View source for Finance:Rothschild family

{{Short description|Jewish noble banking family}}
{{engvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox noble house
|name                 = Rothschild
|native_name          =
|native_name_lang     =
|other_names          =
|type                 = Jewish noble banking family
|coat_of_arms         = Great coat of arms of Rothschild family.svg
|coat_of_arms_size    = 200px
|alt                  =
|coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of arms granted to the Barons Rothschild in 1822 by Emperor Francis I of Austria
|image                =
|image_size           =
|alt2                 =
|image_caption        =
|parent_family        = <!-- Family (or house, clan) from which the family in subject is descended -->
|country              = <!-- I.e. primary identificated state of sovereign rule; applicable primarily to sovereign aristocratic dynasties -->
|region               = Western Europe (mainly United Kingdom, France, and Germany)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/investing/funds/11445631/Lord-Rothschild-Investors-face-a-geopolitical-situation-as-dangerous-as-any-since-WW2.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/investing/funds/11445631/Lord-Rothschild-Investors-face-a-geopolitical-situation-as-dangerous-as-any-since-WW2.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Lord Rothschild: 'Investors face a geopolitical situation as dangerous as any since WW2'|date=4 March 2015|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|early_forms          =
|etymology            = Rothschild (German): 'red shield'
|origin               = Frankfurter Judengasse, Frankfurt, [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]]
|founded              = 1760s ({{Start date|1577}})
|founder              = Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812)<br />(Elchanan Rothschild, b. 1577)
|current_head         =
|dissolution          = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}}, removal of public status applicable primarly to royal and aristocratic houses -->
|deposition           = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}}, removal of authority applicable primarly to royal houses -->
|cadet branches       = {{Collapsible list
 | Austrian branch
 | English branch
 | French branch
 | Neapolitan branch
}}
|final_ruler          = <!-- I.e. last sovereign; applicable primarly to sovereign aristocratic dynasties -->
|final_head           = <!-- I.e. last person with family name or else subject to end of continuous consistency -->
|titles               = {{Collapsible list
 | ''Freiherr von Rothschild'' (1822)
 | Baronet, of Tring Park (1847)
 | Baron Rothschild (1885)
}}
|members              =
|connected_members    = <!-- Notable members in selection, only if relevant in infobox and readability-wise applicable -->
|other_families       = <!-- Connected families, typically qualified by marriage (or rarely rivalry) -->
|distinctions         =
|traditions           = Goût Rothschild
|motto                = {{Langnf|la|Concordia, Integritas, Industria|Harmony, Integrity, Industry}}
|heirlooms            = <!-- Inheritances; antiques, mementoes, jewelry, etc. -->
|estate               = {{Collapsible list
|British properties
|Château de Ferrières
|Palais Rothschild
}}
|website              = {{URL|https://www.rothschildarchive.org/|rothschildarchive.org}}
|footnotes            =
}}
The '''Rothschild family''' ({{IPAc-en|'|r|ɒ|θ|(|s|)|tʃ|aɪ|l|d}} {{respell|ROTH(S)|chylde}} {{IPA-de|ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt|lang}}) is a wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish noble banking family originally from Frankfurt that rose to prominence with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), a court factor to the German Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt, [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]], who established his banking business in the 1760s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elon |first=Amos |title=Founder: Meyer Amschel Rothschild and His Time |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-00-255706-1 |location=New York |language=en-US}}</ref> Unlike most previous court factors, Rothschild managed to bequeath his wealth and established an international [[Finance:List of banking families|banking family]] through his five sons,<ref>{{cite book
  | last          = Backhaus
  | first         = Fritz
  | year          = 1996
  | chapter       = The Last of the Court Jews – Mayer Amschel Rothschild and His Sons
  | title         = From Court Jews to the Rothschilds: Art, Patronage, and Power 1600–1800
  | editor1-first = Vivian B.
  | editor1-last  = Mann
  | editor2-first = Richard I.
  | editor2-last  = Cohen
  | location      = New York
  | publisher     = Prestel
  | pages         = 79–95
  | isbn          = 978-3-7913-1624-6
  }}</ref> who established businesses in London, Paris, Frankfurt, Vienna, and Naples. The family was elevated to noble rank in the Holy Roman Empire and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History|last1=Rubinstein|first1=William D.|last2=Jolles|first2=Michael|last3=Rubinstein|first3=Hilary L.|author-link3=Hilary L. Rubinstein|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230304666|date=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part II, Austria, America and the Rise of Hitler, 1899-1933|last=Leeson|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|publisher=Springer Publishing|isbn=9781137325099|date=2014|page=27|access-date=26 June 2019|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031110/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref> The family's documented history starts in 16th century Frankfurt; its name is derived from the family house, Rothschild, built by Isaak Elchanan Bacharach in Frankfurt in 1567.

During the 19th century, the Rothschild family possessed the largest private fortune in the world, as well as in modern world history.<ref name="Rothschild 1999, page 481-85">''The House of Rothschild: Money's prophets, 1798–1848'', Volume 1, Niall Ferguson, 1999, page 481-85</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | url         = http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article56239.ece
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20060115031554/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article56239.ece
  | title       = The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty
  | archive-date = 15 January 2006
| work        = The Independent
  }}</ref><ref name="Jazz Baroness 2009">''The Secret Life of the Jazz Baroness'', from The Times 11 April 2009, Rosie Boycott</ref> The family's wealth declined over the 20th century, and was divided among many descendants.<ref>''Rothschild: a story of wealth and power'', by Derek A. Wilson, (Deutsch 1988), pages 415–456</ref> Today, their interests cover a diverse range of fields, including financial services, real estate, mining, energy, agriculture, winemaking, and nonprofits.<ref name="The Rothschilds page 11">''The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty'', By Frederic Morton, page 11</ref><ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news
 |url          = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/08/million-pound-bash-nat-rothschild
 |title        = Million-pound bash for rising star of the super-rich
 |date         = 8 July 2011
 |author       = Robert Booth
 |work         = The Guardian
 |location     = London
 |access-date  = 13 December 2016
 |archive-date = 5 May 2021
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505094755/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/08/million-pound-bash-nat-rothschild
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref> Many examples of the family's rural architecture exist across northwestern Europe. The Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories, many of which have antisemitic origins.<ref name=conspiracy1/>

==Overview==

The first member of the family who was known to use the name "Rothschild" was Isaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "at the red shield", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations (in those days, houses were designated not by numbers, but by signs displaying different symbols or colours). A red shield can still be seen at the centre of the Rothschild coat of arms. The family's ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild (born circa 1710),<ref>{{NDB|22|131|133|Rothschild, Mayer Amschel|Pohl, Manfred}}</ref> a [[Finance:Money changer|money changer]] who had traded with the Prince of Hesse. Born in the "Judengasse", the ghetto of Frankfurt, Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in the five main European financial centres to conduct business. The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolising the five dynasties established by the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, in a reference to Psalm 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior, so are the children of one's youth." The family motto appears below the shield: ''Concordia, Integritas, Industria'' (Unity, Integrity, Industry).<ref>{{cite web
  | url         = http://www.lcf-rothschild.com/en/groupe/rothschild/concordia.asp
  | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071024114837/http://www.lcf-rothschild.com/en/groupe/rothschild/concordia.asp
  | archive-date = 24 October 2007
| title       = Concordia, Integritas, Industria – The Rothschilds – LCF Rothschild Group
  | publisher   = Lcf-rothschild.com
  | access-date  = 8 July 2010
}}</ref>

[[File:Waddesdon Manor and Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 649037.jpg|thumb|A Rothschild house, Waddesdon Manor in Waddesdon, Buckinghamshire, England, donated to the National Trust by the family in 1957]]
[[File:Haus der Rotschilds in der frankfurter Judengasse.jpg|thumb|House of the Rothschild family, Judengasse, Frankfurt]]
[[File:Šilheřovice, okres Opava, zámek (5).JPG|thumb|A house formerly belonging to the Viennese branch of the family (Schillersdorf Palace)]]
[[File:Reichenau an der Rax - Schloss Rothschild.JPG|thumb|{{Interlanguage link|Schloss Hinterleiten|de|Schloss Rothschild}}, one of the many palaces built by the Austrian Rothschild dynasty. Donated to charity by the family in 1905]]
[[File:4859 VER5137 Revelation studios.jpg|thumb|Beatrice de Rothschild's villa on the Côte d'Azur, France]]
[[File:GuentherZ 0028 Wien04 Palais Freiherr Albert von Rothschild Heugasse26 Gartenseite.jpg|thumb|Palace of Baron Albert von Rothschild (photo 1884)]]
[[File:MontyVillargenne.jpg|thumb|Château de Montvillargenne. A Rothschild family house in Picardy, France]]

Paul Johnson writes "[T]he Rothschilds are elusive. There is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them... A woman who planned to write a book entitled ''Lies about the Rothschilds'' abandoned it, saying: 'It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth.'" Johnson writes that, unlike the court factors of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation, the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds and debts. Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence: "Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''A History of the Jews'', p.317.</ref> Johnson argued that their fortune was generated to the greatest extent by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in London; however, more recent research by [[Biography:Niall Ferguson|Niall Ferguson]] indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties, including James Mayer de Rothschild in Paris, Carl Mayer von Rothschild in Naples and Amschel Mayer Rothschild in Frankfurt.<ref>''The House of Rothschild (Vol. 2): The World's Banker: 1849–1999'', Niall Ferguson (2000)</ref>

Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for success was to keep control of their banks in family hands, allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes. In about 1906, the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centres was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the [[Finance:Bischoffsheim family|Bischoffsheims]], Pereires, Seligmans, [[Company:Lazard|Lazard]]s and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with the banking fraternity in general. By this means, Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the 19th century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family..." It also says: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly."<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'' c. 1906 [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=F&search=Finance Finance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183430/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=F&search=Finance |date=28 June 2011 }}</ref>
Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages, often between first- or second-[[Social:Cousin marriage|cousins]] (similar to [[Social:Royal intermarriage|royal intermarriage]]). By the late 19th century, however, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties.<ref name="Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin">[http://discovermagazine.com/2003/aug/featkiss Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215173304/http://discovermagazine.com/2003/aug/featkiss |date=15 December 2017 }} by Richard Conniff, From the August 2003 issue, published online 1 August 2003</ref>
His sons were:
* Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855): Frankfurt, died childless as his fortune passed to the sons of Salomon and Kalman
* Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774–1855): [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]]
* Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836): London
* Kalman Mayer Rothschild (1788–1855): Naples
* Jakob Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868): Paris

The German family name "Rothschild" is pronounced {{IPA-de|ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt|}} in German, unlike {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|θ|(|s|)|tʃ|aɪ|l|d}} in English. The surname "Rothschild" is rare in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verwandt.de/karten/absolut/rothschild.html |title=''Rothschild'' |publisher=Verwandt.de |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506032543/http://www.verwandt.de/karten/absolut/rothschild.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Families by country:'''
* Rothschild banking family of Austria
* Rothschild banking family of England
* Rothschild banking family of Naples
* Rothschild banking family of France

