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{{Short description|In mathematics, a type of equivalence relation on an n-manifold}}
[[Image:Reebfoliation-ring-2d-2.svg|200px|thumb|2-dimensional section of Reeb foliation]]
[[Image:Reeb foliation half-torus POV-Ray.png|200px|thumb|right|3-dimensional model of Reeb foliation]]

In [[Mathematics|mathematics]] ([[Differential geometry|differential geometry]]), a '''foliation''' is an [[Equivalence relation|equivalence relation]] on an [[Topological manifold|''n''-manifold]], the [[Equivalence class|equivalence class]]es being connected, [[Injective function|injectively]] immersed submanifolds, all of the same dimension ''p'', modeled on the [[Manifold decomposition|decomposition]] of the [[Real coordinate space|real coordinate space]] '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> into the [[Coset|coset]]s ''x'' + '''R'''<sup>''p''</sup> of the standardly [[Embedding|embedded]] [[Subspace topology|subspace]] '''R'''<sup>''p''</sup>. The equivalence classes are called the '''leaves''' of the foliation.<ref>{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=5}}</ref> If the manifold and/or the submanifolds are required to have a piecewise-linear, [[Differentiable manifold|differentiable]] (of class ''C<sup>r</sup>''), or [[Analytic manifold|analytic]] structure then one defines piecewise-linear, differentiable, or analytic foliations, respectively. In the most important case of differentiable foliation of class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' it is usually understood that ''r'' ≥ 1 (otherwise, ''C''<sup>0</sup> is a topological foliation).<ref>{{harvnb|Anosov|2001}}</ref> The number ''p'' (the dimension of the leaves) is called the dimension of the foliation and {{nowrap|1=''q'' = ''n'' − ''p''}} is called its [[Codimension|codimension]].

In some papers on [[Physics:General relativity|general relativity]] by mathematical physicists, the term  foliation (or '''slicing''') is used to describe a situation where  the relevant [[Pseudo-Riemannian manifold|Lorentz manifold]] (a (''p''+1)-dimensional [[Physics:Spacetime|spacetime]]) has been decomposed into [[Hypersurface|hypersurface]]s of dimension ''p'', specified as the level sets of a real-valued smooth function ([[Scalar field|scalar field]]) whose [[Gradient|gradient]] is everywhere non-zero; this smooth function is moreover usually assumed to be a '''time function,''' meaning that its gradient is everywhere [[Physics:Spacetime|time-like]], so that  its level-sets are all space-like hypersurfaces. In deference to  standard mathematical terminology, these  hypersurface are often  called the leaves (or sometimes '''slices''') of the foliation.<ref>{{harvnb|Gourgoulhon|2012|p=56}}</ref> Note that while this situation does constitute a codimension-1 foliation in the standard mathematical sense, examples of this type are actually globally trivial; while the leaves of a (mathematical) codimension-1 foliation  are always '''locally''' the level sets  of a function, they  generally cannot be expressed this way  globally,<ref>{{cite journal |first=G. |last=Reeb |title=Remarques sur les structures feuilletées |journal=Bull. Soc. Math. France |volume=87 |issue= |pages=445–450 |year=1959 |doi=10.24033/bsmf.1539 |url=http://archive.numdam.org/article/BSMF_1959__87__445_0.pdf |zbl=0122.41603|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lawson"/> as a leaf may pass through  a local-trivializing chart infinitely many times, and the holonomy around a leaf may also obstruct the existence of a globally-consistent defining functions for the leaves.  For example, while the [[3-sphere|3-sphere]] has a famous codimension-1 foliation discovered by Reeb, a codimension-1 foliation of a closed manifold cannot be given by the level sets of a smooth function, since a smooth function on a closed manifold necessarily has critical points at its maxima and minima.

==Foliated charts and atlases==
In order to give a more precise definition of foliation, it is necessary to define some auxiliary elements.
[[Image:Foliated chart.svg|200px|thumb|left|A 3-dimensional foliated chart with ''n'' = 3 and ''q'' = 1. The plaques are 2-dimensional and the transversals are 1-dimensional.]]
A ''rectangular [[Neighbourhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]]'' in '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> is an [[Open set|open]] [[Subset|subset]] of the form ''B'' = ''J''<sub>1</sub> × ⋅⋅⋅ × ''J''<sub>n</sub>, where ''J<sub>i</sub>'' is a (possibly unbounded) relatively open interval in the ''i''th coordinate axis. If ''J''<sub>1</sub> is of the form (''a'',0], it is said that ''B'' has [[Boundary (topology)|boundary]]<ref>{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=19}}</ref>
:<math>\partial B = \left \{ \left(0,x^2, \ldots, x^n \right ) \in B \right \}.</math>
In the following definition, coordinate charts are considered that have values in '''R'''<sup>''p''</sup> × '''R'''<sup>''q''</sup>, allowing the possibility of manifolds with boundary and ([[Convex set|convex]]) corners.

A ''foliated chart'' on the ''n''-manifold ''M'' of codimension ''q'' is a pair (''U'',''&phi;''), where ''U'' ⊆ ''M'' is open and <math>\varphi: U \to B_{\tau} \times B_{\pitchfork}</math> is a [[Diffeomorphism|diffeomorphism]], <math>B_{\pitchfork}</math> being a rectangular neighborhood in '''R'''<sup>''q''</sup> and <math>B_{\tau}</math> a rectangular neighborhood in '''R'''<sup>''p''</sup>. The set ''P<sub>y</sub>'' = ''&phi;''<sup>−1</sup>(''B<sub>τ</sub>'' × {''y''}), where <math>y \in B_{\pitchfork}</math>, is called a ''plaque'' of this foliated chart. For each x ∈ ''B<sub>τ</sub>'', the set ''S<sub>x</sub>'' = ''&phi;''<sup>−1</sup>({''x''} × <math>B_{\pitchfork}</math>) is called a ''[[Transversal (geometry)|transversal]]'' of the foliated chart. The set ''∂<sub>τ</sub>U'' = ''&phi;''<sup>−1</sup>(''B<sub>τ</sub>'' × (''∂''<math>B_{\pitchfork}</math>)) is called the ''tangential boundary'' of ''U'' and <math>\partial_{\pitchfork}U</math> = ''&phi;''<sup>−1</sup>((''∂B<sub>τ</sub>'') × <math>B_{\pitchfork}</math>) is called the ''transverse boundary'' of ''U''.<ref name="Foliations I p. 20">{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=20}}</ref>

The foliated chart is the basic model for all foliations, the plaques being the leaves. The notation ''B<sub>τ</sub>'' is read as "''B''-tangential" and <math>B_{\pitchfork}</math>  as "''B''-transverse". There are also various possibilities. If both <math>B_{\pitchfork}</math> and ''B<sub>τ</sub>'' have empty boundary, the foliated chart models codimension-''q'' foliations of ''n''-manifolds without boundary. If one, but not both of these rectangular neighborhoods has boundary, the foliated chart models the various possibilities for foliations of ''n''-manifolds with boundary and without corners. Specifically, if ''∂''<math>B_{\pitchfork}</math> ≠ ∅ = ''∂B<sub>τ</sub>'', then ''∂U'' = ''∂<sub>τ</sub>U'' is a union of plaques and the foliation by plaques is tangent to the boundary. If ''∂B<sub>τ</sub>'' ≠ ∅ = ''∂''<math>B_{\pitchfork}</math>, then ''∂U'' = <math>\partial_{\pitchfork}U</math> is a union of transversals and the foliation is transverse to the boundary. Finally, if ''∂''<math>B_{\pitchfork}</math> ≠ ∅ ≠ ''∂B<sub>τ</sub>'', this is a model of a foliated manifold with a corner separating the tangential boundary from the transverse boundary.<ref name="Foliations I p. 20"/>
[[Image:Foliated chart boundaries.svg|500px|thumb|right|(''a'') Foliation tangent to the boundary ''∂''<math>B_{\pitchfork}</math> ≠ ∅ = ''∂B<sub>τ</sub>''; (''b'') Foliation transverse to the boundary ''∂B<sub>τ</sub>'' ≠ ∅ = ''∂''<math>B_{\pitchfork}</math>; (''c'') Foliation with a corner separating the tangential boundary from the transverse boundary ''∂''<math>B_{\pitchfork}</math> ≠ ∅ ≠ ''∂B<sub>τ</sub>''.]]

A ''foliated [[Atlas (topology)|atlas]]'' of codimension ''q'' and class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' (0 ≤ ''r'' ≤ ∞) on the ''n''-manifold ''M'' is a ''C<sup>r</sup>''-atlas <math>\mathcal{U} = \{(U_{\alpha}, \varphi_{\alpha})\mid \alpha \in A\}</math> of foliated charts of codimension ''q'' which are ''coherently foliated'' in the sense that, whenever ''P'' and ''Q'' are plaques in distinct charts of <math>\mathcal{U}</math>, then ''P'' ∩ ''Q'' is open both in ''P'' and ''Q''.<ref>{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=23}}</ref>

A useful way to reformulate the notion of coherently foliated charts is to write for ''w'' ∈ ''U''<sub>α</sub> ∩ ''U''<sub>β</sub> <ref name="Foliations I p. 25">{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=25}}</ref>
:<math>\varphi_{\alpha} (w) = \left ( x_{\alpha} (w), y_{\alpha} (w) \right ) \in B_{\tau}^{\alpha} \times B_{\pitchfork}^{\alpha},</math>
:<math>\varphi_{\beta} (w) = \left ( x_{\beta} (w), y_{\beta} (w) \right ) \in B_{\tau}^{\beta} \times B_{\pitchfork}^{\beta}.</math>
The notation (''U''<sub>α</sub>,''φ''<sub>α</sub>) is often written (''U''<sub>α</sub>,''x''<sub>α</sub>,''y''<sub>α</sub>), with <ref name="Foliations I p. 25"/>
:<math>x_{\alpha} = \left (x_{\alpha}^1, \dots,x_{\alpha}^p \right ), </math>
:<math>y_{\alpha} = \left (y_{\alpha}^1, \dots,y_{\alpha}^q \right ). </math>

