View source for History:Hyderabad State

{{Short description|Princely state in South India (1724–1948)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = State of Hyderabad
| common_name            = Hyderabad State
| religion               = [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]] (81%)<br /> [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] (13% and State Religion)<ref>Mi{{citation|last=O'Dwyer|first=Michael|title=India as I Knew it: 1885–1925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dW4yLJNw5oC&pg=PA137|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=137–|id=GGKEY:DB7YTGYWP7W}}</ref><br /> [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] and others (6%) (spread among Anglo-Indian population expanding to Secunderabad and [[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]) {{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=27–28}}
| status                 = Independent/Mughal Successor State (1724–1798)<br />Semi-indepenent under British Protection (1798–1858)<br />Princely state of [[History:British Raj|India]] (1858–1947)<br />Unrecognised Independent State (1947–1948)
| era                    = <!---Mughal Empire (1724–1798)<br /> 
Kingdom of Hyderabad (1798–1948)<br />  
Indian Union (1948–1950)<br /> 
Indian Republic (1950–1956)<br /> 
Dividing between Andhra Pradesh<br /> 
Merging Telanagana part of Hyderabad State with Andhra State<br /> 
Mysore and Bombay States.--> .
| government_type        = Absolute Monarchy
| event_start            = 
| date_start             = 
| year_start             = 1724
| event_end              = Annexation by India{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 7|ps=: "'Operation Polo', the code name for the armed invasion of Hyderabad"}}
| date_end               = 18 September
| year_end               = 1948
| event1                 = Telangana Rebellion
| date_event1            = 1946
| event_post             = States Reorganisation Act
| date_post              = 1 November 1956
| p1                     = Mughal Empire
| p2                     = Viceroy of the Deccan{{!}}• Viceroy of the Deccan
| flag_p1                = 
| border_p1              = no
| s1                     = Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
| flag_s1                = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag             = Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg
| image_coat             = State emblem of Hyderabad.svg
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| image_map              = Hyderabad princely state 1909.svg
| image_map_caption      = Hyderabad (dark green) and Berar Province, not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green)
| national_motto         = ''"Al Azmat Allah"''<br/>(Greatness belongs to God)<br />''"Ya Osman"''<br />(Oh Osman)
| national_anthem        = ''"O Osman"''
| capital                = Aurangabad (1724–1763)<br />[[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] (1763–1948)
| today                  = {{wipe|India}}
| common_languages       = [[Social:Telugu language|Telugu]] (48.2%)<br /> [[Social:Marathi language|Marathi]] (26.4%)<br /> [[Social:Kannada|Kannada]] (12.3%)<br /> [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]] (10.3%){{sfn|Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World|2015|p=110}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=20}}
| stat_year1             = 1941
| stat_area1             = {{convert|82,698|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}
| ref_area1              = <ref name="1941Census">{{Cite book|last=Husain|first=Mazhar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551/page/n11/mode/2up|title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State)|date=1947}}</ref>
| stat_pop1              = 16,338,534
| ref_pop1               = <ref name="1941Census" />
| currency               = Hyderabadi rupee
| representative1        = Iwaz Khan (first)
| representative2        = Mir Laiq Ali (Last)
| year_representative1   = 1724–1730
| year_representative2   = 1947–1948
| title_representative   = Prime Minister
| leader1                = Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I (first)
| leader2                = Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII (last, also was Rajpramukh from 1950)
| year_leader1           = 1720–1748
| year_leader2           = 1911–56
| title_leader           = Nizam/Prince (1858–1947)
| footnotes              = 
| official_languages     = [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] (1724–1886)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|last=Tariq|first=Rahman|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/733407091|title=Urdu in Hyderabad State|date=2008-09-10|publisher=Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, UW-Madison|pages=36 & 46|oclc=733407091}}</ref>
<br />[[Social:Urdu|Urdu]] (1886–1948)
| flag_caption           = Flag (1947–1948)
}}
'''Hyderabad State''' ({{audio|Hyderabad.ogg|pronunciation}})<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFgoAAAAYAAJ&q=hyderabad+state+hyderabad+deccan|title=Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung|last=Ali|first=Cherágh|date=1886|publisher=Printed at the Education Society's Press|language=en}}</ref> was a princely state located in the south-central Deccan region of {{wipe|India}} with its capital at the city of [[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra in India.

