View source for Micromort

{{Short description|Unit of risk – one-in-a-million chance of death}}

A '''micromort''' (from [[Micro-|micro-]] and mortality) is a unit of [[Risk|risk]] defined as a one-in-a-million chance of [[Biology:Death|death]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fry |first1=A.M. |last2=Harrison |first2=A. |last3=Daigneault |first3=M. |title=Micromorts - what is the risk? |journal=British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |date=February 2016 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=230–231 |doi=10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.11.023 |pmid=26747014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=KF |last2=Cohen |first2=AL |last3=Walker |first3=SS |last4=Allen |first4=KM |last5=Baines |first5=DL |last6=Thornton |first6=Jg |title=The dangers of the day of birth |journal=BJOG |date=May 2014 |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=714–718 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.12544 |pmid=24521517 |s2cid=24808758 }}</ref> Micromorts can be used to measure the riskiness of various day-to-day activities. A '''microprobability''' is a one-in-a million chance of some event; thus, a micromort is the microprobability of death. The micromort concept was introduced by Ronald A. Howard who pioneered the modern practice of [[Decision analysis|decision analysis]].<ref>{{cite conference
 |title=On making life and death decisions
 |editor= J. Richard |editor2=C. Schwing |editor3=Walter A. Albers
 |conference=Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe Is Safe Enough? General Motors Research Laboratories
 |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York
 |isbn=0306405547 |year=1980
}}</ref>

Micromorts for future activities can only be rough assessments, as specific circumstances will always have an impact. However, past historical rates of events can be used to provide a rough estimate.

