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{{short description|City important to the world economy}}
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A '''global city''', also known as a '''power city''', '''world city''', '''alpha city''', or '''world center''', is a city that serves as a primary node in the [[Finance:World economy|global economic network.]] The concept originates from [[Earth:Geography|geography]] and [[Engineering:Index of urban studies articles|urban studies]], based on the thesis that [[Social:Globalization|globalization]] has created a hierarchy of strategic geographic locations with varying degrees of influence over [[Finance:Finance|finance]], [[Social:Trade|trade]], and [[Social:Culture|culture]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lenormand |first1=Maxime |last2=Gonçalves |first2=Bruno |last3=Tugores |first3=Antònia |last4=Ramasco |first4=José J. |title=Human diffusion and city influence |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |date=2015 |volume=12 |issue=109 |pages=20150473 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2015.0473 |pmid=26179991 |pmc=4535413 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ''global city'' represents the most complex and significant hub within the international system, characterized by links binding it to other cities that have direct, tangible effects on global socioeconomic affairs.<ref name="Sass1">Sassen, Saskia - ''[http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/503/503%20saskia%20sassen.htm The global city: strategic site/new frontier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018200419/http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/503/503%20saskia%20sassen.htm |date=18 October 2006 }}''</ref>

The criteria of a global city have varied over time and depending on the source;<ref>{{Cite web |title=global city {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/global-city |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020155031/https://www.britannica.com/topic/global-city |url-status=live }}</ref> common features include a high degree of [[Engineering:Urban planning|urban development]], a large population, the presence of major [[Finance:Multinational corporation|multinational companies]], a significant and globalized [[Finance:Financial services|financial sector]], well-developed and internationally linked transportation infrastructure, local or national economic dominance, high quality educational and research institutions, and a globally influential output of ideas, innovations, or cultural products. Quintessential examples, based on most indices and research, include {{wipe|New York City}}, [[Place:London|London]], [[Place:Paris|Paris]], and [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]].

== Origin and terminology ==
The term ''global city'' was popularized by [[Social:Sociologist|sociologist]] Saskia Sassen in her 1991 book, ''The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo''.<ref>Sassen, Saskia. ''[http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316103717/http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html|date=16 March 2015}}'' 1991. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-07063-6}}</ref> Before then, other terms were used for urban centers with roughly the same features. The term ''world city'', meaning a city heavily involved in global trade, appeared in a May 1886 description of Liverpool, by ''The Illustrated London News'';<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2009 |title=UK History |url=http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/737 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623124607/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/737 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=9 May 2012 |publisher=History.ac.uk}}</ref> British sociologist and [[Geographer|geographer]] Patrick Geddes used the term in 1915.<ref name="Doel and Hubbard">Doel, M., & Hubbard, P., (2002), "Taking World Cities Literally: Marketing the City in a Global Space of flows", ''City'', vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 351–368. Subscription required.</ref> The term ''megacity'' entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th century, the earliest known example being a publication by the University of Texas in 1904.<ref>{{cite journal |date=1904 |title=Hemisfile: perspectives on political and economic trends in the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1ALAAAAYAAJ&q=megacity |publisher=Institute of the Americas |volume=5-8 |page=12 |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906144812/https://books.google.com/books?id=-1ALAAAAYAAJ&q=megacity |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 21st century, the terms are usually focused on a city's financial power and high technology infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2015 |title=Asian Cities Pay Hidden Price for Global Status |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/asian-cities-pay-hidden-price-for-global-status/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201130228/https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/asian-cities-pay-hidden-price-for-global-status/ |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2014 |title=The World's Most Influential Cities |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2014/08/14/the-most-influential-cities-in-the-world/#7bbf56cb7370 |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905084618/https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2014/08/14/the-most-influential-cities-in-the-world#7bbf56cb7370 |archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

==Criteria==
<!---Only one picture per subsection to prevent image crowding--->
[[File:Above_Gotham.jpg|thumb|Manhattan, the core area of {{wipe|New York City}}, an Alpha++ global city, where there are several characteristic elements of global cities<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the characteristics of world cities and megacities, and how has their distribution changed since 1950? – HBK Portal |url=https://hbkportal.co.uk/index.php/geography/urbanfutures2/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117203257/https://hbkportal.co.uk/index.php/geography/urbanfutures2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> like worldwide influential economic (New York Stock Exchange) and cultural (Broadway) centers, headquarters of international political organizations (UN headquarters), world renowned museums (the Met Museum, MOMA, Guggenheim Museum), and worldwide-known landmarks (Times Square, Empire State Building, Central Park)]]