The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam, who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a [[Philosophy:Subsidiary alliance|subsidiary alliance]] agreement. During the British rule in 1901, the state had an average revenue of Rs. 417,000,000, making it the wealthiest princely state in India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_283.gif |title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 277 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> The native inhabitants of Hyderabad Deccan, regardless of ethnic origin, are called "Mulki" (countryman), a term still used today.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC&q=mulki+deccan&pg=PA12|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|date=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/the-1952-mulki-agitation|title=The 1952 Mulki agitation|last=Reddy|first=AuthorDeepika|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>

The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the [[History:British Raj|British Raj]]. After the Partition of India, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the new dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian Union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage, led to India's annexation of the state in 1948.<ref>{{citation |last=Sherman |first=Taylor C. |title=The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=44 |pages=489–516 |number=4 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400404 |s2cid=145000228 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman_Integration_princely_state_2007.pdf}}</ref> Subsequently, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam, signed an instrument of accession, joining India.{{sfn|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|2008|p=96}}

[[File:NezamHaydarabad.jpg|thumb|220px|On 22 February 1937, a cover story by ''Time'' called Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII the wealthiest man in the world]]
[[File:KishenPershad ca1915.jpeg|220px|thumb|Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad was the Prime Minister of Hyderabad State between 1901–1912 and 1926–1937]]
[[File:Five-rupee note from Hyderabad.jpg|250px|thumb|Five rupee banknote of the Hyderabad State]]

==History==
===Early history===
Hyderabad State was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan who was the governor of Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of ''Asaf Jah'' (granted by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah). His other title, ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' (Order of the Realm), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". By the end of his rule, the Nizam had become independent from the Mughals, and had founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|title=Hyderabad|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Hyderabad-historical-state-India|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Britannica|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Heitzman|first=James|title=Emporiums, empire, and the early colonial presence|date=2008-03-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203483282-9|work=The City in South Asia|pages=102|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203483282-9|isbn=9780203483282|access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>

Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the [[Place:Maratha Empire|Maratha Empire]]. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular ''Chauth'' (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include Palkhed, Rakshasbhuvan, and Kharda.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|isbn=9780313335396|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|year=2007|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64|title=The State at War in South Asia|isbn=978-0803213449|last1=Barua|first1=Pradeep|year=2005|publisher=U of Nebraska Press }}</ref> Following the conquest of Deccan by Bajirao&nbsp;I and the imposition of ''chauth'' by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96, Volume 2|first=Sailendra|last=Nath Sen|isbn=9788171547890|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref>

In 1763, the Nizam shifted the capital to the city of [[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1778, a British resident and soldiers were installed in his dominions. In 1795, the Nizam lost some of his territories to the [[Place:Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. The territorial gains of the Nizam from Mysore as an ally of the British were ceded to the British to meet the cost of maintaining the British soldiers.<ref name="Britannica" />

===British suzerainty===
{{See also|Northern Circars}}In 1798, Nizam ʿĀlī Khan (Asaf {{nowrap|Jah II}}) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad rated a 23-gun salute during the period of British India.) The Crown retained the right to intervene in case of misrule.<ref name="Britannica" />

Hyderabad under Asaf Jah&nbsp;II was a British ally in the second and third Maratha Wars (1803–05, 1817–19), Anglo-Mysore wars, and would remain loyal to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–58).<ref name="Britannica" />{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=79}}

His son, Asaf Jah III Mir Akbar Ali Khan (known as ''Sikandar Jah'') ruled from 1803 to 1829. During his rule, a British cantonment was built in Hyderabad and the area was named in his honor, Secunderabad.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html | title=The University of Queensland Homepage}}</ref> The British Residency at Koti was also built during his reign by the then British Resident James Achilles Kirkpatrick.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=xxxv}}

Sikander Jah was succeeded by Asaf Jah IV, who ruled from 1829 to 1857 and was succeeded by his son Asaf Jah V.{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=104–115}}

==== Asaf Jah V ====
Asaf Jah V's reign from 1857 to 1869 was marked by reforms by his Prime Minister Salar Jung&nbsp;I. Before this time, there was no regular or systematic form of administration, and the duties were in the hands of the ''Diwan'' (Prime Minister), and corruption was thus widespread.{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=155–158}}