The five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria, and they were all granted the Austrian hereditary title of ''Freiherr'' (baron) on 29 September 1822.<ref name="Wurzbach1874" /> The British branch of the family was elevated by Queen Victoria, who granted the hereditary title of baronet (1847)<ref>''The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage and Baronetage'', By Edmund Lodge, Hurst and Blackett, 1859, page 808</ref> and later the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild (1885).<ref name="ReferenceB">{{London Gazette |issue=25486 |date=3 July 1885 |page=3060}}</ref>

== The Napoleonic Wars ==

[[File:De nieuwe Günthersburg het Rothschildpalais in Frankfurt in 1855.jpg|thumb|A landmark Rothschild palace in Frankfurt, Germany, Villa Günthersburg (photographed 1855)]]
The Rothschilds already possessed a significant fortune before the start of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), and the family had gained preeminence in the [[Chemistry:Precious metal#Bullion|bullion]] trade by this time.<ref name="GrayOxNatBio" /> From London in 1813 to 1815, Nathan Mayer Rothschild was instrumental in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, organising the shipment of bullion to the Duke of Wellington's armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies. In 1815 alone, the Rothschilds provided £9.8&nbsp;million (equivalent to about £{{Inflation|UK-GDP|9.8|1815|fmt=c|r=-1}} million in {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}}) in subsidy loans to [[History:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain's]] continental allies.<ref name="Money 2008 page 78">''The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World'', (London 2008), page 78.</ref>

[[File:Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg|thumb|One of the smaller city houses, Vienna. A collection of far larger Viennese palaces known as Palais Rothschild were torn down during the Second World War.]]
The brothers helped coordinate Rothschild activities across the continent, and the family developed a network of agents, shippers and couriers to transport gold across war-torn Europe. The family network was also to provide Nathan Rothschild time and again with political and financial information ahead of his peers, giving him an advantage in the markets and rendering the house of Rothschild still more invaluable to the British government.

In one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the government's official messengers.<ref name="GrayOxNatBio" /> Rothschild's first concern on this occasion was not to the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him; he and his courier immediately took the news to the government.<ref name="GrayOxNatBio">Victor Gray and Melanie Aspey, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24162 "Rothschild, Nathan Mayer (1777–1836)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031115/https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24162 |date=26 March 2023 }}, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, May 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2007.</ref> That he used the news for financial advantage was a fiction then repeated in later popular accounts, such as that of Morton.<ref name="Random Variables 1984">Victor Rothschild – "The Shadow of a Great Man" in ''Random Variables'', Collins, 1984.</ref><ref name="Ferguson, Niall 1998">*Ferguson, Niall. ''The World's Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild.'' Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, {{ISBN|0-297-81539-3}}</ref> The basis for the Rothschilds' most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public. Nathan Rothschild calculated that the future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two-year stabilisation, which would finalise the post-war restructuring of the domestic economy.<ref name="Money 2008 page 78" /><ref name="Random Variables 1984" /><ref name="Ferguson, Niall 1998" /> In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history, Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market, for what at the time seemed an excessively high price, before waiting two years, then selling the bonds on the crest of a short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40% profit. Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at their disposal, this profit was an enormous sum.<ref name="Money 2008 page 78" />

Nathan Mayer Rothschild started his business in Manchester in 1806 and gradually moved it to London, where in 1809 he acquired the location at 2 New Court in St. Swithin's Lane, [[Finance:City of London|City of London]],<ref name="GrayOxNatBio" /> where it operates today; he established N M Rothschild & Sons in 1811.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brief history of the London house, N M Rothschild & Sons|url=https://www.rothschildarchive.org/business/n_m_rothschild_and_sons_london/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The Rothschild Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Records of the Rothschild banking and finance business. Private records of Rothschild family members and their estates. – Archives Hub|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb2058-ral|access-date=2021-09-29|website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031139/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/a75a43f7-48de-38d0-8106-3ca238b60e2d|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1818, he arranged a £5&nbsp;million (equal to £{{Inflation|UK-GDP|5|1818|r=-1}} million in {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}}) loan to the [[Place:Prussia|Prussia]]n government, and the issuing of [[Finance:Bond|bonds]] for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank's business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–26 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a [[Finance:Market liquidity|market liquidity]] crisis.

== International high finance ==
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"| "I have not the nerve for his operations. They are well-planned, with great cleverness and adroitness in execution – but he is in money and funds what Napoleon was in war." —[[Biography:Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton|Baron Baring]] on Nathan Rothschild<ref>Philip Ziegler, ''The Sixth Great Power: Barings, 1726–1929'', (London 1988), pp.94f</ref>
|}
[[File:Mentmore Towers from angle.jpg|thumb|Mentmore Towers, one of the many Rothschild mansions built in Buckinghamshire]]
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"| "... your friends at the West End have the business in their hands to decide between Portugal & Brazil and an early intimation from you may serve us materially."—Samuel Phillips & Co to Nathan Rothschild, referring to the question on whether or not to support Brazilian independence<ref name="Brazil" />
|}
[[File:LocationRhodesia.png|thumb|right|The family financed the creation of the country Rhodesia, and it became the site of the first international expansion of one of their mining enterprises—the Rio Tinto mining company.]]
[[File:Frankfurt Taunusbahnhof 1850.jpg|thumb|The Frankfurt terminus of the Taunus railway, financed by the Rothschilds. Opened in 1840, it was one of Germany's first railways.]]

Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal. From 1895 through 1907 they loaned nearly $450,000,000 ({{Inflation|US|450,000,000|1907|fmt=eq|r=-8}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}) to European governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two Great Foreign Fortunes |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85058245/1907-03-21/ed-1/seq-5/print/image_681x648_from_1361%2C4839_to_3498%2C6874/ |access-date=11 February 2022 |agency=University of Utah |issue=3–21–1907 |publisher=The Spanish Fork Press |date=21 March 1907 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211213918/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85058245/1907-03-21/ed-1/seq-5/print/image_681x648_from_1361,4839_to_3498,6874/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 19th century, the family bought up a large proportion of the property in Mayfair, London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/estates/46-1-seamore-place|title=1, Seamore Place, London, England |work=Rothschild Archive |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

The Rothschild family was directly involved in the independence of Brazil from Portugal in the early 19th century. Upon an agreement, the Brazilian government should pay a compensation of two million pounds sterling to the Kingdom of Portugal to accept Brazil's independence.<ref name="Brazil">{{cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Caroline S.|year=2005|title=Rothschilds and Brazil: An Introduction to Sources in the Rothschild Archive|journal=Latin American Research Review|volume=40|location=Austin|pages=165–185|url=http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/fulltext/vol40no1/Shaw.pdf|access-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054512/http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/fulltext/vol40no1/Shaw.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013|doi=10.1353/lar.2005.0013|s2cid=144998736}}</ref> N M Rothschild & Sons was pre-eminent in raising this capital for the government of the newly formed Empire of Brazil on the London market. In 1825, Nathan Rothschild raised £2,000,000, and indeed was probably discreetly involved in the earlier tranche of this loan which raised £1,000,000 in 1824.<ref name="Brazil" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/?doc=/ib/articles/Brazil2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204094709/http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/?doc=%2Fib%2Farticles%2FBrazil2|archive-date=4 February 2011|title=Rothschild and Brazil – the online archive|website=Information Bureau|publisher=The Rothschild Archive|access-date=20 September 2013}}</ref> Part of the price of Portuguese recognition of Brazilian independence, secured in 1825, was that Brazil should take over repayment of the principal and interest on a £1,500,000 loan made to the Portuguese government in 1823 by N M Rothschild & Sons.<ref name="Brazil" /> A correspondence from Samuel Phillips & Co. in 1824 suggests the close involvement of the Rothschilds in the occasion.

Major 19th-century businesses founded with Rothschild family capital include:
* Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & Sun Alliance)
* Chemin de Fer du Nord (1845)
* The Rio Tinto mining company (1873) (from the 1880s onwards, the Rothschilds had full control of Rio Tinto)<ref>''The Rio Tinto Company: an economic history of a leading international mining concern'', Charles E. Harvey (1981), page 188</ref>
* Eramet (1880)
* Imerys (1880)
* De Beers (1888)

The family funded Cecil Rhodes in the creation of the African colony of Rhodesia. From the late 1880s onwards, the family took over control of the Rio Tinto mining company.

The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during the Russo-Japanese War. The London consortium's issue of Japanese war bonds would total £11.5&nbsp;million (at 1907 currency rates; £{{Format price|{{inflation|UK-GDP|11500000|1907|2012}} }}<!-- Use GDP inflator as this is effectively a government expenditure --> in 2012 currency terms).<ref name="Rothschild archive">{{cite web|first1=Richard|last1=Smethurst|access-date=4 September 2007|url=https://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2006Japan.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216130517/http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2006Japan.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Takahasi Korekiyo, the Rothschilds and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1907}}</ref>

The name of Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth; and the family was renowned for its art collecting, for its palaces, as well as for its philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest royal families.<ref name="Money 2008 page 78" /> The British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Nathan, Lord Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain.<ref name="Rothschild 1999, page 481-85" />{{Failed verification|date=December 2013}}<ref>''A History of the Jews'', Paul Johnson (London 2004), page 319–320</ref>

''Niles' Weekly Register'', Volume 49 had the following to say about the Rothschilds' influence on international high finance in 1836:

{{quote|text=The Rothschilds are the wonders of modern banking ... we see the descendants of Judah, after a persecution of two thousand years, peering above kings, rising higher than emperors, and holding a whole continent in the hollow of their hands. The Rothschilds govern a Christian world. Not a cabinet moves without their advice. They stretch their hand, with equal ease, from [Saint] Petersburgh to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to London, from London to Washington. Baron Rothschild, the head of the house, is the true king of Judah, the prince of the captivity, the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people. He holds the keys of peace or war, blessing or cursing. ... They are the brokers and counselors of the kings of Europe and of the republican chiefs of America. What more can they desire?<ref>{{cite book|title=Weekly Register|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wV8UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41|year=1836|page=41|access-date=22 November 2015|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031140/https://books.google.com/books?id=wV8UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==Changes to family fortunes==
The Neapolitan Rothschilds was the first branch of the family to decline when revolution broke out and Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Naples on 7 September 1860 and set up a provisional Italian government. Because of the family's close political connections with Austria and France, {{Interlanguage link multi|Adolphe Carl von Rothschild|fr|3=Adolph Carl von Rothschild}} was caught in a delicate position. He chose to take temporary sanctuary in Gaeta with the last Neapolitan king, Francis II of the Two Sicilies. However, the Rothschild branches in London, Paris, and Vienna were not prepared nor willing to financially support the deposed king. With the ensuing unification of Italy, and the mounting tension between Adolph and the rest of the family, the Naples house closed in 1863 after forty-two years in business.

In 1901, the German branch closed its doors after more than a century in business following the death of Wilhelm Rothschild with no male heirs. It was not until 1989 that the family returned to Germany, when N M Rothschild & Sons, the British branch, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt.