Competing groups have devised competing means to classify and rank ''world cities'' and to distinguish them from ''non-world cities''.<ref name="Doel and Hubbard" /> Although there is a consensus on the leading world cities,<ref name="GaWC 5">[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html GaWC Research Bulletin 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022750/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html |date=8 August 2011 }}, GaWC, [[Organization:Loughborough University|Loughborough University]], 28 July 1999</ref> the chosen criteria affect which other cities are included.<ref name="Doel and Hubbard" /> Selection criteria may be based on a ''yardstick value'' (e.g., if the producer-service sector is the largest sector then city {{var|X}} is a world city)<ref name="Doel and Hubbard" /> or on an ''imminent determination'' (if the producer-service sector of city {{var|X}} is greater than the combined producer-service sectors of {{var|N}} other cities then city {{var|X}} is a world city.)<ref name="Doel and Hubbard" /> Cities' rankings can fall, as in the case of cities that have become less [[Philosophy:Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] and less internationally renowned.

===Characteristics===
Although criteria are variable and fluid, these are typical characteristics of world cities:<ref>Pashley, Rosemary. "HSC Geography". Pascal Press, 2000, p.164</ref>
* The most prominent criterion has been providing a variety of international financial services,<ref>J.V. Beaverstock, [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb179.html World City Networks 'From Below'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308055423/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb179.html |date=8 March 2006}}, GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2010</ref> notably in [[Finance:FIRE economy|finance, insurance, real estate]], [[Finance:Banking|banking]], accountancy, and [[Finance:Marketing|marketing]]; and their amalgamation of financial headquarters, a [[Finance:Stock exchange|stock exchange]], and other major financial institutions.
* [[Social:Headquarters|Headquarters]] of numerous multinational corporations.
* Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
* Major manufacturing centers with [[Engineering:Port|port]] and [[Engineering:Shipping container|container]] facilities
* Considerable [[Social:Power (international relations)|decision-making power]] daily and at a global level
* Centers of new ideas and [[Social:Innovation|innovation]] in business, economics, and culture.
* Centers of [[Digital media|digital]] and other media and communications for global networks
* The dominance of the national region with great international significance
* The high percentage of residents employed in the services sector and [[Finance:Quaternary sector of the economy|information sector]]
* High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities and [[Research|research]] facilities; and attracting international student attendance<ref>K. O'Connor, [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb161.html International Students and Global Cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060205103720/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb161.html |date=5 February 2006 }}, GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005</ref>
* Multi-functional [[Physics:Infrastructure|infrastructure]] offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the country
* High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies

==Rankings==
Global city rankings are numerous, with one study suggesting as many as 300 global cities worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jll.co.uk/en/trends-and-insights/research/decoding-city-performance|title=Decoding City Performance|website=Jll.co.uk|date=2 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016212712/https://www.jll.co.uk/en/trends-and-insights/research/decoding-city-performance|archive-date=16 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{wipe|New York City}}, [[Place:London|London]], [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]], and [[Place:Paris|Paris]] are notably the most prominent metropolises mentioned in this respect.<ref>{{cite web |title=Struggling Giants |url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/struggling-giants |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |access-date=31 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117230114/https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/struggling-giants |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abrahamson |first1=Mark |title=Global cities |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0195142044 |page=4 |edition=1st |url=http://faculty.tamuc.edu/jsun/global%20cities.pdf |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111074627/http://faculty.tamuc.edu/jsun/global%20cities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> They have been ranked in the top four positions in the Global Cities Index and Global Power City Index since both indices' inception in 2008, with New York and London rotating for the first position over the last ten years exclusively in the top two spots.

