View source for Medicine:Neuropsychological assessment

{{Short description|Testing to identify brain impairments, their severity & location}}
{{neuropsychology}}
'''Neuropsychological assessment''' was traditionally carried out to assess the extent of impairment to a particular skill and to attempt to determine the area of the brain which may have been damaged following brain injury or neurological illness. With the advent of [[Biology:Neuroimaging|neuroimaging]] techniques, location of space-occupying lesions can now be more accurately determined through this method, so the focus has now moved on to the assessment of cognition and behaviour, including examining the effects of any brain injury or neuropathological process that a person may have experienced.

A core part of neuropsychological assessment is the administration of [[Medicine:Neuropsychological test|neuropsychological test]]s for the formal assessment of cognitive function, though neuropsychological testing is more than the administration and scoring of tests and screening tools.  It is essential that neuropsychological assessment also include an evaluation of the person's [[Medicine:Mental status examination|mental status]].  This is especially true in assessment of [[Medicine:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's disease]] and other forms of [[Medicine:Dementia|dementia]].<ref>Gregory, Robert. "Psychological Testing, 5th ed.". Pearson, 2007, p.466.</ref> Aspects of cognitive functioning that are assessed typically include orientation, new-learning/memory, intelligence, language, visuoperception, and executive function. However, clinical neuropsychological assessment is more than this and also focuses on a person's psychological, personal, interpersonal and wider contextual circumstances.

Assessment may be carried out for a variety of reasons, such as:
* [[Medicine:Clinical neuropsychology|Clinical evaluation]], to understand the pattern of cognitive strengths as well as any difficulties a person may have, and to aid decision making for use in a medical or rehabilitation environment.
* [[Philosophy:Cognitive neuropsychology|Scientific investigation]], to examine a hypothesis about the structure and function of cognition to be tested, or to provide information that allows experimental testing to be seen in context of a wider cognitive profile.
* Medico-legal assessment, to be used in a court of law as evidence in a legal claim or criminal investigation.

Miller outlined three broad goals of neuropsychological assessment.  Firstly, [[Medicine:Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]], to determine the nature of the underlying problem.  Secondly, to understand the nature of any brain injury or resulting cognitive problem (see neurocognitive deficit) and its impact on the individual, as a means of devising a rehabilitation programme or offering advice as to an individual's ability to carry out certain tasks (for example, fitness to drive, or returning to work).  And lastly, assessments may be undertaken to measure change in functioning over time, such as to determine the consequences of a surgical procedure or the impact of a rehabilitation programme over time.<ref>Miller, E. (1992) Some basic principles of neuropsychological assessment. In J.R. Crawford, D.M. Parker, W.M. McKinlay (eds) A handbook of neuropsychological assessment. Hove: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. {{ISBN|0-86377-274-9}}</ref>

== Diagnosis of a neuropsychological disorder ==
Certain types of damage to the brain will cause behavioral and cognitive difficulties. Psychologists can start screening for these problems by using either one of the following techniques or all of these combined:

=== History taking ===

This includes gathering medical history of the patient and their family, presence or absence of developmental milestones, psychosocial history, and character, severity, and progress of any history of complaints. The psychologist can then gauge how to treat the patient and determine if there are any historical determinants for his or her behavior.

=== Interviewing ===

Psychologists use structured interviews in order to determine what kind of neurological problem the patient might be experiencing. There are a number of specific interviews, including the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, Neuropsychological Impairment Scale, Patient's Assessment of Own Functioning, and Structured Interview for the Diagnosis of Dementia.<ref name = John>{{cite web|title=Neuropsychological Assessment|url=http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/npsych/npsych.html|publisher=St. John's University|access-date=2012-03-30|archive-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628215203/http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/npsych/npsych.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Standardized Tests.jpg|thumb|alt=A pencil sits on top of a test booklet.|Standardized Testing]] -->

=== Test-taking ===

Scores on standardized tests of adequate predictive validity predictor well current and/or future problems. Standardized tests allow psychologists to compare a person's results with other people's because it has the same components and is given in the same way. It is therefore representative of the person's's behavior and cognition. The results of a standardized test are only part of the jigsaw. Further, multidisciplinary investigations (e.g. neuroimaging, neurological) are typically needed to officially diagnose a brain-injured patient.<ref name = Tsat>{{cite web|last=Tsatsanis & Volkmar|title=Unraveling the Neuropsychological Assessment|url=http://www.aspennj.org/pdf/information/articles/unraveling-the-neuropsychological-assessment.pdf|publisher=The Source|access-date=2012-03-30|archive-date=2017-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209001905/http://www.aspennj.org/pdf/information/articles/unraveling-the-neuropsychological-assessment.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Intelligence testing ====

Testing one's intelligence can also give a clue to whether there is a problem in the brain-behavior connection. The Wechsler Scales are the tests most often used to determine level of intelligence. The variety of scales available, the nature of the tasks, as well as a wide gap in verbal and performance scores can give clues to whether there is a learning disability or damage to a certain area of the brain.<ref name = John />

