View source for History:Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria

{{Short description|Elector of Bavaria from 1745 to 1777}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Maximilian III Joseph
| succession   = Elector of Bavaria
| image        = Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria by Georges Desmarées.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by Georg Desmarées
| reign        = 20 January 1745 – {{nowrap|30 December 1777}}
| coronation   = 
| predecessor  = Charles Albert
| successor    = Charles Theodore
| spouse       = {{marriage|Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony|1747}}
| house        = Wittelsbach
| father       = Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
| mother       = Maria Amalia of Austria
| religion     = Roman Catholicism
| birth_place  = [[Place:Munich|Munich]], [[Place:Electorate of Bavaria|Electorate of Bavaria]], [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1777|12|30|1727|3|28|df=y}}
| death_place  = Munich, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire
| place of burial = Theatine Church
}}

'''Maximilian III Joseph''', "the much beloved" (28 March 1727 – 30 December 1777), was a Prince-elector of the [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] and Duke of [[Place:Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] from 1745 to 1777. He was the last of the Bavarian branch of the house of Wittelsbach and because of his death, the war of Bavarian Succession broke out.

==Biography==
[[File:Max III Joseph als Prinz.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Maximilian Joseph as electoral prince.]]
[[File:Thaler du duché de Bavière à l'effigie de Maximilien III Joseph, 1761.jpg|thumb|Maximilian III Joseph, 1761]]
[[File:1 koventionsthaler Maximilian III - 1755.png|thumb|Silver coin: 1 koventionsthaler of Bavaria, Maximilian III Joseph, 1755''']]

Born in [[Place:Munich|Munich]], Maximilian was the eldest son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and his wife, Maria Amalia of Austria, daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I. Upon his father's death in January 1745, he inherited a country in the process of being invaded by Austrian armies (see War of the Austrian Succession). The 18-year-old Maximilian Joseph wavered between the ''Peace-party'', led by his mother Maria Amalia and Army Commander Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff and the ''War-party'', led by Foreign Minister General Ignaz Count of Törring and the French envoy Chavigny. After the decisive defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April Maximilian Joseph quickly abandoned his father's imperial pretenses and made peace with Maria Theresa in the Treaty of Füssen, in which he agreed to support her husband, Grand Duke Francis Stephen of Tuscany, in the upcoming imperial election. 

In 1747, Maximilian married his first cousin, Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, but the marriage remained childless. During the Seven Years' War Bavarian forces then fought on the Habsburg side. Maximilian Joseph's sister Maria Josepha of Bavaria was married in 1765 to Maria Theresa's son [[Biography:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Joseph II]]. But long-term weakening of [[History:Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] was not in the Bavarian interest, as that country offered the only counterweight to the Habsburg monarchy. Maximilian Joseph tried, as far as possible, to keep Bavaria out of the wars. Apart from militia troops, he sent only a small force of 4,000 men to join the Austrian army. In 1758/1759 (only a year and half into the war), he withdrew Bavarian auxiliary troops from Austrian service. Together with the Wittelsbach Elector Charles Theodore of the Palatinate he enforced the neutrality of the [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Empire]] during the conflict.

Maximilian Joseph was a progressive and [[Social:Enlightened absolutism|enlightened ruler]] who did much to improve the development of his country. He encouraged agriculture, industry, and exploitation of the mineral wealth of the country, and abolished the Jesuit censorship of the press. In 1747 the Nymphenburg Porcelain Factory was established, while the ''Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis'' was written in 1756. In 1759, he founded Munich's first academic institution, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. During the severe famine in 1770 Maximilian sold some of the crown jewels to pay for grain imports to relieve hunger. In that year, he also issued an edict against the extravagant pomposity of the Church which contributed to the end of the era of Bavarian [[History:Rococo|rococo]]. He also forbade the Oberammergau Passion Play. In 1771 the elector regulated general school attendance. In December 1777 Maximilian Joseph rode in his carriage through Munich; on the ride, as he passed one of the tower clocks, the mechanism broke, and the clock struck 77 times. Commenting to the passengers, Max Joseph decided this was an omen, and that his years had run out.  Within days, he was stricken with a strange disease. None of his 15 doctors could diagnose it, but by Christmas, it had become clear that it was a particularly virulent strain of [[Medicine:Smallpox|smallpox]], called "purple small pox" at the time.<ref>Paul Bernard. ''Joseph II and Bavaria: Two Eighteenth Century Attempts at German Unification.'' Hague: Martin Nijoff, 1965, p. 40.</ref>

By the last day of the month he was dead without leaving an heir. Maximilian III Joseph is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich.

==Succession==
As the last of the junior branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty which derived from Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and had ruled Bavaria since early 14th century, Maximilian's death led to a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession. He was succeeded (in the male line) by his 12th cousin, once removed, the Elector Palatine Charles Theodore from the senior branch of the dynasty. 

Maximilian's widow Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony and Maximilian's sister Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria as well as Maria Anna of Palatinate-Sulzbach, the widow of the former Bavarian crown prince Duke Clement Francis of Bavaria negotiated with Max's reluctant heir and intervened together with [[History:Frederick the Great|Frederick II.]] of Prussia and the new elector's supposed successor, Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken, to secure Bavaria's independence from Austria. The Prussian king had to threaten both the emperor and Bavaria itself with war. Austria had already invaded portions of the duchy immediately after the Elector's death and the new elector had less than any interest in his new realm. Instead, Charles Theodore, much to public annoyance, repeatedly tried to change it for Further Austria or the Austrian Netherlands, even better, for proximity to his Palatinian homelands.<ref>Germany, German guide-books, CUP Archive, 1931, pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qh89AAAAIAAJ&dq=Maximilian+III+Joseph&pg=PA94 94–95].</ref>

[[Image:Coat of Arms of the Electorate of Bavaria 1753.svg|150px|thumb|left|Arms of the Bavarian electorate 1753]]

==Cultural legacy==
[[Image:Maximilian III Joseph (Bayern).jpg|thumb|Conventionsthaler with the portrait of  Maximilian III. Joseph]]
Maximilian III Joseph ordered in 1751 François de Cuvilliés to construct the splendid [[History:Rococo|rococo]] Cuvilliés Theatre and in 1755 the ''Stone Hall'' of  Nymphenburg Palace. He also ordered the decoration of some rooms of the New Schleissheim Palace in rococo style.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was received by Maximilian III Joseph, who was like his sister Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria skilled in music and composed, but due to a need for strict frugality no post could be offered. In 1775 ''La finta giardiniera'', an Italian opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, received its first performance at the Salvatortheater in Munich.

In 1770 Maximilian III Joseph established the precursor of the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich.

==References==
 <references/>
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|House of Wittelsbach|28 March|1727|30 December|1777}}
{{Succession box|before=Charles Albert|after=Charles Theodore|title=Elector of Bavaria|years=1745–1777}}
{{S-end}}


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[[Category:Age of Enlightenment]]

{{Sourceattribution|Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria}}