On ''φ''<sub>β</sub>(''U''<sub>α</sub> ∩ ''U''<sub>β</sub>) the coordinates formula can be changed as <ref name="Foliations I p. 25"/>
:<math>g_{\alpha \beta} \left ( x_{\beta},y_{\beta} \right ) = \varphi_{\alpha} \circ \varphi_{\beta}^{-1} \left ( x_{\beta}, y_{\beta} \right ) = \left ( x_{\alpha} \left ( x_{\beta}, y_{\beta} \right ), y_{\alpha} \left ( x_{\beta}, y_{\beta} \right ) \right ).</math>
[[Image:Two plaques meeting.svg|200px|thumb|left|Plaques of ''U''<sub>α</sub> each meet two plaques of ''U''<sub>β</sub>.]]
The condition that (''U''<sub>''α''</sub>,''x''<sub>''α''</sub>,''y''<sub>''α''</sub>) and (''U''<sub>''β''</sub>,''x''<sub>''β''</sub>,''y''<sub>''β''</sub>) be coherently foliated means that, if ''P'' ⊂ ''U''<sub>''α''</sub> is a plaque, the connected components of ''P'' ∩ ''U''<sub>''β''</sub> lie in (possibly distinct) plaques of ''U''<sub>''β''</sub>. Equivalently, since the plaques of ''U''<sub>''α''</sub> and ''U''<sub>''β''</sub> are level sets of the transverse coordinates ''y''<sub>''α''</sub> and ''y''<sub>''β''</sub>, respectively, each point ''z'' ∈ ''U''<sub>''α''</sub> ∩ ''U''<sub>''β''</sub> has a neighborhood in which the formula
:<math>y_\alpha = y_\alpha(x_\beta, y_\beta) = y_\alpha(y_\beta)</math>
is independent of ''x''<sub>''β''</sub>.<ref name="Foliations I p. 25"/>

The main use of foliated atlases is to link their overlapping plaques to form the leaves  of a foliation. For this and other purposes, the general definition of foliated atlas above is a bit clumsy. One problem is that a plaque of (''U''<sub>α</sub>,''φ''<sub>α</sub>) can meet multiple plaques of (''U''<sub>β</sub>,''φ''<sub>β</sub>). It can even happen that a plaque of one chart meets infinitely many plaques of another chart. However, no generality is lost in assuming the situation to be much more regular as shown below.

Two foliated atlases <math>\mathcal{U}</math> and <math>\mathcal{V}</math> on ''M'' of the same codimension and [[Smoothness|smoothness]] class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' are ''coherent'' <math>\left ( \mathcal{U} \thickapprox \mathcal{V} \right )</math> if <math>\mathcal{U} \cup \mathcal{V}</math> is a foliated ''C<sup>r</sup>''-atlas. Coherence of foliated atlases is an equivalence relation.<ref name="Foliations I p. 25"/>
:{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!Proof <ref name="Foliations I p. 25"/>
|-
|
[[Reflexive relation|Reflexivity]] and [[Symmetric relation|symmetry]] are immediate. To prove [[Transitive relation|transitivity]] let <math>\mathcal{U} \thickapprox \mathcal{V}</math> and <math>\mathcal{V} \thickapprox \mathcal{W}</math>. Let (''U''<sub>''α''</sub>,''x''<sub>''α''</sub>,''y''<sub>''α''</sub>) ∈ <math>\mathcal{U}</math> and (''W''<sub>''λ''</sub>,''x''<sub>''λ''</sub>,''y''<sub>''λ''</sub>) ∈ <math>\mathcal{W}</math> and suppose that there is a point ''w'' ∈ ''U''<sub>''α''</sub> ∩ ''W''<sub>''λ''</sub>. Choose (''V''<sub>''δ''</sub>,''x''<sub>''δ''</sub>,''y''<sub>''δ''</sub>) ∈ <math>\mathcal{V}</math> such that ''w'' ∈ ''V''<sub>''δ''</sub>. By the above remarks, there is a neighborhood ''N'' of ''w'' in ''U''<sub>''α''</sub> ∩ ''V''<sub>''δ''</sub> ∩ ''W''<sub>''λ''</sub> such that
:<math>y_\delta = y_\delta( y_\lambda) \quad \text{on} \quad \varphi_\lambda ( N ),</math>
:<math>y_\alpha = y_\alpha(y_\delta) \quad \text{on} \quad \varphi_\delta ( N ),</math>
and hence
:<math>y_{\alpha} = y_\alpha \left ( y_\delta( y_\lambda) \right ) \quad \text{on} \quad \varphi_\delta ( N ).</math>
Since ''w'' ∈ ''U''<sub>α</sub> ∩ ''W''<sub>λ</sub> is arbitrary, it can be concluded that ''y''<sub>α</sub>(''x''<sub>λ</sub>,''y''<sub>λ</sub>) is locally independent of ''x''<sub>λ</sub>. It is thus proven that <math>\mathcal{U} \thickapprox \mathcal{W}</math>, hence that coherence is transitive.<ref name="Foliations I p. 26">{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=26}}</ref>
|}
[[Image:Regular foliated atlas.svg|350px|thumb|right|Sample charts in a regular foliated atlas.]]
Plaques and transversals defined above on open sets are also open. But one can speak also of closed plaques and transversals. Namely, if (''U'',''φ'') and (''W'',''ψ'') are foliated charts such that <math>\overline{U}</math> (the [[Closure (mathematics)|closure]] of ''U'') is a subset of ''W'' and ''φ'' = ''ψ''|''U'' then, if <math>\varphi(U) = B_{\tau} \times B_{\pitchfork},</math> it can be seen that <math>\psi|\overline{U}</math>, written <math>\overline{\varphi}</math>, carries <math>\overline{U}</math> diffeomorphically onto <math>\overline{B}_{\tau} \times \overline{B}_{\pitchfork}.</math>

A foliated atlas is said to be ''regular'' if
# for each α ∈ ''A'', <math>\overline{U}_{\alpha}</math> is a compact subset of a foliated chart (''W''<sub>α</sub>,''ψ''<sub>α</sub>) and ''φ''<sub>α</sub> = ''ψ''<sub>α</sub>|''U''<sub>α</sub>;
# the [[Cover (topology)|cover]] {''U''<sub>α</sub> | α ∈ ''A''} is [[Locally finite collection|locally finite]];
# if (''U''<sub>α</sub>,''φ''<sub>α</sub>) and (''U''<sub>β</sub>,''φ''<sub>β</sub>) are elements of the foliated atlas, then the interior of each closed plaque ''P'' ⊂ <math>\overline{U}_{\alpha}</math> meets at most one plaque in <math>\overline{U}_{\beta}.</math> <ref name="Foliations I p. 27">{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=27}}</ref>

By property (1), the coordinates ''x''<sub>α</sub> and ''y''<sub>α</sub> extend to coordinates <math>\overline{x}_{\alpha}</math> and <math>\overline{y}_{\alpha}</math> on <math>\overline{U}_{\alpha}</math> and one writes <math>\overline{\varphi}_{\alpha} = \left (\overline{x}_{\alpha},\overline{y}_{\alpha} \right ).</math> Property (3) is equivalent to requiring that, if ''U''<sub>α</sub> ∩ ''U''<sub>β</sub> ≠ ∅, the transverse coordinate changes <math>\overline{y}_{\alpha} = \overline{y}_{\alpha} \left ( \overline{x}_{\beta}, \overline{y}_{\beta} \right )</math> be independent of <math>\overline{x}_{\beta}.</math> That is
:<math>\overline{g}_{\alpha \beta} = \overline{\varphi}_{\alpha} \circ \overline{\varphi}_{\beta}^{-1} : \overline{\varphi}_{\beta} \left ( \overline{U}_{\alpha} \cap \overline{U}_{\beta} \right ) \rightarrow \overline{\varphi}_{\alpha} \left ( \overline{U}_{\alpha} \cap \overline{U}_{\beta} \right )</math>
has the formula <ref name="Foliations I p. 27"/>
:<math>\overline{g}_{\alpha \beta} \left ( \overline{x}_{\beta}, \overline{y}_{\beta} \right ) = \left ( \overline{x}_{\alpha} \left ( \overline{x}_{\beta}, \overline{y}_{\beta} \right ), \overline{y}_{\alpha} \left ( \overline{y}_{\beta} \right ) \right ).</math> 
Similar assertions hold also for open charts (without the overlines). The transverse coordinate map ''y''<sub>α</sub> can be viewed as a [[Submersion (mathematics)|submersion]]
:<math>y_{\alpha} : U_{\alpha} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^q</math>
and the formulas ''y''<sub>α</sub> = ''y''<sub>α</sub>(''y''<sub>β</sub>) can be viewed as diffeomorphisms
:<math>\gamma_{\alpha \beta} : y_{\beta} \left ( U_{\alpha} \cap U_{\beta} \right ) \rightarrow y_{\alpha} \left ( U_{\alpha} \cap U_{\beta} \right ).</math>
These satisfy the cocycle conditions. That is, on ''y''<sub>δ</sub>(''U''<sub>α</sub> ∩ ''U''<sub>β</sub> ∩ ''U''<sub>δ</sub>),
:<math>\gamma_{\alpha \delta} = \gamma_{\alpha \beta} \circ \gamma_{\beta \delta}</math>
and, in particular,<ref>{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=28}}</ref>
:<math>\gamma_{\alpha \alpha} \equiv y_{\alpha} \left ( U_{\alpha} \right ),</math>
:<math>\gamma_{\alpha \beta} = \gamma_{\beta \alpha}^{-1}.</math>
Using the above definitions for coherence and regularity it can be proven that every foliated atlas has a coherent [[Refinement (topology)|refinement]] that is regular.<ref name="Foliations I p. 29">{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=29}}</ref>
:{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!Proof <ref name="Foliations I p. 29"/>
|-
|
Fix a metric on ''M'' and a foliated atlas <math>\mathcal{W}.</math> Passing to a [[Cover (topology)|subcover]], if necessary, one can assume that <math>\mathcal{W} = \left \{ W_j,\psi_j \right \}_{j=1}^l</math> is finite. Let ε > 0 be a Lebesgue number for <math>\mathcal{W}.</math> That is, any subset ''X'' ⊆ ''M'' of diameter < ε lies entirely in some ''W<sub>j</sub>''. For each ''x'' ∈ ''M'', choose ''j'' such that ''x'' ∈ ''W<sub>j</sub>'' and choose a foliated chart (''U<sub>x</sub>'', ''φ<sub>x</sub>'') such that
:''x'' ∈ ''U<sub>x</sub>'' ⊆ <math>\overline{U}_x</math> ⊂ ''W<sub>j</sub>'',
:''φ<sub>x</sub>'' = ''ψ<sub>j</sub>''|''U<sub>x</sub>'',
:diam(''U<sub>x</sub>'') < ε/2.
Suppose that ''U<sub>x</sub>'' ⊂ ''W<sub>k</sub>'', ''k'' ≠ ''j'', and write ''ψ<sub>k</sub>'' = (''x<sub>k</sub>'',''y<sub>k</sub>'') as usual, where ''y<sub>k</sub>'' : ''W<sub>k</sub>'' → '''R'''<sup>''q''</sup> is the transverse coordinate map. This is a [[Submersion (mathematics)|submersion]] having the plaques in ''W<sub>k</sub>'' as level sets. Thus, ''y<sub>k</sub>'' restricts to a submersion ''y<sub>k</sub>'' : ''U<sub>x</sub>'' → '''R'''<sup>''q''</sup>.

