View source for Graph500

{{short description|Rating of supercomputer systems}}
The '''Graph500''' is a rating of [[Supercomputer|supercomputer]] systems, focused on [[Data-intensive computing|data-intensive loads]]. The project was announced on International Supercomputing Conference in June 2010. The first list was published at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November 2010. New versions of the list are published twice a year. The main performance metric used to rank the supercomputers is [[Traversed edges per second|GTEPS]] (giga- [[Traversed edges per second|traversed edges per second]]).

Richard Murphy from [[Organization:Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia National Laboratories]], says that "The Graph500's goal is to promote awareness of complex data problems", instead of focusing on computer benchmarks like HPL (High Performance Linpack), which [[TOP500]] is based on.<ref name="inside-exascale-2012-03">{{cite web|url=http://insidehpc.com/2012/03/15/the-case-for-the-graph-500-really-fast-or-really-productive-pick-one/|title=The Case for the Graph 500 – Really Fast or Really Productive? Pick One|author=The Exascale Report|publisher=Inside HPC|date=2012-03-15}}</ref>

Despite its name, there were several hundreds of systems in the rating, growing up to 174 in June 2014.<ref name="graph500.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2014 |title=June 2014 &#124; Graph 500 |accessdate=2014-06-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628045351/http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2014 |archivedate=2014-06-28 }}</ref>

The algorithm and implementation that won the championship is published in the paper titled "Extreme scale breadth-first search on supercomputers".<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1109/BigData.2016.7840705| isbn=978-1-4673-9005-7| chapter=Extreme scale breadth-first search on supercomputers| title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)| year=2016| last1=Ueno| first1=Koji| last2=Suzumura| first2=Toyotaro| last3=Maruyama| first3=Naoya| last4=Fujisawa| first4=Katsuki| last5=Matsuoka| first5=Satoshi| pages=1040–1047| s2cid=8680200}}</ref>

There is also list Green Graph 500, which uses same performance metric, but sorts list according to performance per Watt, like Green 500 works with [[TOP500]] (HPL).

== Benchmark ==
The benchmark used in Graph500 stresses the communication subsystem of the system, instead of counting double precision floating-point.<ref name="inside-exascale-2012-03"/> It is based on a breadth-first search in a large undirected graph (a model of [[Kronecker graph]] with average degree of 16). There are three computation kernels in the benchmark: the first kernel is to generate the graph and compress it into sparse structures CSR or CSC (Compressed Sparse Row/Column); the second kernel does a parallel BFS search of some random vertices (64 search iterations per run); the third kernel runs a single-source shortest paths (SSSP) computation. Six possible sizes (Scales) of graph are defined: toy (2<sup>26</sup> vertices; 17 GB of RAM), mini (2<sup>29</sup>; 137 GB), small (2<sup>32</sup>; 1.1 TB), medium (2<sup>36</sup>; 17.6 TB), large (2<sup>39</sup>; 140 TB), and huge (2<sup>42</sup>; 1.1 PB of RAM).<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/tokyotechsuzumuralab/publication/Graph500-IISWC2011-camera-ready.pdf?attredirects=0 Performance Evaluation of Graph500 on Large-Scale Distributed Environment] // IEEE IISWC 2011, Austin, TX; [https://sites.google.com/site/tokyotechsuzumuralab/publication/Graph500-201111.pdf?attredirects=0 presentation]</ref>

The reference implementation of the benchmark contains several versions:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osp.ru/os/2011/01/13006961/|title= Graph500: адекватный рейтинг| publisher=Open Systems #1 2011|language=ru}}</ref>
* serial high-level in [[Software:GNU Octave|GNU Octave]]
* serial low-level in C
* parallel C version with usage of [[Software:OpenMP|OpenMP]]
* two versions for [[Cray XMT|Cray-XMT]]
* basic [[Message Passing Interface|MPI]] version (with MPI-1 functions)
* optimized MPI version (with [[Message Passing Interface|MPI-2]] one-sided communications)
The implementation strategy that have won the championship on the Japanese K computer is described in.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ueno|first1=K.|last2=Suzumura|first2=T.|last3=Maruyama|first3=N.|last4=Fujisawa|first4=K.|last5=Matsuoka|first5=S.|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) |chapter=Extreme scale breadth-first search on supercomputers |date=2016-12-01|pages=1040–1047|doi=10.1109/BigData.2016.7840705|isbn=978-1-4673-9005-7|s2cid=8680200 }}</ref>