In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and ''talukdars'' and ''tehsildars'' for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organized.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=31–37}} In 1868, ''sadr-i-mahams'' (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for the Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=140–143}}

==== Asaf Jah VI ====
Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan became the Nizam at the age of three years. His regents were Salar Jung&nbsp;I and Shams-ul-Umra III and later on Asman Jah and Viqar-ul-Umra. He assumed full rule at the age of 17, and ruled until his death in 1911.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=26–28}}<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A1EFD3A5517738DDDA90B94D0405B818DF1D3 "Nizam of Hyderabad Dead"], ''New York Times'', 30 August 1911</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13–19}} His reign saw the official language of Hyderabad State shift from Persian to Urdu, a change implemented in the 1880s during the short tenure of Prime Minister Salar Jung II.<ref name="auto1"/>

The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established during his reign to connect Hyderabad State to the rest of British India. It was headquartered at Secunderabad Railway Station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.steamindex.com/people/inspoff.htm |title=Inspecting Officers (Railways) – Pringle, (Sir) John Wallace |work=SteamIndex |access-date=2011-07-10}}</ref><ref>Nayeem, M. A.; ''The Splendour of Hyderabad''; Hyderabad ²2002 [Orig.: Bombay ¹1987]; {{ISBN|81-85492-20-4}}; S. 221</ref> The [[Engineering:Rail transport|railway]] marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in Hyderabad city.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=26–28}}{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=56–57}}

During his rule, the Great Musi Flood of 1908 struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=84–86}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hyderabad-observe-104th-anniversary-musi-flood-349446/|title=Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|date=20 September 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13–15}}

He also abolished Sati where women used to jump into their husband's burning pyre, by issuing a royal firman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100618/letters-leave-a-rich-legacy-of-rulers.html|title=Letters leave a rich legacy of rulers|first=CR Gowri|last=Shanker|date=10 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==== Asaf Jah VII ====
The last Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of the British Empire".<ref name="Britannica" /> 

The Nizam also established Hyderabad State Bank. Hyderabad was the only independent state in Indian subcontinent which had its own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee.<ref>Pagdi, Raghavendra Rao (1987) Short History of Banking in Hyderabad District, 1879–1950. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. Abhyankar, and V.G. Bilolikar, eds. ''History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950AD (Yugabda 4981–5052)''. (Hyderabad : Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti), Vol. 2, pp.85–87.</ref> The Begumpet Airport was established in the 1930s with formation of Hyderabad Aero Club by the Nizam. Initially it was used as a domestic and international airport for the Nizam's Deccan Airways, the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building was created in 1937.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html|title=Begumpeet Airport History|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221081504/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html|archive-date=21 December 2005}}</ref>

In order to prevent another great flood, the Nizam also constructed two lakes, namely the Osman Sagar and Himayath Sagar. The Osmania General Hospital, Jubilee Hall, State Library (then known as ''Asifia Kutubkhana'') and Public Gardens (then known as ''Bagh e Aam'') were constructed during this period.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/121/78|title=View of Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are we missing anything?|journal=Space and Culture, India|date=18 June 2015|volume=3|issue=1|pages=17–29|doi=10.20896/saci.v3i1.121|access-date=12 December 2018|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html|title=Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are We Missing Anything?|last=Pandey|first=Dr. Vinita}}</ref>

===After Indian Independence (1947–1948)===
In 1947 India gained independence and Pakistan came into existence. The British left the local rulers of the princely states the choice of whether to join one or the other, or to remain independent. On 11 June 1947, the Nizam issued a declaration to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India.

However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population.<ref name="Britannica" />
India insisted that the great majority of residents wanted to join India.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Purushotham | first1 = Sunil | year = 2015 | title = Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad | journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History | volume = 57 | issue = 2| pages = 435–466 | doi=10.1017/s0010417515000092| s2cid = 145147551 }}</ref>

The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=229}}

On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations' Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the United Nations Charter, to consider the "grave dispute, which, unless settled in accordance with [[Finance:International law|international law]] and justice, is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hyderabad Question|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/46-51/Chapter%208/46-51_08-19-The%20Hyderabad%20question.pdf|website=United Nations|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2016}}

