View source for History:1750–75 in Western fashion

[[File:Jan Josef Horemans (II) - Concert in an Interior - 1764.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''A concert in an Interior'' by Jan Josef Horemans the Younger of Antwerp, 1764. The women's sack-back gowns and the men's coats over long waistcoats are characteristic of this period.]]
'''Fashion in the years 1750–1775''' in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]]an countries and the colonial Americas was characterised by greater abundance, elaboration and intricacy in clothing designs, loved by the [[History:Rococo|Rococo]] artistic trends of the period. The French and English styles of fashion were very different from one another. French style was defined by elaborate court dress, colourful and rich in decoration, worn by such iconic fashion figures as Marie Antoinette. After reaching their maximum size in the 1750s, hoop skirts began to reduce in size, but remained being worn with the most formal dresses, and were sometimes replaced with side-hoops, or panniers.<ref name=methoop>"Panniers [British] (1973.65.2)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1973.65.2 (October 2006)</ref> Hairstyles were equally elaborate, with tall headdresses the distinctive fashion of the 1770s.  For men, waistcoats and breeches of previous decades continued to be fashionable. English style was defined by simple practical garments, made of inexpensive and durable fabrics, catering to a leisurely outdoor lifestyle.<ref name="Ribeiro, Aileen 1820">Ribeiro, Aileen: The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France 1750–1820, Yale University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-300-06287-7}}</ref> These lifestyles were also portrayed through the differences in portraiture.  The French preferred indoor scenes where they could demonstrate their affinity for luxury in dress and lifestyle.  The English, on the other hand, were more "egalitarian" in tastes, thus their portraits tended to depict the sitter in outdoor scenes and pastoral attire.<ref>Ribeiro "The Art of Dress" pg 35</ref>

==Changes in fashion in the period==
[[File:1760s Court Dress.JPG|thumb |English or French court dress, c. 1760, with wide panniers.  Taken at the Fashion Museum in Bath, {{wipe|England}}.]]

===1750s===
*Women: Court dress included elaborate and intricate styles influenced by Rococo; hoop skirts; panniers;<ref name="methoop"/> corsets; petticoats; stays; conical torso shape with large hips; "standardized courtly bodies and faces" with little individuality<ref>Wahrman, Dror. The Making of the Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth-century England. New Haven: Yale UP, 2004. Print.</ref>
**French: Elaborate court dress, colorful,decorative, portraiture inside
**English: Simple and practical, inexpensive durable fabrics, outdoor lifestyle,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ribeiro, Aileen: The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France 1750–1820, Yale University Press, 1995</ref> portraiture outside
*Men: Coat; waistcoat: breeches; large cuffs; more attention on individual pieces of the suit;<ref name="ReferenceA"/> wigs for formal occasions; long and powdered hair

===1760s===
*Women: New strapless stays cut high at the armpit; ''grand habit de cour'' or "stiff-bodied" gown; riding habit
*Men: Frock coat; knee length breeches fitted snugly; full shirt sleeves; original Macaroni<ref>Amelia Rauser, Hair, Authenticity, The Self Made Macaroni (Johns Hopkins University Press, Fall 2004) pg 101</ref>

===1770s===
*Women: ''robe à la française'' or sack-back gown; ''robe à l'anglaise'' or close-bodied gown; the ''Brunswick''; tall hair and headdresses
*Men: Waistcoats began to shorten; Macaroni imitators<ref>S. West, The Darly Macaroni Prints and the Politics of the Private Man, Duke University Press</ref>

