View source for Medicine:Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

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| purpose         =screen individuals for alcoholism
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The '''Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test''' ('''AUDIT''') is a ten-item questionnaire approved by the [[Organization:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] to screen patients for hazardous (risky) and harmful alcohol consumption. It was developed from a WHO multi-country collaborative study,<ref name=SaundersEtA|1987/><ref name=SaundersEtA|1993a/><ref name=SaundersEtA|1993b/> the items being selected for the AUDIT being the best performing of approximately 150 items including in the original survey. It is widely used as a summary measure of alcohol use and related problems. It has application in primary health care, medical clinics, and hospital units and performs well in these settings.<ref name=BohnEtA|1995/><ref name=KitchensEtA|1994/><ref name=DonovanEtA|2006/> Using different cut-off points, it can also screen for Alcohol Use Disorder (DSM-5) and Alcohol Dependence. Guidelines for the use of the AUDIT have been published by WHO and are available in several languages.<ref name=BaborEtA|2001/> It has become a widely used instrument and has been translated into approximately fifty languages.<ref name=auditscreen.org/> 

The AUDIT consists of ten questions, all of which ask explicitly about alcohol:

# Questions 1 to 3 ask about consumption of alcohol (frequency, quantity or typical drinking occasions, and consumption likely to cause impairment);
# Possible dependence on alcohol (Questions 4 to 6), and 
# Harmful alcohol use, including concern expressed by others (Questions 7 to 10).

Each question is scored between 0 and 4 depending on the response and so the total score ranges between 0 and 40. Based on responses in the original WHO multi-centre study a score of 8 or more is the threshold for identifying hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption with a score of 15 or more indicating likely alcohol dependence, and 20 or more indicating likely severe dependence and harm. Using the cut-off point of 8, its performance in the original collaborative WHO study indicated a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 94% for the diagnoses of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption.<ref name=SaundersEtA|1993b/> 

The AUDIT was designed to be used internationally, and was derived from a WHO collaborative study drawing patients from six countries, representing different regions of the world and different political and economic systems. More than 300 studies have been undertaken to examine its usefulness and validity in various settings.<ref name=auditscreen.org/> Multiple studies have found that the AUDIT is a reliable and valid measure in identifying [[Medicine:Alcoholism|alcohol abuse]], hazardous consumption and harmful alcohol use (consumption leading to actual harm) and it has also been found to be a valid indicator for severity of alcohol dependence.<ref name=DonovanEtA|2006/><ref name=FiellinEtA|2000/> There is some evidence that the AUDIT works in adolescents and young adults; it appears less accurate in older adults. It appears well-suited for use with college students, and also with women and members of minority groups.<ref name= NIAA/> There has also been significant evidence for its use in the trauma patient population to screen for possible alcohol use disorders.<ref name=NeumannEtA|2009/> In the trauma patient population, AUDIT has been shown to be more effective at identifying possible alcohol abuse than physician judgement and the blood alcohol content (BAC) test.<ref name=PlackettEtA|2015/>

A shorter version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) has been created for rapid use, and is composed of the first 3-question of the full length AUDIT pertaining specifically to quantity of alcohol consumed. It is appropriate for screening for problem drinking in a doctor's office.<ref name=BushEtA|1998/>

==See also==
* [[Social:CAGE questionnaire|CAGE questionnaire]]
* [[Social:CRAFFT Screening Test|CRAFFT Screening Test]]
* Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol
* List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
* Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test
* Paddington alcohol test
* Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire
* Substance abuse

