View source for Medicine:Type 3c diabetes

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = <!--{{PAGENAME}} by default-->
| synonym         =
| image           =
| alt             = This is an illustration of the pancreas and its main locations for exocrine and endocrine functions.
| image_size      =
| caption         = A model of the pancreas and its main locations for exocrine and endocrine functions.
| pronounce       =
| specialty       = <!-- from Wikidata, can be overwritten -->
| symptoms        =
| complications   =
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          =
| risks           =
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       =
| deaths          =
}}
'''Type 3c diabetes''' (also known as '''pancreatogenic diabetes''') is [[Medicine:Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] that comes secondary to pancreatic diseases,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ewald|first1=Nils|last2=Hardt|first2=Philip D|date=2013-11-14|title=Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=19|issue=42|pages=7276–7281|doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i42.7276|issn=1007-9327|pmc=3831209|pmid=24259958 |doi-access=free }}</ref> involving the exocrine and digestive functions of the pancreas. It also occurs following surgical removal of the pancreas.

Around 5–10% of cases of diabetes in the Western world are related to pancreatic diseases. [[Medicine:Chronic pancreatitis|Chronic pancreatitis]] is most often the cause.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=PA |last2=Bellin |first2=MD |last3=Andersen |first3=DK |last4=Bradley |first4=D |last5=Cruz-Monserrate |first5=Z |last6=Forsmark |first6=CE |last7=Goodarzi |first7=MO |last8=Habtezion |first8=A |last9=Korc |first9=M |last10=Kudva |first10=YC |last11=Pandol |first11=SJ |last12=Yadav |first12=D |last13=Chari |first13=ST |last14=Consortium for the Study of Chronic Pancreatitis, Diabetes, and Pancreatic |first14=Cancer(CPDPC). |title=Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. |journal=The Lancet. Gastroenterology & Hepatology |date=November 2016 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=226–237 |doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30106-6 |pmid=28404095|pmc=5495015 }}</ref>

==Presentation==

The symptoms of Type 3c diabetes are the same as other forms of diabetes. They include:{{cn|date=November 2023}}
* Increased thirst (polydipsia) and dry mouth.
* Frequent urination.
* Fatigue.
* Blurred vision.
* Unexplained weight loss.
* Numbness or tingling in your hands or feet.
* Slow-healing sores or cuts.
* Frequent skin and/or vaginal yeast infections.

People with Type 3c diabetes typically also have symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, which include:{{cn|date=November 2023}}
* Abdominal pain, gas and bloating.
* Constipation.
* Diarrhoea.
* Fatty stools (pale, oily, foul-smelling poop that floats).
* Unexplained weight loss.

It’s important to see a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms.

The same complications that occur for other types of diabetics ([[Medicine:Type 1 diabetes|type 1]] and [[Medicine:Type 2 diabetes|type 2]]) may occur for type 3c diabetics. These include [[Medicine:Diabetic retinopathy|retinopathy]], [[Medicine:Kidney disease|nephropathy]], [[Medicine:Peripheral neuropathy|neuropathy]], and [[Medicine:Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular disease]]. Patients with this condition are advised to follow the same risk-reduction guidelines as the other diabetics do and keep blood sugars as normal as possible to minimize any complications.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