==Women's fashion==

===Overview===
[[File:Jean-Marc Nattier 003.jpg|right|thumb|Princess Henriette of France in court dress playing the viola de gamba, c. 1750–52, by Jean-Marc Nattier]]
[[File:Batoni lady mary fox.jpg|right|thumb|Lady Mary Fox wears a grey silk hooded Brunswick gown with striped ribbon ornaments, 1767.]]
Women's clothing styles retained the emphasis on a narrow, inverted conical torso, achieved with boned stays, above full skirts. Hoop skirts continued to be worn, reaching their largest size in the 1750s, and were sometimes replaced by side-hoops, also called 'false hips', or panniers.<ref name=methoop/>  Court dress had little or no physical comfort with restriction of movement. Full size hoops skirts prevented sitting and reminded those wearing them to stand in the presence of the King. Stays forced a proper standing posture. Garments like these could not be washed often because of the fabrics from which they were made. The [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] produced a backlash against sumptuary laws which asserted a stagnant social hierarchy. During the Enlightenment, court dress stayed almost the same while outside of court dress, fashion became less extravagant and shifted more towards comfort rather than courtly display.<ref>Peter McNeil, "The Appearance of Enlightenment"</ref>

===Gowns===
The usual fashion of the years 1750–1775 was a low-necked gown (usually called in French a ''robe''), worn over a petticoat.  Most gowns had skirts that opened in front to show the petticoat worn beneath. If the bodice of the gown was open in front, the opening was filled in with a decorative stomacher, pinned to the gown over the laces or to the stays beneath.

Close-fitting sleeves just past the elbow were trimmed with frills or ruffles, and separate under-ruffles referred to as engageantes in modern terms, of lace or fine linen were tacked, to the inside of the gown's sleeves,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fineartlib.info/gallery/p17_sectionid/10/p17_imageid/899|title=Mrs. Richard Skinner :: John Singleton Copley  - 4 women's portraits 18th century hall|website=www.fineartlib.info|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref> or perhaps to the shift or chemise sleeves. The neckline was trimmed with a fabric or lace ruffle, or a neckerchief called a ''fichu'' could be tucked into the low neckline. Women would also sometimes  wear a neckerchief or a more formal  lace modesty piece, particularly on low-cut dresses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/European-Culture-18th-Century/Eighteenth-Century-Clothing.html|title=Eighteenth-Century Clothing|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

The ''robe à la française'' or sack-back gown featured back pleats hanging loosely from the neckline. A fitted bodice held the front of the gown closely to the figure.

The ''robe à l'anglaise'' or close-bodied gown featured back pleats sewn in place to fit closely to the body, and then released into the skirt which would be draped in various ways.

The ''Brunswick'' dress was a two-piece costume of German origin consisting of a hip-length jacket with "split sleeves" (flounced elbow-length sleeves and long, tight lower sleeves) and a hood, worn with a matching petticoat.  It was popular for traveling.

Court dress, the ''grand habit de cour'' or "stiff-bodied" gown, retained the styles of the 1670s. It featured a low, oval neckline that bared the shoulders, and the heavily boned bodice laced closed in back, unlike the front-opening robe. The elbow-length sleeves were covered with tiers of lace flounces, echoing the full-sleeved chemise worn with the original style.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waugh|first=Norah|title=The Cut of Women's Clothes: 1600-1930|year=1968|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-87830-026-0|pages=66–67, 69}}</ref>

Front-wrapping thigh-length ''shortgowns'' or bedgowns of lightweight printed cotton fabric were fashionable at-home morning wear, worn with petticoats. Over time, bedgowns became the staple upper garment of British and American female working-class street wear.<ref>Baumgarten, ''What Clothes Reveal'', pp. 116–119</ref>

As in previous periods, the traditional riding habit consisted of a tailored jacket like a man's coat, worn with a high-necked shirt, a waistcoat, a petticoat, and a hat. Alternatively, the jacket and a false waistcoat-front might be a made as a single garment, and later in the period a simpler riding jacket and petticoat (without waistcoat) could be worn.

===Underwear===
The shift, chemise (in France), or smock, had a low neckline and elbow-length sleeves which were full early in the period and became increasingly narrow as the century progressed.  Drawers were not worn in this period.

