View source for Mathieu group M24

{{Short description|Sporadic set type of order 244823040}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Mathieu group M<sub>24</sub>}}
{{Group theory sidebar |Finite}}

In the area of modern algebra known as [[Group theory|group theory]], the '''Mathieu group''' ''M<sub>24</sub>'' is a sporadic simple group of [[Order (group theory)|order]]
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2<sup>10</sup>{{·}}3<sup>3</sup>{{·}}5{{·}}7{{·}}11{{·}}23  = 244823040
: ≈ 2{{e|8}}.

== History and properties==
''M<sub>24</sub>'' is one of the 26 sporadic groups and was introduced by {{harvs|txt |last=Mathieu |year1=1861 |year2=1873}}.  It is a 5-transitive [[Permutation group|permutation group]] on 24 objects.  The [[Schur multiplier]] and the [[Outer automorphism group|outer automorphism group]] are both [[Trivial group|trivial]].

The Mathieu groups can be constructed in various ways. Initially, Mathieu and others constructed them as [[Mathieu group#Permutation groups|permutation groups]]. It was difficult to see that M<sub>24</sub> actually existed, that its generators did not just generate the alternating group A<sub>24</sub>. The matter was clarified when Ernst Witt constructed M<sub>24</sub> as the automorphism (symmetry) group of an S(5,8,24) [[Mathieu group#Automorphism groups of Steiner systems|Steiner system]] '''W<sub>24</sub>''' (the Witt design). M<sub>24</sub> is the group of permutations that map every block in this design to some other block. The subgroups M<sub>23</sub> and M<sub>22</sub> then are easily defined to be the stabilizers of a single point and a pair of points respectively.

=== Construction as a permutation group ===
M<sub>24</sub> is the subgroup of [[Symmetric group|S<sub>24</sub>]] that is generated by the three permutations:<ref>[https://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Mathieu_group:M24 M24 at Groupprops]</ref>
* <math>(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23)</math>
* <math>(3,17,10,7,9)(4,13,14,19,5)(8,18,11,12,23)(15,20,22,21,16)</math> and
* <math>(1,24)(2,23)(3,12)(4,16)(5,18)(6,10)(7,20)(8,14)(9,21)(11,17)(13,22)(15,19)</math>.

M<sub>24</sub> can also be generated by two permutations:<ref name="richter"/>
* <math>(1,16,8,23,13,14,5)(2,7,11,19,20,24,12)(3,4,17,9,22,21,15)</math> and
* <math>(1,24)(2,21)(3,10)(4,22)(5,9)(6,23)(7,8)(11,18)(12,20)(13,14)(15,19)(16,17).</math>

=== M<sub>24</sub> from PSL(3,4) ===

M<sub>24</sub> can be built starting from PSL(3,4), the projective special linear group of 3-dimensional space over the finite field with 4 elements {{Harv|Dixon|Mortimer|1996|loc=pp. 192–205}}.  This group, sometimes called '''M<sub>21</sub>''', acts on the [[Projective plane|projective plane]] over the field F<sub>4</sub>, an S(2,5,21) system called '''W<sub>21</sub>'''. Its 21 blocks are called '''lines'''. Any 2 lines intersect at one point.
 
M<sub>21</sub> has 168 simple subgroups of order 360 and 360 simple subgroups of order 168. In the larger projective general linear group PGL(3,4) both sets of subgroups form single conjugacy classes, but in M<sub>21</sub> both sets split into 3 conjugacy classes. The subgroups respectively have orbits of 6, called '''hyperovals''', and orbits of 7, called [[Fano plane|Fano subplanes]]. These sets allow creation of new blocks for larger Steiner systems. M<sub>21</sub> is normal in PGL(3,4), of [[Index of a subgroup|index]] 3. PGL(3,4) has an outer automorphism induced by transposing conjugate elements in F<sub>4</sub> (the field automorphism). PGL(3,4) can therefore be extended to the group PΓL(3,4) of projective semilinear transformations, which is a split extension of M<sub>21</sub> by the [[Symmetric group|symmetric group]] S<sub>3</sub>. PΓL(3,4) has an embedding as a maximal subgroup of M<sub>24</sub>.{{Harv|Griess|1998|loc=p. 55}}

A hyperoval has no 3 points that are collinear. A Fano subplane likewise satisfies suitable uniqueness conditions.