== Sample values ==

===Baseline===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Death from !! Context !! Time period !! N deaths !! N population !! Micromorts per unit of exposure!! Reference
|-
|All causes
|England and Wales
|2012
|499,331
|56,567,000
|24 per day <br /> 8,800 per year
|ONS Deaths<ref name="ONS1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_331565.pdf |title=Deaths Registered in England and Wales (Series DR), 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=2013-10-22 |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215559/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_331565.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Table 5.
|-
|All causes
|Canada
|2011
|242,074
|33,476,688
|20 per day <br /> 7,200 per year
|Statistics Canada<ref name=StatsCan>{{cite web|title=Leading causes of death, by sex (Both sexes)|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/hlth36a-eng.htm|website=Statistics Canada|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130923/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/hlth36a-eng.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|All causes
|US
|2010
|2,468,435
|308,500,000
|22 per day <br /> 8,000 per year
|CDC Deaths<ref name="CDC1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf |location=US |title=Deaths: Final Data for 2010 |author1=SL Murphy |author2=J Xu |author3=KD Kochanek |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511223214/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Table 18.
|-
|Non-natural cause
|England and Wales
|2012
|17,462
|56,567,000
|0.8 per day <br /> 300 per year
|ONS Deaths<ref name="ONS1" /> Table 5.19.
|-
|Non-natural cause
|US
|2010
|180,000
|308,500,000
|1.6 per day <br /> 580 per year
|CDC Deaths<ref name="CDC1" /> Table 18
|-
|Non-natural cause (excluding suicide)
|England and Wales
|2012
|12,955
|56,567,000
|0.6 per day <br /> 230 per year
|ONS Suicides<ref name="suicides" >{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-health4/suicides-in-the-united-kingdom/2012/stb-uk-suicides-2012.html#tab-Suicides-in-England-and-Wales |title=Suicides in the United Kingdom, 2012 Registrations |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=2014-02-18 |access-date=2014-06-11 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513052104/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-health4/suicides-in-the-united-kingdom/2012/stb-uk-suicides-2012.html#tab-Suicides-in-England-and-Wales |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Non-natural cause (excluding suicide)
|US
|2010
|142,000
|308,500,000
|1.3 per day <br /> 460 per year
|CDC Deaths<ref name="CDC1" /> Table 18.
|-
|All causes – first day of life
|England and Wales
|2007
|
|
|430 per first day of life
|Walker, 2014<ref name="BJOG1">{{cite journal |title=The dangers of the day of birth |author1=KF Walker |author2=AL Cohen |author3=SH Walker |author4=KM Allen |author5=DL Baines |author6=JG Thornton |journal=British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |date=2014-02-13 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.12544 |pmid=24521517 |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=714–8|s2cid=24808758 |doi-access= }}</ref>
|-
|All causes – first year of life
|US
|2013
|
|
|16.7 per day <br> 6100 per year
|CDC Life Tables<ref name=cdcLife>{{cite web|title=Life Tables|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/life_tables.htm|website=cdc.gov|publisher=US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=24 November 2013|date=2013|archive-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126224714/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/life_tables.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <br> Blastland & Spiegelhalter, 2014<ref name=normChron>{{cite book|last1=Blastland|first1=Michael|last2=Spiegelhalter|first2=David|title=The Norm Chronicles: Stories and Numbers About Danger and Death|date=2014|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465085705|page=14|edition=1}}</ref>
|-
|Murder/homicide
|England and Wales
|2012/13
|551
|56,567,000
|10 per year
|ONS Crime<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Office for National Statistics
| title = Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, 2012/13 – ONS
| access-date = 2014-06-12
| url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/focus-on-violent-crime-and-sexual-offences--2012-13/index.html
| date = 2014-02-13
| archive-date = 8 April 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220732/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/focus-on-violent-crime-and-sexual-offences--2012-13/index.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|-
|Homicide
|Canada
|2011
|527
|33,476,688
|15 per year
|Statistics Canada<ref name=StatsCanada2011>{{cite web|title=Leading causes of death, total population, by age group and sex, Canada|url=http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=1020561&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=37&tabMode=dataTable&csid=|website=Statistics Canada|date=26 November 2020|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703044031/http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=1020561&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=37&tabMode=dataTable&csid=|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Murder and non-negligent manslaughter
|US
|2012
|14,173
|292,000,000
|48 per year
|FBI<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Federal Bureau of Investigation
| title = Crime in the United States, 2012: Table 16
| work = FBI
| access-date = 2014-06-12
| url = https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/16tabledatadecpdf/table_16_rate_by_population_group_2012.xls
| archive-date = 29 May 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160529074718/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/16tabledatadecpdf/table_16_rate_by_population_group_2012.xls/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Table 16
|}

