View source for Medicine:Louping ill

{{short description|Animal disease}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Louping ill
| synonyms        = Ovine encephalomyelitis, infectious encephalomyelitis of sheep, trembling-ill
| image           = Nonsuppurative encephalitis in goat affected by louping ill.jpg
| caption         = Nonsuppurative encephalitis in goat affected by louping ill. A) Cerebellum with necrosis of Purkinje cells. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain; scale bar = 100 µm. Inset: necrosis of Purkinje cells. H&E stain; scale bar = 20 µm. B) Midbrain. Area of neurophagia (arrow) surrounded by microglial cells. Necrosis of neurons can be also seen. H&E stain; scale bar = 50 µm. C) Lymphoid perivascular cuff in midbrain. H&E stain; scale bar = 50 µm. D) Spinal cord, gray matter. Focal microgliosis (crosses) and neurons undergoing necrosis (arrows). H&E stain; scale bar = 50 µm.
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| field           = [[Medicine:Veterinary medicine|Veterinary medicine]]
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'''Louping-ill''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|p|ɪ|ŋ|ɪ|l}}) is an acute viral disease primarily of [[Biology:Sheep|sheep]] that is characterized by a biphasic [[Medicine:Fever|fever]], depression, [[Medicine:Ataxia|ataxia]], muscular incoordination, tremors, posterior [[Engineering:Paralysis|paralysis]], [[Medicine:Coma|coma]], and death. Louping-ill is a [[Biology:Tick|tick]]-transmitted disease whose occurrence is closely related to the distribution of the primary vector, the sheep tick ''[[Biology:Ixodes ricinus|Ixodes ricinus]]''. It also causes disease in [[Biology:Red grouse|red grouse]], and can affect humans. The name 'louping-ill' is derived from an old Scottish word describing the effect of the disease in sheep whereby they 'loup' or spring into the air.<ref>[http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1201094615735?p=1191942172094 Health Protection Agency. ''Louping ill. Background information.'' Last reviewed: 8 August 2008. Last viewed 23 April 2009.]   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607131909/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb%26HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1201094615735?p=1191942172094 |date=7 June 2011 }}</ref>

== Cause ==
{{virusbox
| parent = Flavivirus
| species = Louping ill virus
}}
Louping ill is caused by [[Biology:RNA|RNA]] virus called Louping ill virus. Louping ill virus belongs to genus ''[[Biology:Flavivirus|Flavivirus]]'',<ref name="pmid15606630">{{Citation |vauthors=Charrel RN, Attoui H, Butenko AM |title=Tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in Europe |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Infect. |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=1040–55 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15606630 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01022.x |postscript=.|display-authors=0|doi-access=free }}</ref> family Flaviviridae.

There are four subtypes: British, Irish, Spanish and Turkish.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

== Prevention ==
According to a [[Medicine:ProMED-mail|ProMED]] article,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000%2C77119 |title=ProMED Archive Number 20090420.1492, Published Date 20-APR-2009, Subject PRO/AH> Louping ill - UK: vaccination |access-date=2009-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927125318/http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,77119 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> disease in sheep has been controlled in the UK by a vaccine (ATCvet code: QI04AA01), originally developed by Scotland's [[Organization:Moredun Research Institute|Moredun Research Institute]] by Prof John Russell Greig.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moredun.org.uk/webfm_send/579 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821154717/http://www.moredun.org.uk/webfm_send/579 |archivedate=2016-08-21 }}</ref> In 2009, however, a shortage of vaccine combined with an increase in the number of ticks found in sheep pasture areas cause an increased risk of this disease.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

== References ==
<references />
* {{citation|author=Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association|title=Foreign Animal Diseases |publisher=Pat Campbell & Assoc/Carter Printing Co. |year=1998 |isbn=0-08-615213-0 | url = http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book02/fad/loi.php | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213234455/http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book02/fad/loi.php | archivedate=2009-02-13}}
* {{citation | title = Louping ill | publisher = Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University | date = 2005-08-05 | url = http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/louping_ill.pdf}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB     = 7591
|  ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|84|8|a|80}}
|  ICD9           = {{ICD9|063.1}}
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|  MeshID         = D008146
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007143447/http://www.moredun.org.uk/feature-article.asp?ref=132 Moredun Research Institute vaccine article]
* WHO vaccine listing: {{ATCvet|I04|AA01}})

{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q614279|from2=Q19838288}}

[[Category:Flaviviridae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Louping ill|1}}