On 4 September the Prime Minister of Hyderabad Mir Laiq Ali announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for Lake Success, headed by Moin Nawaz Jung.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=230}} The Nizam also appealed, without success, to the British Labour Government and to the King for assistance, to fulfill their obligations and promises to Hyderabad by "immediate intervention". Hyderabad only had the support of Winston Churchill and the British [[Finance:Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]].{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=231}}
[[File:OsmanNehruJN.jpg|thumb|220px|(From left to right): Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Nizam VII and army chief Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri after Hyderabad's accession to India]]
[[File:Hyderabad State reorganization 1956.png|thumb|right|220px|Hyderabad state in 1956 (in yellowish-green). After the reorganisation in 1956, Regions of the state west of Red and Blue lines merged with Bombay and Mysore states respectively and rest of the state (Telangana) was merged with Andhra State to form the state of Andhra Pradesh.]]

At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's Hyderabad Campaign, code-named "Operation Polo" by the Indian Army, began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between the two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order.<ref>United Nations Document S/986</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2016}}

At 5 p.m. on 17 September the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military [[Social:Governor|governor]]s and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=66 |quote="On 17 September 1948, the troops of Hyderabad surrendered and the Government of Hyderabad administration headed by Laik Ali (and including Moin) resigned." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=69 |quote="... Government of India had purposely avoided any question of accession and maintained until that date Nizam’s authority as source from which military Governors' and chief Ministers' powers were derived." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref>

On 26 January 1950,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=66 |quote="Further, on 26 January 1950 there came into being the Union of India and a new State of the Union of India, the Union State of Hyderabad." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=697 |quote="... Firman issued by Nizam on 24 November 1949…which suggests that accession became effective on 26 January 1950." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref> India formally incorporated the state of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the Nizams.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=232}}

=== Hyderabad State (1948–1956) ===
After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, M. K. Vellodi was appointed as Chief Minister of the state and Mir Osman Ali Khan became the Rajpramukh on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state.<ref>[http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html APonline – History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |title=Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=2011-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Dissolution===
In 1956 during the reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later Maharashtra) and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2006 |title=SRC submits report |date= 1 October 2005|access-date=9 October 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

On 2 June 2014, the state of Telangana was formed splitting from the rest of Andhra Pradesh state and formed the 29th state of India, with [[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] as its capital.

==Government and politics==
===Government===
[[File:Hyderabad State 1901.jpg|thumb|Hyderabad State 1901 with Districts]]
[[File:Hyderabad state from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909.jpg|thumb|Hyderabad State in 1909 with Divisions and New Districts]]
[[Biography:Wilfred Cantwell Smith|Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into the modern times.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=28}} The last Nizam was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world.{{sfn|Guha|2008|p=51}} He was supported by an [[Social:Aristocracy|aristocracy]] of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=29}}

Next in the social structure were the administrative and official class, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside the state. The lower level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of the Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=29–30}}{{efn|However some Hindus served in high government posts such as Prime Minister of Hyderabad {{mdash}} Raja Ragunath Das, Vitthal Sundar Parshurami, Raja Sham Raj Rai Rayan, Maharaja Chandu Lal, Ram Baksh, Ganesh Rao, Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad; Kotwal of Hyderabad (Venkatarama Reddy); and Raja Shamraj Rajwant Bahadur, member of H. E. H the Nizam's Executive Council.}}

All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu Kayastha caste for administrative posts.<ref>Leonard, K.I., 1994. Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad. Orient Blackswan.[https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127031004/https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00990|date=27 January 2020}}</ref> There was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, Parsis, Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called ''non-mulkis'') – 46,800 of them in 1933, including all the members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims united in protesting against the practice which robbed the locals of government employment. The movement, however, fizzled out after the Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which was of no interest to the Muslim members and led to their resignation.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|pp=39–40}}

Various properties and wealth owned by the Nizam as part of Hyderabad State are now succeeded by his descendants, including his grandsons Prince Mukarram Jah, Prince  Mufakkam Jah & Prince Shahmat Jah and his great-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author=Syed Akbar|date=Jul 30, 2020 |title=Nizam's case: Great-grandson claims Rs 121 crore {{!}} Hyderabad News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-case-great-grandson-claims-rs-121-crore/articleshow/77250515.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himayat Ali Mirza raises voice against negligence, illegal encroachments towards Nizam's properties |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=875626 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Himayat Ali Mirza, great-grandson of the Nizam, remarked that his stake in the English state sums up to 36% of the total amount.<ref name=":1" /> For claiming the total share of £35 million, Nizam's great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, reached the London High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizam set to get possession of £35 million after London court rules in favour |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/692002-london-court-rules-in-favour-of-nizam-set-to-get-possession-of-35-million |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