The long-waisted, heavily boned ''stays'' of the early 1740s with their narrow back, wide front, and shoulder straps gave way by the 1760s to strapless stays which still were cut high at the armpit, to encourage a woman to stand with her shoulders slightly back, a fashionable posture.  The fashionable shape was a rather conical torso, with large hips.  The waist was not particularly small.  Stays were laced snugly, but comfortably.  They offered back support for heavy lifting, and poor and middle class women were able to work comfortably in them.

Free-hanging pockets were tied around the waist and were accessed through ''pocket slits'' in the side-seams of the gown or petticoat.

Woollen or quilted waistcoats were worn over the stays and under the gown for warmth, as were petticoats quilted with wool batting, especially in the cold climates of [[Place:Northern Europe|Northern Europe]] and {{wipe|United States}}. In the 1770s stays began to be produced so they would end higher on a woman's body. Phillip Vicker complained: <nowiki>''</nowiki>''For the late importation of Stays which are said to be now most fashionable in London, are produced upwards so high that we can have scarce any view at all of the Ladies Snowy Bosoms...<nowiki>''</nowiki>''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://makinghistorynow.com/2016/01/musings-from-the-millinery-revealing-the-truth-about-18th-century-womens-necklines/|title=MUSINGS FROM THE MILLINERY: REVEALING THE TRUTH ABOUT 18TH-CENTURY WOMEN’S NECKLINES|last=|first=|date=|website=Making History|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

[[File:Woman's yellow silk shoes 1760s.jpg|thumb|Woman's yellow silk shoe to be worn with shoe buckle, c. 1760–65 (LACMA)]]

===Shoes===
Shoes had high, curved heels (the origin of modern "louis heels") and were made of fabric or leather, with separate shoe buckles.<ref>Tortora and Eubank (1995), p. 272</ref> These were either shiny metal, usually in silver (sometimes with the metal cut into false stones in the Paris style), or with paste stones, although there were other types.