By the start of the 20th century, the introduction of national taxation systems had ended the Rothschilds' policy of operating with a single set of commercial account records, which resulted in the various branches gradually going their own separate ways as independent banks. The system of the five brothers and their successor sons all but disappeared by [[Social:World War I|World War I]].<ref>''House of Rothschild : Money's Prophets: 1798–1848'' by Niall Ferguson. Viking Press (1998) {{ISBN|0-670-85768-8}}</ref>

The rise of [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]] in the 1930s led to a precarious situation for the Austrian Rothschilds under the annexation of Austria in 1938 when the family was pressured to sell its banking operation at a fraction of its real worth. While other Rothschilds had escaped the Nazis, Louis Rothschild was imprisoned for a year and only released after a substantial ransom was paid by his family. After Louis was allowed to leave the country in March 1939, the Nazis placed the firm of S M von Rothschild under compulsory administration. Nazi officers and senior staff from Austrian museums also emptied the Rothschild family estates of all their valuables. Following the war, the Austrian Rothschilds were unable to reclaim much of their former assets and properties.

Later, the fall of France during the Second World War led to the seizure of the property of the French Rothschilds under German occupation. Despite having their bank restored to them at the end of the war, the French Rothschilds were powerless in 1982 as the family business was nationalised by the socialist government of newly elected President François Mitterrand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/business/worldbusiness/14rothschild.html|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|title=Baron Guy de Rothschild, Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty, Dies at 98|date=14 June 2007|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193445/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/business/worldbusiness/14rothschild.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'' wrote that the Rothschilds "grossly misjudged the opportunities directly across the Atlantic" and quoted Evelyn de Rothschild as saying that despite the accomplishments made by the various branches of the family in international high finance for over 200 years, "we never seized the initiative in {{wipe|United States}} and that was one of the mistakes my family made."<ref>{{cite news |first=William H. |last=Meyer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/magazine/meagdealer-for-the-rothschilds.html?pagewanted=all |title=Meagdealer For The Rothschilds |work=The New York Times |date=4 December 1988 |access-date=21 May 2014 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=22 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522135743/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/magazine/meagdealer-for-the-rothschilds.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Hereditary titles==
In 1816, four of the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria.<ref name="Wurzbach1874">{{cite book|author=Constantin von Wurzbach|title=Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb1gAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA120|access-date=26 February 2018|year=1874|publisher=Zamarski|location=Vienna|language=de|page=120|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031112/https://books.google.com/books?id=bb1gAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref> The remaining son, Nathan, was elevated in 1818.{{dubious|reason=citation please as Wurzbach, in 1874, mentions 1816 Adelungen with offer to NMR, and 1822 Freiherrnstand to all 5 – presumably incl. Adelung for NMR – but no mention of any 1818 patent|date=July 2022}} All of them were granted the Austrian hereditary title of ''Freiherr'' (baron) on 29 September 1822.<ref name="Wurzbach1874" /> As a result, some members of the family used the [[Social:Nobiliary particle|nobiliary particle]] ''de'' or ''von'' before their surname to acknowledge the grant of nobility.

In 1847, Anthony de Rothschild was made a hereditary baronet of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20684|date=18 December 1864|page=5885}}</ref> In 1885, Sir Nathan Rothschild, 2nd Baronet, was granted the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> This title is currently held by the 4th Baron Rothschild.

== English branch ==
The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), who first settled in Manchester but then moved to London. Nathan Mayer von Rothschild, the third son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish N M Rothschild & Sons bank in London.<ref>[https://www.rothschildarchive.org/business/n_m_rothschild_and_sons_london/ Brief history of the London house, N M Rothschild & Sons] at Rothschild Archive website, 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020</ref>

During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild family's London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain, therefore funding the war. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the [[Finance:City of London|City of London]] became such that, by 1825–26, the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a [[Finance:Market liquidity|liquidity]] crisis.

Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879), succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel, the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of [[Place:Egypt|Egypt]]'s interest in the Suez Canal. The Rothschild bank also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company. Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at the [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]]. In 1873, de Rothschild Frères in France and N M Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and British Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders.

The London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882–1942) and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), and then to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (1931–2022). In 2003, following Sir Evelyn's retirement as head of N M Rothschild & Sons of London, the British and French financial firms merged under the leadership of David René de Rothschild.

== French branches ==
[[File:Chateau de Ferrieres.jpg|thumb|Château de Ferrières, the largest château of the 19th century, was built in 1854. It is set on a {{convert|30|km²|0|abbr=on}} estate outside Paris. It was charitably donated by the family to the University of Paris in 1975.]]
There are two branches of the family connected to France.

The first was the branch of James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868), known as "James", who established de Rothschild Frères in Paris; he married his niece Betty von Rothschild. Following the Napoleonic Wars, he played a major role in financing the construction of railways and the mining business that helped make France an industrial power. By 1980, the Paris business employed about 2,000 people and had an annual turnover of 26&nbsp;billion francs (€4.13&nbsp;billion or $5&nbsp;billion in the currency rates of 1980).<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1487391620070614 RPT-French banker Guy de Rothschild dies aged 98] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206021522/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1487391620070614 |date=6 February 2021 }} Reuters, 14 June 2007</ref>
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.9em; margin-right: 0.9em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"| "No kings could afford this! It could only belong to a Rothschild."
— Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany, on visiting Château de Ferrières.<ref>''Lafite; the story of Château Lafite-Rothschild'', by Cyril Ray (NY 1969), page 66.</ref>
|}

However, the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982, when the socialist government of François Mitterrand nationalised and renamed it as Compagnie Européenne de Banque.<ref>{{cite news
 |url          = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/business/worldbusiness/14rothschild.html
 |title        = Baron Guy de Rothschild, Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty, Dies at 98
 |newspaper    = New York Times
 |date         = 14 June 2007
 |first        = Paul
 |last         = Lewis
 |access-date  = 12 February 2017
 |archive-date = 8 March 2021
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193445/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/business/worldbusiness/14rothschild.html
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref> Baron David de Rothschild, then 39, decided to stay and rebuild, creating a new entity named Rothschild & Cie Banque, with just three employees and €830,000 (US$1&nbsp;million) in capital. Today, the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant part of the global business.

Ensuing generations of the Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business, becoming a major force in international investment banking. The Paris Rothschilds have since led the Thomson Financial League Tables in Investment Banking Merger and Acquisition deals in the UK, France and Italy.
[[Image:Paris chateau muette.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A former Rothschild family house, at the site of Château de la Muette, Paris. Built as a family residence by the secondary branch of the French Rothschild family, today it houses the headquarters of the [[Organization:OECD|OECD]].]]

James Mayer de Rothschild's other son, Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934), was very much engaged in philanthropy and the arts, and he was a leading proponent of [[Social:Zionism|Zionism]]. His grandson, Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded in 1953 the LCF Rothschild Group, a private bank. Since 1997, Baron Benjamin de Rothschild chairs the group. The group has €100bn of assets in 2008 and owns many wine properties in France (Château Clarke, Château des Laurets), in Australia, or in South Africa. In 1961, the 35-year-old Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild purchased the company Club Med, after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay.<ref name="indobit">{{cite news
 |url          = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-baron-edmond-de-rothschild-1292054.html
 |title        = Obituary: Baron Edmond de Rothschild
 |last         = Faith
 |first        = Nicholas
 |date         = 4 November 1997
 |work         = The Independent
 |location     = London
 |access-date  = 29 March 2009
 |archive-date = 12 April 2020
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200412022432/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-baron-edmond-de-rothschild-1292054.html
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref><ref>Gilbert Trigano, a Developer of Club Med, Is Dead at 80 By JOHN TAGLIABUE Published: 6 February 2001</ref> His interest in Club Med was sold off by the 1990s. In 1973, he bought out the Bank of California, selling his interests in 1984 before it was sold to Mitsubishi Bank in 1985.
[[File:Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild, façade côté jardin.jpg|thumb|Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild, built in 1872 as a Paris townhouse for Salomon James de Rothschild]]
The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870). Born in London, he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). In 1850 Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild. In 1853 Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde ''département''.  Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate Château Mouton Rothschild, and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild, acquired the neighbouring Château Lafite vineyard.

== Austrian branch ==
[[File:Grüneburgweg und Einfahrt zum Rothschild'schen.jpg|thumb|Grüneburgschlößchen, Frankfurt, 1845, one of the Rothschilds' many German garden-mansions. This particular estate was destroyed in an Allied bombing raid, 1944.]]
In [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]], Salomon Mayer Rothschild established a bank in the 1820s and the Austrian family had vast wealth and position.<ref>Thomas Trenkler. ''Der Fall Rothschild: Chronik einer Enteignung''. Czernin Verlag, Vienna. 1999. {{ISBN|3-85485-026-3}}</ref> The crash of 1929 brought problems, and Baron Louis von Schwartz Rothschild attempted to shore up the Creditanstalt, Austria's largest bank, to prevent its collapse. Nevertheless, during the Second World War they had to surrender their bank to the Nazis and flee the country. Their Rothschild palaces, a collection of vast palaces in Vienna built and owned by the family, were confiscated, plundered and destroyed by the Nazis. The palaces were famous for their sheer size and for their huge collections of paintings, armour, tapestries and statues (some of which were restored to the Rothschilds by the Austrian government in 1999). All family members escaped the Holocaust, some of them moving to the United States, and returning to Europe only after the war. In 1999, the government of Austria agreed to return to the Rothschild family some 250 art treasures looted by the Nazis and absorbed into state museums after the war.<ref>{{cite news
 |last         = Vogel
 |first        = Carol
 |title        = Austrian Rothschilds Decide to Sell; Sotheby's in London Will Auction $40 Million in Art Seized by Nazis
 |url          = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/10/arts/austrian-rothschilds-decide-sell-sotheby-s-london-will-auction-40-million-art.html
 |access-date  = 1 June 2013
 |newspaper    = New York Times
 |date         = 10 April 1999
 |archive-date = 8 March 2021
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101906/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/10/arts/austrian-rothschilds-decide-sell-sotheby-s-london-will-auction-40-million-art.html
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>

== Neapolitan branch ==
[[File:Villa Pignatelli and its garden, Naples.jpg|thumb|Villa Pignatelli, Naples, with views onto Mount Vesuvius]]
The C M de Rothschild & Figli bank arranged substantial loans to the Papal States and to various Kings of Naples plus the Duchy of Parma and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. However, in the 1830s, Naples followed Spain with a gradual shift away from conventional bond issues that began to affect the bank's growth and profitability. The Unification of Italy in 1861, with the ensuing decline of the Italian aristocracy who had been the Rothschilds' primary clients, eventually brought about the closure of their Naples bank, due to a forecasted decline in the sustainability of the business over the long-term. However, in the early 19th century, the Rothschild family of Naples built up close relations with the [[Organization:Holy See|Holy See]], and the association between the family and the Vatican continued into the 20th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} In 1832, when Pope Gregory XVI was seen meeting Carl von Rothschild to arrange the 1832 Rothschild loan to the Holy See (for £400,000, worth €43,000,000 in 2014), observers were shocked that Rothschild was not required to kiss the Pope's feet, as was then required for all other visitors to the Pope, including monarchs.<ref>''The reign of the house of Rothschild'', Egon Caesar Corti (Conte), 1928, page 46</ref> The 1906 ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' described the Rothschilds as "the guardians of the papal treasure".<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12909-rothschild "Rothschild"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214032438/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12909-rothschild |date=14 February 2015 }}.  ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', 1901–1906, Vol. 2, p. 497.</ref>

