View source for Medicine:RAID (in mental health)

'''RAID (Reinforce Appropriate, Implode Disruptive)''' is a [[Social:Positive psychology|positive psychology]] least restrictive practice approach for working with people who exhibit [[Medicine:Challenging behaviour|challenging behaviour]]. The RAID approach is written by [[Biography:William Davies (psychologist)|Dr William Davies]] and is published and distributed by the Association for Psychological Therapies. Over 20,000 professionals working in Mental Health and related areas are trained in the RAID approach, mainly in the UK and Ireland. It is now in its 11th edition.<ref>{{cite web |title=The RAID Approach |url=https://www.apt.ac/raid-training.html |website=APT |publisher=The Association for Psychological Therapies |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref>
==The RAID Model==
The RAID model advocates a philosophy of care where professionals “play down disruptive behaviours as far as safety allows, and concentrate on recognising and reinforcing appropriate behaviour, so that it gradually displaces the disruptive behaviour”.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sarah Lee and Rachel West |title=Cognitive Approaches to Intervention |url=https://neupsykey.com/cognitive-approaches-to-intervention/#s0080 |website=Neupsy Key |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref> It emphasises how the most extreme behaviours can be addressed through proactive encouragement of positive qualities and behaviours shown by an individual and clearly focuses on providing individuals with rewarding opportunities for progress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Implementing Positive Behavioural Support within a Forensic Mental Health Medium Secure Unit |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317290338 |website=ResearchGate |publisher=The Royal College of Psychiatrists |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref>

The aim is for the professional to focus on ‘green’ (positive) behaviours and reduce opportunities for ‘red’ (challenging or less positive) behaviour thereby developing a therapeutic milieu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shelton |first1=Lyn |title=Case Studies in Forensic Psychology |date=26 March 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138584822 |page=85 |edition=1}}</ref> The process involves rewarding positive or ‘green’ behaviours in ways that help patients recognise their achievements; whilst ‘red’ (negative) behaviours are safely played down through the use of strategies such as distraction techniques.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recovery Journeys |url=https://www.nhs.uk/about-the-nhs-website/professionals/healthandcareprofessionals/quality-accounts/documents/2011/st-andrews-healthcare-qa-2010-11.pdf |website=NHS |publisher=St Andrew's Healthcare |accessdate=12 June 2019 |page=13}}</ref>

As a proactive approach, the RAID Model contrasts with approaches such as extinction and punishment (as used in Operant Conditioning) in that the RAID Model allows you to act in the absence of extreme behaviour, whereas punishment and extinction only allow you to act when the extreme behaviour occurs (and to have approaches to extreme behaviour that relies upon the extreme behaviour happening is viewed by many as undesirable). The RAID model is usually viewed as an example of the Constructional Approach in Behaviour Modification and as such attempts to solve problems by building positive behaviors which displace the negative ones. This contrasts with the eliminative approach which focuses on the problem behavior (with the aim of eliminating it).

==History==
The RAID Approach was written in 1990 by Dr William Davies, and established itself as a standard for setting and reinforcing positive behaviours in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=RAID Training |url=https://comparethecourse.com/courses/raid%3F-training |website=Compare the Course |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref>It was originally written as a positive approach to working with disturbed adolescents in secure conditions, but was quickly applied to people showing difficult and [[Philosophy:Aggression|aggressive behaviour]] at any age, especially if they were in secure or residential facilities. Originally the approach described 13 relevant strategies for constructive working with such behaviour; the RAID acronym came later (1992), as a memory-aid for the general theme that underpins the strategies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Mark Number |url=https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmcase/page/Results/1/UK00001515793 |website=Intellectual Property Office |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref>