===Political movements===
Up to 1920, there was no political organisation of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the Nizam issued a ''firman'' appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It was welcomed enthusiastically by a section of the populace, who formed the Hyderabad State Reforms Association. However, the Nizam and the Special Officer ignored all their demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the Nizam banned the Khilafat movement in the State as well as all political meetings and the entry of "political outsiders". Nevertheless, some political activity did take place and witnessed co-operation between Hindus and Muslims. The abolition of the Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the Non-co-operation movement in British India ended this period of co-operation.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

An organisation called Andhra Jana Sangham (later renamed ''Andhra Mahasabha'') was formed in November 1921, and focused on educating the masses of Telangana in political awareness. With leading members such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and M. Narsing Rao, its activities included urging merchants to resist offering freebies to government officials and encouraging labourers to resist the system of ''begar'' (free labour requested at the behest of state). Alarmed by its activities, the Nizam passed a powerful gagging order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organisation persisted by mobilising on social issues such as the protection of ''ryots'', women's rights, abolition of the devadasi system and purdah, uplifting of Dalits etc. It turned to politics again in 1937, passing a resolution calling for responsible government. Soon afterwards, it split along the moderate–extremist lines. The Andhra Mahasabha's move towards politics also inspired similar movements in Marathwada and Karnataka in 1937, giving rise to the ''Maharashtra Parishad'' and ''Karnataka Parishad'' respectively.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

==Military==

Hyderabad's first ruler, Asaf Jah I (r. 1724–1748) was a talented commander and assembled a powerful army that allowed Hyderabad to become one of the preeminent states in southern India.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=86}} After his death, the military was crippled by the succession wars of his sons. It was restored under Asaf Jah II (r. 1762–1803) who modernized the army.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=87}} Notable units during his reign included British-trained battalions,{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=129}} the French-trained ''Corps Français de Raymond'' which was led by Michel Joachim Marie Raymond and fought under the French ''Tricolour'', and the Victorious Battalion, an elite infantry unit entirely composed of women.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=94}}

== Culture ==
=== Symbols ===
==== Coat of arms ====
<gallery>
File:CoA Nizam 1893.png|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1869–1911''')
File:In-hyderabad47.png|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1911–1947''')
File:Hyderabad Coat of Arms.jpg|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1947–1948''')
File:State Emblem of Hyderabad.jpg|State Emblem of Hyderabad ('''1947–1948''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANDHRA PRADESH|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaAndhraP.htm|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref>
</gallery>The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a dastar{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==== Flag ====
<gallery>
File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|Flag of Berar state
File:Flag of Hyderabad (1900–1947).svg|1900–1947
File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|1947–1948
</gallery>Under the leadership of Asaf Jah V the state changed its traditional heraldic flag.
The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads ''Al Azmatulillah'' meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads ''Ya Uthman'' which translates to "Oh Osman". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah"

==== Stamps ====
[[File:1937_Hyderabad_State_stamp_featuring_the_Osmania_General_Hospital.jpg|thumb|250px|1937 Hyderabad State stamp featuring the Osmania General Hospital.]]
The stamps of the Hyderabad State featured the Golconda Fort, Ajanta Caves, and the Charminar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/mar/06/a-stamp-of-history-from-the-nizams-era-1947452.html|title=A stamp of history from the Nizam's era|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>

==== Anthem ====
The ''National Anthem of Nizam's Dominion'', better known as "O Osman", was the national anthem of the Hyderabad State until its annexation by {{wipe|India}}. It was composed by John Fredrick<ref>{{Cite web|title='From O Osman' to 'God Save the King' to 'Jana Gana Mana' Powells have played it all|date=17 December 2020|url=https://www.siasat.com/from-o-osman-to-god-save-the-queen-to-jana-gana-mana-powells-have-played-it-all-2047429/}}</ref> during the time of 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad anthem accordion music played by Jan Oravec *ریاست حیدرآباد* |website = [[Company:YouTube|YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIwnFZSqFlw |accessdate=11 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&q=%22nizam%22+%22anthem%22&pg=PT10|title=The Untold Charminar|first=Syeda|last=Imam|date=14 May 2008|publisher=Penguin UK|via=Google Books|isbn=9788184759716}}</ref>