== Jewish identity and positions on Zionism ==
Jewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous. Many Rothschilds were supporters of [[Social:Zionism|Zionism]], while other members of the family opposed the creation of the Jewish state.  In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation,<ref>"Balfour Declaration." (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 12 August 2007, from [http://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration Encyclopædia Britannica Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109020922/http://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration |date=9 November 2015 }}.</ref> which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. His nephew, Victor, Lord Rothschild was against granting asylum or helping Jewish refugees in 1938.{{efn|The Independent reported that he "shocked an audience by saying that in spite of 'the slow murder of 600,000 people' on the continent 'we probably all agree that there is something unsatisfactory in refugees encroaching on the privacy of our country, even for relatively short periods of time.'"}}<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news
 |last=Vallely
 |first=Paul
 |title=The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty
 |work=The Independent
 |date=16 April 2004 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-rothschild-story-a-golden-era-ends-for-a-secretive-dynasty-756388.html
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709064003/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-rothschild-story-a-golden-era-ends-for-a-secretive-dynasty-756388.html
 |archive-date=9 July 2008 |access-date=18 February 2010 |location=London
}}</ref>

After the death of James Jacob de Rothschild in 1868, his eldest son Alphonse Rothschild took over the management of the family bank and was the most active in support for Eretz Israel.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aharonson |first=Ran |title=Rothschild and early Jewish colonization in Palestine |publisher=The Hebrew University Magnes Press, Jerusalem |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7425-0914-6 |location=Israel |page=53}}</ref> The Rothschild family archives show that during the 1870s the family contributed nearly 500,000 francs per year on behalf of Eastern Jewry to the Alliance Israélite Universelle.<ref>{{cite book
  | last      = Aharonson
  | first     = Ran
  | title     = Rothschild and early Jewish colonization in Palestine
  | publisher = The Hebrew university Magnes Press, Jerusalem
  | year      = 2000
  | location  = Israel
  | page      = 54
  | isbn      = 978-0-7425-0914-6
  }}</ref>

Baron Edmond James de Rothschild (known in Israel simply as "the Baron Rothschild" or "the Benefactor" (Hebrew: "HaNadiv"), youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild, was a patron of the first permanent settlement in [[Place:Palestine (region)|Palestine]] at Rishon-LeZion (1882). He also provided funding for the establishment of Petah Tikva as a permanent settlement (1883). Overall, he bought from Ottoman landlords 2–3% of the land which now makes up present-day Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myjli.com/survival/index.php/2017/03/26/land-ownership-in-palestine-1880-1948 |title=Land Ownership in Palestine, 1880–1948 |series=Survival of a Nation |publisher=The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute |last=Aumann |first=Moshe |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214175743/https://www.myjli.com/survival/index.php/2017/03/26/land-ownership-in-palestine-1880-1948/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The PICA obtained about {{cvt|450|-|550|km2}} of land in Palestine, out of about {{cvt|1,850|km2}} (7% of the area Mandatory Palestine) that were Jewish-owned by 1947. Today's Israel proper, excluding the West Bank, Gaza, Golan and East Jerusalem, is about {{cvt|21,000|km2}}, but the Mandatory Palestine was larger.}} After Baron de Hirsch died in 1896, the Hirsch-founded Jewish Colonisation Association (ICA) started supporting the settlement of Palestine (1896), and Baron Rothschild took an active role in the organization and transferred his Palestinian land holdings as well as 15 million francs to it. In 1924, he reorganized the Palestinian branch of the ICA into the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association (PICA), which acquired more than {{convert|125000|acres|0|abbr=on}} of land and set up business ventures.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel'', vol. 2, "Rothschild, Baron Edmond-James de," p. 966</ref> In [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]], the Rothschild Boulevard is named after him, as are a number of localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding, including Metulla, Zikhron Ya'akov, Rishon Lezion and Rosh Pina. A park in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, the ''Parc Edmond de Rothschild'' (Edmond de Rothschild Park), is also named after its founder.<ref>{{cite web
 |title        = The Redeemers of the Land
 |last         = Greenwood
 |first        = Naftali
 |publisher    = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 |url          = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/The+Redeemers+of+the+Land.htm
 |access-date  = 8 April 2010
 |archive-date = 15 May 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100515180208/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/The+Redeemers+of+the+Land.htm
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref> The Rothschilds also played a significant part in the funding of Israel's governmental infrastructure. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel<ref>{{cite web
  | url        = https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/rotchild_ja_eng.htm
  | title        = James Armand de Rothschild on the Knesset web site
  | publisher        = Knesset.gov.il
  | access-date        = 8 July 2010
  | archive-date        = 8 March 2021
  | archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308134908/https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/rotchild_ja_eng.htm
  | url-status        = live
  }}</ref> and the Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DE153BF930A25751C1A96E948260 "Dorothy de Rothschild, 93, Supporter of Israel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031120/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/13/obituaries/dorothy-de-rothschild-93-supporter-of-israel.html |date=26 March 2023 }} (obituary), ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'', 13 December 1988. Retrieved 19 June 2008.</ref> Outside the President's Chamber is displayed the letter Dorothy de Rothschild wrote to then Prime Minister [[Biography:Shimon Peres|Shimon Peres]] expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/siyur/lishka_nasi.html |title=The Presidents Chamber |website=Tour of Supreme Court |publisher=The Judicial Authority of the State of Israel |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526172703/https://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/siyur/lishka_nasi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Interviewed by ''[[Social:Haaretz|Haaretz]]'' in 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild, who was a Swiss-based member of the banking family, said that he supported the Israeli–Palestinian peace process: "I understand that it is a complicated business, mainly because of the fanatics and extremists – and I am talking about both sides. I think you have fanatics in Israel. ... In general I am not in contact with politicians. I spoke once with Netanyahu. I met once with an Israeli finance minister, but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel."<ref name="ReferenceA">"Family values", ''Haaretz'', Magazine, 11:15 05.11.10, By Eytan Avriel and Guy Rolnik</ref> Due to a dispute with the Israeli tax authorities, the baron refused to visit Israel. But his widow Ariane de Rothschild often visits Israel where she manages the Caesarea Foundation. She says: "It is insulting that the state [Israel] casts doubt on us. If there is a family that does not have to prove its commitment to Israel, it's ours."<ref>Magen, Hadas (31 May 2015). [http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-baroness-rothschild-israel-insults-our-family-1001040746 "Baroness Rothschild: Israel insults our family"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602203416/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-baroness-rothschild-israel-insults-our-family-1001040746 |date=2 June 2015 }}. ''Globes''.</ref>

===Places in Israel named after Rothschild family members===

Primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, HaNadiv (the Benefactor), on the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel, a tradition exists of naming cities, towns and other settlements in Israel in honor of members of the Rothschild family. Six of these places are grouped in the same vicinity, on the Sharon plain, while the others are scattered throughout the country. They are, listed in order of founding:

* Zichron Ya'akov (Hebrew: Jacob's Memory), a town founded in 1882 and named after the Benefactor's father, James [Jacob] Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868) from the Paris branch of the family;
* Mazkeret Batya (Hebrew: Remembrance of Batya), a local council near [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]], founded in 1883 and named after Betty von Rothschild (1805–1886), the Benefactor's mother;
* Bat Shlomo (Hebrew: Salomon's Daughter), a moshav near Rehovot, founded in 1889 and also named after the Baron's mother, who was the daughter of Salomon Mayer von Rothschild (1774–1855), the Benefactor's grandfather from the Vienna branch;
* Meir Shfeya (Hebrew: Mayer's Fields), a youth village near Zichron Ya'acov, founded as a moshava in 1891 and named after Amschel Mayer von Rothschild (1773–1855), the Benefactor's grandfather from the Frankfurt branch;
* Givat Ada (Hebrew: Ada's Hill), a town near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1903 and named after the Benefactor's wife Adelheid von Rothschild (1853–1935), who was also his cousin, from the Naples branch;
* Binyamina, a town near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1922 and named after Benefactor himself (Binyamina was officially merged with Givat Ada in 2003);
* Ashdot Ya'akov (Hebrew: Jacob's Rapids), a kibbutz just south of the Sea of Galilee, founded in 1924 and named after James Armand Edmond de Rothschild (1878–1957), son of the Benefactor;
* Pardes Hanna (Hebrew: Hannah's [Citrus] Orchard), a local council near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1929 and named after Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery née de Rothschild (1851–1890), daughter of Mayer Anschel Rothschild;<ref>Personal email correspondence between Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum representative and Wikipedia editor, April 2022| "This [identification of Hanna Primrose as the source of the name given to Pardes Hanna] is information that was provided to the Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum in the 1980s after a clarification was conducted at that time with the Rothschild family archives in London. Hannah Primrose's picture which hangs in the Rishonim Museum also came from the same source... We are aware that there are those who attribute the name to other women. The claims we receive usually rely on some measure of logic but not on information that has been confirmed."</ref><ref>rishonim.house| Pardes Hanna-Karkur Founders' House Museum</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pardes-hanna-karkur.muni.il/101/ |script-title=he:מקור השם פרדס חנה |language=he |website=Pardes Hana Karkur |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006012904/https://www.pardes-hanna-karkur.muni.il/101/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Shadmot Dvora (Hebrew: Deborah's Cultivated Fields), a moshav near Tiberias, founded in 1939 and named after Dorothy de Rothschild (1895–1988), who was James de Rothschild's wife and the Benefactor's daughter-in-law;
* Sde Eliezer (Hebrew: Eliezer's Field), a moshav in the Hula Valley, founded in 1950 and named after Robert Rothschild (1911–1998), a relative of the Benefactor's of the French branch.<ref>[https://www.ramat-hanadiv.org.il/לגלות-את-המקום/פעילות-לקבוצות/מידע-למדריכים/הרוטשילדים-וארץ-ישראל/ Ramat HaNadiv official site: section on the Rothschilds on the map of the Land of Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804033648/https://www.ramat-hanadiv.org.il/%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2-%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C/ |date=4 August 2022 }} (Hebrew)</ref>

== Modern businesses, investments, and philanthropy ==
[[File:Spencer House Thomas Malton Jr pub 1800 edited.jpg|thumb|The family has fully restored Spencer House, St. James's Park, London.]]
Since the late 19th century, the family has taken a low-key public profile, donating many famous estates, as well as vast quantities of art, to charity, and generally eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth. Today, Rothschild businesses are on a smaller scale than they were throughout the 19th century, although they encompass a diverse range of fields, including: real estate, financial services, mixed farming, energy, mining, winemaking and nonprofits.<ref name="The Rothschilds page 11" /><ref name="guardian.co.uk" />