This is locally constant in ''x<sub>j</sub>''; so choosing ''U<sub>x</sub>'' smaller, if necessary, one can assume that ''y<sub>k</sub>''|<math>\overline{U}_x</math> has the plaques of <math>\overline{U}_x</math> as its level sets. That is, each plaque of ''W<sub>k</sub>'' meets (hence contains) at most one (compact) plaque of <math>\overline{U}_x</math>. Since 1 < ''k'' < ''l'' < ∞, one can choose ''U<sub>x</sub>'' so that, whenever ''U<sub>x</sub>'' ⊂ ''W<sub>k</sub>'', distinct plaques of <math>\overline{U}_x</math> lie in distinct plaques of ''W<sub>k</sub>''. Pass to a finite subatlas <math>\mathcal{U} = \left \{U_i,\varphi_i \right \}_{i=1}^N</math> of {(''U<sub>x</sub>'',''φ<sub>x</sub>'') | ''x'' ∈ ''M''}. If ''U<sub>i</sub>'' ∩ ''U<sub>j</sub>'' ≠ 0, then diam(''U<sub>i</sub>'' ∪ ''U<sub>j</sub>'') < ε, and so there is an index ''k'' such that <math>\overline{U}_i \cup \overline{U}_j \subseteq W_k.</math> Distinct plaques of <math>\overline{U}_i</math> (respectively, of <math>\overline{U}_j</math>) lie in distinct plaques of ''W<sub>k</sub>''. Hence each plaque of <math>\overline{U}_i</math> has interior meeting at most one plaque of <math>\overline{U}_j</math> and vice versa. By construction, <math>\mathcal{U}</math> is a coherent refinement of <math>\mathcal{W}</math> and is a regular foliated atlas.

If ''M'' is not compact, local compactness and second countability allows one to choose a sequence <math>\left \{ K_i \right \}_{i=0}^{\infty}</math> of compact subsets such that ''K<sub>i</sub>'' ⊂ int ''K''<sub>''i''+1</sub> for each ''i'' ≥ 0 and <math>M = \bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty} K_i.</math> Passing to a subatlas, it is assumed that <math>\mathcal{W} = \left \{ W_j, \psi_j \right \}_{j=0}^{\infty}</math> is countable and a strictly increasing sequence <math> \left \{ n_l \right \}_{l=0}^{\infty}</math> of positive integers can be found such that <math>\mathcal{W}_l = \left \{ W_j, \psi_j \right \}_{j=0}^{n_l}</math> covers ''K<sub>l</sub>''. Let δ<sub>''l''</sub> denote the distance from ''K<sub>l</sub>'' to ∂''K''<sub>''l''+1</sub> and choose ε<sub>''l''</sub> > 0 so small that ε<sub>''l''</sub> < min{δ<sub>''l''</sub>/2,ε<sub>''l''-1</sub>} for ''l'' ≥ 1, ε<sub>0</sub> < δ<sub>0</sub>/2, and ε<sub>''l''</sub> is a Lebesgue number for <math>\mathcal{W}_l</math> (as an open cover of ''K<sub>l</sub>'') and for <math>\mathcal{W}_{l+1}</math> (as an open cover of ''K''<sub>''l''+1</sub>). More precisely, if ''X'' ⊂ ''M'' meets ''K<sub>l</sub>'' (respectively, ''K''<sub>''l''+1</sub>) and diam ''X'' < ε<sub>''l''</sub>, then ''X'' lies in some element of <math>\mathcal{W}_l</math> (respectively, <math>\mathcal{W}_{l+1}</math>). For each ''x'' ∈ ''K<sub>l</sub>'' <math>\diagdown</math> int ''K''<sub>''l''-1</sub>, construct (''U<sub>x</sub>'',''φ<sub>x</sub>'') as for the compact case, requiring that <math>\overline{U}_x</math> be a compact subset of ''W<sub>j</sub>'' and that ''φ<sub>x</sub>'' = ''ψ<sub>j</sub>''|''U<sub>x</sub>'', some ''j'' ≤ ''n<sub>l</sub>''. Also, require that diam<math>\overline{U}_x</math> < ε<sub>''l''</sub>/2. As before, pass to a finite subcover <math>\left \{U_i,\varphi_i \right \}_{i=n_{l-1} + 1}^{n_l}</math> of ''K<sub>l</sub>'' <math>\diagdown</math> int ''K''<sub>''l''-1</sub>. (Here, it is taken ''n''<sub>−1</sub> = 0.) This creates a regular foliated atlas <math>\mathcal{U} = \left \{U_i,\varphi_i \right \}_{i=1}^{\infty}</math> that refines <math>\mathcal{W}</math> and is coherent with <math>\mathcal{W}.</math>.
|}

==Foliation definitions==
Several alternative definitions of foliation exist depending on the way through which the foliation is achieved. The most common way to achieve a foliation is through [[Manifold decomposition|decomposition]] reaching to the following
[[Image:Foliation definition.svg|400px|thumb|left|Decomposition through the coordinates function ''x'' : ''U''→'''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>.]]
'''Definition.''' A ''p''-dimensional, class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' foliation of an ''n''-dimensional manifold ''M'' is a decomposition of ''M'' into a union of [[Disjoint sets|disjoint]] connected submanifolds {''L''<sub>α</sub>}<sub>α∈''A''</sub>, called the ''leaves'' of the foliation, with the following property: Every point in ''M'' has a neighborhood ''U'' and a system of local, class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' coordinates ''x''=(''x''<sup>1</sup>, ⋅⋅⋅, ''x<sup>n</sup>'') : ''U''→'''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> such that for each leaf ''L''<sub>α</sub>, the components of ''U'' ∩ ''L''<sub>α</sub> are described by the equations ''x''<sup>''p''+1</sup>=constant, ⋅⋅⋅, ''x<sup>n</sup>''=constant. A foliation is denoted by <math>\mathcal{F}</math>={''L''<sub>α</sub>}<sub>α∈''A''</sub>.<ref name="Lawson">{{harvnb|Lawson|1974}}</ref>

The notion of leaves allows for an intuitive way of thinking about a foliation. For a slightly more geometrical definition, {{mvar|p}}-dimensional foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> of an {{mvar|n}}-manifold {{mvar|M}} may be thought of as simply a collection {{math|{''M<sub>a</sub>''} }} of pairwise-disjoint, connected, immersed {{mvar|p}}-dimensional submanifolds (the leaves of the foliation) of {{mvar|M}}, such that for every point {{mvar|x}} in {{mvar|M}}, there is a chart <math>(U,\varphi)</math> with {{mvar|U}} homeomorphic to {{math|'''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>}} containing {{mvar|x}} such that every leaf, {{math|''M<sub>a</sub>''}}, meets {{mvar|U}} in either the empty set or a countable collection of subspaces whose images under <math>\varphi</math> in <math>\varphi (M_a \cap U)</math> are {{mvar|p}}-dimensional [[Affine space|affine subspaces]] whose first {{math|''n'' − ''p''}} coordinates are constant.

Locally, every foliation is a [[Submersion (mathematics)|submersion]] allowing the following

'''Definition.''' Let ''M'' and ''Q'' be manifolds of dimension ''n'' and ''q''≤''n'' respectively, and let ''f'' : ''M''→''Q'' be a submersion, that is, suppose that the rank of the function differential (the [[Jacobian matrix and determinant|Jacobian]]) is ''q''. It follows from the Implicit Function Theorem that ''ƒ'' induces a codimension-''q'' foliation on ''M'' where the leaves are defined to be the components of ''f''<sup>−1</sup>(''x'') for ''x'' ∈ ''Q''.<ref name="Lawson" />

This definition describes a [[Physics:Dimension|dimension]]-{{mvar|p}} foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> of an {{mvar|n}}-dimensional manifold {{mvar|M}} that is a covered by charts {{math|''U<sub>i</sub>''}} together with maps

:<math>\varphi_i:U_i \to \mathbb{R}^n</math>

such that for overlapping pairs {{math|''U<sub>i</sub>'', ''U<sub>j</sub>''}} the transition functions {{math|''φ<sub>ij</sub>'' : '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> → '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>}} defined by

:<math>\varphi_{ij} =\varphi_j \varphi_i^{-1}</math>

take the form

:<math>\varphi_{ij}(x,y) = (\varphi_{ij}^1(x),\varphi_{ij}^2(x,y))</math>

where {{mvar|x}} denotes the first {{mvar|q}} = {{math|''n'' − ''p''}} coordinates, and {{mvar|y}} denotes the last {{mvar|p}} co-ordinates. That is,