To W<sub>21</sub> append 3 new points and let the automorphisms in PΓL(3,4) but not in M<sub>21</sub> permute these new points. An S(3,6,22) system W<sub>22</sub> is formed by appending just one new point to each of the 21 lines and new blocks are 56 hyperovals conjugate under M<sub>21</sub>.

An S(5,8,24) system would have 759 blocks, or '''octads'''. Append all 3 new points to each line of W<sub>21</sub>, a different new point to the Fano subplanes in each of the sets of 120, and append appropriate pairs of new points to all the hyperovals. That accounts for all but 210 of the octads. Those remaining octads are subsets of W<sub>21</sub> and are [[Symmetric difference|symmetric difference]]s of pairs of lines. There are many possible ways to expand the group PΓL(3,4) to M<sub>24</sub>.

=== Automorphism group of the Golay code ===

The group M<sub>24</sub> also is the permutation automorphism group of the [[Binary Golay code|binary Golay code]] ''W'', i.e., the group of permutations of coordinates mapping ''W'' to itself. Codewords correspond in a natural way to subsets of a set of 24 objects. (In coding theory the term "binary Golay code" often refers to a shorter related length 23 code, and the length 24 code used here is called the "extended binary Golay code".) Those subsets corresponding to codewords with 8 or 12 coordinates  equal to 1 are called '''octads''' or '''dodecads''' respectively. The octads are the blocks of an S(5,8,24) Steiner system and the binary Golay code is the vector space over field F<sub>2</sub> spanned by the octads of the Steiner system.

The simple subgroups M<sub>23</sub>, M<sub>22</sub>, M<sub>12</sub>, and M<sub>11</sub> can be defined as subgroups of M<sub>24</sub>, stabilizers respectively of a single coordinate, an ordered pair of coordinates, a dodecad, and a dodecad together with a single coordinate.

There is a natural connection between the Mathieu groups and the larger Conway groups, because the binary Golay code and the [[Leech lattice]] both lie in spaces of dimension 24. The Conway groups in turn are found in the [[Monster group]].  [[Biography:Robert Griess|Robert Griess]] refers to the 20 sporadic groups found in the Monster as the '''Happy Family''', and to the Mathieu groups as the '''first generation'''.

===Polyhedral symmetries===
[[File:Small cubicuboctahedron.png|thumb|M<sub>24</sub> can be constructed from symmetries of the [[Klein quartic|Klein quartic]], augmented by a (non-geometric) symmetry of its immersion as the small cubicuboctahedron.]]
M<sub>24</sub> can be constructed starting from the symmetries of the [[Klein quartic]] (the symmetries of a [[Tessellation|tessellation]] of the genus three surface), which is PSL(2,7), which can be augmented by an additional permutation. This permutation can be described by starting with the tiling of the Klein quartic by 56 triangles (with 24 vertices – the 24 points on which the group acts), then forming squares of out some of the 2 triangles, and octagons out of 6 triangles, with the added permutation being "interchange the two endpoints of those edges of the original triangular tiling which bisect the squares and octagons".<ref name="richter">{{cite web |last1=Richter |first1=David |title=How to Make the Mathieu Group M<sub>24</sub> |url=http://homepages.wmich.edu/~drichter/mathieu.htm |website=David A. Richter, Associate Professor, Polytopologist}}</ref> This can be visualized by [http://homepages.wmich.edu/~drichter/images/mathieu/hypercolors.jpg coloring the triangles] – the corresponding tiling is topologically but not geometrically the [[:File:Uniform tiling 443-t01.png|t<sub>0,1</sub>{4, 3, 3} tiling]], and can be (polyhedrally) [[Immersion (mathematics)|immersed]] in Euclidean 3-space as the small cubicuboctahedron (which also has 24 vertices).<ref name="richter"/>

==Applications==

The theory of [[Umbral moonshine|umbral moonshine]] is a partly conjectural relationship between [[K3 surface]]s and M<sub>24</sub>.