===The Rothschild Group===
Since 2003, a group of Rothschild banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss-registered holding company (under the chairmanship of Baron David René de Rothschild). Rothschild Continuation Holdings is in turn controlled by Concordia BV, a Dutch-registered master holding company. Concordia BV is managed by Paris Orléans S.A., a French-registered holding company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris-orleans.com/en-gb/activites/activites-bancaires.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325224731/http://www.paris-orleans.com/en-gb/activites/activites-bancaires.html|archive-date=25 March 2012<!--Yes, link apparently spelled that way--> |title=Banking activities organisation chart of Rothschild |publisher=Paris-orleans.com}}</ref> Paris Orléans S.A. is ultimately controlled by Rothschild Concordia SAS, a Rothschild's family holding company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris-orleans.com/upload/2007_2008/031208_PO_UK_RA07_08_MEL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325224642/http://www.paris-orleans.com/upload/2007_2008/031208_PO_UK_RA07_08_MEL.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2012 |title=Paris Orléans Annual report 2007/2008 |publisher=Paris-orleans.com |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> Rothschild & Cie Banque controls Rothschild banking businesses in France and continental Europe, while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of Rothschild banks elsewhere, including N M Rothschild & Sons in London. Twenty per cent of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic, which is a subsidiary of Jardine, Matheson & Co. of Hong Kong. In November 2008, Rabobank Group, the leading investment and private bank in the Netherlands, acquired 7.5% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG, and Rabobank and Rothschild entered into a co-operation agreement in the fields of [[Social:Mergers and acquisitions|mergers and acquisitions]] (M&A) advisory and equity capital markets advisory in the food and agribusiness sectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rabobank.com/content/news/news_archive/020-RothschildandRabobankestablishglobalfoodandagricooperation.jsp|title=Rothschild and Rabobank establish global food and agri co operation|publisher=Rabobank|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205065020/http://www.rabobank.com/content/news/news_archive/020-RothschildandRabobankestablishglobalfoodandagricooperation.jsp|archive-date=5 February 2009}}</ref> It was believed that the move was intended to help Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG gain access to a wider capital pool, enlarging its presence in East Asian markets.<ref name="rabo2">{{cite web |url=http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2008/11/20/18451/rothschild-sells-75-stake-to-rabobank/ |title=Rothschild sells 7.5% stake to Rabobank |access-date=20 November 2008 |website=Financial Times |year=2008 |archive-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205062600/http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2008/11/20/18451/rothschild-sells-75-stake-to-rabobank/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paris Orléans S.A. is a financial holding company listed on [[Company:Euronext|Euronext]] Paris and controlled by the French and English branches of the Rothschild family. Paris Orléans is the flagship of the Rothschild banking group and controls the Rothschild Group's banking activities including N M Rothschild & Sons and Rothschild & Cie Banque. It has over 2,000 employees. Directors of the company include Eric de Rothschild, Robert de Rothschild and Count Philippe de Nicolay.<ref name="reuters.com">[https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyOfficers?symbol=PROR.PA&viewId=bio People: Paris Orleans S.A. (PROR.PA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925010249/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyOfficers?symbol=PROR.PA&viewId=bio |date=25 September 2015 }} Reuters.</ref>

N M Rothschild & Sons, an English investment bank, does most of its business as an advisor for mergers and acquisitions. In 2004, the investment bank withdrew from the gold market, a commodity the Rothschild bankers had traded in for two centuries.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /> In 2006, it ranked second in UK M&A with deals totalling $104.9&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rothschild.com/investmentbanking/ibleague.asp?id=ib-regional-manda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020823111103/http://www2.rothschild.com/investmentbanking/ibleague.asp?id=ib-regional-manda |archive-date=23 August 2002 |title=League tables |publisher=Rothschild.com |access-date=8 July 2010 }}</ref> In 2006, the bank recorded a pre-tax annual profit of £83.2&nbsp;million with assets of £5.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>Annual Report of N M Rothschild & Sons Limited for the year ended 31 March 2006.</ref>
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"Treat the stock exchange like a cold shower (quick in, quick out)."
—A traditional family [[Philosophy:Maxim|maxim]].<ref>''The House of Rothschild: Money's prophets, 1798–1848'', Volume 1, Niall Ferguson, 1999, p. 3.</ref>
|}

=== Edmond de Rothschild Group ===
[[File:The Large Mansion at Gunnersbury ed.JPG|thumb|The Large Mansion at Gunnersbury Park, London]]

In 1953, one Swiss member of the family, Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild (1926–1997), founded the LCF Rothschild Group (now [[Company:Edmond de Rothschild Group|Edmond de Rothschild Group]]) which is based in [[Place:Geneva|Geneva]] and today extends to 15 countries across the world. Although this group is primarily a financial entity, specializing in asset management and private banking, its activities also cover mixed farming, luxury hotels and yacht racing. Edmond de Rothschild Group's committee is currently being chaired by Ariane de Rothschild.

In late 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild, the chairman at the time, said that the family had been unaffected by the financial crisis of 2007–2010, due to their conservative business practices: "We came through it well, because our investment managers did not want to put money into crazy things." He added that the Rothschilds were still a small-scale, traditional family business and took greater care over their clients' investments than American companies, adding: "The client knows we will not speculate with his money".<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{cite web
 |url          = http://undeletedevidence.blogspot.com/2011/08/very-intriguing-rothschild-interview.html
 |title        = Undeleted Evidence…
 |author       = Hei Hu Quan
 |website      = undeletedevidence.blogspot.com
 |date         = 11 August 2011
 |access-date  = 19 October 2011
 |archive-date = 17 November 2011
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20111117142905/http://undeletedevidence.blogspot.com/2011/08/very-intriguing-rothschild-interview.html
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>

Edmond de Rothschild group includes these companies.
* [[Company:Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild|Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild]] – Swiss private banking firm
* Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild – French private bank
* La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild
* Cogifrance – Real estate
* Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild – wine making firm

=== RIT Capital Partners ===
In 1980, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild resigned from N M Rothschild & Sons and took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust (now RIT Capital Partners, a British investment trust), which has reported assets of $3.4&nbsp;billion in 2008.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://miranda.hemscott.com/servlet/HsPublic?context=ir.access.jsp&ir_client_id=1874&ir_option=DIRECTORS
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825210440/http://miranda.hemscott.com/servlet/HsPublic?context=ir.access.jsp&ir_client_id=1874&ir_option=DIRECTORS
 |archive-date=25 August 2004 |title=RIT Capital Partners
 |publisher=Miranda.hemscott.com
 |date=28 October 2003 |access-date=8 July 2010 }}</ref> It is listed on [[Company:London Stock Exchange|London Stock Exchange]]. Lord Rothschild is also one of the major investors behind BullionVault, a gold trading platform.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7842235/Lord-Rothschild-fund-joins-World-Gold-Council-to-put-12.5m-into-BullionVault.html Lord Rothschild fund joins World Gold Council to put £12.5m into BullionVault] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114190710/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7842235/Lord-Rothschild-fund-joins-World-Gold-Council-to-put-12.5m-into-BullionVault.html |date=14 November 2017 }} ''The Daily Telegraph'' (London), Garry White, 20 June 2010</ref>

In 2010 RIT Capital Partners stored a significant proportion of its assets in the form of [[Chemistry:Gold|physical gold]]. Other assets included oil and energy-related investments.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175611/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-17/rit-capital-increases-gold-investments-as-net-asset-value-rises.html Rothschild's RIT Capital Boosts Gold Investments as Net Asset Value Climbs] Bloomberg, 17 November 2010</ref>

In 2012, RIT Capital Partners announced it was to buy a 37 per cent stake in a [[Biography:Rockefeller family|Rockefeller family]] wealth advisory and asset management group.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/efe93494-a9a3-11e1-a6a7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wItLOFQv Rockefellers and Rothschilds unite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531104306/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/efe93494-a9a3-11e1-a6a7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wItLOFQv |date=31 May 2012 }} ''Financial Times'' (London), Daniel Schäfer, 29 May 2012</ref> Commenting on the deal, David Rockefeller, a former [[Religion:Patriarch|patriarch]] of the [[Biography:Rockefeller family|Rockefeller family]], said: "The connection between our two families remains very strong."<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/transatlantic-alliance-between-rothschilds-and-rockefellers-for-wealth-management-7805035.html Transatlantic alliance between Rothschilds and Rockefellers for wealth management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412022430/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/transatlantic-alliance-between-rothschilds-and-rockefellers-for-wealth-management-7805035.html |date=12 April 2020 }}
Tom Bawden, Thursday 31 May 2012, ''The Independent'' (London)</ref>

=== Investments ===
In 1991, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild founded J. Rothschild Assurance Group (now St. James's Place Wealth Management) with Sir Mark Weinberg. It is also listed on [[Company:London Stock Exchange|London Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite news
 |url          = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5202/is_2000/ai_n19122975
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20120708020424/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5202/is_2000/ai_n19122975/
 |archive-date = 8 July 2012
 |title        = St. James's Place Capital, plc, International Directory of Company Histories, Find Articles at BNET.com
 |publisher    = Findarticles.com
 |access-date  = 8 July 2010
 |first        = Kathleen
 |last         = Peippo
 |year         = 2000
}}</ref>

In 2001, the Rothschild mansion located at 18 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, was on sale for £85&nbsp;million, at that time (2001) the most expensive residential property ever to go on sale in the world. It was built in marble, at 9,000 sq ft, with underground parking for 20 cars.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110325032650/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/propertyadvice/propertymarket/3291728/If-you-have-to-ask-the-price....html If you have to ask the price] ''The Daily Telegraph'' (London), Ross Clark, 1 August 2001</ref>

In December 2009, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild invested $200&nbsp;million of his own money in a North Sea oil company.<ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article6945950.ece Rothschild backs North Sea oil trio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611170112/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article6945950.ece |date=11 June 2011 }}, ''Sunday Times'' 6 December 2009</ref>

In January 2010, Nathaniel Philip Rothschild bought a substantial share of the Glencore mining and oil company's market capitalisation. He also bought a large share of the [[Earth:Bauxite|aluminium mining]] company United Company RUSAL.<ref>Bloomberg Businessweek,'' Glencore May Expand to Rival BHP, Rothschild Says'' 6 January 2010, Simon Casey</ref>

During the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled the Rio Tinto mining corporation, and to this day, Rothschild and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship.<ref>{{cite news
  | url   = http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2013/08/16/james-de-rothschild-le-banquier-de-l-ere-industrielle_3462336_3234.html
  | title   = James de Rothschild, le banquier de l'ère industrielle
  | website   = Le Monde.fr
  | date   = 16 August 2013
  | access-date   = 31 August 2013
  | archive-date   = 21 August 2013
  | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20130821042419/http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2013/08/16/james-de-rothschild-le-banquier-de-l-ere-industrielle_3462336_3234.html
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>

=== Wine ===
[[File:Chateau Lafite.jpg|thumb|Château Lafite Rothschild, Bordeaux. Alongside Château Mouton Rothschild, it is perhaps the most prestigious of the many Rothschild wine estates.]]

The Rothschild family has been in the winemaking industry for 150 years.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.rothschild.info/wine/
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030925015740/http://www.rothschild.info/wine/
 |archive-date=25 September 2003 |title=Rothschild.info – WINE
 |website=rothschild.info
}}</ref> In 1853, Nathaniel de Rothschild purchased Château Brane-Mouton and renamed it Château Mouton Rothschild. In 1868, James Mayer de Rothschild purchased the neighbouring Château Lafite and renamed it Château Lafite Rothschild.

