View source for Medicine:Battered person syndrome

{{Infobox medical condition |
  Name  = Battered person syndrome |
  ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|74|1|t|66}} |
  ICD9  = {{ICD9|995.81}} |
}}

'''Battered person syndrome''' ('''BPS''') is a physical and [[Social:Psychology|psychological condition]] of a person who has suffered (usually persistent) emotional, [[Medicine:Physical abuse|physical]], or sexual abuse from another person.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://law.yourdictionary.com/battered-person-syndrome | title=battered-person syndrome legal definition | publisher=LoveToKnow, Corp. | accessdate=2013-06-26}}</ref> It is classified as ICD-9 code {{ICD9|995.81}} "Battered person syndrome" not elsewhere classified (NEC).<br />

The condition is the basis for the battered spouse defense that has been used in cases of [[Medicine:Physical abuse|physically]] and psychologically abused spouses who have killed their abusers.  The condition was first researched extensively by Lenore E. Walker, who used Martin Seligman's [[Philosophy:Learned helplessness|learned helplessness]] theory to explain why abused spouses stayed in destructive relationships.<ref>Walker, Lenore E. (1979). ''The Battered Woman''. New York: Harper and Row.</ref>

==Diagnosis==
ICD9 code 995.81<ref>{{cite web|title=ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision; Clinical Modification, 6th edition, 2006 / Practice Management Information Corporation (PMIC). Published Los Angeles, CA : PMIC, C2005 |url=http://icd9.chrisendres.com/index.php?action=search&srchtext=995.81|website=icd9.chrisendres.com}}</ref> shows the syndrome as including "battered person/man/spouse syndrome NEC", and any person presenting with identified physical descriptors rather than psychological descriptors falls under the general heading of "Adult physical abuse", classified under "Injury and Poisoning".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icd9.chrisendres.com/index.php?action=child&recordid=7942|title=Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes|publisher=}}</ref>  DSM-IV-TR does not provide a distinct diagnostic category for reactions to battering.  Rather the diverse reactions of battered people are treated as separate diagnoses, for example, [[Medicine:Posttraumatic stress disorder|posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) or [[Medicine:Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref>Roth D. L. & Coles E. M. (1995). "Battered woman syndrome: a conceptual analysis of its status vis a vis DSM-IV mental disorders". ''Medicine and Law''. Vol. 14(7–8): pp.&nbsp;641–658.</ref>

==Symptoms==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+  Symptoms of Battered Person Syndrome,<br /><small>a few of which are shared with PTSD</small><ref name="McClennen p. 151">{{cite book|author=Dr. Joan McClennen PhD.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHHWSsUvXwwC&pg=PA151 |title=Social Work and Family Violence: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention|publisher= Springer Publishing Company|date= 8 February 2010| ISBN= 978-0-8261-1133-3|page= 151}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"| <small>Symptoms</small>
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"|<small>Battered person syndrome</small> 
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"|<small>[[Medicine:Post-traumatic stress disorder|Post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD)</small>
|-
| <small>The person [[Philosophy:Fear|fear]]s for their life</small> || style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}}
|-
| <small>Is fearful for more than 4 weeks</small> || style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}}|| style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}}
|-
| <small>Performance at work or other important daily life activities is affected</small> || style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}}
|-
| <small>[[Philosophy:Psychological manipulation|Manipulated]] through threats of violence, unwanted sex, degradation, isolation and more</small>|| style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}} ||
|-
| <small>[[Medicine:Body image|Dislike their bodies]] and experience [[Medicine:Somatic symptom disorder|somatic health issues]]</small> || style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}} || 
|-
| <small>Sexual intimacy issues</small> || style="text-align:center;"| {{Check mark|12|color=black}} ||
|}
When battered person syndrome (BPS) manifests as PTSD, it consists of the following symptoms:  (a) re-experiencing the battering as if it were recurring even when it is not, (b) attempts to avoid the psychological impact of battering by avoiding activities, people, and emotions, (c) hyperarousal or [[Medicine:Hypervigilance|hypervigilance]], (d) disrupted interpersonal relationships, (e) body image distortion or other somatic concerns, and (f) sexuality and intimacy issues.<ref>WALKER, L. E. (2006), Battered Woman Syndrome. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087: 142–157. {{doi|10.1196/annals.1385.023}}</ref>

Additionally, repeated cycles of violence and reconciliation can result in the following beliefs and attitudes:<ref>Walker, 1979.</ref>
* The abused thinks that the violence was their fault.
* The abused has an inability to place the responsibility for the violence elsewhere.
* The abused fears for their life, and/or, the lives of loved ones whom the abuser might or has threatened to harm (e.g., children-in-common, close relatives or friends).
* The abused has an irrational belief that the abuser is omnipresent and omniscient.

