View source for Help:IPA/Standard German

{{IPA key|H:IPA-DE|H:IPAG|sort=German}}
The charts below show the way  [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents Standard [[German language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-de}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Standard German phonology]] and {{section link|German orthography|Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences}} for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.

{| style="background:none"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" | Consonants
|-
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! rowspan="2" | Examples !! rowspan="2" |English approximation
|-
! {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}} !! {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}} !! {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''b'''ei}}<ref name="fortislenis">In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/}} are voiceless {{IPA|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} and are distinguished from {{IPA|/p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/}} only by articulatory strength ({{IPA|/v/}} is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless {{IPA|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} as well as {{IPA|[v̥]}} occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}}, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.</ref>
| '''b'''all
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ç}}</big>
| {{lang|de|i'''ch''', dur'''ch'''; '''Ch'''ina ({{abbr|DE|German Standard German}})}}<ref name="dorsalfricatives">{{IPAblink|ç}} and {{IPAblink|x}} belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed {{IPA|/x/}}. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and {{IPA|/a, aː/}} and it may actually be uvular {{IPAblink|χ}}, depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with {{angbr IPA|x}}.</ref>
| '''h'''ue
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|d}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''d'''ann}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''d'''one
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''f'''ür, '''v'''on, '''Ph'''änomen}}
| '''f'''uss
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''g'''ut}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''g'''uest
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''h'''at}}
| '''h'''ut
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''J'''ahr, '''Y'''o-'''Y'''o}}
| '''y'''ard
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''k'''ann, Ta'''g''',<ref name="devoicing">In German Standard German, voiced stops {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} are devoiced to {{IPA|[p, t, k]}} at the end of a syllable.</ref> '''c'''remen, se'''ch'''s}}
| '''c'''old
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''L'''eben}}
| '''l'''ast
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l̩}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Mant'''el'''}}
| bott'''le'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''M'''ann}}
| '''m'''ust
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m̩}}</big>
| {{lang|de|groß'''em'''}}
| rhyth'''m'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''N'''ame}}
| '''n'''ot
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n̩}}</big>
| {{lang|de|beid'''en'''}}
| sudd'''en'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|la'''ng'''}}
| lo'''ng'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''P'''erson, a'''b'''}}<ref name="devoicing" />
| '''p'''uck
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|pf}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Pf'''effer}}
| cu'''pf'''ul
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʁ}}</big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''r'''eden}}<ref name="r-allophones">Pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}} in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only {{IPA|[r]}}, that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant {{IPA|[ʁ]}}. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the {{IPA|/r/}} in the syllable coda is vocalized to {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} after long vowels or after all vowels (in this guide {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} is used only after long vowels, following the pronunciation dictionaries), and {{IPA|/ər/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɐ]}}.</ref>
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}: ''French'' '''r'''ouge<br/> {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' '''r'''ed
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| {{lang|de|la'''ss'''en}}, {{lang|de|Hau'''s'''}}, {{lang|de|gro'''ß'''}}
| fa'''s'''t
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''sch'''on, '''S'''tadt, '''s'''pitz, '''Ch'''ampagner, '''Sk'''i}}
| '''sh'''all
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''T'''ag, un'''d''', Sta'''dt'''}}<ref name="devoicing" />
| '''t'''all
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Z'''eit, Pla'''tz''', Po'''ts'''dam, '''C'''elle}}
| ca'''ts'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ma'''tsch''', '''C'''ello}}
| ma'''tch'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''w'''as}}, {{lang|de|'''V'''ase}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''v'''anish
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| {{lang|de|na'''ch'''}}<ref name="dorsalfricatives"/>
| ''Scottish'' lo'''ch'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|z}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''S'''ie}}, {{lang|de|die'''s'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''z'''ebra
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʔ}}</big>
| style="text-align:center; background:gray" |