Today, the Rothschild family owns many wine estates: their estates in France include Château Clarke, Château de Malengin, Château Clerc-Milon, Château d'Armailhac, Château Duhart-Milon, Château Lafite Rothschild, Château de Laversine, Château des Laurets, Château L'Évangile, Château Malmaison, Château de Montvillargenne, Château Mouton Rothschild, Château de la Muette, Château Rieussec and Château Rothschild d'Armainvilliers. They also own wine estates across North America, South America, South Africa and Australia.

Especially, Château Mouton Rothschild and Château Lafite Rothschild are classified as '''Premier Cru Classé'''—i.e., First Growth, the status referring to a classification of wines from the [[Earth:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] region of France.

Saskia de Rothschild was named Chairwoman of Château Lafite Rothschild in 2018, succeeding her father, Éric de Rothschild.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-15 |title=Jancis Robinson on Saskia de Rothschild, new head of Château Lafite |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4c4597ce-6e96-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4c4597ce-6e96-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> Château Mouton Rothschild was managed by Philippine de Rothschild until her death in 2014. It is now under the direction of her son Philippe Sereys de Rothschild.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-10 |title=Philippe Sereys de Rothschild takes over the family business |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/43c8c692-1341-11e5-ad26-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/43c8c692-1341-11e5-ad26-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref>

=== Art and charity ===
The family once had one of the largest private art collections in the world, and a significant proportion of the art in the world's public museums are Rothschild donations which were sometimes, in the family tradition of discretion, donated anonymously.<ref>''The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty'', By Frederic Morton, page 11-13</ref>

Hannah Mary Rothschild was appointed in December 2014 as chair of the board of the National Gallery of London.<ref>{{cite web
  | url   = http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/about-us/press-and-media/press-releases/hannah-rothschild-appointed-chair-of-the-national-gallery-board-of-trustees
  | title   = Hannah Rothschild appointed Chair of the National Gallery's Board of Trustees
  | website   = nationalgallery.org.uk
  | access-date   = 10 December 2014
  | archive-date   = 12 April 2020
  | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20200412022443/https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/about-us/press-and-media/press-releases/hannah-rothschild-appointed-chair-of-the-national-gallery-board-of-trustees
  }}</ref>

== Cultural references ==
[[File:De Haar castlle.jpg|thumb|The neo-Gothic Castle de Haar]]

In the words of ''The Daily Telegraph'': "This multinational banking family is a byword for wealth, power – and discretion... The Rothschild name has become synonymous with money and power to a degree that perhaps no other family has ever matched."<ref>''The Daily Telegraph'' (London), ''The Rothschilds: They prefer to let their money do the talking'', William Langley, 25 October 2008</ref>
[[File:Waidhofen Ybbs.Rothschildschloss.Hauptgebäude ybbsseitig.JPG|thumb|left|The neo-Gothic Rothschildschloss, Waidhofen]]

Writing of the [[Biography:Rockefeller family|Rockefeller]] and Rothschild families, Harry Mount writes: "That is what makes these two dynasties so exceptional – not just their dizzying wealth, but the fact that they have held on to it for so long: and not just the loot, but also their family companies."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/9300205/Rothschild-and-Rockefeller-their-family-fortunes.html Rothschild and Rockefeller: their family fortunes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216061306/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/9300205/Rothschild-and-Rockefeller-their-family-fortunes.html |date=16 February 2018 }} Harry Mount, 30 May 2012, ''The Daily Telegraph'' (London)</ref>

The story of the Rothschild family has been featured in a number of films. The 1934 Hollywood film titled ''The House of Rothschild'', starring George Arliss and Loretta Young, recounted the life of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Nathan Mayer Rothschild (both played by Arliss). Excerpts from this film were incorporated into the Nazi propaganda film ''Der ewige Jude'' (''The Eternal Jew'') without the permission of the copyright holder. Another Nazi film, ''Die Rothschilds'' (also called ''Aktien auf Waterloo''), was directed by Erich Waschneck in 1940. A Broadway musical entitled ''The Rothschilds'', covering the history of the family up to 1818, was nominated for a Tony Award in 1971. Nathaniel Mayer ("Natty") Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild appears as a minor character in the historical-mystery novel ''Stone's Fall'', by Iain Pears. Mayer Rothschild is featured in Diana Gabaldon's novel ''Voyager'' as a coin seller summoned to Le Havre by Jamie Fraser to appraise coins, prior to the establishment of the Rothschild dynasty, when Mayer is in his early 20s. The Rothschild name is mentioned by [[Biography:Aldous Huxley|Aldous Huxley]] in his novel ''Brave New World'', among many names of historically affluent persons, scientific innovators and others. The character, named Morgana Rothschild, played a relatively minor role in the story. The name Rothschild used as a synonym for extreme wealth inspired the song "If I Were a Rich Man", which is based on a song from the Tevye the Dairyman stories, written in the Yiddish as {{lang|yi-Latn|Ven ikh bin Rotshild}}, meaning 'If I were a Rothschild'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyricsmania.com/tradition_lyrics_fiddler_on_the_roof.html|title=Fiddler On The Roof – Tradition Lyrics|website=Lyrics Mania |access-date=2 November 2015|archive-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102041409/http://www.lyricsmania.com/tradition_lyrics_fiddler_on_the_roof.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In France, the word "Rothschild" was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth, neo-Gothic styles, and epicurean glamour.<ref>''The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty'', By Frederic Morton (1998), page 5</ref> The family also has lent its name to "{{visible anchor|le goût Rothschild}}," a suffocatingly glamorous style of interior decoration whose elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, vast collections of armour and sculpture, a sense of [[History:Victorian era|Victorian]] horror vacui, and the highest masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has influenced designers such as Robert Denning, Yves Saint Laurent, Vincent Fourcade and others.
{{quote
|text="Yes, my dear fellow, it all amounts to this: in order to do something first you must be something. We think Dante great, and he had a civilization of centuries behind him; the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth. Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks." |sign= Johann Wolfgang Goethe, October 1828<ref>Ferguson, ch.1</ref>
}}

== Conspiracy theories ==

Over more than two centuries,<ref name="Random Variables 1984" /><ref name="Ferguson, Niall 1998" /> the Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories.<ref name=conspiracy1>{{cite book|last1=McConnachie|first1=James|last2=Tudge|first2=Robin|title=The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories|edition=Second|year=2008|publisher=Rough Guides Ltd|location=London|isbn=9781858282817|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocons0000mcco/page/n3/mode/2up?q=rothschild|page=244-246}}</ref>{{pn|date=October 2022}}<ref>{{cite book
  | title     = Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice
  | url     = https://archive.org/details/antisemitismhist00levy_141
  | url-access = limited
  | first     = Richard S.
  | last      = Levy
  | page      = [https://archive.org/details/antisemitismhist00levy_141/page/n685 624]
  | isbn      = 978-1-85109-439-4
  | publisher = ABC-CLIO
  | year      = 2005
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
  | title     = The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner
  | first     = Leon
  | last      = Poliakov
  | page      = 343
  | isbn      = 978-0-8122-1865-7
  | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
  | year      = 2003
  }}</ref> These theories take differing forms, such as claiming that the family controls the world's wealth and financial institutions<ref>{{cite book
  | title     = Roots of hate
  | url     = https://archive.org/details/rootshateantisem00brus_487
  | url-access = limited
  | first     = William
  | last      = Brustein
  | page      = [https://archive.org/details/rootshateantisem00brus_487/page/n164 147]
  | isbn      = 978-0-521-77478-9
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | year      = 2003
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
  | title     = Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present
  | url     = https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmyth00schw
  | url-access = limited
  | first     = Marvin
  | last      = Perry
  | page      = [https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmyth00schw/page/n137 117]
  | isbn      = 978-0-312-16561-1
  | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
  | year      = 2002
  }}</ref> or encouraged or discouraged wars between governments. Discussing this and similar views, the historian [[Biography:Niall Ferguson|Niall Ferguson]] wrote that, {{quote|Without wars, nineteenth-century states would have little need to issue bonds. As we have seen, however, wars tended to hit the price of existing bonds by increasing the risk that a debtor state would fail to meet its interest payments in the event of defeat and losses of territory. By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had evolved from traders into fund managers, carefully tending to their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now having made their money, they stood to lose more than they gained from conflict. [...] The Rothschilds had decided the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars by putting their financial weight behind Britain. Now they would [...] sit on the sidelines.<ref name="Money 2008 page 91">''The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World'', (London 2008), page 91.</ref>}}

Many conspiracy theories about the Rothschild family arise from anti-Semitic prejudice and various [[Unsolved:Antisemitic trope|antisemitic trope]]s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Er9ELOwQkC&pg=PA104|title=Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction|page=104|author=Jovan Byford|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2011|quote=... a further and more direct link with the conspiracy culture's antisemitic apparent in the treatment of the Rothschild family. Ever since the nineteenth century, the Rothchilds, who combined Jewishness, financial wealth and international connections, have been the epitome of the international Jewish conspiracy (Barkun, 2006). The family name continues to feature in conspiratorial narratives to the present day, although writers of the post-1945 era have tended to play down their importance.|isbn=9780230349216}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA82|title=Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia|chapter=Antisemitism|author=Markku Ruotsila|editor= Peter Knight|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|page=82|quote = This new economic antisemitism issued in a variety of full-blown conspiracy theories in the 1870s through the 1890s. In these conspiracy theories all the perceived evils of modern capitalism and industrialism were ascribed to Jews, ... and, on a more precise level, because of the purported machinations of identifiable Jewish financiers. The latter type of theories tended to centre around the supposed power of the Rothschild banking family and those of its U.S. agents that were central in various reconstruction and public debt refinancing schemes after the Civil War...|isbn=9781576078129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion|page= 189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV1S9dpW2aQC&pg=PA189|author=Richard Allen Landes and Steven T. Katz|publisher=NYU Press|year= 2012|quote=... there are anti-Semitic claims of a vast conspiracy by Jews that structurally replicate the ''Protocols'' without mentioning the hoax document. Another way conspiracy theories try to avoid the label of anti-Semitic is to argue that there is a vast conspiracy by the "Rothschild family" or the "Khazars" or some other entity...|isbn= 9780814749456}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|page= 110|author=David Norman Smith|chapter=Anti-Semitism|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|editor=Carl Skutsch|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|volume=1 (A-F)|quote=The great banking barons of the Rothschild family became, in anti-Semitic fantasy, living emblems of Jews everywhere. ... For anti-Semites, socialism and bank capitalism are just two sides of the Jewish conspiracy against order and tradition...|isbn= 9781135193881}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/behindcloseddoor0000stre/page/146 146]–47|url=https://archive.org/details/behindcloseddoor0000stre|url-access=registration|title=Behind Closed Doors: The Power and Influence of Secret Societies|author=Michael Streeter|publisher=New Holland Publishers|year=2008|quote=When it comes to conspiracy theories and the secret societies that supposedly run out world ... The finger of suspicion often points to bankers and Jews – and often to Jewish bankers – as the moneymen behind this world plot. Chief among the 'suspects' are the Rothschilds, the Jewish banking dynasty ... Yet there is little or nothing that the Rothschild bankers have done that is not perfectly explicable by normal banking practices. ... The fact that the Rothschilds feature at the centre of so many conspiracy theories is perhaps no coincidence. For it is sadly the case that many claims alleging secret societies have contained more than a tinge of anti-Semitism.|isbn=9781845379377}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWAslJvCK3IC&pg=PA296|title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity|publisher=NYU Press|page=296|year=2002|quote=[Conspiracy theorist Jan van] Helsing's dubious sources, his constant repetition of Jewish names as members of private and public organizations, and above all his emphasis on the assets and powerbroking influence of the Rothschilds as the top Illuminati family leave no doubt that his conspiracy theories are aimed at Jewish targets.|isbn=9780814732373}}</ref>

== Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild ==
'''Prominent lineal descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild include among many others''':
{{dynamic list}}
[[File:David de Rothschild01.JPG|thumb|upright|Baron David René de Rothschild, current French chairman of N M Rothschild & Sons and formerly of De Beers]]
[[File:Bertha-Clara von Rothschild, by Ellis William Roberts.jpg|upright|thumb|Bertha-Clara von Rothschild (Princess of Wagram) (Ellis William Roberts, 1890)]]
[[File:Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild.png|thumb|upright|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, M.P. (1839–1898)]]
[[File:Sibyl Sasson, Countess of Rocksavage.jpg|thumb|upright|Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley (1894–1989), painted by John Singer Sargent]]
[[File:Haltonhouse-northface.jpg|thumb|Halton House, a Rothschild family mansion in Buckinghamshire, England]]
[[File:Lionel Nathan de Rothschild by Moritz Daniel Oppenheim.jpg|thumb|upright|Lionel de Rothschild, whose colt Sir Bevys won the 1879 Epsom Derby]]
[[File:Johannes Vermeer - The Astronomer - 1668.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Astronomer'', by Johannes Vermeer given to the Louvre Museum by the Rothschild family in 1982]]
[[File:Palais Freiherr Alfons von Rothschild.jpg|thumb|Palace Nathaniel Rothschild, Vienna ]]
[[File:Ascott House.jpg|thumb|Ascott House, donated to charity by the family in 1947]]
[[File:Exbury House - geograph.org.uk - 189526.jpg|thumb|Exbury House, a Rothschild estate in England]]
[[File:Jacques Guillemeau - Hôtel Lambert.jpg|thumb|Hôtel Lambert, Paris]]
* Major Alexander Karet (1905–1976)<ref>Morton, Fredreric (1962)The Rothschilds; A Family Portrait, Secker & Warburg;London, UK</ref><ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage-96th Ed-1938</ref>
* Adeleheid von Rothschild (1853–1935) x 1877 : Edmond de Rothschild (1845–1934) (see the Paris branch)
* Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon (15 August 1876 – 8 May 1969)
* Prince Alexandre Louis Philippe Marie Berthier (1883–1918), died fighting in the First World War
* Albert Salomon von Rothschild (1844–1911), former majority shareholder of Creditanstalt
* Alfred Charles de Rothschild (20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918)
* Alice Charlotte von Rothschild (1847–1922) close friend of Queen Victoria
* Aline Caroline de Rothschild (1867–1909), French socialite
* Alice Rothschild (born 1983), wife of Zac Goldsmith, after his divorce of Sheherazade Ventura-Bentley{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
* Lady Aline Caroline Cholmondeley (born 1916){{citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* Baroness Afdera Franchetti (born c. 1931), a former wife of Henry Fonda, from the noble Italian Jewish Franchetti family
* Baroness Alix Hermine Jeannette Schey de Koromla (1911–1982)<ref name="Charles Mosley 2003" />
* Alphonse James de Rothschild (1827–1905)
* Amschel Mayor James Rothschild (1955–1996, Paris), patron of motor racing
* Princess Andréa de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais (born Paris 1972){{citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), horse-breeder
* Anthony James de Rothschild (born 1977)
* Anselm von Rothschild (1803–1874), Austrian banker
* Anselm Alexander Carl de Rothschild (1835–1854){{citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet (1810–1876)
* Antoine Armand Odélric Marie Henri de Gramont, 13th Duke of Gramont (born 1951)<ref>Francesco Rapazzini, ''Élisabeth de Gramont'', Paris, Fayard, 2004.</ref>
* Alain de Rothschild (1910–1982)
* Lady Barbara Marie-Louise Constance Berry (born 1935)
* Arthur de Rothschild (1851–1903)
* Benjamin de Rothschild (1963–2021)
* Princess Béatrice de Broglie (1913–1994)
* Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild (1864–1934)
* Bethsabée de Rothschild (1914–1999)
* Carl Mayer von Rothschild (1788–1855)
* Cécile Léonie Eugénie Gudule Lucie de Rothschild (1913–1995)
* Charlotte de Rothschild (1825–1899)
* Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild (born 1955), British opera singer
* Charlotte von Rothschild (1818–84)
* Count Charles-Emmanuel Lannes de Montebello (born 1942)
* Charles Rothschild (1877–1923), banker and entomologist
* Constance Flower, 1st Baroness of Battersea (1843–1931){{citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (born 1960), Lord Great Chamberlain of England
* David Mayer de Rothschild (born 1978), billionaire<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/12/david-de-rothschild-plastiki-pacific Eco-warrior sets sail to save oceans from 'plastic death'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226142222/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/12/david-de-rothschild-plastiki-pacific |date=26 February 2017 }} ''The Observer'' (London), 12 April 2009, Robin McKie</ref> British adventurer and environmentalist
* David René de Rothschild (born 1942)
* Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild (1926–1997)
* Edouard Etienne de Rothschild (born 1957)
* Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (1868–1949) financier and polo player
* Prince Edouard de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais (born 1949)
* Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934)
* Edmund Leopold de Rothschild (1916–2009)
* Elie de Rothschild (1917–2007)
* Princess Elisabeth de Broglie (born 1920)
* Emma Rothschild (born 1948)
* Esther de Rothschild (born 1979)
* Evelina de Rothschild (1839–66)
* Evelyn Achille de Rothschild (1886–1917), died fighting for the British Army in the First World War
* Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (1931–2022), banker
* Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, M.P. (1839–1898)
* Count Gabriel Antoine Armand (1908–1943), a soldier of the French Resistance.
* Gustave Samuel de Rothschild (1829–1911)
* Guy de Rothschild (1909–2007)
* Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery née Hannah Rothschild (1851–1890)
* Hannah Mary Rothschild (born 1962), documentary filmmaker
* Helene Cecile Muhlstein de Rothschild (1936–2007) x 1962 : François Nourissier (1927–2011), président de l'Académie Goncourt
* Henri James de Rothschild (1872–1946), playwright, grandson of Nathaniel de Rothschild
* Henry Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (1898–1987)
* Duke Hélie Marie Auguste Jacques Bertrand Philippe (1943), 10th Duke of Noailles
* Henriette Rothschild (1791–1866) married Sir Moses Montefiore (1784–1885)
* Count Henri de Gramont (1909–1994){{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley (1919–90), Lord Great Chamberlain of England
* Jacqueline de Rothschild (1911–2012) x (1) 1930; Robert Calmann-Lévy (1899–1982) puis x (2) 1937; Gregor Piatigorsky (1903–1976)
* James Amschel Victor Rothschild (born 1985)
* James Armand de Rothschild (1878–1957)
* James Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868)
* Joachim Von Rothschild (1929–1998)
* Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle (1963–2013)
* Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery (born 1929)
* Neil James Archibald Primrose (1882–1917), MP, killed fighting in the First World War
* Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter (née Baroness Pannonica Rothschild) (1913–1988), patron of bebop and jazz writer – often called the "Jazz Baroness"
* Baron Léon Lambert (1929–1987), Belgian art collector<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.skynet.be/fb822050/100622_AMD_LLambert.pdf |title=Anne-Myriam Dutrieue, ''Le baron Léon Lambert, un banquier et financier belge d'envergure internationale du XXe siècle'', 2010 |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161626/http://users.skynet.be/fb822050/100622_AMD_LLambert.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917)
* Leopold David de Rothschild (1927–2012)
* Leonora de Rothschild (1837–1911)
* Lionel Nathan Rothschild (1808–1879)
* Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild (1882–1955)
* Lady Louise Rothschild (1821–1910), philanthropist and daughter of Henrietta Rothschild
* Countess Magdalene-Sophie von Attems (born 1927)
* Marie-Hélène de Rothschild (1927–94), French socialite
* Maurice de Rothschild (1881–1957)
* Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818–1874)
* Miriam Louisa Rothschild (1908–2005), famous entomologist and zoologist
* Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1868–1937)
* Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870)
* Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836)
* Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1840–1915)
* Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (born 1936)
* Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild (1946), French financier
* Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1910–1990)
* Nathaniel Philip Rothschild (born 1971), a co-chairman of Atticus Capital, a £20&nbsp;billion hedge fund<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-rothschilds-and-their-200-years-of-political-influence-969772.html The Rothschilds and their 200 years of political influence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901103310/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-rothschilds-and-their-200-years-of-political-influence-969772.html |date=1 September 2017 }} Andy McSmith, 23 October 2008, ''The Independent'' (London)</ref>
* Nathaniel Anselm von Rothschild (1836–1905), Austrian socialite
* Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet (1888–1939), British First Commissioner of Works and Under-Secretary of State for Air
* Count Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild, he is a director of the Rothschild group.<ref name="reuters.com" />
* Robert de Rothschild (1880–1946) x 1907 : Gabrielle Beer (1886–1945)
* Philippe de Rothschild (1902–1988), vintner, son of Henri James de Rothschild
* Philippine de Rothschild (1935–2014), vintner, daughter of Philippe
* Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild (1911–2012), chess and tennis champion
* Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery (1882–1974) Earl of Roseberry
* Raphael de Rothschild (1976–2000)
* Salomon James de Rothschild (1835–1864)
* Lady Serena Dunn Rothschild (1935–2019)
* Countess Sophie von Löwenstein-Scharffeneck (1896–1978)
* Lady Sybil Grant (1879–1955), British writer
* Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley (1894–1989)
* Valentine Noémi von Springer (1886–1969)
* Victoria Katherine Rothschild (born 1953)
* Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (1868–1937), zoologist
* Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild (1828–1901)