===Hairstyles and headgear===
By the 1770s extreme hairstyles and wigs had come into fashion. Women wore their hair high upon their heads, in large plumes. To create tall extreme hair, rolls of horse hair, tow, or wool were used to raise up the front of the hair. The front of the hair was then frizzed out, or arranged in roll curls and set horizontally on the head. Women turned their hair up in the back often in a knot.  In addition, pomatum and false hair was used to give more height to the hair. Pomatum was paste that women used to stiffen their hair. Pomatum was also used to hold powder, which women put in their hair. The Pomatum was made of many ingredients including hog's grease, tallow, or a mix of beef marrow and oil.<ref>{{cite book|last=Courtais|first=Georgine de|title=Women's hats, headdresses, and hairstyles : with 453 illustrations, medieval to modern|date=2006|publisher=Dover Publications|location=Mineola, N.Y.|isbn=0-486-44850-9|pages=76}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Style gallery – 1750–1775===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="220px">
File:Anna Bacherini Piattoli.jpg|1 - c. 1750
Image:Pompadour6.jpg|2 – 1755
Image:Pompadour .jpg|3 – 1759
File:Elisabeth Freudenreich 1760.jpg|4 - 1760
File:Lady Susan Fox-Strangways.jpg|5 - 1761
File:Denner - Queen Charlotte, 1761.jpg|6 - 1761
File:Lucretia Chandler, Mrs. John Murray, 1763, by John Singleton Copley (1738-1815) - Worcester Art Museum - IMG 7698.JPG|7 - 1763
File:Mrs Benjamin Pickman by John Singleton Copley.jpeg |8 - 1763
File:John Singleton Copley Mrs. Epes Sargent II 1764.jpg |9 - 1764
File:Marie Antoinette Young4.jpg|10 - 1771
Image:Mrs John Winthrop.jpg|11 – 1773
Image:Trinquesse1.jpg|12 – 1774
</gallery>
#[[:File:Anna Bacherini Piattoli.jpg|Self-portrait]] of Anna Bacherini Piattoli wearing a Brunswick.
#[[:Image:Pompadour6.jpg|1755 portrait]] of Madame de Pompadour wearing a floral gown with matching petticoat.  Her sleeves end in flounces worn over lace engageantes. Her stomacher is decorated with a vertical row of ribbon bows.
#[[:Image:Pompadour .jpg|1759 portrait]] of Madame de Pompadour shows her petticoat trimmed with flounces to match her gown.  She wears a small lace ruff around her neck.
#[[:File:Elisabeth Freudenreich 1760.jpg|Elisabeth Freudenrich]] wears a gown trimmed with silk ribbons.  Her hair is dressed high and two curls frame her neck, 1760.
#[[:File:Lady Susan Fox-Strangways.jpg|Lady Susan Fox-Strangways]]'s gown is worn with wide, tiered engageantes, 1761.
#[[:File:Denner - Queen Charlotte, 1761.jpg|Queen Charlotte]] wears an elaborate neck ruffle with a large diamond brooch with her court gown.  Her figure shows the full, rounded bust and small waist created by narrow-backed stays, 1761.
#[[:File:Lucretia Chandler, Mrs. John Murray, 1763, by John Singleton Copley (1738-1815) - Worcester Art Museum - IMG 7698.JPG|In the American colonies]] Mrs. John Murray wears a simple gown with cuffed sleeves, 1763.
#[[:File:Mrs Benjamin Pickman by John Singleton Copley.jpeg|Mrs. Benjamin Pickman]], the wife of a wealthy merchant of Salem, Massachusetts, wears a blue silk gown with robings.  She carries a parasol, 1763.
#[[:File:John Singleton Copley Mrs. Epes Sargent II 1764.jpg|Mrs. Epes Sargent II]] wears a dark blue riding habit and carries a plumed hat, Massachusetts, 1764.
#[[:File:Marie Antoinette Young4.jpg|Marie Antoinette]] at age 15 wears a riding habit with a striped waistcoat.  Her hair is tied back and she wears a tricorn hat, France, 1771.
#[[:Image:Mrs John Winthrop.jpg|Mrs John Winthrop]] of Boston, Massachusetts, in the fashionable dress of 1773.  Her indoor cap is trimmed with striped and dotted ribbons, and her gown is trimmed with ''robings'' of ruched fabric (strips of fabric gathered on two sides).  A lace fichu fills in her neckline.
#[[:Image:Trinquesse1.jpg|Side view]] of a frock of 1774 shows pleated robings and striped ribbon rosettes.

===French fashion===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Portrait of the Countess of Senozan.jpg|France, 1751
File:Jean-Marc Nattier 003.jpg|France, 1754
File:Nattier - Portrait de la comtesse de Sérent - 1754.jpg|France, 1754
File:Jean-Marc Nattier, Madame Adélaïde de France faisant des nœuds (1756) - 002.jpg|France, 1756
File:Mme Georges Gougenot de Croissy, née Vïrany de Varennes.jpg|France, 1757
File:Nattier, Jean Marc - Marie Adélaïde of France - Louvre INV 6892.jpg|France, 1758
File:François Boucher 017.jpg|France, 1759
File:Madame Sophie de France (1734–1782).jpg|France, 1762
File:Marie-Josèphe by Nivelon.jpg|France, 1764
File:Boucher - Bergeret NGA.jpg|France, 1766
File:Marie Joséphine Buron par David.jpg|France, 1769
File:Louise-Marie de France, dite Madame Louise (1737-1787).jpg|France, 1770
File:Marie Antoinette by L. L. Périn-Salbreux.jpg|France, 1770
File:Marie Therese de Savoie, comtesse d'Artois.jpg|France, 1775
</gallery>

==Men's fashion==
[[File:John Hancock painting.jpg|thumb|left|John Hancock of Boston wears a coat with a collar, waistcoat, and breeches of deep blue trimmed in gold braid, 1764.]]
[[File:The Dallas Museum of Art ' Young Man with a Flute', to the artist George Romney, 1760-1770.jpg|left|thumb|George Romney's ''Young Man with a Flute'' wears a gold figured waistcoat under his coat. His breeches have buttons and buckles at the knee, 1760s.]]