===Leisure and sport===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Death from !! Context !! Time period !! N deaths !! N exposure !! Micromorts per unit of exposure !! Reference
|-
|Scuba diving
|UK: BSAC members
|1998–2009
|75
|14,000,000 dives
|5 per dive
|BSAC<ref name="BSAC">{{Cite web
 |last        = British Sub-Aqua Club
 |title       = UK Diving Fatalities Review
 |access-date  = 2014-06-12
 |url         = http://www.bsac.com/page.asp?section=3780&sectionTitle=UK+Diving+Fatalities+Review
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140728111842/http://www.bsac.com/page.asp?section=3780&sectionTitle=UK+Diving+Fatalities+Review
 |archive-date = 28 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Scuba diving
|UK: non-BSAC
|1998–2009
|122
|12,000,000 dives
|10 per dive
|BSAC<ref name="BSAC" />
|-
|Scuba diving
|US – insured members of DAN
|2000–2006
|187
|1,131,367 members
|164 per year as member of DAN <br /> 5 per dive
|DAN<ref name="DAN">{{Cite web
| last = Divers Alert Network (DAN)
| title = Fatalities_Proceedings.pdf
| access-date = 2014-06-12
| url = http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/files/Fatalities_Proceedings.pdf
| archive-date = 16 January 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150116220829/http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/files/Fatalities_Proceedings.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref> p75
|-
|Paragliding
|Turkey
|2004–2011
|18
|242,355 jumps
|74 per jump
|Canbek 2015<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.03.011
| pmid = 26401185
| volume = 6
| issue = 3
| pages = 221–224
| last = Canbek
| first = Umut
| author2=Ahmet İmerci|author3=Ulaş Akgün|author4=Murat Yeşil|author5=Ali Aydin|author6=Yasemin Balci
 | title = Characteristics of injuries caused by paragliding accidents: A cross-sectional study 
| journal = World Journal of Emergency Medicine 
| date = 2015-09-01
| pmc = 4566014
}}</ref>
|-
|Skiing
|US
|2008/9
|39
|57,000,000 days skiing
|0.7 per day
|Ski-injury.com<ref>{{Cite web
 |last        = Ski-injury.com
 |title       = Ski Injury
 |access-date  = 2014-06-12
 |url         = http://www.ski-injury.com/intro
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140528075539/http://www.ski-injury.com/intro
 |archive-date = 28 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Skydiving
|US
|2000–2016
|413
|48,600,000 jumps
|8 per jump
|USPA<ref>{{Cite web
| last = United States Parachute Association
| title = Skydiving Safety
| access-date = 2018-04-10
| url = https://uspa.org/Find/FAQs/Safety
| archive-date = 22 August 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014822/https://uspa.org/Find/FAQs/Safety
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|-
|Skydiving
|UK
|1994–2013
|41
|4,864,268 jumps
|8 per jump
|BPA<ref>{{Cite web
| last = British Parachute Association
| title = How Safe
| access-date = 2014-06-12
| date = 2012
| url = http://www.bpa.org.uk/staysafe/how-safe/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140727093743/http://www.bpa.org.uk/staysafe/how-safe/
| archive-date = 27 July 2014
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
|-
|BASE jumping
|Kjerag Massif, Norway
|1995–2005
|9
|20,850 jumps
|430 per jump
|Soreide 2007<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soreide |first1=Kjetil |last2=Ellingsen |first2=Christian Lycke |last3=Knutson |first3=Vibeke |title=How Dangerous is BASE Jumping? An Analysis of Adverse Events in 20,850 Jumps From the Kjerag Massif, Norway |journal=The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care |date=May 2007 |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=1113–1117 |doi=10.1097/01.ta.0000239815.73858.88 |pmid=17495709 }}</ref>
|-
|Mountaineering
|Ascent to Matterhorn
|1981–2011
|213
|about 75,000 ascents
(about 2500 per year)
|about 2,840 per ascent attempt
|Bachmann 2012<ref name="Beobachter">{{cite web|title=Tod am Matterhorn|periodical=Beobachter|url=http://www.beobachter.ch/fileadmin/dateien/pdf/Infografiken/Fokus_Matterhorn_N_07-12.pdf; 2,31 MB|language=de}}</ref>
|-
|Mountaineering
|Ascent to Mt. Everest
|1922–2012
|223
|5,656 successful ascents
|37,932 per successful ascent
|NASA 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82578|title=The World's Tallest Mountain|date=2 January 2014|work=Earth Observatory|publisher=NASA|access-date=25 October 2014|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025063724/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82578|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Travel===
Activities that increase the death risk by roughly one micromort, and their associated cause of death:
* Travelling 6 miles (9.7&nbsp;km) by motorcycle (collision)<ref name="Understanding" />
* Travelling 17 miles (27&nbsp;km) by walking (collision)<ref name="Understanding">{{cite web|title=Understanding Uncertainty|date=12 July 2010|url=https://plus.maths.org/content/os/issue55/features/risk/index|publisher=Plus Magazine|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804110023/https://plus.maths.org/content/os/issue55/features/risk/index|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Travelling 10 miles (16&nbsp;km)<ref name="howard" /> or 20 miles (32&nbsp;km)<ref name="Understanding"/> by bicycle (collision){{efn|however due to the health effects of cycling the net effect of cycling on [[Biology:Life expectancy|life expectancy]] is likely positive in most cases<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Hartog |first1=Jeroen Johan |last2=Boogaard |first2=Hanna |last3=Nijland |first3=Hans |last4=Hoek |first4=Gerard |title=Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=August 2010 |volume=118 |issue=8 |pages=1109–1116 |doi=10.1289/ehp.0901747 |pmid=20587380 |pmc=2920084 }}</ref>}}
* Travelling 230 miles (370&nbsp;km) by car (collision)  (or 250 miles)<ref name="Understanding"/>
* Travelling 1,000 miles (1,600&nbsp;km) by jet (collision)<ref name="howard" />
* Travelling 6,000 miles (9,656&nbsp;km) by train (collision){{Citation needed|reason=The above sources do not provide this number|date=January 2024}}