'''Prominent marriages into the family include, among many others:'''
{{dynamic list}}
* Maurice Ephrussi (1849–1916), of the Ephrussi family<ref>'''''Grand fortunes: dynasties of wealth in France''''' (Algora Publishing, 1998), By Michel Pinçon, Monique Pinçon-Charlot, Andrea Lyn Secara, page 124</ref>
* Ben Goldsmith (born 1980), son of financier James Goldsmith, of the Goldsmith family married Kate Emma Rothschild (born 1982)
* Anita Patience Guinness (1957), of the Guinness family, married Amschel Mayor James Rothschild<ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article862464.ece Young love will cement marriage of Britain's top three dynasties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232146/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article862464.ece |date=11 June 2011 }} Ingrid Mansell, ''The Times'' (London) 21 April 2003</ref>
* Abraham Oppenheim (1804–1878), of the Oppenheim Family, married Charlotte Beyfus (1811–1887)
* Cora Guggenheim (1873–1956), of the Guggenheim family, married Louis F. Rothschild (1869–1957)
* Aline Caroline de Rothschild (1867–1909) married Edward Sassoon (1856–1912), of the Sassoon family
* Carola Warburg Rothschild (1894–1987), philanthropist, born into the [[Finance:Warburg family|Warburg family]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/01/obituaries/carola-w-rothschild-ex-girl-scout-official.html Carola W. Rothschild, Ex-Girl Scout Official] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220232454/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/01/obituaries/carola-w-rothschild-ex-girl-scout-official.html |date=20 February 2017 }}, ''New York Times'', 1 September 1987</ref>
* Sara Louise de Rothschild (born 1834), married the Baron Raimondo Franchetti (born 1829)
* Baron Eugéne Daniel de Rothschild (1884–1976) married Countess Cathleen Wolff de Schönborn-Bucheim (1885 – {{circa|1946}})<ref>DRUON Maurice, "Ces Messieurs de Rothschild", Paris 1966</ref>
* In 1923, James Nathaniel Charles Léopold Rothschild, son of Henri James Nathaniel Charles Rothschild and Mathilde Sophie Henriette de Weisweiller, married Claude du Pont of the [[Social:Du Pont family|Du Pont family]].<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3417. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.</ref>
* Bertha Clara de Rothschild (1862) married Prince Alexandre de Wagram
* Bertha Juliet de Rothschild (1870) married Baron Emmanuel Leonino
* Lili Jeanette von Goldschimdt-Rothschild (1883–1929), married Baron Philippe Schey de Koromla
* Elisabeth Pelletier de Chambure (1902–1945), the only member of the Rothschild family to die in the Holocaust.
* Antoine Agénor Armand (1879–1962), of the Naples Rothschild lines, married Countess Élaine Greffulhe, daughter of Princess Élisabeth de Caraman-Chimay
* Hannah Mayer Rothschild (1815–1864) married Hon. Henry Fitzroy (1807–1859), of the family of the Dukes of Grafton
* Edouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (1868–1949) married in 1905 the Baroness Alice Germaine de Helphen (1884–1979)
* Count François de Nicolay (1919–1963), of the House of Nicolay, married Marie-Hélène Naila Stephanie Josina van Zuylen van Nyevelt
* Marguerite de Rothschild in 1878 married Antoine Alfred Agénor, 11th Duc de Gramont (1851–1921),
* Dorothy de Rothschild (1895–1988), on her death she left the largest probated estate in Britain
* George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, the illegitimate daughter of Alfred de Rothschild
* Pauline de Rothschild (1908–1976), fashion designer and translator of Elizabethan poetry
* , of the Wodehouse family<ref name="Charles Mosley 2003">1.[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage'', 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.</ref>
* Louis Philippe Marie Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram (1836–1911)
* Countess Katharina Eleonore Veronika Irma Luise Henckel von Donnersmarck (1902–1965), actress, married Baron Erich von Goldschmidt-Rothschild
* Amartya Sen (born 1933), Nobel Laureate, Indian economist and philosopher, married Emma Georgina Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of England.
* Jeanne de Rothschild (1908–2003), actress
* Nadine de Rothschild (1932–), French actress and author
* Princess Sophie de Ligne (born 1957), of the House of Ligne, married Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), a director of the Rothschild group,<ref name="reuters.com" /> and the great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild
* Liliane de Rothschild (1916–2003, ''née'' Fould-Springer), art collector
* David René de Rothschild married Princess Olimpia Anna Aldobrandini, of the House of Borghese and the [[Social:House of Bonaparte|House of Bonaparte]].<ref name="Charles Mosley 2003" />
* Baron Robert Philippe de Rothschild married Nelly Beer, a great-grand-niece of Giacomo Meyerbeer
* Richard Francis Roger Yarde-Buller, 4th Baron Churston of Churston Ferrers and Lupton (1910–1991), married Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild
* Serena Dunn Rothschild (1935–2019), granddaughter of Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet
* Lynn Forester de Rothschild (born 1954), businesswoman
* Edward Maurice Stonor (1885–1930), son of Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* Lady Pamela Wellesley Grant (born 1912), great-great-granddaughter of the Duke of Wellington, married Lieutenant Charles Robert Archibald Grant, great-great-grandson of Mayer Amschel de Rothschild
* Baroness Rozsika Edle von Wertheimstein<ref name="Jazz Baroness 2009" />
* Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt of the House of Van Zuylen van Nyevelt – married Baroness Hélène de Rothschild (1863–1947).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasteeldehaar.nl/uk/0303_uk.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603035114/http://www.kasteeldehaar.nl/uk/0303_uk.htm |archive-date=3 June 2002 |title=Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nijevelt van de Haar and baroness Hélène de Rothschild |access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>
* Baron Sigismund von Springer (1873–1927), married Baroness Valentine Noémi von Rothschild (1886–1969), after whom the asteroid [[Astronomy:703 Noëmi|703 Noëmi]] is named
* In 1943 Baron Elie Robert de Rothschild (1917–2007), married Lady Liliane Elisabeth Victoire Fould-Springer, great-aunt of actress Helena Bonham Carter<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.</ref>
* In 2015, James Rothschild married American heiress and socialite Nicky Hilton, the great-granddaughter of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton<ref>[http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-engaged-to-james-rothschild-hotel-heiress-to-marry-heir-2014128 US Magazine: "Nicky Hilton Is Engaged to James Rothschild: Hotel Heiress to Marry Banking Heir" By Esther Lee and Brody Brown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711233014/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-engaged-to-james-rothschild-hotel-heiress-to-marry-heir-2014128 |date=11 July 2015 }} 12 August 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/mr--mrs-first-pictures-6045133|title=Mr & Mrs: First pictures of Nicky Hilton and James Rothschild on their wedding day as she flashes her garter|author=Rebecca Pocklington|date=10 July 2015|website=mirror|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105074648/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/mr--mrs-first-pictures-6045133|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Coat of arms ==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Great coat of arms of Rothschild family.svg
|image size =
|notes = Coat of arms of the Rothschild family<ref name="Rothschild-COA">{{cite web |url=https://www.rothschildarchive.org/family/the_rothschild_name_and_arms/the_rothschild_coat_of_arms |title=Rothschild coat of arms |website=The Rothschild Archive |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
|year_adopted = 1822 (granted by Emperor Francis I of Austria)
|crest = Crests: 1st, out of a ducal coronet Or a mullet of six points Or between two horns per fess alternately Or and Sable, Sable and Or; 2nd, issuant from a ducal coronet Or an eagle displayed Sable; 3rd, out of a ducal coronet Or three ostrich feathers, the centre one Argent and the exterior ones Azure<ref name="Arms of the Rothschild family">{{cite web
  | url   = http://www.heraldica.org/topics/jewish.htm#rothschild
  | title   = Jewish Heraldry
  | website   = heraldica.org
  | access-date   = 11 March 2014
  | archive-date   = 2 July 1998
  | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/19980702030118/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/jewish.htm#rothschild
  | url-status   = live
  }}</ref>
|escutcheon = Quarterly: 1st, Or an eagle displayed Sable langued Gules; 2nd, Azure issuing from the sinister flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent; 3rd, Azure issuing from the dexter flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent; 4th, Or a Lion rampant Gules; over all an inescutcheon Gules charged with an oval target with pointed center Argent per bend sinister<ref name="Arms of the Rothschild family" />
|supporters = Dexter: a lion rampant Or langued Gules<br /> Sinister: a unicorn Argent langued Gules
|motto = ''Concordia, Integritas, Industria'' ([[Social:Latin|Latin]] for "Harmony, Integrity, Industry")
}}

== See also ==
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description WP:SEEALSO -->
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
* List of European Jewish nobility
* List of wealthiest families
* Ascott House
* Avenue Foch
* Cecil John Rhodes
* Château de Montvillargenne
* Château de Pregny
* Château Lafite Rothschild
* Château Mouton Rothschild
* De Beers
* Eramet
* [[Social:Genealogy of the Rothschild family|Genealogy of the Rothschild family]]
* Goût Rothschild
* Hôtel de Marigny
* Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild
* Hôtel Lambert
* The House of Rothschild (1934 film), addresses Rothschild roles in the Napoleonic era
* Imerys
* Napoleonic Wars
* Old money
* Palais Rothschild
* [[Biography:Rockefeller family|Rockefeller family]]
* Rothschild Island
* Rothschild (Fabergé egg)
* Rothschild properties in and around Buckinghamshire
* Rio Tinto Mining Group
* Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey
* [[Finance:Warburg family|Warburg family]]
{{div col end}}
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Biography:Niall Ferguson|Niall Ferguson]]: ''The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets, 1798–1848'' ({{ISBN|0-14-024084-5}})
* [[Biography:Niall Ferguson|Niall Ferguson]]: ''The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1998'' ({{ISBN|0-14-028662-4}})
* Frederic Morton: ''The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty'' ({{ISBN|1-56836-220-X}})
* Amos Elon: ''Founder: A Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time'', 1996. ({{ISBN|0-670-86857-4}})
* Egon Caesar Conte Corti: ''Rise of the House of Rothschild'', B. Lunn (translator), Books for Business 2001 (reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz), {{ISBN|978-0-89499-058-8}}, [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0894990586 Amazon.co.uk searchable online view]
* Joseph Valynseele & Henri-Claude Mars, ''Le Sang des Rothschild'', ICC Editions, Paris [fr]. 2004 ({{ISBN|2-908003-22-8}})
* Derek A. Wilson: ''Rothschild: A Story of Wealth and Power'' ({{ISBN|0-233-98870-X}})
* Mir-Babayev M.F.: ''The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry'' – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, p.&nbsp;109–123.
* Mir-Babayev M.F.: ''The Rothschild brother's contribution to Baku's oil industry'' – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2012, v. 13, no. 1, p.&nbsp;225–236.
* Pietro Ratto: ''I Rothschild e gli altri. Dal governo del mondo all'indebitamento delle nazioni: i segreti delle famiglie più potenti'', Arianna Editrice, Bologna [it]. 2015 ({{ISBN|978-88-6588-115-6}})
* William Verity: ''The Rise of the Rothschilds'' – "History Today" (April 19680, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p225-233. covers 1770 to 1839.

=== Documentary film ===
* ''[[Finance:The Ascent of Money#Documentary|The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World]]'' – The early history of the Rothschild's family business feature in the second of a four-part series by [[Biography:Niall Ferguson|Niall Ferguson]] aired on Channel Four

== External links ==
History
* [https://www.rothschildarchive.org/ Rothschild Archive]
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=445&letter=R The article of "Rothschild" in Jewish Encyclopedia]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/015058}}

Foundations
* [http://www.edrfoundations.org/ The Edmond de Rothschild Foundations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120116122211/http://www.therothschildfoundation.com/ The Rothschild Foundation]



[[Category:History of banking]]

{{Sourceattribution|Rothschild family}}