===Overview===
Throughout the period, men continued to wear the coat, waistcoat and breeches of the previous period.  However, changes were seen in both the fabric used as well as the cut of these garments.  More attention was paid to individual pieces of the suit, and each element underwent stylistic changes.<ref name="Ribeiro, Aileen 1820"/> Under new enthusiasms for outdoor sports and country pursuits, the elaborately embroidered silks and velvets characteristic of "full dress" or formal attire earlier in the century gradually gave way to carefully tailored woollen "undress" garments for all occasions except the most formal. This more casual style reflected the dominating image of "nonchalance." The goal was to look as fashionable as possible with seemingly little effort. This was to be the new, predominant mindset of fashion.

===Coats===
The skirts of the coat narrowed from the gored styles of the previous period.  Waistcoats extended to mid-thigh to the 1770s and then began to shorten. Waistcoats could be made with or without sleeves.<ref name="Ribeiro, Aileen 1820"/>

As in the previous period, a loose, T-shaped silk, cotton or linen gown called a banyan was worn at home as a sort of dressing gown over the shirt, waistcoat, and breeches.  Men of an intellectual or philosophical bent were painted wearing banyans, with their own hair or a soft cap rather than a wig.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/franklin/rush.htm |title=Franklin and Friends |accessdate=2006-03-19}}</ref>

A coat with a wide collar called a frock coat, derived from a traditional working-class coat, was worn for hunting and other country pursuits in both Britain and America.<ref name="Ribeiro, Aileen 1820"/>

===Shirt and stock===
Shirt sleeves were full, gathered at the wrist and dropped shoulder. Full-dress shirts had ruffles of fine fabric or lace, while undress shirts ended in plain wrist bands.<ref name="Ribeiro, Aileen 1820"/>

===Breeches, shoes, and stockings===
Knee-length breeches fitted snugly and had a fall-front opening.

Low-heeled leather [[Engineering:Shoe|shoe]]s fastened with buckles were worn with silk or woollen stockings. [[Engineering:Boot|Boot]]s were worn for riding. The buckles were either polished metal, usually in silver (sometimes with the metal cut into false stones in the Paris style), or with paste stones, although there were other types. These buckles were often quite large and one of the world's largest collections can be seen at Kenwood House.

===Hairstyles and headgear===
Wigs were worn for formal occasions, or the hair was worn long and powdered, brushed back from the forehead and ''clubbed'' (tied back at the nape of the neck) with a black ribbon. Wigs were generally now short, but long wigs continued to be popular with the older generation. Wigs were made with a lot of white powder.

Wide-brimmed hats turned up on three sides called "cocked hats" (called tricorns in later eras) were worn in mid-century. {{clear|left}}

[[File:Philip Dawe, The Macaroni. A Real Character at the Late Masquerade (1773).jpg|thumb|1773 caricature of the exaggerated style of the macaroni]]

===The macaroni===

The trend of the macaroni grew out of the tradition of those who partook of the Grand Tour. Elite men in the 18th century would travel abroad across Europe, namely Italy, to broaden their cultural depth.  These men adopted foreign fashions and tastes and brought them back to England where they interpreted them further.<ref>Amelia Rauser, ''Hair, Authenticity, The Self Made Macaroni'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, Fall 2004) pg 101</ref> The original macaroni of the 1760s was characterized by elaborate dress consisting of short and tight trousers, large wigs, delicate shoes and small hats.<ref>Rauser(2004), pg 101</ref>  As the general population of English males became exposed to the luxurious appeal of the macaroni trend, they began to adopt and replicate the trends they saw.  By the 1770s, any man could appear as if they themselves had been on the Grand Tour-based solely on their outward appearance.