== Causes ==
The syndrome develops in response to a three-stage cycle found in [[Medicine:Domestic violence|domestic violence]] situations. First, tension builds in the relationship.  Second, the abusive partner releases tension via violence while blaming the victim for having caused the violence.  Third, the violent partner makes gestures of contrition.  However, the partner does not find solutions to avoid another phase of tension building and release so the cycle repeats.  The repetition of the violence despite the abuser's attempts to "make nice" results in the abused partner feeling at fault for not preventing a repeat cycle of violence.  However, since the victim is not at fault and the violence is internally driven by the abuser, this self-blame results in feelings of [[Philosophy:Learned helplessness|helplessness]] rather than [[Social:Empowerment|empowerment]].  The feeling of being both responsible for and helpless to stop the violence leads in turn to depression and passivity.  This learned depression and passivity makes it difficult for the abused partner to marshal the resources and support system needed to leave.<ref>Walker, 1979</ref>

Feelings of depression and passivity may also be created by lack of social support outside of the abusive situation.  Research in the 1980s by Gondolf and Fisher found that women in abusive situations increase help-seeking behavior as violence intensifies. However, their attempts at seeking help are often frustrated by unresponsive extended family and social services.<ref>Battered women as survivors: An alternative to treating learned helplessness. Gondolf, Edward W.; Fisher, Ellen R. Lexington, MA, England: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com. (1988).</ref>  In a 2002 study,  Gondolf found that more than half of women had negative views of shelters and programs for battered women because of negative experiences with those programs.<ref>Gondolf, Edward. "Service Barriers for Battered Women With Male Partners in Batterer Programs". J Interpers Violence February 2002 vol. 17 no. 2 217–227.</ref>

==Legal history==
The battered person syndrome first rose to prominence in the 1970s, when it was used as a legal defense for abused women who murdered their husbands in a pre-meditated fashion.  Defense lawyers used the syndrome to explain premeditation as follows: the woman could not leave the relationship due to [[Philosophy:Learned helplessness|learned helplessness]].  Nor could they fight back when actually being attacked.  In the face of increasing violence, the woman's belief was that the only way she could protect herself and her children was to eliminate the partner when he was more vulnerable, for example, while sleeping.

In recent years, BPS has been questioned as a legal defense on several grounds.  First, legal changes in many states now make it possible to admit a history of past abuse into evidence. Second, not all battered persons act the same. Third, it pleads pathology when there may in fact be completely rational reasons for the victim's assessment that their life or that of their children was in danger.  For example, if life-threatening attacks were preceded by a certain look in the eyes in the past, the victim may have had probable cause for believing that another life-threatening attack was likely to occur.  Fourth, it does not provide for the possibility that a person may be abused but have chosen to kill for reasons other than on-going abuse – for example, jealousy or greed. Fifth, it paints survivors of domestic violence exclusively as passive victims rather than resourceful survivors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dutton|first= Mary Ann |title=Critique of the 'Battered Woman Syndrome' Model|url=  http://www.aaets.org/article138.htm|accessdate=2011-05-13|website=aaets.org}}</ref><ref>Downs, Donald A. "Battered Woman Syndrome: Tool of Justice or False Hope in Defense Cases?" in ''Current Controversies on Family Violence''. Eds. Donileen R. Loseke, Richard J. Gelles, and Mary M. Cavanaugh, Sage Publications, 2005.</ref><ref>Rothenberg, Bess. ''We Don't have Time for Social Change''
Cultural Compromise and the Battered Woman Syndrome".  Gender & Society October 2003 vol. 17 no. 5 771-787.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Noh|first1= Marianne|last2=Lo|first2= Celia|title=Medicalization of the Battered Woman: A Historical-Social Construction of the Battered Woman Syndrome (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA (August 16, 2003) |url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p107922_index.html|accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Biology:Outline of domestic violence|Outline of domestic violence]]
*[[Social:Violence against women|Violence against women]]
*Violence against men
*[[Medicine:Battered woman syndrome|Battered woman syndrome]]
*[[Medicine:Posttraumatic stress disorder|Posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD)
*[[Philosophy:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{abuse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battered Person Syndrome}}
[[Category:Psychopathological syndromes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Battered person syndrome|1}}