:<math>\begin{align}
\varphi_{ij}^1:{} &\mathbb{R}^q\to\mathbb{R}^q \\
\varphi_{ij}^2:{} &\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^p
\end{align}</math>
The splitting of the transition functions ''φ<sub>ij</sub>'' into <math>\varphi_{ij}^1(x)</math> and <math>\varphi_{ij}^2(x,y)</math> as a part of the submersion is completely analogous to the splitting of <math>\overline{g}_{\alpha \beta}</math> into <math>\overline{y}_{\alpha} \left ( \overline{y}_{\beta} \right )</math> and <math> \overline{x}_{\alpha} \left ( \overline{x}_{\beta}, \overline{y}_{\beta} \right )</math> as a part of the definition of a regular foliated atlas. This makes possible another definition of foliations in terms of regular foliated atlases. To this end, one has to prove first that every regular foliated atlas of codimension ''q'' is associated 
to a unique foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> of codimension ''q''.<ref name="Foliations I p. 29"/>
:{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!Proof <ref name="Foliations I p. 29"/>
|-
|
Let <math>\mathcal{U} = \left \{U_a,\varphi_{\alpha} \right \}_{\alpha \in A}</math> be a regular foliated atlas of codimension ''q''. Define an equivalence relation on ''M'' by setting ''x'' ~ ''y'' if and only if either there is a <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaque ''P''<sub>0</sub> such that ''x'',''y'' ∈ ''P''<sub>0</sub> or there is a sequence ''L'' = {''P''<sub>0</sub>,''P''<sub>1</sub>,⋅⋅⋅,''P<sub>p</sub>''} of <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaques such that ''x'' ∈ ''P''<sub>0</sub>, y ∈ ''P<sub>p</sub>'', and ''P<sub>i</sub>'' ∩ ''P''<sub>''i''-1</sub> ≠ ∅ with 1 ≤ ''i'' ≤ ''p''. The sequence ''L'' will be called a ''plaque chain of length p'' connecting ''x'' and ''y''. In the case that ''x'',''y'' ∈ ''P''<sub>0</sub>, it is said that {''P''<sub>0</sub>} is a plaque chain of length 0 connecting ''x'' and ''y''. The fact that ~ is an equivalence relation is clear. It is also clear that each equivalence class ''L'' is a union of plaques. Since <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaques can only overlap in open subsets of each other, ''L'' is locally a topologically immersed submanifold of dimension ''n'' − ''q''. The open subsets of the plaques ''P'' ⊂ ''L'' form the base of a locally Euclidean topology on ''L'' of dimension ''n'' − ''q'' and ''L'' is clearly connected in this topology. It is also trivial to check that ''L'' is [[Hausdorff space|Hausdorff]]. The main problem is to show that ''L'' is second countable. Since each plaque is 2nd countable, the same will hold for ''L'' if it is shown that the set of <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaques in ''L'' is at most countably infinite. Fix one such plaque ''P''<sub>0</sub>. By the definition of a regular, foliated atlas, ''P''<sub>0</sub> meets only finitely many other plaques. That is, there are only finitely many plaque chains {''P''<sub>0</sub>,''P<sub>i</sub>''} of length 1. By induction on the length ''p'' of plaque chains that begin at ''P''<sub>0</sub>, it is similarly proven that there are only finitely many of length ≤ p. Since every <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaque in ''L'' is, by the definition of ~, reached by a finite plaque chain starting at ''P''<sub>0</sub>, the assertion follows.  
|}
As shown in the proof, the leaves of the foliation are equivalence classes of plaque chains of length ≤ ''p'' which are also topologically immersed Hausdorff {{mvar|p}}-dimensional [[Submanifold|submanifold]]s. Next, it is shown that the equivalence relation of plaques on a leaf is expressed in equivalence of coherent foliated atlases in respect to their association with a foliation. More specifically, if <math>\mathcal{U}</math> and <math>\mathcal{V}</math> are foliated atlases on ''M'' and if <math>\mathcal{U}</math> is associated to a foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> then <math>\mathcal{U}</math> and <math>\mathcal{V}</math> are coherent if and only if <math>\mathcal{V}</math> is also associated to <math>\mathcal{F}</math>.<ref name="Foliations I p. 26"/>
:{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!Proof <ref name="Foliations I p. 26"/>
|-
|
If <math>\mathcal{V}</math> is also associated to <math>\mathcal{F}</math>, every leaf ''L'' is a union of <math>\mathcal{V}</math>-plaques and of <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaques. These plaques are open subsets in the manifold topology of ''L'', hence intersect in open subsets of each other. Since plaques are connected, a <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaque cannot intersect a <math>\mathcal{V}</math>-plaque unless they lie in a common leaf; so the foliated atlases are coherent. Conversely, if we only know that <math>\mathcal{U}</math> is associated to <math>\mathcal{F}</math> and that <math>\mathcal{V} \approx \mathcal{U}</math>, let ''Q'' be a <math>\mathcal{V}</math>-plaque. If ''L'' is a leaf of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> and ''w'' ∈ ''L'' ∩ ''Q'', let ''P'' ∈ ''L'' be a <math>\mathcal{U}</math>-plaque with ''w'' ∈ ''P''. Then ''P'' ∩ ''Q'' is an open neighborhood of ''w'' in ''Q'' and ''P'' ∩ ''Q'' ⊂ ''L'' ∩ ''Q''. Since ''w'' ∈ ''L'' ∩ ''Q'' is arbitrary, it follows that ''L'' ∩ ''Q'' is open in ''Q''. Since ''L'' is an arbitrary leaf, it follows that ''Q'' decomposes into disjoint open subsets, each of which is the intersection of ''Q'' with some leaf of <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. Since ''Q'' is connected, ''L'' ∩ ''Q'' = ''Q''. Finally, ''Q'' is an arbitrary <math>\mathcal{V}</math>-plaque, and so <math>\mathcal{V}</math> is associated to <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. 
|}
It is now obvious that the correspondence between foliations on ''M'' and their associated foliated atlases induces a one-to-one correspondence between the set of foliations on ''M'' and the set of coherence classes of foliated atlases or, in other words, a foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> of codimension ''q'' and class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' on ''M'' is a coherence class of foliated atlases of codimension ''q'' and class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' on ''M''.<ref name="Foliations I p. 31">{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=31}}</ref> By [[Zorn's lemma]], it is obvious that every coherence class of foliated atlases contains a unique maximal foliated atlas. Thus,

'''Definition.''' A foliation of codimension ''q'' and class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' on ''M'' is a maximal foliated ''C<sup>r</sup>''-atlas of codimension ''q'' on ''M''.<ref name="Foliations I p. 31"/>

In practice, a relatively small foliated atlas is generally used to represent a foliation. Usually, it is also required this atlas to be regular.

In the chart {{math|''U<sub>i</sub>''}}, the stripes {{math|''x'' {{=}} [[Constant function|constant]]}} match up with the stripes on other charts {{math|''U<sub>j</sub>''}}. These submanifolds piece together from chart to chart to form maximal [[Connected space|connected]] injectively immersed submanifolds called the '''leaves''' of the foliation.

If one shrinks the chart {{math|''U<sub>i</sub>''}} it can be written as {{math|''U<sub>ix</sub>'' × ''U<sub>iy</sub>''}}, where {{math|''U<sub>ix</sub>'' ⊂ '''R'''<sup>''n''−''p''</sup>, ''U<sub>iy</sub>'' ⊂ '''R'''<sup>''p''</sup>}}, {{math|''U<sub>iy</sub>''}}
is homeomorphic to the plaques, and the points of {{math|''U<sub>ix</sub>''}} parametrize the plaques in {{math|''U<sub>i</sub>''}}. If one picks {{math|''y''<sub>0</sub>}} in {{math|''U<sub>iy</sub>''}}, then {{math|''U<sub>ix</sub>'' × {''y''<sub>0</sub>} }} is a submanifold of {{math|''U<sub>i</sub>''}} that intersects every plaque exactly once. This is called a local [[Transversality (mathematics)|''transversal'']] [[Section (category theory)|''section'']] of the foliation. Note that due to [[Monodromy#Monodromy groupoid|monodromy]] global transversal sections of the foliation might not exist.

The case ''r'' = 0 is rather special. Those ''C''<sup>0</sup> foliations that arise in practice are usually "smooth-leaved". More precisely, they are of class ''C''<sup>''r'',0</sup>, in the following sense.

'''Definition.''' A foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is of class ''C<sup>r,k</sup>'', ''r'' > ''k'' ≥ 0, if the corresponding coherence class of foliated atlases contains a regular foliated atlas {''U''<sub>α</sub>,''x''<sub>α</sub>,''y''<sub>α</sub>}<sub>α∈''A''</sub> such that the change of coordinate formula
:<math>g_{\alpha \beta}(x_\beta, y_\beta) = ( x_\alpha( x_\beta, y_\beta), y_\alpha ( y_\beta)).</math>
is of class ''C<sup>k</sup>'', but ''x''<sub>α</sub> is of class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' in the coordinates ''x''<sub>β</sub> and its mixed ''x''<sub>β</sub> partials of orders ≤&nbsp;''r'' are ''C<sup>k</sup>'' in the coordinates (''x''<sub>β</sub>,''y''<sub>β</sub>).<ref name="Foliations I p. 31"/>

The above definition suggests the more general concept of a ''foliated space'' or ''abstract lamination''. One relaxes the condition that the transversals be open, relatively compact subsets of '''R'''<sup>''q''</sup>, allowing the transverse coordinates ''y''<sub>α</sub> to take their values in some more general topological space ''Z''. The plaques are still open, relatively compact subsets of '''R'''<sup>''p''</sup>, the change of transverse coordinate formula ''y''<sub>α</sub>(''y''<sub>β</sub>) is continuous and ''x''<sub>''α''</sub>(''x''<sub>''β''</sub>,''y''<sub>''β''</sub>) is of class ''C<sup>r</sup>'' in the coordinates ''x''<sub>''β''</sub> and its mixed ''x''<sub>''β''</sub> partials of orders ≤&nbsp;''r'' are continuous in the coordinates (''x''<sub>''β''</sub>,''y''<sub>''β''</sub>). One usually requires ''M'' and ''Z'' to be locally compact, second countable and metrizable. This may seem like a rather wild generalization, but there are contexts in which it is useful.<ref>{{harvnb|Candel|Conlon|2000|p=32}}</ref>

==Holonomy==
Let (''M'', <math>\mathcal{F}</math>) be a foliated manifold. If ''L'' is a leaf of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> and ''s'' is a path in ''L'', one is interested in the behavior of the foliation in a neighborhood of ''s'' in ''M''. Intuitively, an inhabitant of the leaf walks along the path ''s'', keeping an eye on all of the nearby leaves. As they (hereafter denoted by ''s''(''t'')) proceed, some of these leaves may "peel away", getting out of visual range, others may suddenly come into range and approach ''L'' asymptotically, others may follow along in a more or less parallel fashion or wind around ''L'' laterally, ''etc''. If ''s'' is a loop, then ''s''(''t'') repeatedly returns to the same point ''s''(''t''<sub>0</sub>) as ''t'' goes to infinity and each time more and more leaves may have spiraled into view or out of view, ''etc''. This behavior, when appropriately formalized, is called the ''holonomy'' of the foliation.