The macaroni and the subsequent imitators were criticized for being gender ambiguous and effeminate.<ref>S. West, ''The Darly Macaroni Prints and the Politics of the Private Man'', Duke University Press</ref>  Frequently, the macaroni fashion trend was the subject of satirical caricatures and pamphlets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chenoune|first=Farid|title=A History of Men's Fashion|date=1993|publisher=Flammarion|location=Paris|isbn=978-2080135360}}</ref>  Their large costume like wigs and short coats, which deeply contrasted the masculine British dress of the time, were ridiculed for their frivolity and were said to be threatening the stability of gender difference, thereby undermining the nation's reputation.<ref>Rauser,(2004)</ref> The question of farce and inauthenticity comes into play as well because by dressing as a macaroni, one claimed the status and the means of an elite who went on the Grand Tour.

Although many mocked the macaroni for their outwardly eccentric characteristics, some celebrated them for their commitment to the demonstration of personal identity.  The idea of a unique character was becoming an important concept that spanned many types of media including books and prints as Britain wanted to distinguish itself from France.<ref>West, pg 175</ref>

===Style gallery 1750–1775===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Man's 3-piece velvet suit c. 1755.jpg|1 - c. 1755
Image:Georg Friedrich Händel 2.jpg|2 – 1756
File:Man's fitted banyan 1750-1760.jpg| 3 - 1750–60
Image:Crowle1760s.jpg|4 – 1761
Image:Voiriot DesVoisins.jpg|5 – 1761
Image:Charles Blair (detail of The Honorable Henry Fane (1739–1802) with Inigo Jones and Charles Blair.jpg|6 – c. 1762
Image:Comte d'Angiviller.jpg|7 – c. 1763
File:1stLordWodehouse.jpg|8 - 1764
File:Nathaniel Sparhawk1 John Singleton Copley.jpeg |9 - 1764
Image:David Hume.jpg|10 – 1766
File:Benjamin West portrait of John Grey 1766.jpg|11 - 1766
File:Denis Diderot 111.PNG|12 - 1767
Image:J S Copley - Samuel Adams.jpg|13 - 1772
</gallery>
#[[:File:Man's 3-piece velvet suit c. 1755.jpg|Man's 3-piece suit]] has coat, waistcoat and breeches of cut, uncut and voided silk velvet, France, c. 1755. The waistcoat buttons match the coat buttons, but are smaller.  Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.2007.211.947a-c.
#[[:Image:Georg Friedrich Händel 2.jpg|Portrait]] of George Frideric Handel in a dark red coat with deep cuffs worn over a long gold brocade vest or waistcoat.  His shirt has full sleeves gathered at the wrists with ruffles, 1756.
#[[:File:Man's fitted banyan 1750-1760.jpg|Man's]] fitted double-breasted banyan, an at-home gown or informal coat, made in the Netherlands of Chinese silk, 1750–60.  Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.2007.211.797.
#[[:Image:Crowle1760s.jpg|Suit of 1761]] features a dark blue coat and waistcoat with fine embroidery on the edges, deep cuffs, and pocket flaps.  Hair is tied back but not powdered. The waistcoat reaches to mid-thigh.
#[[:Image:Voiriot DesVoisins.jpg|M. Gilbert DesVoisins, Councillor of State in Ordinary]] wears a shirt with front and wrist ruffles of fine lace. 1761
#[[:Image:Reynolds fane detail.jpg|Informal country clothes]] of 1760–62.  The long collared coat without cuffs is a ''frock''.
#[[:Image:Comte d'Angiviller.jpg|Comte d'Angiviller]] wears a rose-coloured coat with a fur lining over a flowered white satin waistcoat with gold braid or embroidery.  His shirt has a lace frill down the front.  French fashion emphasizes rich fabrics over cut and tailoring, c. 1763.
#[[:File:1stLordWodehouse.jpg|Portrait]] of Lord Wodehouse wearing a deep blue coat, waistcoat and breeches, 1764.
#[[:File:Nathaniel Sparhawk1 John Singleton Copley.jpeg|Nathaniel Sparhawk]] of Maine wears a rose velvet suit with a collarless coat, 1764.
#[[:Image:David Hume.jpg|David Hume]] wears a reddish collarless dress coat and matching waistcoat trimmed with bands of gold. His shirt sleeves are gathered into wrist bands with tiny pleats (visible by his left hand) and have fine lace ruffles, 1766.
#[[:File:Benjamin West portrait of John Grey 1766.jpg|John Grey]], third son of the Earl of Stamford, wears a brown coat and waistcoat over a linen shirt, 1766.
#[[:File:Denis Diderot 111.PNG|Denis Diderot]] wears a shot silk banyan over his waistcoat and shirt.  The shirt fastens with buttons and buttonholes at the neck, details usually hidden by the stock, 1767.
#[[:Image:J S Copley - Samuel Adams.jpg|Samuel Adams]] wears a plain coat with wide revers, a small stand-up collar, deep cuffs, and large pocket flaps.  His shirt has small sleeve ruffles and is worn with a narrow stock, 1772.