==== Other symbols ====
{| class="toccolours" align="left" style="margin:1em" padding="0.5em"
|+ ''State symbols of Hyderabad''
|-
| '''State language'''
| Urdu ||
|-
| '''State animal'''
| [[Biology:Blackbuck|Blackbuck]] || [[Image:Antilope cervicapra kwh.jpg|90px]]
|-
| '''State bird'''
| [[Biology:Indian roller|Indian roller]] || [[Image:Coracias benghalensis -India -flying-8.jpg|90px]]
|-
| '''State tree'''
| Neem tree || [[Image:Neem-Tree.jpg|90px]]
|- 
| '''State flower'''
| Blue Water lily || [[Image:Beauty of Blue Water Lily (Water Lily).jpg|90px]]
|}

== Demographics ==
=== Mulki ===
'''Mulkis''' or '''Mulkhis''', are the native inhabitants of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic differences.<ref name="auto" /> The term was popularly used during the 1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana), which saw protests demanding job reservations for Mulki people, and demanding non-Mulkis to leave.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8Ydxc66NrIC&q=agitation+mulkhi&pg=PA84|title=Public Administration, Steel Or Plastic Frame|last=Rao|first=V. Bhaskara|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-617-4|language=en}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|
| caption = Languages in Hyderabad State<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw3UBwAAQBAJ|title=Hyderabad, British India, and the World|first=Eric Lewis|last=Beverley|date=10 June 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107091191|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| label1 =Telugu
| value1 =48.2
| color1 =steelblue 
| label2 =Marathi
| value2 =26.4
| color2 =red 
| label3 =Kannada
| value3 =12.3
| color3 =darkslateblue
| label4 =Urdu 
| value4 =10.3
| color4 =green
| label5 =Others
| value5 =2.8
| color5 =grey
}}
As per the 1941 Hyderabad State Census, 2,187,005 people spoke [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]], 7,529,229 people spoke [[Social:Telugu language|Telugu]], 3,947,089 people spoke [[Social:Marathi language|Marathi]], 1,724,180 people spoke Kanarese ([[Social:Kannada|Kannada]]) as native languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551|title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State)|last=Mazhar_hussain_m.a__b.sc|date=1947}}</ref> The Hyderabadi Muslim population, including the ruling Asaf Jahi dynasty numbered around 2,097,475 people, while Hindus numbered around 9,171,318 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551|title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State)|date=10 April 1947|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Architecture ==