| {{lang|de|beamtet}}<ref>The glottal stop occurs in German Standard German. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. Austrian or Swiss Standard German do not have glottal stops ({{harvnb|Krech et al.|2009|pp=236, 262}}).</ref><br />({{IPA|[bəˈʔamtət]}})
| ''uh'''-'''oh!''
|-
! colspan="5" | Non-native consonants
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Dsch'''ungel}}, {{lang|de|Pi'''dg'''in}}<ref name="fortislenis"/><ref name="postalveolarlenis">Many speakers lack the lenis {{IPA|/ʒ/}} and replace it with its fortis counterpart {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ({{harvnb|Hall|2003|p=42}}). The same applies to the corresponding lenis {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.</ref>
| '''j'''ungle
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɹ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Sp'''r'''ay}}<ref>Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.</ref>
| '''r'''ice
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''G'''enie}}, {{lang|de|Entoura'''g'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis"/><ref name="postalveolarlenis"/>
| plea'''s'''ure
|-
! colspan="5" | Stress
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|de|'''Bahn'''hof'''stra'''ße}}<br />({{IPA|[ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]}})
| rowspan="2" | as in ''battleship'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|t|əl|ˌ|ʃ|ɪ|p}}
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big>
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" | Vowels
|-
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! rowspan="2" | Examples !! rowspan="2" |English approximation
|-
!{{abbr|DE|German Standard German}} !! {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}} !! {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}
|-
! colspan="5" | Monophthongs
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|a}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''a'''lles}}, {{lang|de|K'''a'''lender}}
| f'''a'''ther, ''but short''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|aː}}</big> 
| {{lang|de|'''a'''ber, s'''ah''', St'''aa'''t}}
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''E'''nde, h'''ä'''tte}}
| b'''e'''t
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|sp'''ä'''t, w'''äh'''len}}<ref>In Northern Germany, {{IPA|/ɛː/}} often merges with {{IPA|/eː/}} to {{IPAblink|eː}}.</ref>
| ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' h'''air'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''e'''ben, g'''eh'''en, M'''ee'''r}}
| m'''a'''te
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''i'''st}}
| s'''i'''t
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|l'''ie'''be, Berl'''i'''n, '''ih'''m}}
| s'''ee'''d
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|k'''o'''mmen}}
| '''o'''ff
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''o'''der, h'''oh'''e, B'''oo'''t}}
| st'''o'''ry
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|œ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''ö'''ffnen}}
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ur'''t
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|øː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''sterreich}}, {{lang|de|M'''öh'''re}}, {{lang|de|adi'''eu'''}}
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ear'''d
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''u'''nd}}
| p'''u'''sh
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|H'''u'''t, K'''uh'''}}
| tr'''ue'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʏ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|m'''ü'''ssen, '''Y'''psilon}}
| ''somewhat like'' c'''u'''te
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|yː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''ü'''ber, M'''üh'''e, ps'''y'''chisch}}
| ''somewhat like'' f'''ew'''
|-
! colspan="5" | Diphthongs
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''ei'''n, K'''ai'''ser, H'''ay'''dn, Verl'''eih''', Sp'''ey'''er}}
| h'''igh'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|aʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''au'''f}}
| v'''ow'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔʏ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Eu'''ro, H'''äu'''ser}}
| ''roughly like'' ch'''oi'''ce
|-
! colspan="5" | Reduced vowels
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ər}}</big>
| {{lang|de|imm'''er'''}}<ref name="r-allophones" />
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}, {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: fr'''u'''stration<br/>{{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' lett'''er'''<ref name="schwas">As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid {{IPAblink|ə}} and open {{IPAblink|ɐ}} schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as ''bal'''a'''nce'', ''cann'''o'''n'' and ''chairm'''a'''n'' and the latter variably in ''sof'''a''''', ''Chin'''a''''' (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in '''''a'''go'' and '''''a'''gain'', but one needs to remember that Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}} has no such free variation and is always open, just as {{IPAblink|ə}} is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in words such as ''fr'''u'''stration'' and ''j'''u'''sticiable'' is a perfect replacement for Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Nam'''e'''}}
| bal'''a'''nce (but not sof'''a''')<ref name="schwas"/>
|-
! colspan="5" | Semivowels
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɐ̯}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Uh'''r'''}}<ref name="r-allophones" />
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}, {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: sof'''a'''<br/>{{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' fa'''r'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Stud'''i'''e}}
| '''y'''ard
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|akt'''u'''ell}}
| '''w'''ould
|-
! colspan="5" | Non-native vowels