Holonomy is implemented on foliated manifolds in various specific ways: the total holonomy group of foliated bundles, the holonomy pseudogroup of general foliated manifolds, the germinal holonomy groupoid of general foliated manifolds, the germinal holonomy group of a leaf, and the infinitesimal holonomy group of a leaf.

===Foliated bundles===
The easiest case of holonomy to understand is the ''total holonomy'' of a foliated bundle. This is a generalization of the notion of a ''[[Poincaré map]]''.
[[Image:Holonomy.svg|300px|thumb|left|A cross section ''N'' and first return map ''f'' where ''M'' = ''S''<sup>1</sup> × ''D''<sup>2</sup> and ''N'' = ''D''<sup>2</sup>.]]
The term [[Poincaré map|"first return (recurrence) map"]] comes from the theory of dynamical systems. Let Φ<sub>''t''</sub> be a nonsingular ''C<sup>r</sup>'' flow (''r''&nbsp;≥&nbsp;1) on the compact ''n''-manifold ''M''. In applications, one can imagine that ''M'' is a [[Physics:Cyclotron|cyclotron]] or some closed loop with fluid flow. If ''M'' has a boundary, the flow is assumed to be tangent to the boundary. The flow generates a 1-dimensional foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. If one remembers the positive direction of flow, but otherwise forgets the parametrization (shape of trajectory, velocity, ''etc''.), the underlying foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is said to be oriented. Suppose that the flow admits a global cross section ''N''. That is, ''N'' is a compact, properly embedded, ''C<sup>r</sup>'' submanifold of ''M'' of dimension ''n''&nbsp;–&nbsp;1, the foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is transverse to ''N'', and every flow line meets ''N''. Because the dimensions of ''N'' and of the leaves are complementary, the transversality condition is that
:<math>T_y (M) = T_y(\mathcal{F}) \oplus T_y(N) \text{ for each } y\in N.</math>

Let ''y'' ∈ ''N'' and consider the ''ω''-[[Limit set|limit set]] ω(''y'') of all accumulation points in ''M'' of all sequences <math>\left \{\Phi_{t_k}(y)\right\}_{k=1}^\infty</math>, where ''t<sub>k</sub>'' goes to infinity. It can be shown that ω(y) is compact, nonempty, and a union of flow lines. If <math>z = \lim_{k \rightarrow \infty} \Phi_{t_k} \in \omega(y),</math> there is a value ''t''* ∈ '''R''' such that Φ<sub>''t''*</sub>(''z'') ∈ ''N'' and it follows that
:<math>\lim_{k \to \infty} \Phi_{t_k + t^\ast} (y) = \Phi_{t^\ast}(z) \in N.</math>
Since ''N'' is compact and <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is transverse to ''N'', it follows that the set {''t'' > 0 | Φ<sub>''t''</sub>(''y'') ∈ N} is a monotonically increasing sequence <math>\{\tau_k(y)\}_{k=1}^\infty</math> that diverges to infinity.

As ''y'' ∈ ''N'' varies, let ''τ''(''y'') = ''τ''<sub>1</sub>(''y''), defining in this way a positive function ''τ'' ∈ ''C<sup>r</sup>''(''N'') (the first return time) such that, for arbitrary ''y'' ∈ ''N'', Φ<sub>''t''</sub>(''y'') ∉ ''N'', 0 < ''t'' < ''τ''(''y''), and Φ<sub>''τ''(''y'')</sub>(''y'') ∈ ''N''.

Define ''f'' : ''N'' → ''N'' by the formula ''f''(''y'') = Φ<sub>''τ''(''y'')</sub>(''y''). This is a ''C''<sup>''r''</sup> map. If the flow is reversed, exactly the same construction provides the inverse ''f''<sup>−1</sup>; so ''f'' ∈ Diff<sup>''r''</sup>(''N''). This diffeomorphism is the first return map and τ is called the ''first return time''. While the first return time depends on the parametrization of the flow, it should be evident that ''f'' depends only on the oriented foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. It is possible to reparametrize the flow Φ<sub>''t''</sub>, keeping it nonsingular, of class ''C<sup>r</sup>'', and not reversing its direction, so that&nbsp;''τ''&nbsp;≡&nbsp;1.

The assumption that there is a cross section N to the flow is very restrictive, implying that ''M'' is the total space of a fiber bundle over ''S''<sup>1</sup>. Indeed, on '''R''' × ''N'', define ~<sub>''f''</sub> to be the equivalence relation generated by 
:<math>(t,y) \sim_f (t-1,f(y)).</math>
Equivalently, this is the orbit equivalence for the action of the additive group '''Z''' on '''R''' × ''N'' defined by
:<math>k \cdot (t,y) = (t - k,f^k(y) ),</math>
for each ''k'' ∈ '''Z''' and for each (''t'',''y'') ∈ '''R''' × ''N''. The mapping cylinder of ''f'' is defined to be the ''C''<sup>''r''</sup> manifold
:<math>M_f = (\mathbb{R} \times N)/{\sim_f}.</math>
By the definition of the first return map ''f'' and the assumption that the first return time is τ ≡ 1, it is immediate that the map
:<math>\Phi : \mathbb{R} \times N \rightarrow M.</math>
defined by the flow, induces a canonical ''C''<sup>''r''</sup> diffeomorphism 
:<math>\varphi : M_f \rightarrow M.</math>
If we make the identification ''M''<sub>''f''</sub> = ''M'', then the projection of '''R''' × ''N'' onto '''R''' induces a ''C''<sup>''r''</sup> map
:<math>\pi : M \rightarrow \mathbb{R} / \mathbb{Z} = S^1</math>
that makes ''M'' into the total space of a fiber bundle over the circle. This is just the projection of ''S''<sup>1</sup> × ''D''<sup>2</sup> onto ''S''<sup>1</sup>. The foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is transverse to the fibers of this bundle and the bundle projection&nbsp;{{pi}}, restricted to each leaf ''L'', is a covering map {{pi}} : ''L'' → ''S''<sup>1</sup>. This is called a ''foliated bundle''.

Take as basepoint ''x''<sub>0</sub> ∈ ''S''<sup>1</sup> the equivalence class 0 + '''Z'''; so π<sup>−1</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>) is the original cross section ''N''. For each loop ''s'' on ''S''<sup>1</sup>, based at ''x''<sub>0</sub>, the homotopy class [''s''] ∈ π<sub>1</sub>(''S''<sup>1</sup>,''x''<sub>0</sub>) is uniquely characterized by deg ''s'' ∈ '''Z'''. The loop ''s'' lifts to a path in each flow line and it should be clear that the lift ''s<sub>y</sub>'' that starts at ''y'' ∈ ''N'' ends at ''f<sup>k</sup>''(''y'') ∈ ''N'', where ''k'' = deg ''s''. The diffeomorphism ''f<sup>k</sup>'' ∈ Diff<sup>''r''</sup>(''N'') is also denoted by ''h<sub>s</sub>'' and is called the ''total holonomy'' of the loop ''s''. Since this depends only on [''s''], this is a definition of a homomorphism
:<math>h : \pi_1(S^1,x_0) \rightarrow \operatorname{Diff}^{\,r}(N),</math>
called the ''total holonomy homomorphism'' for the foliated bundle.

Using fiber bundles in a more direct manner, let (''M'',<math>\mathcal{F}</math>) be a foliated ''n''-manifold of codimension ''q''. Let {{pi}} : ''M'' → ''B'' be a fiber bundle with ''q''-dimensional fiber ''F'' and connected base space ''B''. Assume that all of these structures are of class ''C<sup>r</sup>'', 0 ≤ ''r'' ≤ ∞, with the condition that, if ''r'' = 0, ''B'' supports a ''C''<sup>1</sup> structure. Since every maximal ''C''<sup>1</sup> atlas on ''B'' contains a ''C''<sup>∞</sup> subatlas, no generality is lost in assuming that ''B'' is as smooth as desired. Finally, for each ''x'' ∈ ''B'', assume that there is a connected, open neighborhood ''U'' ⊆ ''B'' of ''x'' and a local trivialization
:<math>\begin{matrix}
\pi^{-1}(U) & \xrightarrow{\varphi} & U\times{F} \\
\scriptstyle{\pi} \Bigg\downarrow & {\qquad} & \Bigg\downarrow{\scriptstyle{p}} \\
U & \xrightarrow{\text{id}} & U
\end{matrix}
</math>
where ''φ'' is a ''C<sup>r</sup>'' diffeomorphism (a homeomorphism, if ''r'' = 0) that carries <math display="inline"> \mathcal{F} \mid \pi^{-1}(U) </math> to the product foliation {''U'' × {''y''}}<sub>''y''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''F''</sub>. Here, <math display="inline"> \mathcal{F} \mid \pi^{-1}(U) </math> is the foliation with leaves the connected components of ''L'' ∩ π<sup>−1</sup>(''U''), where ''L'' ranges over the leaves of <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. This is the general definition of the term "foliated bundle" (''M'',<math>\mathcal{F}</math>,π) of class ''C<sup>r</sup>''.

<math>\mathcal{F}</math> is transverse to the fibers of π (it is said that <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is transverse to the fibration) and that the restriction of π to each leaf ''L'' of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is a covering map π : ''L'' → ''B''. In particular, each fiber ''F<sub>x</sub>'' = {{pi}}<sup>−1</sup>(''x'') meets every leaf of <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. The fiber is a cross section of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> in complete analogy with the notion of a cross section of a flow.

The foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> being transverse to the fibers does not, of itself, guarantee that the leaves are covering spaces of ''B''. A simple version of the problem is a foliation of '''R'''<sup>2</sup>, transverse to the fibration
:<math>\pi : \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R},</math>
:<math>\pi(x,y) = x,</math>
but with infinitely many leaves missing the ''y''-axis. In the respective figure, it is intended that the "arrowed" leaves, and all above them, are asymptotic to the axis ''x'' = 0. One calls such a foliation incomplete relative to the fibration, meaning that some of the leaves "run off to infinity" as the parameter ''x'' ∈ ''B'' approaches some ''x''<sub>0</sub> ∈ ''B''. More precisely, there may be a leaf ''L'' and a continuous path ''s'' : [0,''a'') → ''L'' such that lim<sub>''t''→''a''−</sub>π(''s''(''t'')) = ''x''<sub>0</sub> ∈ ''B'', but lim<sub>''t''→''a''−</sub>''s''(''t'') does not exist in the manifold topology of ''L''. This is analogous to the case of incomplete flows, where some flow lines "go to infinity" in finite time. Although such a leaf ''L'' may elsewhere meet π<sup>−1</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>), it cannot evenly cover a neighborhood of ''x''<sub>0</sub>, hence cannot be a covering space of ''B'' under {{pi}}. When ''F'' is compact, however, it is true that transversality of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> to the fibration does guarantee completeness, hence that <math display="inline">(M,\mathcal{F},\pi)</math> is a foliated bundle.

There is an atlas <math>\mathcal{U}</math> = {''U''<sub>α</sub>,''x''<sub>α</sub>}<sub>α∈A</sub> on ''B'', consisting of open, connected coordinate charts, together with trivializations ''φ''<sub>''α''</sub> : ''π''<sup>−1</sup>(''U''<sub>''α''</sub>) → ''U''<sub>''α''</sub> × ''F'' that carry <math>\mathcal{F}</math>|π<sup>−1</sup>(''U''<sub>''α''</sub>) to the product foliation. Set ''W''<sub>''α''</sub> = ''π''<sup>−1</sup>(''U''<sub>''α''</sub>) and write ''φ''<sub>''α''</sub> = (''x''<sub>''α''</sub>,''y''<sub>''α''</sub>) where (by abuse of notation) ''x''<sub>α</sub> represents ''x''<sub>''α''</sub> ∘ ''π'' and ''y''<sub>''α''</sub> : ''π''<sup>−1</sup>(''U''<sub>α</sub>) → ''F'' is the submersion obtained by composing ''φ''<sub>α</sub> with the canonical projection ''U''<sub>α</sub> × ''F'' → ''F''.

The atlas <math>\mathcal{W}</math> = {''W''<sub>''α''</sub>,''x''<sub>''α''</sub>,''y''<sub>''α''</sub>}<sub>''α''∈''A''</sub> plays a role analogous to that of a foliated atlas. The plaques of ''W''<sub>''α''</sub> are the level sets of ''y''<sub>''α''</sub> and this family of plaques is identical to ''F'' via ''y''<sub>''α''</sub>. Since ''B'' is assumed to support a ''C''<sup>∞</sup> structure, according to the [[Whitehead theorem]] one can fix a Riemannian metric on ''B'' and choose the atlas <math>\mathcal{U}</math> to be geodesically convex. Thus, ''U''<sub>α</sub> ∩ ''U''<sub>''β''</sub> is always connected. If this intersection is nonempty, each plaque of ''W''<sub>''α''</sub> meets exactly one plaque of ''W''<sub>''β''</sub>. Then define a ''holonomy cocycle'' <math>\gamma = \left \{ \gamma_{\alpha \beta} \right \}_{\alpha,\beta \in A}</math> by setting
:<math>\gamma_{\alpha \beta} = y_\alpha \circ y_\beta^{-1} : F \rightarrow F.</math>

== Examples ==

=== Flat space ===
Consider an {{mvar|n}}-dimensional space, foliated as a product by subspaces consisting of points whose first {{math|''n'' − ''p''}} coordinates are constant. This can be covered with a single chart. The statement is essentially that {{math|'''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> {{=}} '''R'''<sup>''n''−''p''</sup> × '''R'''<sup>''p''</sup>}} with the leaves or plaques {{math|'''R'''<sup>''p''</sup>}} being enumerated by {{math|'''R'''<sup>''n''−''p''</sup>}}. The analogy is seen directly in three dimensions, by taking {{math|''n'' {{=}} 3}} and {{math|''p'' {{=}} 2}}: the 2-dimensional leaves of a book are enumerated by a (1-dimensional) page number.

=== Bundles ===
A rather trivial example of foliations are products {{math|''M'' {{=}} ''B'' × ''F''}}, foliated by the leaves {{math|''F<sub>b</sub>'' {{=}} {''b''} × ''F'', ''b'' ∈ ''B''}}. (Another foliation of {{mvar|M}} is given by {{math|''B<sub>f</sub>'' {{=}} ''B'' × {&thinsp;''f''&nbsp;}  , &thinsp;''f''&nbsp; ∈ ''F''}}.)

A more general class are flat {{mvar|G}}-bundles with {{math|''G'' {{=}} Homeo(''F'')}} for a manifold {{mvar|F}}. Given a [[Representation (mathematics)|representation]] {{math|''ρ'' : {{pi}}<sub>1</sub>(''B'') → Homeo(''F'')}}, the flat {{math|Homeo(''F'')}}-bundle with monodromy {{mvar|ρ}} is given by <math>M=\left(\widetilde{B}\times F\right)/\pi_1B</math>, where {{math|{{pi}}<sub>1</sub>(''B'')}} acts on the [[Covering space#universal covers|universal cover]] <math>\widetilde{B}</math> by [[Covering space#Deck transformation|deck transformations]] and on {{mvar|F}} by means of the representation {{mvar|ρ}}.

Flat bundles fit into the framework of fiber bundles. A map {{math|{{pi}} : ''M'' → ''B''}} between manifolds is a fiber bundle if there is a manifold F such that each {{math|''b'' ∈ ''B''}} has an open neighborhood {{mvar|U}} such that there is a homeomorphism <math>\varphi:\pi^{-1}(U)\to U\times F</math> with <math>\pi = p_1 \varphi </math>, with {{math|''p''<sub>1</sub> : ''U'' × ''F'' → ''U''}} projection to the first factor. The fiber bundle yields a foliation by fibers <math>F_b:=\pi^{-1}(\{b\}), b\in B</math>. Its space of leaves L is homeomorphic to {{mvar|B}}, in particular L is a Hausdorff manifold.

=== Coverings ===
If {{math|''M'' → ''N''}} is a covering map between manifolds, and {{mvar|F}} is a foliation on {{mvar|N}}, then it pulls back to a foliation on {{mvar|M}}. More generally, if the map is merely a [[Branched covering|branched covering]], where the branch [[Locus (mathematics)|locus]] is transverse to the foliation, then the foliation can be pulled back.

===Submersions===
If {{math|''M<sup>n</sup>'' → ''N<sup>q</sup>,'' (''q'' ≤ ''n'')}} is a [[Submersion (mathematics)|submersion]] of manifolds, it follows from the [[Inverse function theorem|inverse function theorem]] that the connected components of the fibers of the submersion define a codimension {{mvar|q}} foliation of {{mvar|M}}. Fiber bundles are an example of this type.

An example of a submersion, which is not a fiber bundle, is given by

:<math>\begin{cases} f:[-1,1]\times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R} \\f(x,y)=(x^2-1) e^y\end{cases}</math>

This submersion yields a foliation of {{math|[−1, 1] × '''R'''}} which is invariant under the {{math|'''Z'''}}-actions given by 
: <math>z(x, y)= (x,y+n ), \quad \text{or} \quad z(x, y)=\left((-1)^nx, y\right)</math>
for {{math|(''x'', ''y'') ∈ [−1, 1] × '''R'''}} and {{math|''n'' ∈ '''Z'''}}. The induced foliations of {{math|'''Z''' \ ([−1, 1] × '''R''')}} are called the 2-dimensional Reeb foliation (of the annulus) resp. the 2-dimensional nonorientable Reeb foliation (of the Möbius band). Their leaf spaces are not Hausdorff.

=== Reeb foliations ===
Define a submersion

:<math>\begin{cases} f:D^{n}\times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R} \\ f(r,\theta,t):=(r^2-1)e^t\end{cases}</math>

where {{math|(''r'', ''θ'') ∈ [0, 1] × ''S''<sup>''n''−1</sup>}} are cylindrical coordinates on the {{mvar|n}}-dimensional disk {{math|''D<sup>n</sup>''}}. This submersion yields a foliation of {{math|''D<sup>n</sup>'' × '''R'''}} which is invariant under the {{math|'''Z'''}}-actions given by

: <math>z(x,y)=(x,y+z)</math>

for {{math|(''x'', ''y'') ∈ ''D<sup>n</sup>'' × '''R''', ''z'' ∈ '''Z'''}}. The induced foliation of {{math|'''Z''' \ (''D<sup>n</sup>'' × '''R''')}} is called the {{mvar|n}}-dimensional Reeb foliation. Its leaf space is not Hausdorff.

For {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2}}, this gives a foliation of the solid torus which can be used to define the Reeb foliation of the 3-sphere by gluing two solid tori along their boundary. Foliations of odd-dimensional spheres {{math|''S''<sup>2''n''+1</sup>}} are also explicitly known.<ref>{{cite journal |first=A.H. |last=Durfee |title=Foliations of Odd-Dimensional Spheres |journal=Annals of Mathematics |series=Second Series |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=407–411 |year=1972 |doi=10.2307/1970795 |jstor=1970795}}</ref>

=== Lie groups ===
If {{mvar|G}} is a [[Lie group]], and {{mvar|H}} is a [[Lie group#Lie subgroup|Lie subgroup]], then {{mvar|G}} is foliated by [[Coset|coset]]s of {{mvar|H}}. When {{mvar|H}} is [[Closed set|closed]] in {{mvar|G}}, the [[Quotient space (topology)|quotient space]] {{mvar|G}}/{{mvar|H}} is a smooth ([[Hausdorff space|Hausdorff]]) manifold turning {{mvar|G}} into a fiber bundle with fiber {{mvar|H}} and base {{mvar|G}}/{{mvar|H}}. This fiber bundle is actually [[Principal bundle|principal]], with structure group {{mvar|H}}.

