deductions to an already performance-dependent salary.}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Northern Flight Training UK || (Unknown) || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} MSD Aviation Pvt. Ltd. || (Unknown) || Yes || Yes
|-
| (Unknown) || Pegasus Airlines || Yes <ref name=pega>{{cite web|title=Pegasus Airlines pilot jobs Wiki|url=http://www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/jobs/Pegasus_Airlines|website=www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/|date=October 9, 2009|quote=TR costs 18 000 euro. Plus 6000 euro for 100hrs line training 737}}</ref> || Yes <ref name=pega />
|-
| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Pilot Management Services <ref name=SP-PM /><ref name=PMS-loan />|| Small Planet Airlines<ref name=SP-PM />|| No || Yes <ref name=an01SPA />
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} Planet Air Germany || (Unknown) || No || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Initial Line Training A320|url=http://www.initiallinetraining.com/#!yacht-charter/cyg|website=www.initiallinetraining.com/|publisher=Planet Air|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522003708/http://www.initiallinetraining.com/#!yacht-charter/cyg|archive-date=May 22, 2015|date=May 18, 2015|quote=The contract will allow you to build a solid experience of 500 hours on type with a subsequent employment contract. This is a unique opportunity for candidates who are willing to invest into their future career. The costs of 50.000$US reflect the effort and professionalism of Planetair.}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Planet-Air_Line-Training-Airbus-A320_Initial-Line-Training-A320.pdf Alt URL]</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} Rishworth || Wings Air, Vietnam Airlines<ref>{{cite web|title=Vietnam Airlines Pilot Jobs|url=http://www.rishworthaviation.com/page/2484/vietnam-airlines-pilot-jobs.aspx|website=www.rishworthaviation.com/home.aspx|publisher=Rishworth Aviation|quote=Rishworth Aviation is proud to be the preferred supplier of Vietnam Airlines (VNA) and has a strong and cooperative 14+ year relationship with the airline|access-date=2015-04-01|archive-date=2015-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081350/http://www.rishworthaviation.com/page/2484/vietnam-airlines-pilot-jobs.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> || No || Yes <ref>{{cite web|author1=Capt. To Ngoc Giang|title=Line training project|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/image.jpg|website=www.vietnamairlines.com/vi/Welcome|publisher=Vietnam Airlines - flight crew division 919|date=January 26, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Dubai}} **Skies Aviation || (Unknown) || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} Sky4u / Intex-Aero || (Unknown) || Yes <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Sky4u%20_%20professional%20aviation%20network.pdf|title=Sky4u "training"|quote=TYPE RATING // LINE TRAINING - LT [...] Sky4u is solely offering contact to agencies worldwide providing Line Training Programs [...] We screen and assess, evaluate suitable candidates and hand out recommendations}}</ref>|| Yes <ref name=":3" />
|-
| (Unknown) || Tarom || No || No
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} TRTOagency || (Unknown) || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Crew Training|url=http://www.trtoagency.it/services/crew-training.html|website=www.trtoagency.it/|publisher=TRTOagency|quote=A320, A330, Beechcraft Type ratings|access-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210145930/http://www.trtoagency.it/services/crew-training.html|archive-date=2015-02-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> || No
|-
| {{flagicon|Tunisia}} Type & Train || Nouvelair,<ref name=tnt /> Tunisair<ref name=tnt /> || Yes (broker only <ref name=tnt />) || Yes <ref name=tnt />
|-
| {{flagicon|Morocco}} Type Line Training || (Unknown) || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} **UAB Sabenavita || (Unknown) || Yes || Yes
|-
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} ATRANS AVIATION|| Vietjet Air || No || Yes <ref>{{cite web|title=Vietjet Air|url=http://www.pilotcareercenter.com/Air-Carrier-PCC-Profile/2898/Vietjet+Air|website=www.pilotcareercenter.com/|publisher=Pilot Career Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085358/http://www.pilotcareercenter.com/Air-Carrier-PCC-Profile/2898/Vietjet+Air|archive-date=May 18, 2015|quote=Current Vietjet policy is for potential flight crew, including those eligible for upgrade to Captain, to pay cash up front for "training".  This amount ranges from $25,000 USD up to and over $65,000.}} [https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Vietjet_Air-PILOT_CAREER_CENTER.pdf Alt URL]</ref>
|-
| (Unknown) || Wingjet Aviation || Yes <ref name=wja1>{{cite web|author1=latestpilotjobs|author2=Wingjet Aviation|title=Type Rating+ 500 hours Line Training on BNA- Islander + LET-410|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Wingjet%20Aviation%20-%20Type%20Rating+%20500%20hours%20Line%20Training%20on%20BNA-%20Islander%20+%20LET-410.pdf|quote=What we provided: 1) Type Rating on Both Aircraft(BNA-Islander + LET-410) 2) Line training of 500 hrs (combined both aircraft) [...] 8) Cost of this program is 27,500 USD.}}</ref><ref name=wja2>{{cite web|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/Wingjet%20Aviation%20-%20Line%20Training%20program%20on%20B-737NG.pdf|author1=Wingjet Aviation|title=Training|quote=1) A-320 300 hours line training : 55000 Euro 2) A-320 500 hours line training : 66000 Euro [...] 1) B-737NG type rating+ 300 hrs line training program : 48,380 USD}}</ref>|| Yes <ref name=wja1 /><ref name=wja2 /><ref>{{cite web|title=A320/B737 Type Rating 500H Line Training Program|url=https://cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/AviationCV%20-%20A320_B737%20Type%20Rating%20500H%20Line%20Training%20Program.pdf|quote=500 hrs Line training program on B-737NG [...] Total cost for this program is 65,000 EURO}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} World Airline Services || Air Asia, Hainan Airlines, Air Gabon, Air Madagascar, Asiana Airlines, [[Company:China Southern Airlines|China Southern Airlines]], Hong Kong Airlines, Royal Air Maroc, TAAG || No || No
|}
(1) "Note that [ATCT] work[s] very closely with Brookfield Aviations, the world leading pilot Brookers [sic] who will place you in an airline".<ref name=tunisair />

(2)  This is "false accusations"_A spokesman for the Irish budget airline<ref>{{cite web|title=Ryanair ontkent beschuldigingen uitbuiting piloten (Ryanair denies allegations exploitation pilots)|url=http://www.nu.nl/economie/3644886/ryanair-ontkent-beschuldigingen-uitbuiting-piloten.html|website=www.nu.nl/|publisher=NU.nl|access-date=26 May 2015|language=nl|date=December 3, 2013|quote=Ryanair spreekt de aantijgingen tegen dat jonge piloten geld betalen om bij de luchtvaartmaatschappij te mogen vliegen en zo werkervaring op te doen. Volgens een woordvoerder van de Ierse prijsvechter gaat het om ''valse beschuldigingen'' en krijgen alle piloten salaris uitbetaald. [...] Zij zouden 30.00 tot 50.000 euro moeten betalen om vier tot zes maanden te mogen vliegen.}}</ref>

(3) "Pay-to-fly at Germania? That is nonsense"_Karsten Balke, Chief Executive Officer of Germania<ref>{{cite web|author1=airliner.de|title="Pay to fly" bei der Germania? "Das ist Quatsch"|url=http://www.airliners.de/pay-to-fly-germania-quatsch-balke/35095|website=www.airliners.de/|publisher=airliners.de|language=de|date=March 6, 2015|quote="Pay to fly" bei der Germania? Das ist Quatsch}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Business terms]]

{{Sourceattribution|Pay to fly}}