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=SaundersEtA|1987>{{cite journal|last1=Saunders|first1=JB|last2=Aasland|first2=OG|title=WHO Collaborative Project on Identification and Treatment of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption. Report on Phase 1. Development of a Screening Instrument. Geneva: World Health Organisation|date =1987}}</ref>
<ref name=SaundersEtA|1993a>{{cite journal|last1=Saunders|first1=JB|last2=Aasland|first2=OG|last3=Amundsen|first3=A|last4=Grant|first4=M|title=Alcohol consumption and related problems amongst primary health care patients:WHO collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption 1.|journal=Addiction|date=1993|volume=88|issue=12|pages=349–362|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00822.x|pmid=8461852}}</ref>
<ref name=SaundersEtA|1993b>{{cite journal|last1=Saunders|first1=JB|last2=Aasland|first2=OG|first3=Babor|last3=TF|last4=de la Fuente|first4=JR|last5=Grant|first5=M|title=Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT):WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption 1.|journal=Addiction|date=1993|volume=88|issue=12|pages=791–804|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x|pmid=8329970}}</ref>
<ref name=BohnEtA|1995>{{cite journal|last1=Bohn|first1=MJ|last2=Babor|first2=TF|last3=Kranzler|first3=HR|title=The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings.|journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol|date=July 1995|volume=56|issue=4|pages=423–32|pmid=7674678|doi=10.15288/jsa.1995.56.423}}</ref>
<ref name=KitchensEtA|1994>{{cite journal|last1=Kitchens|first1=JM|title=Does this patient have an alcohol problem?|journal=JAMA|date=14 December 1994|volume=272|issue=22|pages=1782–7|pmid=7966928|doi=10.1001/jama.1994.03520220076034}}</ref>
<ref name=DonovanEtA|2006>{{cite journal|last1=Donovan|first1=DM|last2=Kivlahan|first2=DR|last3=Doyle|first3=SR|last4=Longabaugh|first4=R|last5=Greenfield|first5=SF|title=Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and AUDIT zones in defining levels of severity among out-patients with alcohol dependence in the COMBINE study.|journal=Addiction|date=December 2006|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1696–704|pmid=17156168|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01606.x}}</ref>
<ref name=BaborEtA|2001>{{cite journal|last1=Babor|first1=TF|last2=Saunders|first2=JB|last3=Monteiro|first3=M|title=AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Guidelines for Use in Primary Care (second edition) Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001}}</ref>
<ref name=auditscreen.org>{{cite web|title=www.auditscreen.org|url=http://auditscreen.org|website=www.auditscreen.org|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=FiellinEtA|2000>{{cite journal|last1=Fiellin|first1=DA|last2=Reid|first2=MC|last3=O'Connor|first3=PG|title=Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review.|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=10 July 2000|volume=160|issue=13|pages=1977–89|pmid=10888972|doi=10.1001/archinte.160.13.1977|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name= NIAA>{{cite web|title=Screening for alcohol use and alcohol related problems|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa65/aa65.htm|website=NIAAA Publications|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=NeumannEtA|2009>{{Cite journal|last1=Neumann|first1=Tim|last2=Gentilello|first2=Larry M.|last3=Neuner|first3=Bruno|last4=Weiss-Gerlach|first4=Edith|last5=Schürmann|first5=Hajo|last6=Schröder|first6=Torsten|last7=Müller|first7=Christian|last8=Haas|first8=Norbert P.|last9=Spies|first9=Claudia D.|date=June 2009|title=Screening trauma patients with the alcohol use disorders identification test and biomarkers of alcohol use|journal=Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research|volume=33|issue=6|pages=970–976|doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00917.x|issn=1530-0277|pmid=19302090}}</ref> 
<ref name=PlackettEtA|2015>{{Cite journal|last1=Plackett|first1=Timothy P.|last2=Ton-That|first2=Hieu H.|last3=Mueller|first3=Jeanne|last4=Grimley|first4=Karen M.|last5=Kovacs|first5=Elizabeth J.|last6=Esposito|first6=Thomas J.|date=June 2015|title=Screening for at-risk drinking behavior in trauma patients|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=6|pages=376–382|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.078|issn=1945-1997|pmid=26024331|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=BushEtA|1998>{{cite journal|last1=Bush|first1=K|last2=Kivlahan|first2=DR|last3=McDonell|first3=MB|last4=Fihn|first4=SD|last5=Bradley|first5=KA|title=The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=14 September 1998|volume=158|issue=16|pages=1789–95|pmid=9738608|doi=10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789|doi-access=free}}</ref>

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==External links==
*[http://www.auditscreen.org Auditscreen.org - International online resource for AUDIT] 
*[http://www.hepatitis.va.gov/provider/tools/audit-c.asp Audit-C Test]  – United States Department of Veterans Affairs
* [http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/AUDIT_screener_for_alcohol.pdf AUDIT] – SAMHSA-HRSA Center for Integrated Health Solutions
* [http://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/drug-and-alcohol-abuse/ EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on Substance Abuse]
* [https://sccap53.org Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology]
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[[Category:Psychiatric assessment]]

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