== Top 10 ranking ==
According to June 2023 release of the list the new Wuhan supercomputer is highest ranked for the SSSP results with 19039.1 [[Traversed edges per second|GTEPS]] (and Fugaku is 4th) while for the BFS results its 2nd there with a different lower measurement for GTEPS:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-14 |title=Complete Results - Graph 500 |url=https://graph500.org/?page_id=238 |access-date=2023-07-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;font-size:98%;"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Site
! Machine (architecture)
! Number of nodes
! Number of cores
! Problem scale
! [[Traversed edges per second|GTEPS]]
|-
| 1 || {{flag|Japan}} || RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science || [[Fugaku (supercomputer)|Supercomputer Fugaku]] ([[Engineering:Fujitsu A64FX|Fujitsu A64FX]]) || 152064 || 7299072 || 42 || 137096
|-
| 2 || {{flag|China}} || [[Place:Wuhan|Wuhan]] || Kunpeng 920+Tesla A100 || 252 || 6999552 || 40 || 121804.3 
|-
| 3 || {{flag|USA}} || Frontier || HPE Cray EX235a || 9248 || 8730112 || 40 || 29654.6 
|-
| 4 || {{flag|China}} || Pengcheng Lab || Pengcheng Cloudbrain-II (Kunpeng 920+Ascend 910) || 488 || 93696 || 40 || 25242.9
|-
| 5 || {{flag|China}} || National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi || [[Sunway TaihuLight]] (Sunway MPP) || 40768 || 10599680 || 40 || 23755.7
<!-- 
|-
| 6 || Wisteria/BDEC-01 (Odyssey)

unconfirmed numbers:

| 7 || {{flag|Japan}} || [[Organization:JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] || TOKI-SORA (PRIMEHPC FX1000) || 5760 || 276480 || 36 || 10813

| 8 new || Japan || NAPS-FX1000

|-
| 9 || {{flag|EU}} || [[Organization:CSC – IT Center for Science|EuroHPC/CSC]] || [[LUMI|LUMI-C]] ([[Company:Cray|HPE Cray EX]]) || 1492 || 190976 || 38 || 8467.71
|-
| 10 || {{flag|US}} || [[Organization:Oak Ridge National Laboratory|Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] || OLCF Summit ([[POWER9|IBM POWER9]]) || 2048 || 86016 || 40 || 7665.7
-->
|}

Japan also has a new computer ranked 8th.

=== 2022 ===
According to November 2022 release of the list:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://graph500.org/?page_id=238 |title=November 2022; Graph 500 |date=June 14, 2017 |access-date=2022-11-18}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;font-size:98%;"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Site
! Machine (architecture)
! Number of nodes
! Number of cores
! Problem scale
! [[Traversed edges per second|GTEPS]]
|-
| 1 || {{flag|Japan}} || RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science || [[Fugaku (supercomputer)|Supercomputer Fugaku]] ([[Engineering:Fujitsu A64FX|Fujitsu A64FX]]) || 158976 || 7630848 || 41 || 102955
|-
| 2 || {{flag|China}} || Pengcheng Lab || Pengcheng Cloudbrain-II (Kunpeng 920+Ascend 910) || 488 || 93696 || 40 || 25242.9 
|-
| 3 || {{flag|China}} || National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi || [[Sunway TaihuLight]] (Sunway MPP) || 40768 || 10599680 || 40 || 23755.7
|-
| 4 || {{flag|Japan}} || Information Technology Center, University of Tokyo || Wisteria/BDEC-01 (PRIMEHPC FX1000) || 7680 || 368640 || 37 || 16118
|-
| 5 || {{flag|Japan}} || [[Organization:JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] || TOKI-SORA (PRIMEHPC FX1000) || 5760 || 276480 || 36 || 10813
|-
| 6 || {{flag|EU}} || [[Organization:CSC – IT Center for Science|EuroHPC/CSC]] || [[LUMI|LUMI-C]] ([[Company:Cray|HPE Cray EX]]) || 1492 || 190976 || 38 || 8467.71
|-
| 7 || {{flag|US}} || [[Organization:Oak Ridge National Laboratory|Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] || OLCF Summit ([[POWER9|IBM POWER9]]) || 2048 || 86016 || 40 || 7665.7
|-
| 8 || {{flag|Germany}} || Leibniz Rechenzentrum || SuperMUC-NG (ThinkSystem SD530 Xeon Platinum 8174 24C 3.1GHz [[Omni-Path|Intel Omni-Path]]) || 4096 || 196608 || 39 || 6279.47
|-
| 9 || {{flag|Germany}} || [[Organization:Zuse Institute Berlin|Zuse Institute Berlin]] || Lise ([[Omni-Path|Intel Omni-Path]]) || 1270 || 121920 || 38 || 5423.94
|-
| 10 || {{flag|China}} || National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System || DepGraph Supernode (DepGraph (+GPU Tesla A100)) || 1 || 128 || 33 || 4623.379
|}