=== Other ===
Increase in death risk for other activities on a per-event basis:
* [[Engineering:Hang gliding|Hang gliding]] – 8 micromorts per trip<ref name="Understanding" />
* Ecstasy (MDMA) –  0.5 micromorts per tablet, rising to 13 if using other drugs<ref name="acmdMDMA2009">Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. MDMA ('ecstasy'): a review of its harms and classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. London: UK Home Office, 2009: p 18. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/mdma-report {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005073938/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/mdma-report |date=5 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blastland|first1=Michael|last2=Spiegelhalter|first2=David|title=The Norm Chronicles: Stories and Numbers About Danger and Death|date=2014|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465085705|page=8|edition=1}}</ref>
* Giving birth (vaginal) – 120 micromorts<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Norm Chronicles: Stories and numbers about danger|last1=Spiegelhalter|first1=David|last2=Blastland|first2=Michael|date=2013-05-30|publisher=Profile Books|isbn=9781846686207|edition=Main |location=London|language=en}}</ref>
* Giving birth ([[Medicine:Caesarean section|caesarean]]) – 170 micromorts<ref name=":0" />
* AstraZeneca vaccination against [[Medicine:COVID-19|COVID-19]] – 2.9 micromorts<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronaimpfung und Risikoabwägung: Einmal impfen ist weniger riskant als eine Woche Skiurlaub|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/diagnose/corona-impfung-und-risikoabwaegung-einmal-impfen-ist-weniger-riskant-als-eine-woche-skiurlaub-a-6438059e-06e0-4340-add3-cc9b07a5f501|url-status=live|format=|access-date=2021-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218102607/https://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/diagnose/corona-impfung-und-risikoabwaegung-einmal-impfen-ist-weniger-riskant-als-eine-woche-skiurlaub-a-6438059e-06e0-4340-add3-cc9b07a5f501|archive-date=18 February 2022|last=Nina Weber, DER SPIEGEL|date=|year=|language=de|pages=|quote=}}</ref>
* [[Medicine:COVID-19|COVID-19]] infection at age 10  – 20 micromorts
* COVID-19 infection at age 25  – 100 micromorts
* COVID-19 infection at age 55  – 4,000 micromorts
* COVID-19 infection at age 65  – 14,000 micromorts
* COVID-19 infection at age 75  – 46,000 micromorts
* COVID-19 infection at age 85  – 150,000 micromorts ({{as of|2020|12}})<ref name="EJE_levinetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G | title = Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1123–1138 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33289900 | pmc = 7721859 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1 | doi-access = free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2017 }}.</ref>

== Value of a micromort ==

=== Willingness to pay ===
An application of micromorts is measuring the value that humans place on risk. For example, a person can consider the amount of money they would be [[Finance:Willingness to pay|willing to pay]] to avoid a one-in-a-million chance of death (or conversely, the amount of money [[Finance:Willingness to accept|they would receive to accept]] a one-in-a-million chance of death). When offered this situation, people claim a high number. However, when looking at their day-to-day actions (e.g., how much they are willing to pay for safety features on cars), a typical value for a micromort is around $50 (in 2009).<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Microrisks for Medical Decision Analysis
| journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care
| volume=5
| year=1989
| pages=357–370
| pmid=10295520
| doi=10.1017/S026646230000742X
| issue=3
|s2cid=37558060 }}</ref><ref name="russell">{{cite book
| last1=Russell |first1=Stuart
|last2=Norvig |first2=Peter
| title=Artificial Intelligence
|edition=3rd
|isbn=978-0-13-604259-4
|publisher=Prentice Hall
| year=2009
|page=616
}}</ref> This is not to say the $50 valuation should be taken to mean that a human life (1 million micromorts) is valued at $50,000,000. Rather, people are [[Finance:Marginal utility|less inclined to spend money after a certain point]] to increase their safety. This means that analyzing risk using the micromort is more useful when using small risks, not necessarily large ones.<ref name="russell"/>