The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan in nature, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in a distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the [[History:Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] British Residency (1798) and Falaknuma Palace (1893). In the early 20th century, the Osmania General Hospital<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-general-hospital-gasps-for-attention-heritage-building-crumbling-roofs-caving-in/articleshow/56846559.cms|title = Osmania general hospital gasps for attention: Heritage building crumbling, roofs caving in &#124; Hyderabad News – Times of India|website = The Times of India| date=29 January 2017 }}</ref>
City College, High Court, and Kacheguda Railway station were designed in the Indo-Saracenic style by Vincent Esch. The Moazzam Jahi Market was also built in a similar style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-pride-nizam-hyderabads-iconic-osmania-hospital-now-lies-shambles-56184|title=Once the pride of the Nizam, Hyderabad's iconic Osmania hospital now lies in shambles|date=24 January 2017|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Industries==
[[File:Secbad Stn hist.jpg|thumb|250px|A locomotive at the Secunderabad Station (circa 1928)]]
Various major industries emerged in various parts of the State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate powerplant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused industrial development on the region of Sanathnagar, housing a number of industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail.<ref name="Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan | date=25 August 2009 | access-date=4 August 2010 | archive-date=30 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930134719/http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Industries in pre-Independence Hyderabad<ref name="Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan" />
! Company!!Year
|-
| Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway || 1879
|-
| Karkhana Zinda Tilismat || 1920
|-
| Singareni Collieries || 1921
|-
| Hyderabad Deccan Cigarette Factory || 1922
|-
| Vazir Sultan Tobacco Company, Charminar cigarette factory || 1930
|-
| Azam Jahi Mills Warangal || 1934
|-
| Nizam Sugar Factory || 1937
|-
| [[Company:Hyderabad Allwyn|Allwyn Metal Works]] || 1942
|-
|Praga Tools|| 1943
|-
| Deccan Airways Limited || 1945
|-
|Hyderabad Asbestos || 1946
|-
|Sirsilk || 1946
|-
|Sirpur Paper Mills || 1942
|}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
* Telangana and Marathwada, Former regions of the Nizam's Dominion
* Nizam of Hyderabad for a list of Nizams and other information
* Hyderabad State Forces, the armed forces of Hyderabad State
* Hyderabadi Muslim
* Hyderabadi Urdu, the local dialect of Urdu
* Dakhini
* [[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]], India, the Indian city that served as capital of Hyderabad State
* Hyderabad Police Action, the military invasion that resulted in the annexation of Hyderabad state into India
* Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
* Sawānih-i-Deccan
* Rajamundry Sarkar
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |first=Lucien D. |last=Benichou |title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1847-6 |ref={{sfnref|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last=Beverley |first=Eric Lewis |title=Hyderabad, British India, and the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw3UBwAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09119-1 |ref={{sfnref|Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Aditya |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Mridula |title=India Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC |year=2008 |orig-year=first published 1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310409-4}}
* {{citation |last=Faruqi |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38}}
*{{cite book |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=The Destruction of Hyderabad |publisher=Hurst & Co |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84904-439-4 }}
* {{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-330-39611-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C}}
* {{citation |first=Wilfred Cantwell |last=Smith |title=Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=4 |pages=27–51 |number=1 |date=January 1950 |jstor=4322137}}
* {{citation |author=Ram Narayan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD9uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective|date=1 April 1997|publisher=[[Organization:University of Michigan|University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-202-0453-9|page=99|ref={{sfnref|Ram Narayan Kuma|1997}}}}
* {{citation |author=Jayanta Kumar Ray|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|date=2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0834-7|page=206}}
*{{citation |last=Law |first=John |title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan) |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan) |year=1914 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company }}
* {{citation |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |title=Days of the Beloved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5w9_mkaCYkC |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0863112690 |ref={{sfnref|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987}}}}
* {{citation |last=Briggs |first=Henry George |title=The Nizam, his history and relations with the British Government |url=https://archive.org/details/nizamhishistoryr01brig/page/n25 |year= 1861 }}
* {{cite book| last = Dalrymple| first = William | title = White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India| publisher = Flamingo (HarperCollins)| date = 2003 |orig-year=1st pub. 2002| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W1b5h0NlnL8C| isbn = 978-0-14-200412-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title= Hyderabad State |series=Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series |publisher= Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |year= 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC}}
*{{cite book |last= Iyengar |first=Kesava |title= Economic Investigations in the Hyderabad State 1939–1930 |volume=1 |publisher= Read Books |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-1-4067-6435-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZfFJn3UQqsC}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Leonard | first1 = Karen | year = 1971 | title = The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 3| pages = 569–582 | jstor=2052461 | doi=10.1017/s0021911800154841| url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/454191gp }}
*{{cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |ref=Pernau00}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Purushotham | first1 = Sunil | year = 2015 | title = Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad | journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History | volume = 57 | issue = 2| pages = 435–466 | doi = 10.1017/S0010417515000092 | s2cid = 145147551 }}
* Sherman, Taylor C. "Migration, citizenship and belonging in Hyderabad (Deccan), 1946–1956." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 45#1 (2011): 81–107.
* Sherman, Taylor C. "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56." ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' 44#4 (2007): 489–516.
*{{cite book |last=Various |title=Hyderabad State List of Leading Officials, Nobles and Personages |publisher=Read Books |year= 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM-HUdTLTWAC |isbn=978-1-4067-3137-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Zubrzycki |first=John |title= The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback |publisher= Pan Macmillan |location=Australia |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-0-330-42321-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112003648/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl1805/18051140.htm From the Sundarlal Report – Muslim Genocide in 1948]}} (archived 12 January 2009)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DZmJfVx8Ws Old Hyderabad video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/wiaMXm4QVuM Nizam of Hyderabad]


{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{coord|17|00|N|78|50|E|type:country_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hyderabad State}}