The [[Conway group Co1]], the [[Fischer group Fi24]], and the [[Janko group J4]] each have maximal subgroups that are an extension of the Mathieu group M<sub>24</sub> by a group 2<sup>11</sup>. (These extensions are not all the same.){{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Representations==

{{harvtxt|Frobenius|1904}} calculated the complex character table of M<sub>24</sub>.

The Mathieu group M<sub>24</sub> has a 5-fold transitive permutation representation on 24 points. The corresponding linear representation over the complex numbers is the sum of the trivial representation and a 23-dimensional irreducible representation.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

M<sub>24</sub> has two rank 3 permutation representations: one on the 276 = 1+44+231 pairs of points (or duads)  with stabilizer M<sub>22</sub>.2, and one on the 1288 = 1+495+792 duads, with stabilizer M<sub>12</sub>.2.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The quotient of the 24-dimensional linear representation of the permutation representation by its 1-dimensional fixed subspace gives a 23-dimensional representation, which is irreducible over any field of characteristic not 2 or 3, and gives the smallest faithful representation over such fields.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Reducing the 24-dimensional representation mod 2 gives an action on '''F'''{{su|b=2|p=24}}. This has invariant subspaces of dimension 1, 12 (the Golay code), and 23. The subquotients give  two irreducible representations of dimension 11 over the field with 2 elements.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Maximal subgroups==
{{Harvtxt|Choi|1972b}} found the 9 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of ''M<sub>24</sub>''. {{Harvtxt|Curtis|1977}} gave a short proof of the result, describing the 9 classes in terms of combinatorial data on the 24 points: the subgroups fix a point, duad, octad, duum, sextet, triad, trio, projective line, or octern, as described below. {{harvtxt|Todd|1966}} gave the character tables of M<sub>24</sub> (originally calculated by {{harvtxt|Frobenius|1904}}) and the 8 maximal subgroups that were known at the time.

M<sub>24</sub> contains non-abelian simple subgroups of 13 isomorphism types: five classes of A<sub>5</sub>, four classes of PSL(3,2), two classes of A<sub>6</sub>, two classes of PSL(2,11), one class each of A<sub>7</sub>, PSL(2,23), M<sub>11</sub>, PSL(3,4), A<sub>8</sub>, M<sub>12</sub>, M<sub>22</sub>, M<sub>23</sub>, and M<sub>24</sub>. {{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} A<sub>6</sub> is also noted below as a subquotient in the sextet subgroup.

The Mathieu group acts on the 2048 = 1+759+1288 points of the Golay code modulo the fixed space with 3 orbits, and on the 4096 = 1+24+276+2024+1771 points of the cocode with 5 orbits, and the subgroups fixing a non-trivial point of the code or cocode give 6 of the 9 classes of maximal subgroups. 

The 9 classes of maximal subgroups are as follows:

===Point subgroup===

The subgroup fixing a point is [[Mathieu group M23|M<sub>23</sub>]], order 10200960.

===Duad subgroup===

A duad is a pair of points. The subgroup fixing a duad is
[[Mathieu group M22|M<sub>22</sub>]]:2, order 887040, with orbits of 2 and 22.

===Octad subgroup===

The subgroup fixing one of the 759 (= 3·11·23) octads of the Golay code or Steiner system is the octad group 
2<sup>4</sup>:A<sub>8</sub>, order 322560, with orbits of size 8 and 16. The linear group GL(4,2) has an [[Exceptional isomorphism|exceptional isomorphism]] to the alternating group A<sub>8</sub>. The pointwise stabilizer '''O''' of an octad is an abelian group of order 16, exponent 2, each of whose involutions moves all 16 points outside the octad. The stabilizer of the octad is a split extension of O by A<sub>8</sub>. {{harv|Thompson|1983|loc= pp. 197–208}}

===Duum subgroup===

A duum is a pair of complementary dodecads (12 point sets) in the Golay code. The subgroup fixing a duad is
[[Mathieu group M12|M<sub>12</sub>]]:2, order 190080, transitive and imprimitive. This subgroup was discovered by Frobenius. 
The subgroup M<sub>12</sub> acts differently on 2 sets of 12, reflecting the outer automorphism of M<sub>12</sub>.