===GaWC study===
{{Main article|Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network}}

Jon Beaverstock, Richard G. Smith, and Peter J. Taylor established the [[Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] (GaWC). A list of world cities in the ''GaWC Research Bulletin 5'' is ranked by their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.<ref name="GaWC 5"/> The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks,<ref name="GaWC Intro">"[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html The World According to GaWC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130081552/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html |date=30 November 2012 }}". GaWC. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</ref> although the authors caution that "concern for city rankings operates against ''the spirit of the GaWC project''" {{emphasis in original}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=P.J. |title=Measuring the World City Network: New Results and Developments |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb300.html |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929065954/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb300.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city-[[Finance:Economics|economics]] more heavily than political and cultural factors. The 2008 version of the list, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma world cities (three sub-categories), and cities with High sufficiency and Sufficiency presence. The cities in the top three classifications in the 2020 edition are as follows:<ref name="GaWC2020" /> 

==== Alpha ++ ====
{{colbegin}}
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
{{colend}}

==== Alpha + ====
{{colbegin}}
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]]
* {{flagicon|UAE}} Dubai
* {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]]
* {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
{{colend}}

==== Alpha ====
{{colbegin}}
* {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]]
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Brussels
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}
* {{flagicon|DEU}} Frankfurt
* {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Place:Jakarta|Jakarta]]
* {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Place:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]]
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Milan
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{wipe|Mumbai}}
* {{flagicon|BRA}} São Paulo
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Sydney|Sydney]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto
{{colend}}

===Global Cities Index===
In 2008, the American journal ''Foreign Policy'', working with the consulting firm A.T. Kearney and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, published a ranking of global cities based on consultation with Saskia Sassen, Witold Rybczynski, and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/dfedfc4c-8a62-4162-90e5-2a3f14f0da3a |title=2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook |format=PDF |access-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020223227/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/dfedfc4c-8a62-4162-90e5-2a3f14f0da3a |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> ''Foreign Policy'' noted that "the world's biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions."<ref>{{cite journal |title=The 2008 Global Cities Index |journal=Foreign Policy |issue=November/December 2008 |date=21 October 2008 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509 |access-date=31 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107184223/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509 |archive-date=7 January 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ranking is based on 27 metrics across five dimensions: business activity, [[Social:Human capital|human capital]], information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/global-cities/2019 |title=Read @ATKearney: Una Cuestión de Talento: Cómo el Capital Humano Determinará los Próximos Líderes Mundiales |website=Atkearney.com |language=en-US |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220065230/https://www.atkearney.com/global-cities/2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2015, it has been published with a separate index, the Global Cities Outlook, which is a projection of a city's potential based on rate of change in 13 indicators across four dimensions: personal well-being, economics, innovation, and governance. The top ranked cities in 2022 are listed below:<ref name="kearney2022" />

# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]]
# {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
# {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]

===Global City Competitiveness Index===
In 2012, the [[Company:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]] (The Economist Group) ranked the competitiveness of global cities according to their demonstrated ability to attract capital, businesses, talent, and visitors.<ref name="EIU">{{cite web|title=Benchmarking global city competitiveness |url=http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709133545/http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Global Cities Initiative ===
A study by Brookings Institution conducted in 2016 introduced its own typology, sorting global cities into seven categories: Global Giants, Asian Anchors, Emerging Gateways, Factory China, Knowledge Capitals, American Middleweights, and International Middleweights.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/redefining-global-cities/ |title=Redefining Global Cities |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052524/https://www.brookings.edu/research/redefining-global-cities/ |archive-date=28 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Global Giants classification includes wealthy, extremely large metropolitan areas that are the largest cities in developed nations. They are hubs for financial markets and major corporations, and serve as key nodes in global flows of capital and of talent.

{{colbegin}}
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Osaka–Kobe
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
{{colend}}

===Global City Lab===
An analysis report compiled by the Global City Lab of the Global Top 500 Cities was released in New York on 30 December 2021.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/12/30/2359412/0/en/Global-City-Lab-Releases-2021-Global-Top-500-Cities.html|title=2021 Global Top 500 Cities |date=30 December 2021|publisher=Global News Wire|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

The top 10 of the "2021 Global Top 500 Cities" by [[Social:Brand valuation|brand value]] were as follows:
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
# {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Sydney|Sydney]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}
# {{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]]
# {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]