===Lie group actions===
Let {{mvar|G}} be a Lie group acting smoothly on a manifold {{mvar|M}}. If the action is a locally free action or free action, then the orbits of {{mvar|G}} define a foliation of {{mvar|M}}.

===Linear and Kronecker foliations===
If <math>\tilde{X}</math> is a nonsingular (''i.e.'', nowhere zero) vector field, then the local flow defined by <math>\tilde{X}</math> patches together to define a foliation of dimension 1. Indeed, given an arbitrary point ''x'' ∈ ''M'', the fact that <math>\tilde{X}</math> is nonsingular allows one to find a coordinate neighborhood (''U'',''x''<sup>1</sup>,...,''x<sup>n</sup>'') about ''x'' such that
:<math>- \varepsilon < x^i < \varepsilon, \quad 1 \le i \le n,</math>
and
:<math>\frac{\partial}{\partial x^1} = \tilde{X}\mid U.</math>
Geometrically, the flow lines of <math>\tilde{X} \mid U</math> are just the level sets
:<math>x^i = c^i, \quad 2 \le i \le n,</math>
where all <math>|c^i| < \varepsilon.</math> Since by convention manifolds are second countable, leaf anomalies like the "long line" are precluded by the second countability of ''M'' itself. The difficulty can be sidestepped by requiring that <math>\tilde{X}</math> be a complete field (''e.g.'', that ''M'' be compact), hence that each leaf be a flow line.
[[Image:Linear torus.png|250px|thumb|left|The linear foliation <math>\mathcal{\tilde{F}}</math> on '''R'''<sup>2</sup> passes to the foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> on ''T''<sup>2</sup>. a) the slope is rational (linear foliation); b) the slope is irrational (Kronecker foliation).]]
[[Image:Irrational_Rotation_on_a_2_Torus.png|250px|thumb|right|Irrational rotation on a 2-torus.]]
An important class of 1-dimensional foliations on the torus ''T''<sup>2</sup> are derived from projecting constant vector fields on ''T''<sup>2</sup>. A constant vector field
:<math>\tilde{X} \equiv \begin{bmatrix}a \\ b \end{bmatrix}</math>
on '''R'''<sup>2</sup> is invariant by all translations in '''R'''<sup>2</sup>, hence passes to a well-defined vector field ''X'' when projected on the torus {{math|''T''<sup>2</sup>{{=}} '''R'''<sup>2</sup>/'''Z'''<sup>2</sup>}}. It is assumed that ''a'' ≠ 0. The foliation <math>\mathcal{\tilde{F}}</math> on '''R'''<sup>2</sup> produced by <math>\tilde{X}</math> has as leaves the parallel straight lines of slope θ = ''b''/''a''. This foliation is also invariant under translations and passes to the foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> on ''T''<sup>2</sup> produced by ''X''.

Each leaf of <math>\mathcal{\tilde{F}}</math> is of the form
:<math>\tilde{L} = \{(x_0 + ta,y_0 + tb)\}_{t \in \mathbb{R}}.</math>
If the slope is [[Rational number|rational]] then all leaves are closed curves homeomorphic to the [[Circle|circle]]. In this case, one can take ''a'',''b'' ∈ '''Z'''. For fixed ''t'' ∈ '''R''', the points of <math>\tilde{L}</math> corresponding to values of ''t'' ∈ ''t''<sub>0</sub> + '''Z''' all project to the same point of ''T''<sup>2</sup>; so the corresponding leaf ''L'' of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is an embedded circle in ''T''<sup>2</sup>. Since ''L'' is arbitrary, <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is a foliation of ''T''<sup>2</sup> by circles. It follows rather easily that this foliation is actually a fiber bundle π : ''T''<sup>2</sup> → ''S''<sup>1</sup>. This is known as a ''linear foliation''.

When the slope θ = ''b''/''a'' is [[Irrational number|irrational]], the leaves are noncompact, homeomorphic to the non-compactified [[Real line|real line]], and [[Dense set|dense]] in the torus (cf [[Irrational rotation]]). The trajectory of each point (''x''<sub>0</sub>,''y''<sub>0</sub>) never returns to the same point, but generates an "everywhere dense" winding about the torus, i.e. approaches arbitrarily close to any given point. Thus the closure to the trajectory is the entire two-dimensional torus. This case is named ''Kronecker foliation'', after [[Biography:Leopold Kronecker|Leopold Kronecker]] and his

'''Kronecker's Density Theorem'''. If the real number θ is distinct from each rational multiple of π, then the set {''e<sup>inθ</sup>'' | ''n'' ∈ '''Z'''} is dense in the unit circle.
:{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!Proof
|-
|
To see this, note first that, if a leaf <math>\tilde{L}</math> of <math>\mathcal{\tilde{F}}</math> does not project one-to-one into ''T''<sup>2</sup>, there must be a real number ''t'' ≠ 0 such that ''ta'' and ''tb'' are both integers. But this would imply that ''b''/''a'' ∈ '''Q'''. In order to show that each leaf ''L'' of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is dense in ''T''<sup>2</sup>, it is enough to show that, for every ''v'' ∈ '''R'''<sup>2</sup>, each leaf <math>\tilde{L}</math> of <math>\mathcal{\tilde{F}}</math> achieves arbitrarily small positive distances from suitable points of the coset ''v'' + '''Z'''<sup>2</sup>. A suitable translation in '''R'''<sup>2</sup> allows one to assume that ''v'' = 0; so the task is reduced to showing that <math>\tilde{L}</math> passes arbitrarily close to suitable points (''n'',''m'') ∈ '''Z'''<sup>2</sup>. The line <math>\tilde{L}</math> has slope-intercept equation
:<math>y = \theta x + c.</math>
So it will suffice to find, for arbitrary η > 0, integers ''n'' and ''m'' such that
:<math>|\theta n + c - m| < \eta.</math>
Equivalently, ''c'' ∈ '''R''' being arbitrary, one is reduced to showing that the set {θ''n'' − ''m''}<sub>''m'',''n''∈'''Z'''</sub> is dense in '''R'''. This is essentially the criterion of [[Biography:Eudoxus of Cnidus|Eudoxus]] that θ and 1 be incommensurable (''i.e.'', that θ be irrational).
|}
A similar construction using a foliation of {{math|'''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>}} by parallel lines yields a 1-dimensional foliation of the {{mvar|n}}-torus {{math|'''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>/'''Z'''<sup>''n''</sup>}} associated with the [[Linear flow on the torus|linear flow on the torus]].

=== Suspension foliations ===
A flat bundle has not only its foliation by fibres but also a foliation transverse to the fibers, whose leaves are 
: <math>L_f:= \left\{p\left(\tilde{b},f\right): \tilde{b}\in\widetilde{B}\right\}, \quad \mbox{ for }f\in F,</math>
where <math>p:\widetilde{B}\times F\to M</math> is the canonical projection. This foliation is called the suspension of the representation {{math|''ρ'' : {{pi}}<sub>1</sub>(''B'') → Homeo(''F'')}}.

In particular, if {{math|''B'' {{=}} ''S''<sup>1</sup>}} and <math>\varphi:F\to F</math> is a homeomorphism of {{mvar|F}}, then the suspension foliation of <math>\varphi</math> is defined to be the suspension foliation of the representation {{math|''ρ'' : '''Z''' → Homeo(''F'')}} given by {{math|''ρ''(''z'') {{=}} Φ<sup>''z''</sup>}}. Its space of leaves is {{math|''L'' {{=}} <math>\mathcal{F}</math>/~}},  where {{math|''x'' ~ ''y''}} whenever {{math|''y'' {{=}} Φ<sup>''n''</sup>(''x'')}} for some {{math|''n'' ∈ '''Z'''}}.

The simplest example of foliation by suspension is a manifold ''X'' of dimension ''q''. Let ''f'' : ''X'' → ''X'' be a bijection. One defines the suspension ''M'' = ''S''<sup>1</sup> ×<sub>''f''</sub> ''X'' as the quotient of [0,1] × ''X'' by the equivalence relation (1,''x'') ~ (0,''f''(''x'')).
:''M'' = ''S''<sup>1</sup> ×<sub>''f''</sub> ''X'' = [0,1] × ''X''
Then automatically ''M'' carries two foliations: <math>\mathcal{F}</math><sub>2</sub> consisting of sets of the form ''F''<sub>2,''t''</sub> = {(''t'',''x'')<sub>~</sub> : ''x'' ∈ ''X''} and <math>\mathcal{F}</math><sub>1</sub> consisting of sets of the form ''F''<sub>2,''x''<sub>0</sub></sub> = {(''t'',''x'') : ''t'' ∈ [0,1] ,''x'' ∈ O<sub>x<sub>0</sub></sub>}, where the orbit O<sub>x<sub>0</sub></sub> is defined as
:O<sub>''x''<sub>0</sub></sub> = {..., ''f''<sup>−2</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>), ''f''<sup>−1</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>), ''x''<sub>0</sub>, ''f''(''x''<sub>0</sub>), ''f''<sup>2</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>), ...},
where the exponent refers to the number of times the function ''f'' is composed with itself. Note that O<sub>''x''<sub>0</sub></sub> = O<sub>''f''(''x''<sub>0</sub>)</sub> = O<sub>''f''<sup>−2</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)</sub>, etc., so the same is true for ''F''<sub>1,''x''<sub>0</sub></sub>. Understanding the foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math><sub>1</sub> is equivalent to understanding the dynamics of the map ''f''. If the manifold ''X'' is already foliated, one can use the construction to increase the codimension of the foliation, as long as ''f'' maps leaves to leaves.

