View source for Medicine:Barré–Liéou syndrome

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| name            = Barré–Liéou syndrome
| synonym         = Posterior cervical sympathetic syndrome
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'''Barré–Liéou syndrome''' is a traditional medical diagnosis that is not utilized frequently in modern medicine.<ref name="Bogduk">{{cite journal |last= Bogduk |first= N. |year= 2009 |title= Cervicogenic headache: an assessment of the evidence on clinical diagnosis, invasive tests, and treatment |journal= The Lancet Neurology |volume= 8 |issue= 10 |pages= 959–968 |pmid= 19747657 |doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70209-1|s2cid= 206158919 }}</ref> It is a complex combination of symptoms, amounting to a headache syndrome, that was originally hypothesized to be due to cervical [[Medicine:Spondylosis|spondylosis]].<ref name="Ono">{{cite book|last1=Ono|first1=Keir?|last2=Dvo? k|first2=Jir¡|title=Cervical Spondylosis and Similar Disorders|date=1998|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789810227449|page=306|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iz5qDQAAQBAJ&q=barre-lieou+syndrome|access-date=8 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Damage to the posterior cervical sympathetic chain due to the degeneration of the cervical vertebra was theorized to play a role in this syndrome by the prolapsing of disc in the mid-cervical spine. However, the medical theory as was originally postulated was found to contain inconsistencies.<ref name="Bogduk"/><ref name="Ono" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Marcus|first1=Alon|title=Musculoskeletal Disorders: Healing Methods from Chinese Medicine, Orthopaedic Medicine and Osteopathy|date=1998|publisher=North Atlantic Books|isbn=9781556432828|page=358|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGQRUcrBqgwC&q=barre-lieou+syndrome|access-date=9 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Barré–Liéou syndrome is regarded by many current medical researchers as synonymous with cervicogenic headache. Thus, the original works of Barré and Liéou were foundational in identifying a crucial feature that distinguishes cervicogenic headache from other headache syndromes—the concept that the pain originates from a structural abnormality in the cervical spine.<ref name="Martelletti">{{cite journal |last= Martelletti |first= P. |year= 2004 |title= Cervicogenic headache: practical approaches to therapy |journal= CNS Drugs |volume= 18 |issue= 12 |pages= 793–805 |pmid= 15377169 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200418120-00004|s2cid= 25838309 }}</ref>

==Symptoms==
Patients with Barré–Liéou syndrome may have complaints of:<ref name="Schwartz" />
* [[Medicine:Headache|Headache]]
* [[Medicine:Neck pain|Neck pain]]
* Orofacial pain
* Ear pain
* [[Medicine:Toothache|Toothache]]
* [[Medicine:Tinnitus|Tinnitus]]
* Nasal congestion
==Diagnosis==
One test to check for Barré–Liéou syndrome is through the use of [[Physics:Thermography|thermography]]. An MRI study may also be conducted to rule out any structural problems in the neck which may be the cause of this syndrome.<ref name="Schwartz" /> Some of the treatments for this disorder consist of sympathetic nerve blocks, [[Medicine:Physical therapy|physical therapy]], [[Biology:Cervical collar|neck brace]] and traction.<ref name="Bogduk"/><ref name="Schwartz"/>

==History==
The syndrome was first described in 1925 by French neurologist Jean Alexandre Barré. Chinese physician Yong-Cheon Lieou also independently described the syndrome in 1928.<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite book|last1=Schwartz|first1=Robert G.|title=Resolving Complex Pain|date=2006|publisher=Piedmontpmr.com|isbn=9781430303923|pages=45–46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpey95oqekwC&q=barre-lieou+syndrome|access-date=9 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barré-Liéou syndrome}}
[[Category:Syndromes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Barré–Liéou syndrome}}