==== Testing other areas ====
Other areas are also tested when a patient goes through neuropsychological assessment. These can include [[Perception|sensory perception]], [[Biology:Motor system|motor functions]], [[Philosophy:Attention|attention]], [[Memory|memory]], auditory and visual processing, [[Social:Language|language]], [[Problem solving|problem solving]], [[Engineering:Planning|planning]], [[Organization:Organization|organization]], speed of processing, and many others. Neuropsychological assessment can test many areas of cognitive and executive functioning to determine whether a patient's difficulty in function and behavior has a neuropsychological basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://newyorkassessment.com/services/neuropsychological-assessment/|title = Neuropsychological Assessment|date = December 2015|access-date = February 11, 2016|website = New York Assessment|archive-date = March 18, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160318011235/http://newyorkassessment.com/services/neuropsychological-assessment/|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Information gathered from assessment ==
Tsatsanis and Volkmar believe that assessment can provide unique information about the type of disorder a patient has which allows the psychologist to come up with a treatment plan. Neuropsychological assessment can clarify the nature of the disorder and determine the cognitive functioning associated with a disorder. Assessment can also allow the psychologist to understand the developmental progress of the disorder in order to predict future problems and come up with a successful treatment package. Different assessments can also determine if a patient will be at risk for a particular disorder. It is important to remember, however, that assessing a patient at one time is not enough to go ahead and continue treatment because of the changes in behavior that can occur frequently. A patient must be retested multiple times in order to make sure that the current treatment is still the right treatment. For neuropsychological assessments, researchers discover the different areas of the brain that is damaged based on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of the patient.<ref name = Tsat />

== Benefits of assessment ==
The most beneficial factor of neuropsychological assessment is that is provides an accurate diagnosis of the disorder for the patient when it is unclear to the psychologist what exactly he/she has. This allows for accurate treatment later on in the process because treatment is driven by the exact symptoms of the disorder and how a specific patient may react to different treatments. The assessment allows the psychologist and patient to understand the severity of the deficit and to allow better decision-making by both parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://newyorkassessment.com/|title = Neuropsychological and Psychoeducational Testing for Children and Adults|date = December 2015|access-date = February 11, 2016|website = New York Assessment|archive-date = September 6, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180906232201/https://unitedassessment.com/|url-status = live}}</ref> It is also helpful in understanding deteriorating diseases because the patient can be assessed multiple times to see how the disorder is progressing.

One area where neuropsychological assessments can be beneficial is in forensic cases where the defendant's competency is being questioned due to possible brain injury or damage. A neuropsychological assessment may show brain damage when neuroimaging has failed. It can also determine whether the individual is faking a disorder ([[Medicine:Malingering|malingering]]) in order to attain a lesser sentence.<ref name = Burke>{{cite web|last=Burke|first=Harold L.|title=Benefits of Neuropsychological Assessment|url=http://www.brain-injury-therapy.com/services/neuropsychological_testing.htm|access-date=2012-03-30|archive-date=2012-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103025841/http://www.brain-injury-therapy.com/services/neuropsychological_testing.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most neuropsychological testing can be completed in 6 to 12 hours or less. This time, however, does not include the role of the psychologist interpreting the data, scoring the test, making formulations, and writing a formal report.<ref name = Burke />

== Qualifications for conducting assessments ==
Neuropsychological assessments are usually conducted by doctoral-level (Ph.D., Psy.D.) psychologists trained in neuropsychology, known as clinical neuropsychologists. The definition and scope of a clinical neuropsychologist is outlined in the widely accepted Houston Conference Guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.theaacn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/houston_conference.pdf|title = THE HOUSTON CONFERENCE ON SPECIALTY EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY|date = September 1997|access-date = February 11, 2016|website = American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology|archive-date = July 30, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210730180838/https://theaacn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/houston_conference.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> They will usually have postdoctoral training in neuropsychology, neuroanatomy, and brain function. Most will be licensed and practicing psychologists in their particular field.<ref name = Tsat />  Recent developments in the field allow for highly trained individuals such as psychometrists to administer selected instruments, though determinations regarding testing results remain the responsibility of the doctor.