===Sextet subgroup===

2<sup>6</sup>:(3.S<sub>6</sub>), order 138240: ''sextet group''

Consider a '''tetrad''', any set of 4 points in the Steiner system W<sub>24</sub>. An octad is determined by choice of a fifth point from the remaining 20. There are 5 octads possible. Hence any tetrad determines a partition into 6 tetrads, called a '''sextet''', whose stabilizer in M<sub>24</sub> is called a '''sextet group'''.

The total number of tetrads is 24*23*22*21/4! = 23*22*21. Dividing that by 6 gives the number of sextets, 23*11*7 = 1771. Furthermore, a sextet group is a subgroup of a [[Wreath product|wreath product]] of order 6!*(4!)<sup>6</sup>, whose only prime divisors are 2, 3, and 5.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Now we know the prime divisors of |M<sub>24</sub>|. Further analysis would determine the order of the sextet group and hence |M<sub>24</sub>|.

It is convenient to arrange the 24 points into a 6-by-4 array:

{{monodiv|
A  E  I  M  Q  U

B  F  J  N  R  V

C  G  K  O  S  W

D  H  L  P  T  X
}}

Moreover, it is convenient to use the elements of the field F<sub>4</sub> to number the rows: 0, 1, u, u<sup>2</sup>.

The sextet group has a normal abelian subgroup '''H''' of order 64, isomorphic to the [[Hexacode|hexacode]], a vector space of length 6 and dimension 3 over F<sub>4</sub>. A non-zero element in H does double transpositions within 4 or 6 of the columns. Its action can be thought of as addition of vector co-ordinates to row numbers.

The sextet group is a split extension of H by a group 3.S<sub>6</sub> (a stem extension).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Here is an instance within the Mathieu groups where a simple group (A<sub>6</sub>) is a [[Subquotient|subquotient]], not a subgroup. 3.S<sub>6</sub> is the normalizer in M<sub>24</sub> of the subgroup generated by '''r'''=(BCD)(FGH)(JKL)(NOP)(RST)(VWX), which can be thought of as a multiplication of row numbers by u<sup>2</sup>. The subgroup 3.A<sub>6</sub> is the centralizer of {{angbr|r}}. Generators of 3.A<sub>6</sub> are:
: (AEI)(BFJ)(CGK)(DHL)(RTS)(VWX) (rotating first 3 columns)
: (AQ)(BS)(CT)(DR)(EU)(FX)(GV)(HW)
: (AUEIQ)(BXGKT)(CVHLR)(DWFJS) (product of preceding two)
: (FGH)(JLK)(MQU)(NRV)(OSW)(PTX) (rotating last 3 columns).
An odd permutation of columns, say (CD)(GH)(KL)(OP)(QU)(RV)(SX)(TW), then generates 3.S<sub>6</sub>.

The group 3.A<sub>6</sub> is isomorphic to a subgroup of SL(3,4) whose image in PSL(3,4) has been noted{{by who?|date=August 2021}} above as the hyperoval group.

The applet [http://nickerson.org.uk/groups/moggie/ Moggie] has a function that displays sextets in color.

===Triad subgroup===

A triad is a set of 3 points. The subgroup fixing a triad is 
PSL(3,4):S<sub>3</sub>, order 120960, with orbits of size 3 and 21.

===Trio subgroup===

A trio is a set of 3 disjoint octads of the Golay code. The subgroup fixing a trio is the trio group
2<sup>6</sup>:(PSL(2,7) x S<sub>3</sub>), order 64512, transitive and imprimitive.

===Projective line subgroup===

The subgroup fixing a projective line structure on the 24 points is
PSL(2,23), order 6072, whose action is doubly transitive. This subgroup was observed by Mathieu.

===Octern subgroup===

An octern is a certain partition of the 24 points into 8 blocks of 3. The subgroup fixing an octern is the 
octern group isomorphic to PSL(2,7), of order 168, simple, transitive and imprimitive.
It was the last maximal subgroup of M<sub>24</sub> to be found.