The acronym RAID (standing for Reinforce Appropriate, Implode Disruptive) was registered as a UK trademark in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Mark Number |url=https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmcase/page/Results/1/UK00001515793 |website=Intellectual Property Office |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref> In January 2019, in the first case ever to be heard by the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court (IPEC) outside of London, the High Court judge, HH Melissa Clarke found that an NHS Foundation Trust had infringed the RAID trademark by using it to stand for Rapid Assessment Intervention and Discharge and they had to stop using it. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Carding |first1=Nick |title=Trust in £100,000 court battle over alleged trademark breach |url=https://www.hsj.co.uk/policy-and-regulation/trust-in-100000-court-battle-over-alleged-trademark-breach/7023858.article |website=HSJ |publisher=HSJ |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=APT Training & Consultancy Ltd & Anor v Birmingham & Solihull Mental Health NHS Trust [2019] |url=http://www.opusip.co.uk/2019/01/13/19-html/ |website=OPUS IP |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>Mark Smulian, [https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/procurement-and-contracts/402-procurement-news/39620-nhs-trust-infringed-trade-mark-owned-by-consultancy-court-rules “NHS trust infringed trade mark owned by consultancy, court rules“], ‘’Local Government Lawyer’’, 15 January 2019</ref><ref>Nick Carding, [https://www.hsj.co.uk/finance-and-efficiency/trust-must-pay-out-after-losing-trademark-court-battle/7024197.article “Trust in £100,000 court battle over alleged trademark breach“], ‘’HSJ’’, 16 January 2019</ref><ref>Mark Smulian, [https://www.publiclawtoday.co.uk/procurement-and-contracts/402-procurement-news/39642-nhs-trust-infringed-trade-mark-owned-by-consultancy-court-rules “NHS trust infringed trade mark owned by consultancy, court rules“], ‘’Public Law Today’’, 15 January 2019</ref><ref>Practical Law IP&IT, [https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/Document/Ib8ae78ee197111e9a5b3e3d9e23d7429/View/FullText.html?contextData=(sc.Default)&transitionType=Default&firstPage=true&comp=pluk&bhcp=1 “Use of RAID mark by NHS foundation trust was in the course of trade (IPEC)“], ‘’Thomson Reuters Practical Law’’, 16 January 2019</ref><ref>Intellectual Property Enterprise Court, [https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/IPEC/2019/19.html “Trust in £100,000 court battle over alleged trademark breach“], ‘’HSJ’’, 9 January 2019</ref><ref>Counsel Magazine, [https://counselmagazine.co.uk/content/2019/01/15/APT-Training-Consultancy-Ltd-and-another-v-Birmingham-and-Solihull-Mental-Health-NHS-Foundation-Trust “APT Training & Consultancy Ltd and another v Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust“], ‘’Counsel Magazine’’, Retrieved 28 February 2019</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Lambert |first1=Jane |title=Trade Marks: APT Training and Consultancy Ltd. and another v Birmingham & Solihull Mental Health NHS Trust |url=https://nipclaw.blogspot.com/2019/04/trade-marks-apt-training-and.html |website=NIPC Law |publisher=NIPC Law |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>Howes Percival, [https://www.northants-chamber.co.uk/news/howes-percival-successfully-acts-in-nhs-trust-trademark-case “Howes Percival successfully acts in NHS Trust trademark case“], ‘’Northamptonshire Chamber’’, 21 January 2019</ref>
 

==Evidence==
The RAID model has been measured through the Overt Aggression Scale - Modified for Neurorehabilitation (OAS-MNR) - and shown a decrease in aggressive behaviours by over 80% across a two year period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recovery Journeys |url=https://www.nhs.uk/about-the-nhs-website/professionals/healthandcareprofessionals/quality-accounts/documents/2011/st-andrews-healthcare-qa-2010-11.pdf |website=NHS |publisher=St Andrew's Healthcare |accessdate=12 June 2019 |page=13}}</ref> Research also shown that the RAID model significantly reduced the number of incidents of challenging behaviour on a medium secure LD ward,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shelton |first1=Lyn |title=Case Studies in Forensic Psychology |date=26 March 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138584822 |page=85 |edition=1}}</ref> and a paper conducted by Dr Cheryl Knowles shown that that there was as significant increase in staff members’ confidence towards challenging behaviour - this was observed immediately post training, and maintained 4-months following the training.<ref>{{cite web |title=Changes in staff confidence, emotional responses, and attributions for challenging behaviour immediately following staff attending RAID training at Guild Lodge |url=https://www.apt.ac/_images/executive-summary-staff-perceptions-of-raid-training-in-a-forensic-secure-service-sept-19.pdf |website=APT |publisher=Dr Cheryl Knowles |accessdate=30 October 2020 |page=1}}</ref>
 

==Training==
Training in the RAID approach is delivered by the Association for Psychological Therapies and has been attended by over 20,000 professionals working for the UK's National Health Service  (including Rampton Secure Hospital<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheldon |first1=Kerry |title=Research in Practice for Forensic Professionals |date=6 October 2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415672726 |page=256 |edition=1}}</ref>) and independent healthcare providers (including: St Andrew's Healthcare,<ref>{{cite web |title=An insight into neuropsychiatric services at the country's largest mental health facility |url=https://www.nrtimes.co.uk/pathway-profile-st-andrews-healthcare/ |website=NR Times |publisher=St Andrew’s Healthcare |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref> The Priory Group,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazelwood House, Secure mental health services |url=https://www.priorygroup.com/media/593759/hazelwood-house-an-overview.pdf |website=Priory Group |publisher=Priory Group |accessdate=12 June 2019 |page=4}}</ref> Cygnet Health Care,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cygnet Hospital Bierley launches RAID |url=https://www.cygnethealth.co.uk/news/cygnet-hospital-bierley-launches-raid/ |website=Cygnet Healthcare |publisher=Cygnet Healthcare |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref> and Elysium Healthcare).<ref>{{cite web |title=National Learning Disability Awards |url=https://www.elysiumhealthcare.co.uk/blog/national-learning-disability-awards-woodhouse/ |website=Elysium Healthcare |publisher=Elysium Healthcare |accessdate=12 June 2019}}</ref>

== Notes == 
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