===Global Economic Power Index===
The ''Global Economic Power Index'' reflecting three dimensions of economic power was introduced in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/256841/ |work=The Atlantic |date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310143126/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/256841/ |archive-date=10 March 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, the second ''Global Economic Power Index'', a meta list compiled by Richard Florida, was published by ''The Atlantic'' (distinct from a namesake list<ref name=EconomicallyPowerful2015/> published by the ''Martin Prosperity Institute''), with city composite rank based on five other lists.<ref name=EconomicallyPowerful2015>{{cite web|url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315/|title=Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City|author=Richard Florida|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group|date=3 March 2015|access-date=16 March 2015|quote=Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314002727/http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315/|archive-date=14 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-10-most-powerful-cities-in-the-world-slideshow/a-photo-1336730318.html|title=The Top 10 most powerful cities in the world|publisher=Yahoo! India Finance|date=11 May 2012|access-date=19 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318162555/http://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-10-most-powerful-cities-in-the-world-slideshow/a-photo-1336730318.html|archive-date=18 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The top 10 global cities in 2015 were as follows:
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
# {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
# {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]]
# {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]]
# {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]] & {{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto

===Global Financial Centres Index===
{{Main|Finance:Global Financial Centres Index}}
Strength as a financial center has become one of the pre-eminent indicators of a global city's ranking. As of September 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-34/|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 34|access-date=28 September 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928133330/https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-34/|url-status=live}}</ref> the cities representing the top ten financial centers according to the [[Finance:Global Financial Centres Index|Global Financial Centres Index]] by the think tank China Development Institute and analytics firm Z/Yen were:<ref name="GFCI34" />

# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
# {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
# {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|San Francisco}}
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}
# {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Place:Geneva|Geneva]]

===Global Power City Index===
The Tokyo-based Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation, issued a comprehensive study of global cities in 2008. They are ranked in six categories: economy, research and development, cultural interaction, livability, environment, and accessibility, with 70 individual indicators among them. The top ten world cities are also ranked by subjective categories, including manager, researcher, artist, visitor and resident.<ref name ="gpci2023" />

The top 10 cities in the 2023 Global Power City Index were:<ref name="gpci2023"/>
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
# {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
# {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]]
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]]
# {{flagicon|UAE}} Dubai
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]]
# {{flagicon|GER}} [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]]

===The Wealth Report===
"The Wealth Report" (a global perspective on prime property and wealth) is made by the London-based estate agent Knight Frank LLP and the Citi Private Bank. The report includes a "Global Cities Survey", evaluating which cities are considered the most important to the world's HNWIs (high-net-worth individuals, having over $25 million of investable assets each). For the Global Cities Survey, Citi Private Bank's wealth advisors, and Knight Frank's luxury property specialists were asked to name the cities that they considered the most important to HNWIs, in regard to "economic activity", "political power", "knowledge and influence", and "quality of life".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2015/global-cities|title=The Wealth Report 2015|publisher=Knight Frank LLP|access-date=18 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618062302/http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2015/global-cities|archive-date=18 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knightfrank.com/resources/wealthreport2015/wealthpdf/04-wealth-report-global-cities-chapter.pdf|title=Global Cities Survey|access-date=18 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323081951/http://www.knightfrank.com/resources/wealthreport2015/wealthpdf/04-wealth-report-global-cities-chapter.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Most important cities to UHNWIs in 2022''':<ref name="knightfrank2022" />

<ol start=1><li>{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]</li></ol>
<ol start=2><li>{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]] & {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}</li></ol>
<ol start=4><li>{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}</li></ol>
<ol start=5><li>{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]</li></ol>
<ol start=6><li>{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}</li></ol>
<ol start=7><li>{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]</li></ol>
<ol start=8><li>{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]</li></ol>
<ol start=9><li>{{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto</li></ol>
<ol start=10><li>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]]</li></ol>

=== The World's Most Talked About Cities ===
A study by ING Media, a London-based built environment communications firm, has ranked 250 global cities by total online mentions across social media and online news for 2019. It found that a fifth of digital mentions were for Tokyo, New York City, London, and Paris, identifying these as the world's super brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/benjaminlaker/2020/02/10/the-worlds-most-talked-about-city-is-tokyo-but-why-not-new-york-city-london-or-paris/|title=The World's Most Talked About City Is Tokyo. But Why Not New York City, London, Or Paris?|last=Laker|first=Benjamin|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172016/https://www.forbes.com/sites/benjaminlaker/2020/02/10/the-worlds-most-talked-about-city-is-tokyo-but-why-not-new-york-city-london-or-paris/|archive-date=13 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/News/Tokyo-world-s-most-talked-about-city-online|title=Tokyo world's most talked about city online|website=Fdiintelligence.com|language=en-GB|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201133639/https://www.fdiintelligence.com/News/Tokyo-world-s-most-talked-about-city-online|archive-date=1 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The Top 10 in the 2019 edition were:<ref name="ing2019"/>

# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
# {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
# {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]]
# {{flagicon|UAE}} Dubai
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Place:Rome|Rome]]
# {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Barcelona|Barcelona]]
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]]
# {{flagicon|JPN}} {{wipe|Osaka}}

==Summary of rankings==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! City 
! GaWC<br />2020<ref name="GaWC2020">{{Cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112616/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
! Mori<br />2023<ref name ="gpci2023">{{cite web |title=Global Power City Index 2023 |url=https://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/ |website=The Mori Memorial Foundation |access-date=9 November 2023|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109215341/https://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! A.T. Kearney<br />2022<ref name="kearney2022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kearney.com/industry/public-sector/global-cities/2022|title=Read @Kearney: Global Cities: divergent prospects and new imperatives in the global recovery|website=Kearney.com|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620001910/https://www.kearney.com/industry/public-sector/global-cities/2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Global City Lab<br />2021<ref name="globalcitylab2020">{{Cite web|url=http://globalcitylab.com/us-index.html|title=Global City Lab|website=Globalcitylab.com|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902164607/http://globalcitylab.com/us-index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! ING Most Talked<br />2019<ref name="ing2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ing-media.com/features/the-worlds-most-talked-about-cities|title=The World's Most Talked About Cities|website=ING Media - Property PR {{!}} Architecture PR {{!}} Strategic communications for the BUILT ENVIRONMENT|language=en-US|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223121445/https://www.ing-media.com/features/the-worlds-most-talked-about-cities|archive-date=23 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
! CASS&UNHSP<br />2020<ref name="unhabitat2020">{{Cite web|url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2021/11/1_report_on_competitiveness_of_cities_worldwide2020-2021.pdf|title=Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2020-2021)|website=Unhabitat.org|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315111302/https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2021/11/1_report_on_competitiveness_of_cities_worldwide2020-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Knight Frank<br />2022<ref name="knightfrank2022">{{Cite web|url=https://en.ac-mos.ru/ratings/knight-frank-city-wealth-index/|title=Knight Frank: City Wealth Index|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620074853/https://en.ac-mos.ru/ratings/knight-frank-city-wealth-index/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! GFCI<br />2023<ref name="GFCI34">{{cite web|url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-34-explore-the-data/gfci-34-rank/|title=GFCI 34 Rank|access-date=28 September 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928132949/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-34-explore-the-data/gfci-34-rank/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}'''}}
|2
|2
|1
|1
|2
|1
|2
|1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]'''}}
|1
|1
|2
|2
|3
|4
|1
|2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]'''}}
|8
|4
|3
|4
|4
|8
|2
|15
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]'''}}
|9
|3
|4
|3
|1
|3
|5
|20
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]'''}}
|4
|5
|9
|5
|18
|2
|7
|3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}'''}}
|11
|21
|6
|7
|15
|7
|4
|6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]'''}}
|3
|18
|10
|10
|13
|11
|8
|4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]]'''}}
|5
|15
|16
|9
|23
|12
|11
|7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]]'''}}
|6
|17
|5
|13
|19
|21
|10
|13
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nowrap|'''{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}'''}}
|19
|25
|7
|22
|14
|32
|6
|9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | '''{{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto'''
|12
|23
|18
|8
|16
|57
|9
|30
|}

==See also==
* Caput Mundi
* [[Finance:City quality of life indices|City quality of life indices]]
* [[Unsolved:Ecumenopolis|Ecumenopolis]]
* [[Finance:Financial centre|Financial centre]]
* Metropolitan and urban regions with the largest foreign-born populations
* [[Social:Globalization|Globalization]]
* List of cities by GDP
* Megalopolis
* Metropolis
* Primate city
* Ranally city rating system

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Global City}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050623215446/http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/geography/urban.html Repository of Links Relating to Urban Places]
* [http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm The World-System's City System: A Research Agenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527205738/http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm |date=27 May 2006 }} by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the [[Organization:University of Utah|University of Utah]] and David Smith of University of California, Irvine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140112154004/http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=559 UN-HABITAT.:. The State of the World's Cities]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Global City}}
[[Category:Economic geography]]
[[Category:Economic globalization]]
[[Category:Cultural geography]]
[[Category:Index numbers]]

{{Sourceattribution|Global city}}