==Conjugacy classes==

There are 26 conjugacy classes. The cycle shapes are all balanced in the sense that they remain invariant under changing length ''k'' cycles to length ''N''/''k'' cycles for some integer ''N'' depending{{how?|date=August 2021}} on the conjugacy class.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|-
! Order
! No. elements
! Cycle structure
!
|-
| 1 = 1 || 1 || 1<sup>24</sup>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2 = 2 || 11385 = 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>8</sup>2<sup>8</sup>
|-
<!-- 2 = 2 -->
| 31878 = 2 · 3<sup>2</sup> · 7 · 11 · 23 || 2<sup>12</sup>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3 = 3 || 226688 = 2<sup>7</sup> · 7 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>6</sup>3<sup>6</sup>
|-
<!-- 3 -->
| 485760 = 2<sup>7</sup> · 3 · 5 · 11 · 23 || 3<sup>8</sup>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 4 = 2<sup>2</sup> || 637560 = 2<sup>3</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 2<sup>4</sup>4<sup>4</sup>
|-
<!-- 4 -->
| 1912680 = 2<sup>3</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>4</sup>2<sup>2</sup>4<sup>4</sup>
|-
<!-- 4 -->
| 2550240 = 2<sup>5</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 4<sup>6</sup>
|-
| 5 = 5 || 4080384 = 2<sup>8</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 7 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>4</sup>5<sup>4</sup>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6 = 2 · 3 || 10200960 = 2<sup>7</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>2</sup>2<sup>2</sup>3<sup>2</sup>6<sup>2</sup>
|-
<!-- 6 -->
| 10200960 = 2<sup>7</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 6<sup>4</sup>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7 = 7 || 5829120 = 2<sup>9</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>3</sup>7<sup>3</sup> || rowspan="2"|power equivalent
|-
|<!-- 7 --> 5829120 = 2<sup>9</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>3</sup>7<sup>3</sup>
|-
| 8 = 2<sup>3</sup> || 15301440 = 2<sup>6</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 1<sup>2</sup>2·4·8<sup>2</sup>
|-
| 10 = 2 · 5 || 12241152 = 2<sup>8</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 7 · 11 · 23 || 2<sup>2</sup>10<sup>2</sup>
|-
| 11 = 11 || 22256640 = 2<sup>10</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 5 · 7 · 23 || 1<sup>2</sup>11<sup>2</sup>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 12 = 2<sup>2</sup> · 3 || 20401920 = 2<sup>8</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 2 ·4·6·12
|-
<!-- 12 = 2<sup>2</sup> · 3 -->
| 20401920 = 2<sup>8</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 · 23 || 12<sup>2</sup>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 14 = 2 · 7 || 17487360 = 2<sup>9</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 5 · 11 · 23 || 1·2·7·14 || rowspan="2"|power equivalent
|-
<!-- 14 -->
| 17487360 = 2<sup>9</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 5 · 11 · 23 || 1·2·7·14
|-
| rowspan="2" | 15 = 3 · 5 || 16321536 = 2<sup>10</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 7 · 11 · 23 || 1·3·5·15 || rowspan="2"|power equivalent
|-
<!-- 15 -->
| 16321536 = 2<sup>10</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 7 · 11 · 23 || 1·3·5·15
|-
| rowspan="2" | 21 = 3 · 7 || 11658240 = 2<sup>10</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 11 · 23 || 3·21 || rowspan="2"|power equivalent
|-
<!-- 21 -->
| 11658240 = 2<sup>10</sup> · 3<sup>2</sup> · 5 · 11 · 23 || 3·21
|-
| rowspan="2" | 23 = 23 || 10644480 = 2<sup>10</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 || 1·23 || rowspan="2"|power equivalent
|-
<!-- 23 -->
| 10644480 = 2<sup>10</sup> · 3<sup>3</sup> · 5 · 7 · 11 || 1·23
|}

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==External links==
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MathieuGroups.html MathWorld: Mathieu Groups]
* [http://brauer.maths.qmul.ac.uk/Atlas/v3/group/M24/ Atlas of Finite Group Representations: M<sub>24</sub>]
* {{citation | first = David A. | last = Richter | url = http://homepages.wmich.edu/~drichter/mathieu.htm | title = How to Make the Mathieu Group M<sub>24</sub> | accessdate = 2010-04-15 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathieu Group M24}}
[[Category:Sporadic groups]]

{{Sourceattribution|Mathieu group M24}}