=== 2020 ===
Arm-based [[Fugaku (supercomputer)|Fugaku]] took the top spot of the list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/fujitsu-and-riken-take-first-place-in-graph500-ranking-with-supercomputer-fugaku/ |title=Fujitsu and RIKEN Take First Place in Graph500 Ranking with Supercomputer Fugaku |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020-06-23 |website=HPCwire |access-date=2020-08-08}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
According to June 2016 release of the list:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2016 |title=June 2016 &#124; Graph 500 |access-date=2016-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624043849/http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2016 |archive-date=2016-06-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;font-size:98%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Site
! scope="col" | Machine (architecture)
! scope="col" | Number of nodes
! scope="col" | Number of cores
! scope="col" | Problem scale
! scope="col" | [[Traversed edges per second|GTEPS]]
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| [[Organization:Riken|Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science]] || K computer ([[Company:Fujitsu|Fujitsu]] custom) || 82944 || 663552 || 40 || 38621.4
|-
! scope="col" | 2
| National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi || [[Sunway TaihuLight]] (NRCPC - Sunway MPP) || 40768 || 10599680 || 40 || 23755.7
|-
! scope="col" | 3
| [[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] || [[IBM Sequoia]] (Blue Gene/Q) || 98304 || 1572864 || 41 || 23751 
|-
! scope="col" | 4
| [[Organization:Argonne National Laboratory|Argonne National Laboratory]] || IBM Mira (Blue Gene/Q) || 49152 || 786432 || 40 || 14982
|-
! scope="col" | 5
| [[Organization:Forschungszentrum Jülich|Forschungszentrum Jülich]] || JUQUEEN (Blue Gene/Q) || 16384 || 262144 || 38 || 5848
|-
! scope="col" | 6
| [[Organization:CINECA|CINECA]] || Fermi (Blue Gene/Q) || 8192 || 131072 || 37 || 2567
|-
! scope="col" | 7
| Changsha, China || Tianhe-2 (NUDT custom) || 8192 || 196608 || 36 || 2061.48
|-
! scope="col" | 8
| CNRS/IDRIS-GENCI || Turing (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
! scope="col" | 8
| Science and Technology Facilities Council – Daresbury Laboratory || Blue Joule (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
! scope="col" | 8
| [[Organization:University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh]] || DIRAC (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
! scope="col" | 8
| EDF R&D || Zumbrota (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
! scope="col" | 8
| Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative || Avoca (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|}

=== 2014 ===
According to June 2014 release of the list:<ref name="graph500.org"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;font-size:98%;"
|-
! Rank
! Site
! Machine (architecture)
! Number of nodes
! Number of cores
! Problem scale
! [[Traversed edges per second|GTEPS]]
|-
| 1 || RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science || K computer ([[Company:Fujitsu|Fujitsu]] custom) || 65536 || 524288 || 40 || 17977.1
|-
| 2 || [[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] || [[IBM Sequoia]] (Blue Gene/Q) || 65536 || 1048576 || 40 || 16599 
|-
| 3 || [[Organization:Argonne National Laboratory|Argonne National Laboratory]] || IBM Mira (Blue Gene/Q) || 49152 || 786432 || 40 || 14328
|-
| 4 || [[Organization:Forschungszentrum Jülich|Forschungszentrum Jülich]] || JUQUEEN (Blue Gene/Q) || 16384 || 262144 || 38 || 5848
|-
| 5 || [[Organization:CINECA|CINECA]] || Fermi (Blue Gene/Q) || 8192 || 131072 || 37 || 2567
|-
| 6 || Changsha, China || Tianhe-2 (NUDT custom) || 8192 || 196608 || 36 || 2061.48
|-
| 7 || CNRS/IDRIS-GENCI || Turing (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || Science and Technology Facilities Council - Daresbury Laboratory || Blue Joule (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || [[Organization:University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh]] || DIRAC (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || EDF R&D || Zumbrota (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative || Avoca (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|}

=== 2013 ===
According to June 2013 release of the list:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2013 |title=June 2013 &#124; Graph 500 |accessdate=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621233406/http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2013 |archivedate=2013-06-21 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;font-size:98%;"
|-
! Rank
! Site
! Machine (architecture)
! Number of nodes
! Number of cores
! Problem scale
! [[Traversed edges per second|GTEPS]]
|-
| 1 || Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory || IBM Sequoia (Blue Gene/Q) || 65536 || 1048576 || 40 || 15363
|-
| 2 || Argonne National Laboratory || IBM Mira (Blue Gene/Q) || 49152 || 786432 || 40 || 14328
|-
| 3 || Forschungszentrum Jülich || JUQUEEN (Blue Gene/Q) || 16384 || 262144 || 38 || 5848
|-
| 4 || RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science || K computer (Fujitsu custom) || 65536 || 524288 || 40 || 5524.12
|-
| 5 || CINECA || Fermi (Blue Gene/Q) || 8192 || 131072 || 37 || 2567
|-
| 6 || Changsha, China || Tianhe-2 (NUDT custom) || 8192 || 196608 || 36 || 2061.48
|-
| 7 || CNRS/IDRIS-GENCI || Turing (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || Science and Technology Facilities Council - Daresbury Laboratory || Blue Joule (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || University of Edinburgh || DIRAC (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || EDF R&D || Zumbrota (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|-
| 7 || Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative || Avoca (Blue Gene/Q) || 4096 || 65536 || 36 || 1427
|}

== See also ==
* [[TOP500]]
* [[Green500]]
* [[HPCG benchmark]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140628045351/http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2014 June 2014  Graph 500]
* [https://cug.org/5-publications/proceedings_attendee_lists/CUG10CD/pages/1-program/final_program/CUG10_Proceedings/pages/authors/11-15Wednesday/14C-Murphy-paper.pdf Introducing the Graph 500], paper by [[Organization:Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia]]

[[Category:Supercomputer benchmarks]]

{{Sourceattribution|Graph500}}