The Kronecker foliations of the 2-torus are the suspension foliations of the rotations {{math|''R<sub>α</sub>'' : ''S''<sup>1</sup> → ''S''<sup>1</sup>}} by angle {{math|''α'' ∈ [0, 2{{pi}}).}}
[[Image:2-Hole Torus-cut.png|300px|thumb|left|Suspension of 2-holed torus after cutting and re-gluing. a) Two-holed torus with the sections to be cut; b) the geometric figure after cutting with the four faces.]]
More specifically, if Σ = Σ<sub>2</sub> is the two-holed torus with C<sup>1</sup>,C<sup>2</sup> ∈ Σ the two embedded circles let <math>\mathcal{F}</math> be the product foliation of the 3-manifold ''M'' = Σ × ''S''<sup>1</sup> with leaves Σ × {''y''}, ''y'' ∈ ''S''<sup>1</sup>. Note that ''N<sub>i</sub>'' = ''C<sub>i</sub>'' × ''S''<sup>1</sup> is an embedded torus and that <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is transverse to ''N<sub>i</sub>'', ''i'' = 1,2. Let Diff<sub>+</sub>(''S''<sup>1</sup>) denote the group of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of ''S''<sup>1</sup> and choose ''f''<sub>1</sub>,''f''<sub>2</sub> ∈ Diff<sub>+</sub>(''S''<sup>1</sup>). Cut ''M'' apart along ''N''<sub>1</sub> and ''N''<sub>2</sub>, letting <math>N_i^{+}</math> and <math>N_i^{-}</math> denote the resulting copies of ''N<sub>i</sub>'', ''i'' = 1,2. At this point one has a manifold ''M''' = Σ' × ''S''<sub>1</sub> with four boundary components <math>\left \{N_i^{\pm} \right \}_{i=1,2}.</math> The foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math> has passed to a foliation <math>\mathcal{F^{\prime}}</math> transverse to the boundary ∂''M' '', each leaf of which is of the form Σ' × {''y''}, ''y'' ∈ ''S''<sup>1</sup>.

This leaf meets ∂''M' '' in four circles <math>C_i^{\pm} \times \{y\} \subset N_i^{\pm}.</math> If ''z'' ∈ ''C<sub>i</sub>'', the corresponding points in <math>C_i^{\pm}</math> are denoted by ''z''<sup>±</sup> and <math>N_i^{-}</math> is "reglued" to <math>N_i^{+}</math> by the identification 
:<math>(z^{-},y) \equiv (z^{+},f_i(y)), \quad i = 1,2.</math>
Since ''f''<sub>1</sub> and ''f''<sub>2</sub> are orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of ''S''<sup>1</sup>, they are isotopic to the identity and the manifold obtained by this regluing operation is homeomorphic to ''M''. The leaves of <math>\mathcal{F^{\prime}}</math>, however, reassemble to produce a new foliation <math>\mathcal{F}</math>(''f''<sub>1</sub>,''f''<sub>2</sub>) of ''M''. If a leaf ''L'' of <math>\mathcal{F}</math>(''f''<sub>1</sub>,''f''<sub>2</sub>) contains a piece Σ' × {''y''<sub>0</sub>}, then
:<math>L = \bigcup_{g \in G} \Sigma^{\prime} \times \{ g (y_0) \},</math>
where ''G'' ⊂ Diff<sub>+</sub>(''S''<sup>1</sup>) is the subgroup generated by {''f''<sub>1</sub>,''f''<sub>2</sub>}. These copies of Σ' are attached to one another by identifications
:(''z''<sup>−</sup>,''g''(''y''<sub>0</sub>)) ≡ (''z''<sup>+</sup>,''f''<sub>1</sub>(''g''(''y''<sub>0</sub>))) for each ''z'' ∈ ''C''<sub>1</sub>,
:(''z''<sup>−</sup>,''g''(''y''<sub>0</sub>)) ≡ (''z''<sup>+</sup>,''f''<sub>2</sub>(''g''(''y''<sub>0</sub>))) for each ''z'' ∈ ''C''<sub>2</sub>,
where ''g'' ranges over ''G''. The leaf is completely determined by the ''G''-orbit of ''y''<sub>0</sub> ∈ ''S''<sup>1</sup> and can he simple or immensely complicated. For instance, a leaf will be compact precisely if the corresponding ''G''-orbit is finite. As an extreme example, if ''G'' is trivial (''f''<sub>1</sub> = ''f''<sub>2</sub> = id<sub>S<sup>1</sup></sub>), then <math>\mathcal{F}</math>(''f''<sub>1</sub>,''f''<sub>2</sub>) = <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. If an orbit is dense in ''S''<sup>1</sup>, the corresponding leaf is dense in ''M''. As an example, if ''f''<sub>1</sub> and ''f''<sub>2</sub> are rotations through rationally independent multiples of 2π, every leaf will be dense. In other examples, some leaf ''L'' has closure <math>\bar{L}</math> that meets each factor {''w''} × ''S''<sup>1</sup> in a [[Cantor set]]. Similar constructions can be made on Σ × ''I'', where ''I'' is a compact, nondegenerate interval. Here one takes ''f''<sub>1</sub>,''f''<sub>2</sub> ∈ Diff<sub>+</sub>(''I'') and, since ∂''I'' is fixed pointwise by all orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms, one gets a foliation having the two components of ∂''M'' as leaves. When one forms ''M' '' in this case, one gets a foliated manifold with corners. In either case, this construction is called the ''suspension'' of a pair of diffeomorphisms and is a fertile source of interesting examples of codimension-one foliations.

==Foliations and integrability==
There is a close relationship, assuming everything is smooth, with [[Vector field|vector field]]s: given a vector field {{mvar|X}} on {{mvar|M}} that is never zero, its [[Integral curve|integral curve]]s will give a 1-dimensional foliation. (i.e. a codimension {{math|''n'' − 1}} foliation).

This observation generalises to the [[Frobenius theorem (differential topology)|Frobenius theorem]], saying that the necessary and sufficient conditions for a distribution (i.e. an {{math|''n'' − ''p''}} dimensional subbundle of the [[Tangent bundle|tangent bundle]] of a manifold) to be tangent to the leaves of a foliation, is that the set of vector fields tangent to the distribution are closed under [[Lie bracket of vector fields|Lie bracket]]. One can also phrase this differently, as a question of reduction of the structure group of the [[Tangent bundle|tangent bundle]] from {{math|GL(''n'')}} to a reducible subgroup.

The conditions in the Frobenius theorem appear as integrability conditions; and the assertion is that if those are fulfilled the reduction can take place because local transition functions with the required block structure exist. For example, in the codimension 1 case, we can define the tangent bundle of the foliation as {{math|ker(''α'')}}, for some (non-canonical) {{math|''α'' ∈ Ω<sup>1</sup>}} (i.e. a non-zero co-vector field). A given {{mvar|α}} is integrable iff {{math|''α'' ∧ ''dα'' {{=}} 0}} everywhere.

There is a global foliation theory, because topological constraints exist. For example, in the [[Surface (topology)|surface]] case, an everywhere non-zero vector field can exist on an orientable [[Compact space|compact]] surface only for the [[Torus|torus]]. This is a consequence of the Poincaré–Hopf index theorem, which shows the [[Euler characteristic]] will have to be 0. There are many deep connections with contact topology, which is the "opposite" concept, requiring that the integrability condition is ''never'' satisfied.

==Existence of foliations==
{{harvtxt|Haefliger|1970}} gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a distribution on a connected non-compact manifold to be homotopic to an integrable distribution. {{harvs|txt|last=Thurston|year1=1974|year2=1976}} showed that any compact manifold with a distribution has a foliation of the same dimension.

==See also==

* {{annotated link|Haefliger structure}} closed under taking pullbacks.
* {{annotated link|Lamination (topology)|Lamination}}
* {{annotated link|Taut foliation}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{eom|id=F/f040740|title=Foliation|first=D.V.|last= Anosov}}
*{{cite book| last1 = Candel
 | first1 = Alberto
 | last2 = Conlon
 | first2 = Lawrence
 | title = Foliations I
 | publisher = American Mathematical Society
 | series = Graduate Studies in Mathematics
 | volume = 23
 | date = 2000
 | location = Providence, Rhode Island
 | isbn = 0-8218-0809-5
}}
*{{cite book| last1 = Candel
 | first1 = Alberto
 | last2 = Conlon
 | first2 = Lawrence
 | title = Foliations II
 | publisher = American Mathematical Society
 | series = Graduate Studies in Mathematics
 | volume = 60
 | date = 2003
 | location = Providence, Rhode Island
 | isbn = 0-8218-0809-5
}}
*{{cite book| last = Gourgoulhon
 | first = Éric
 | title = 3+1 Formalism in General Relativity
 | publisher = [[Physics:Springer-Verlag|Springer]]
 | series = Lecture Notes in Physics
 | volume = 846
 | date = 2012
 | location = Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London
 | url = http://relativite.obspm.fr/3p1
 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-24525-1
 | isbn = 978-3-642-24524-4
}}
*{{Citation | last1=Haefliger | first1=André | title=Feuilletages sur les variétés ouvertes | doi=10.1016/0040-9383(70)90040-6   | mr=0263104  | year=1970 | journal=Topology | issn=0040-9383 | volume=9 | pages=183–194 | issue=2| doi-access= }}
*{{Citation | last1=Lawson | first1=H. Blaine | title=Foliations | url=https://www.ams.org/bull/1974-80-03/S0002-9904-1974-13432-4/ | doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1974-13432-4  | mr=0343289  | year=1974 | journal=[[Organization:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9904 | volume=80 | pages=369–418 | issue=3| doi-access=free }}
*{{Citation | last1=Moerdijk | first1=Ieke | last2=Mrčun | first2=J. | title=Introduction to foliations and Lie groupoids | publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} | series=Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics | isbn=978-0-521-83197-0 | mr=2012261  | year=2003 | volume=91| }}
*{{Citation | last1=Reeb | first1=Georges | title=Sur certaines propriétés topologiques des variétés feuilletées | publisher=Hermann & Cie., Paris | series=Actualités Sci. Ind., no. 1183 | mr=0055692  | year=1952}}
*{{Citation | last1=Thurston | first1=William | title=The theory of foliations of codimension greater than one | url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/en/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=213742 | mr=0370619  | year=1974 | journal=[[Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici]] | issn=0010-2571 | volume=49 | pages=214–231 | doi=10.1007/BF02566730| s2cid=120603728 }}
*{{Citation | last1=Thurston | first1=William P. |  title=Existence of codimension-one foliations | jstor=1971047 | mr=0425985  | year=1976 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] |series=Second Series | issn=0003-486X | volume=104 | issue=2 | pages=249–268 | doi=10.2307/1971047}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/Foliations Foliations] at the Manifold Atlas


[[Category:Structures on manifolds]]

{{Sourceattribution|Foliation}}