== See also ==
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{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* {{Annotated link |Clinical neuropsychology}}
* {{Annotated link |List of neurological conditions and disorders}}
* {{Annotated link |Mini-SEA}}
* {{Annotated link |Neurocognition}}
* {{Annotated link |Neuroimaging}}
* {{Annotated link |Neuropsychology}}
* {{Annotated link |Neuropsychological test}}
* {{Annotated link |Psychological testing}}, such as [[Psychometrics|psychometrics]]
{{div col end}}
<!-- alphabetical order please WP:SEEALSO -->
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== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Baer |editor1-first=Lee |editor2-last=Blais |editor2-first=Mark A. |title=Handbook of Clinical Rating Scales and Assessment in Psychiatry and Mental Health |url=https://www.springer.com/medicine/psychiatry/book/978-1-58829-966-6 |access-date=17 June 2014 |date=3 October 2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-58829-966-6}}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Andrew |date=2011 |publisher=Springer Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8261-0629-2 |url=http://www.springerpub.com/product/9780826157362 |access-date=28 May 2013}}
** {{cite journal |author=David A. Baker |date=June 2012 |title=Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |type=Review |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=470–471 |doi=10.1093/arclin/acs037 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |title=Neuropsychological Assessment |last1=Lezak |first1=Muriel D. |last2=Howieson |first2=Diane B. |last3=Bigler |first3=Erin D. |last4=Tranel |first4=Daniel |date=2012 |edition=Fifth |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-539552-5 |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/neuropsychological-assessment-9780195395525 |access-date=17 June 2014}}
** {{cite journal |author=Peter J Anderson |date=April 2013 |title=Leader of the Pack |type=Review |journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1017/S1355617713000337|s2cid=144213730 }}
* {{cite book |title=INS Dictionary of Neuropsychology |editor-last=Loring |editor-first=David W. |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-506978-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/insdictionaryofn00lori }} This standard reference book includes entries by Kimford J. Meador, Ida Sue Baron, Steven J. Loring, Kerry deS. Hamsher, Nils R. Varney, Gregory P. Lee, Esther Strauss, and Tessa Hart.
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Daniel C. |title=Essentials of School Neuropsychological Assessment |date=3 January 2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-17584-2 |edition=2nd |url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118175840.html |access-date=9 June 2014 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Reddy |editor1-first=Linda A. |editor2-last=Weissman |editor2-first=Adam S. |editor3-last=Hale |editor3-first=James B. |title=Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention for Youth: An Evidence Based Approach to Emotional and Behavioral Disorders |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=browsePB.chapters&pbid=14091 |access-date=15 June 2014 |year=2013 |publisher=American Psychological Association |isbn=978-1-4338-1266-8 |oclc=810409783 }} This collection of articles for practitioners includes chapters by Linda A. Reddy, Adam S. Weissman, James B. Hale, Allison Waters, Lara J. Farrell, Elizabeth Schilpzand, Susanna W. Chang, Joseph O'Neill, David Rosenberg, Steven G. Feifer, Gurmal Rattan, Patricia D. Walshaw, Carrie E. Bearden, Carmen Lukie, Andrea N. Schneider, Richard Gallagher, Jennifer L. Rosenblatt, Jean Séguin, Mathieu Pilon, Matthew W. Specht, Susanna W. Chang, Kathleen Armstrong, Jason Hangauer, Heather Agazzi, Justin J. Boseck, Elizabeth L. Roberds, Andrew S. Davis, Joanna Thome, Tina Drossos, Scott J. Hunter, Erin L. Steck-Silvestri, LeAdelle Phelps, William S. MacAllister, Jonelle Ensign, Emilie Crevier-Quintin, Leonard F. Koziol, and Deborah E. Budding.
* {{cite book |last1=Riccio |first1=Cynthia A. |last2=Sullivan |first2=Jeremy R. |last3=Cohen |first3=Morris J. |title=Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention for Childhood and Adolescent Disorders |date=28 January 2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-18413-4 |doi=10.1002/9781118269954}}
* {{cite book |title=A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary |last1=Strauss |first1=Esther |last2=Sherman |first2=Elizabeth M. |last3=Spreen |first3=Otfried |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-515957-8 |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-compendium-of-neuropsychological-tests-9780195159578 |access-date=14 July 2013 }}
* {{cite book |title=Pediatric Forensic Neuropsychology |editor-last1=Sherman |editor-first1=Elizabeth M. |editor-last2=Brooks |editor-first2=Brian L. |date=2012 |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-973456-6 |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/pediatric-forensic-neuropsychology-9780199734566 |access-date=14 July 2013}}
** {{cite journal |author=Leah Ellenberg |date=August 2013 |title=Pediatric Forensic Neuropsychology |type=Review |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=510–511|doi=10.1093/arclin/act033 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last1=Whishaw |first1=Ian Q. |last2=Kolb |first2=Bryan |title=Fundamentals of human neuropsychology |publisher=Worth Publishers |location=New York |date=1 July 2009 |edition=Sixth |isbn=978-0-7167-9586-5 |url=http://www.worthpublishers.com/Catalog/product/fundamentalsofhumanneuropsychology-sixthedition-kolb |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417160637/http://www.worthpublishers.com/Catalog/product/fundamentalsofhumanneuropsychology-sixthedition-kolb |archive-date=17 April 2014}}
** {{cite journal |author=Gina A. Mollet |date=Spring 2008 |title=TEXTBOOK REVIEW: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 6th Edition |journal=The Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=R3–R4 |url=http://www.funjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/kolbwhishaw_JUNE_s08.pdf}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.med.unc.edu/neurology/divisions/movement-disorders/npsycheval |title=Neuropsychological Evaluation FAQ |author=UNC School of Medicine Department of Neurology |date=24 February 2011 |website=University of North Carolina Chapel Hill |access-date=17 June 2014}}

[[Category:Neuropsychological assessment| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|Neuropsychological assessment}}