View source for History:List of Chinese treaty ports

{{Short description|none}}
{{incomplete list|date=March 2019}}
In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the '''[[History:Treaty ports|treaty ports]] in China'''.

== I. Northern ports ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Port !! Treaty !! Open Date !! Closed Date !! Chinese Population
|-
|Niuzhuang, in the imperial Shengjing province, in [[Place:Manchuria|Manchuria]] || in accordance with the British Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; ||custom office opened 9 May 1864; ||  || 74,000
|-
| Qinhuangdao, in Zhili province, also in Manchuria || in accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898 || opened 15 December 1901 || || 5,000
|-
| [[Place:Tianjin|Tianjin]], also in Zhili || in accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860 || opened May, 1861 || || 750,000
|-
| Yantai, in Shandong || in accordance with British and French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; || opened March, 1862 || || 100,000
|-
| Jiaozhou, also in Shangdong || German Convention 6 March 1898|| opened 1 July 1899. || ||
|-
|}

== II. Yangtze River ports ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Port !! Treaty !! Open Date !! Closed Date !! Chinese Population
|-
| [[Place:Chongqing|Chongqing]], in Sichuan province || || opened November 1890 || ||702,000
|-
|Yichang, in Hubei || in accordance with Chefoo Convention, 1876 || opened 1 April 1877|| ||50,000
|-
|Shashi, also in Hubei || Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 || opened 1 October 1876 || || C85,000 <!-- c. 85,000? -->
|-
| Changsha, in Hunan  ||   || opened 1 July 1904  ||  ||  230,000
|-
|Yuezhou, also in Hunan || imperial decree of 31 March 1898 || opened 13 November 1899 || ||  20,000
|-
| Hankou, also in Hubei || provincial regulations, 1861 || opened January 1862 || || 530,000
|-
| Jiujiang, in Jiangxi || same regulations || opened January 1862 || ||  36,000
|-
|Wuhu, in Anhui || Chefoo Convention, 1876 || opened 1 April 1877 || ||  123,000
|-
| Nanjing, in Jiangsu || French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858 || opened 1 May 1899 || ||  261,000
|-
| Zhenjiang, also in Jiangsu|| British Treaty, 1858 || opened April, 1861 || || 170,000
|}

== III. Central ports ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Port !! Treaty !! Open Date !! Closed Date !! Chinese Population
|-
| [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]], in Jiangsu province || Treaty of Nanking, 1842 ||opened officially 17 November 1843 || ||  651,000
|-
|Suzhou, also in Jiangsu || Treaty of Shimonoseki  ||   opened 26 September 1896|| || 500,000
|-
| Hangzhou, in Zhejiang   || Shimonoseki Treaty    ||  opened 26 September 1896 ||    ||  350,000
|-
| Ningbo, in Zhejiang ||  Shimonoseki Treaty  ||  opened 26 September 1896||  ||  500,000
|-
| Wenzhou, also in Zhejiang ||  Chefoo Convention, 1876 || opened April, 1877||  ||  80,000
|}

== IV. South Coast ports ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Port !! Treaty !! Open Date !! Closed Date !!  Chinese Population
|-
|{{ill|Sandu'ao|zh|三都澳}}, in Fujian province || imperial decree of 31 March 1898|| opened 1 May 1899|| || 8000
|-
|Fuzhou, also in Fujian|| Nan-king Treaty, 1842||  opened July, 1861|| || 624,000
|-
|Amoy, also in Fujian|| Nan-king Treaty 1842; || opened April, 1862 || || 114,000
|-
|Guangzhou (Canton), in Guangdong province || Nanking Treaty, 1842 || opened October 1859|| || 900,000
|-Sanshui District|Sanshui
|Kowloon, also in Guangdong; || || opened April, 1887 || ||
|-
|Lappa, again in Guangdong || || opened 27 June 1871 || ||
|-
|Kongmoon, in Guangdong || || opened 7 March 1904; || || 55,000
|-
|Sanshui, also in Guangdong|| Anglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897 || opened 4 June 1897|| || 5000
|-
|Shantou, also in Guangdong (customs house on Mayu Island) || English, French, and American Treaty of Tientsin, 1858|| opened January 1860; || || 65,000
|-
|Wu-chou, in Kwang-si province|| same convention|| opened 4 June 1897; || || 59,000
|-
|Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on Hainan Island in Guangdong||French, and English Treaties of Tientsin, 1858||opened April, 1876|| ||38,000
|-
|Pak-hoi, also in Guangdong || Chefoo Convention, 1876|| opened April, 1877; || || 20,000
|-
|}

== V. Frontier ports ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Port !! Treaty !! Open Date !! Closed Date !! Population
|-
|Longzhou, in Guangxi province|| French Treaty, 25 June 1887|| opened 1 June 1899 || ||12,000
|-
|Mengzi, in Yunnan|| French Treaty, 1887|| opened 30 April 1889 || || 15,000
|-
|Simao, also in Yunnan|| French Convention, 1895; British, 1896|| opened 2 January 1897|| || 15,000
|-
|Tengyue, also in Yunnan|| Convention of 4 February 1897|| opened 8 May 1902; || ||10,000
|-
|Yadong, in (?) [[Place:Tibet|Tibet]]|| ||opened 1 May 1894 ||||
|-
|Nanning, also in Guangxi|| opened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office. || ||
|}
According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.

== See also ==
* [[History:Unequal treaty|Unequal treaty]]
* [[History:Century of humiliation|Century of humiliation]]
* Foreign concessions in China
* [[Social:Sick man of Asia|Sick man of Asia]]

== References ==
{{Catholic|wstitle=China}}

==Further reading==
* Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." ''Journal of Urban History'' (2019), Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 168–176. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:1wh7uLX2C7kJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&scillfp=14919490849604612090&oi=lle online]
* Nield, Robert. "The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports". Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co, 2010


{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Ports, China, List}}
[[Category:History of European colonialism]]



{{Sourceattribution|List of Chinese treaty ports}}