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ãː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Gourm'''and'''}}, {{lang|de|Engagem'''ent'''}}, {{lang|de|Restaur'''ant'''}}, {{lang|de|Ch'''an'''ce}}<ref name="nasalV">The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long {{IPA|[ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː]}} when stressed and short {{IPA|[ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃]}} when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with {{IPA|[aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ]}} irrespective of length, and the {{IPA|[ŋ]}} in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. ''Ensemble'' {{IPA|[aŋˈsaŋbl̩]}} or {{IPA|[anˈsambl̩]}} for {{IPA|[ãˈsãːbl̩]}} ({{harvnb|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).</ref>
| ''French'' Prov'''en'''ce
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Po'''in'''te}}<ref name="nasalV"/>
| ''French'' qu'''in'''ze
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛɪ̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|M'''ai'''l}}<ref name="middiphthongs">The diphthongs {{IPA|/ɛɪ̯, ɔʊ̯/}} occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as ''okay''. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to {{IPA|[eː, oː]}} (or {{IPA|[e, o]}} in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word ''okay'' can be pronounced as either {{IPA|[ɔʊ̯ˈkɛɪ̯]}} or {{IPA|[oˈkeː]}}.</ref>
| ''roughly like'' f'''a'''ce
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|õː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Garç'''on'''}}<ref name="nasalV"/>
| ''French'' Le M'''on'''de
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔʊ̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|C'''o'''de}}<ref name="middiphthongs"/>
| ''American'' g'''oa'''t
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|œ̃ː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Parf'''um'''}}<ref name="nasalV"/>
| ''French'' empr'''un'''te
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|œːɐ̯}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|øːr}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Gouvern'''eur'''}}<ref>{{IPA|[œːɐ̯]}} or {{IPA|[øːr]}} is the German rendering of the English {{sc2|NURSE}} vowel {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. ''Vass'''eur''''' ({{harvnb|Krech et al.|2009|pp=64, 142}}).</ref>
| ''roughly like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' b'''ir'''d
|-
! colspan="5" | Shortened vowels
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ã}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''en'''gagieren}}<ref name="nasalV"/>
| ''French'' ch'''an'''son
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''im'''pair}}<ref name="nasalV"/>
| ''French'' v'''ing'''t-et-un
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|e}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''E'''l'''e'''ment}}<ref name="shorttense">{{IPA|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}}, the short versions of the long vowels {{IPA|[eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː]}}, are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in ''jedoch'' {{IPA|[jeˈdɔx]}}, ''soeben'' {{IPA|[zoˈʔeːbn̩]}}, ''vielleicht'' {{IPA|[fiˈlaɪçt]}} etc. In casual speech short {{IPA|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}} preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a {{IPA|[ʔ]}}) may be replaced with {{IPA|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ]}}, e.g. {{IPA|[jɛˈdɔx]}}, {{IPA|[fɪˈlaɪçt]}} ({{harvnb|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).</ref>
| ''roughly like'' dr'''e'''ss
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''I'''talien}}<ref name="shorttense"/>
| s'''ea'''t
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|o}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''o'''riginell}}<ref name="shorttense"/>
| st'''o'''ry, ''but short''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|õ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|f'''on'''cé}}<ref name="nasalV"/>
| ''French'' M'''on'''t Blanc
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|œ̃}}</big>
| {{lang|de|L'''un'''dist}}<ref name="nasalV"/>
| ''French'' vingt-et-'''un'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ø}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''konom}}<ref name="shorttense"/>
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ur'''t
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''U'''niversität}}, {{lang|de|S'''ou'''venir}}<ref name="shorttense"/>
| tr'''u'''th
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ps'''y'''chologie}}<ref name="shorttense"/>
| ''like'' m'''ee'''t, ''but with the lips rounded''
|}
|}

==See also==
* If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA. Good free IPA fonts include [[Gentium]] and [[Charis SIL]] (more complete); a monospaced font is [[Everson Mono]] which is complete; download links can be found on those pages.
* For a guide to adding pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{tl|IPA}} template.
* For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|last=Hall
|first=Christopher
|year=2003
|orig-year=First published 1992
|title=Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Manchester University Press
|place=Manchester
|isbn=0-7190-6689-1
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Krech
|first1=Eva Maria
|last2=Stock
|first2=Eberhard
|last3=Hirschfeld
|first3=Ursula
|last4=Anders
|first4=Lutz-Christian
|year=2009
|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch
|location=Berlin, New York
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6
|ref={{harvid|Krech et al.|2009}}
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Mangold
|first=Max
|year=2005
|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
|publisher=Duden
|edition=6th
|ISBN=978-3411040667
}}
{{refend}}

{{IPA keys}}



{{Sourceattribution|Standard German}}