==Children's fashion==
During most of this period, the clothes worn by middle- and upper-class children older than toddlers continued to be similar to the clothes worn by adults, with the exception that girls wore back-fastening bodices and petticoats rather than open-fronted robes.  Boys wore dresses until they were breeched.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="220px">
File:Caroline Matilda 1754 by Liotard.jpg |1 - 1754
File:Badger attributed Two Children Detail of Boy.jpg |2 - 1755–60
Image:Lowry bateson family detail.jpg|3 – 1762
Image:Georg David Matthieu 001.jpg|4 – 1764
File:John Singleton Copley - A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham) - Google Art Project.jpg|5 – 1765
Image:John Singleton Copley Young Lady with a Bird and Dog.jpg|6 – 1767
File:Bobrinsky (variation).jpg|7 - c. 1770
File:William Williams 01.jpg |8 - 1770-75
</gallery>
#[[:File:Caroline Matilda 1754 by Liotard.jpg|Young girl's costume]] of 1754.
#[[:File:Badger attributed Two Children Detail of Boy.jpg|Boy's dress, c. 1755-60]]
#[[:Image:Lowry bateson family detail.jpg|Young Irish girls]] wear back-fastening bodices and sheer, embroidered aprons, 1762.
#[[:Image:Georg David Matthieu 001.jpg|Prince and Princess von Mecklenberg]] wear the miniature versions of adult costume that were standard for upper-class children, 1764.
#[[:File:J S Copley - Boy with Squirrel.jpg|American boy]] wears a frock with a pink satin lining over a buff-colored waistcoat and a collared shirt with wrist frills, 1765.
#[[:Image:John Singleton Copley Young Lady with a Bird and Dog.jpg|An American girl of 1767]] wears a pink satin back-fastening gown over a smock and black shoes with low heels.
#[[:File:Bobrinsky (variation).jpg|Young Russian boy]] in court dress, with powdered hair and miniature sword, c. 1770.
#[[:File:William Williams 01.jpg|Boy's suit]] of the early 1770s is worn with a collared shirt and a floppy bow at the neck.

==Working class clothing==
[[File:Hogarths-Servants.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Portraits of [[Biography:William Hogarth|William Hogarth]]'s servants (England, 1750s)]]
[[File:John Collet The Elopement detail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|A working-class woman wears a short dress or bedgown, a patched and mended petticoat, and neckerchief (England, c. 1764)]]
Working-class people in 18th century England and the United States often wore the same garments as fashionable people—shirts, waistcoats, coats and breeches for men, and shifts, petticoats, and dresses or jackets for women—but they owned fewer clothes and what they did own was made of cheaper and sturdier fabrics.  Working class men also wore short jackets, and some (especially sailors) wore trousers rather than breeches.  Smock-frocks were a regional style for men, especially shepherds.  Country women wore short hooded cloaks, most often red.  Both sexes wore handkerchiefs or neckerchiefs.<ref name="Styles">Styles, ''The Dress of the People'', pp. 32–36</ref><ref name="Reveal">Baumgarten, ''What Clothes Reveal'', pp. 106–127</ref>