== Cause ==
There are multiple causes. Some of which identified are:
* Pancreatic disease
* Pancreatic resection
* Chronic pancreatitis (caused by exocrine insufficiency, maldigestion, and [[Medicine:Malnutrition|malnutrition]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/830690_4|title=Diabetes in Chronic Pancreatitis|website=Medscape|publisher=Anand R. Gupte and Chris E. Forsmark|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
* Lacking [[Biology:Gene|gene]]s in the [[Biology:E2F|E2F group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/20120829/Study-shows-molecular-mechanism-behind-type-3c-pancreatic-diabetes.aspx|title=Study shows molecular mechanism behind type 3c pancreatic diabetes|date=August 29, 2012|website=News Medical|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref>
* In 2021, Venturi reported that pancreas is able to absorb in great quantity radioactive cesium (Cs-134 and Cs-137) causing a severe and permanent pancreatitis with damage of pancreatic islands, and causing (type 3c) diabetes (pancreatogenic).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Venturi |first1=Sebastiano |title=Cesium in Biology, Pancreatic Cancer, and Controversy in High and Low Radiation Exposure Damage—Scientific, Environmental, Geopolitical, and Economic Aspects |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=January 2021 |volume=18 |issue=17 |pages=8934 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18178934 |pmid=34501532 |language=en|pmc=8431133 |doi-access=free }}  [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> In fact, type 3c diabetes mellitus increased in contaminated population, particularly children and adolescents, after Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear incidents. At the same time, worldwide pancreatic diseases, diabetes and environmental radiocesium are increasing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Venturi |first1=Sebastiano |title= Correlation of Diabetes, Salivary Gland Cancer and Pancreatic Cancerwith Iodine and Cesium Radionuclides.|journal= Austin J Gastroenterol. |date=November 2023|volume=10|issue=1 |url=https://austinpublishinggroup.com/gastroenterology/fulltext/ajg-v10-id1121.pdf}}</ref>

== Diagnosis ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Diagnostic Criteria for T3cDM
|-
|'''Major criteria (all must be fulfilled):'''

* Presence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (according to monoclonal fecal elastase-1 or direct function tests).
* Pathological pancreatic imaging: (by endoscopic ultrasound, MRI, or CT)
* Absence of T1DM-associated autoimmune markers ([[Biology:Autoantibody|autoantibodies]]).
|-
|'''Minor Criteria:'''
|-
|
* Impaired β-cell function
* No excessive insulin resistance (e.g. as measured by HOMA-IR).
* Impaired incretin (e.g. GIP) or pancreatic polypeptide secretion.
* Low serum levels of [[Chemistry:Vitamin|lipid (fat) soluble vitamins]] ([[Chemistry:Vitamin A|A]], [[Chemistry:Vitamin D|D]], [[Chemistry:Vitamin E|E]], or [[Chemistry:Vitamin K|K]]).
|}

== Management ==
The condition can be managed by many factors.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== Lifestyle Modifications ===
Avoiding toxins to the body such as alcohol and [[Medicine:Smoking|smoking]] reduce pancreatic inflammation. Also, eating a diet rich in fiber and consuming normal amounts of fat may help. Oral pancreatic enzymes may be given. Maintaining sufficient levels of vitamin D can also reduce symptoms and help manage the disease better.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

===Medications===
Medications such as [[Chemistry:Insulin (medication)|insulin]] may be given in order to lower blood sugars. For not so high blood sugars, oral treatments in the form of a pill or capsule may be given.

Usually, insulin requirements are lower than in type 1 diabetes (SAID).<ref name="Quast_2021">{{cite journal |last1=Quast |first1=Daniel Robert |last2=Breuer |first2=Thomas Georg Karl |last3=Nauck |first3=Michael Albrecht |last4=Janot-Matuschek |first4=Monika |last5=Uhl |first5=Waldemar |last6=Meier |first6=Juris Jendrik |title=Insulinbedarf und Glukosehomöostase bei Menschen nach partieller und totaler Pankreatektomie im Vergleich zu Menschen mit anderen Diabetesformen |journal=Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel |date=April 2021 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=130–140 |doi=10.1055/a-1344-0323|s2cid=233938736 }}</ref> However, therapeutic challenges may arise from the fact that hypoglycaemia is a common complication, owing to the lack of alpha cells.<ref name="Quast_2021"/>

== See also ==
* [[Medicine:Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Medicine:Pancreatitis|Pancreatitis]]
* Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
* [[Medicine:Cystic fibrosis–related diabetes|Cystic fibrosis–related diabetes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Inflammations]]

{{Sourceattribution|Type 3c diabetes}}