Men's felt hats were worn with the brims flat rather than cocked or turned up.  Men and women wore shoes with shoe buckles (when they could afford them). Men who worked with horses wore boots.<ref name="Styles" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Arnold, Janet: ''Patterns of Fashion 2: Englishwomen's Dresses and Their Construction C.1860–1940'', Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977. {{ISBN|0-89676-027-8}}
*Ashelford, Jane: ''The Art of Dress: Clothing and Society 1500–1914'', Abrams, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8109-6317-5}}
*Baumgarten, Linda: ''What Clothes Reveal: The Language of Clothing in Colonial and Federal America'', Yale University Press,2002. {{ISBN|0-300-09580-5}}
*Black, J. Anderson and Madge Garland: ''A History of Fashion'', Morrow, 1975. {{ISBN|0-688-02893-4}}
*de Marly, Diana: ''Working Dress: A History of Occupational Clothing'', Batsford (UK), 1986; Holmes & Meier (US), 1987. {{ISBN|0-8419-1111-8}}
*Payne, Blanche: ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century'', Harper & Row, 1965. No ISBN for this edition; ASIN B0006BMNFS
*Ribeiro, Aileen: ''The Art of Dress: Fashion in  England and France 1750–1820'', Yale University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-300-06287-7}}
*Ribeiro, Aileen: ''Dress in Eighteenth Century Europe 1715–1789'', Yale University Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-300-09151-6}}
*Rothstein, Natalie (editor): ''A Lady of Fashion: Barbara Johnson's Album of Styles and Fabrics'', Norton, 1987, {{ISBN|0-500-01419-1}}
*Steele, Valerie: ''The Corset: A Cultural History''. Yale University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-300-09953-3}}
*Styles, John: ''The Dress of the People: Everyday Fashion in Eighteenth-Century England'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-300-12119-3}}
*Takeda, Sharon Sadako, and Kaye Durland Spilker, ''Fashioning Fashion: European Dress in Detail, 1700 - 1915'', LACMA/Prestel USA (2010), {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5062-2}}
* Tortora, Phyllis G. and Keith Eubank. ''Survey of Historic Costume''. 2nd Edition, 1994. Fairchild Publications. {{ISBN|1-563-67003-8}}
*Tozer, Jane and Sarah Levitt, ''Fabric of Society: A Century of People and their Clothes 1770–1870'', Laura Ashley Press, {{ISBN|0-9508913-0-4}}
* Waugh, Norah, ''The Cut of Women's Clothes: 1600-1930'', New York, Routledge, 1968, {{ISBN|978-0-87830-026-6}}

==External links==
*[http://people.csail.mit.edu/sfelshin/revwar/glossary.html Glossary of 18th Century Costume Terminology]
*[http://www.sharonburnston.com/quiltedwaistcoat.html An Analysis of An Eighteenth Century Woman's Quilted Waistcoat by Sharon Ann Burnston]
*[http://www.englishcountrydancing.org/frenchfashion.html French Fashions 1700 - 1789 from ''The Eighteenth Century: Its Institutions, Customs, and Costumes'', Paul Lecroix, 1876]
* {{cite web |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum
 |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/introduction-to-18th-century-fashion/
 |title= Introduction to 18th Century Men and Women's Fashion
 |work=Fashion, Jewellery & Accessories
 |accessdate= 2007-12-09}}
*[http://www.history.org/history/clothing/intro/clothing.cfm Looking at Eighteenth-Century Clothing by Linda Baumgarten at Colonial Williamsburg]
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/eudr/hd_eudr.htm 18th century European dress at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]
*[https://statenisland.pastperfectonline.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&search_criteria=colonial+AND+fashion&searchButton=Search 18th century fashions in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database]
*[http://larsdatter.com/18c/ 18th Century Notebook]


{{DEFAULTSORT:1750-75 in Western fashion}}
[[Category:Age of Enlightenment]]

{{Sourceattribution|1750–75 in Western fashion|1}}