=== Value of a statistical life ===
Government agencies use a nominal Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) – or Value for Preventing a Fatality (VPF) – to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of expenditure on safeguards.  For example, in the UK, the VSL stands at £1.6 million for road improvements.<ref>Department for Transport
GMH, United Kingdom, "TAG Unit 3.4: The Safety Objective", Transport  
Analysis Guidance—WebTAG http://www.dft.gov.uk/webtag/documents/expert/unit3.4.1.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326045715/http://www.dft.gov.uk/webtag/documents/expert/unit3.4.1.php |date=26 March 2014 }}</ref> Since road improvements have the effect of lowering the risk of large numbers of people by a small amount, the UK Department for Transport essentially prices a reduction of 1 micromort at £1.60. The US Department of Transportation uses a VSL of US$6.2 million, pricing a micromort at US$6.20.<ref>US Department of Transportation, "Treatment of the Economic Value of a Statistical Life in Departmental Analyses—2011 Interim Adjustment", 2011, http://www.dot.gov/policy/transportation-policy/treatment-economic-value-statistical-life {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102191532/http://www.dot.gov/policy/transportation-policy/treatment-economic-value-statistical-life |date=2 November 2014 }}</ref>

==Chronic risks==

Micromorts are best used to measure the size of ''acute'' risks, i.e. immediate deaths. Risks from lifestyle, exposure to air pollution, and so on are ''chronic'' risks, in that they do not kill straight away, but reduce life expectancy. Ron Howard included such risks in his original 1979 work,<ref name="howard" /> for example, an additional one micromort from:
* Drinking 0.5 liter of wine (cirrhosis of the liver)<ref name="howard">* Howard, Ron [https://archive.today/20120714164305/http://stanford-online.stanford.edu/sdrmda61w/session10b/slides/sld031.htm Risky Decisions] (Slide show), Stanford University</ref>
* Smoking 1.4 cigarettes (cancer, heart disease)<ref name="howard"/> 
* Spending 1 hour in a coal mine (black lung disease)<ref name="howard" />
* Spending 3 hours in a coal mine (accident)<ref name="howard" />
* Living 2 days in New York or Boston in 1979 (air pollution)<ref name="howard" />
* Living 2 months with a smoker (cancer, heart disease)<ref name="howard" />
* Drinking Miami water for 1 year (cancer from chloroform)<ref name="howard" />
* Eating 100 charcoal-broiled steaks (cancer from benzopyrene)<ref name="howard" />
* Traveling 6000 miles (10,000&nbsp;km) by jet (cancer due to increased background radiation)<ref name="esr">{{cite web|url=http://www.myesr.org/html/img/pool/15_Loose_Reinhard_Radiation_Dose_Issues_and_Risk.pdf|title=Radiation dose issues and risk|publisher=European Society of Radiology|access-date=2013-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219020315/http://www.myesr.org/html/img/pool/15_Loose_Reinhard_Radiation_Dose_Issues_and_Risk.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

Such risks are better expressed using the related concept of a microlife.

==See also==
<!-- alphabetical order please WP:SEEALSO -->
<!-- please add a short description WP:SEEALSO, via {{subst:AnnotatedListOfLinks}} or {{Annotated link}} -->
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
* {{Annotated link |Decision analysis}}
* {{Annotated link |Decision theory}}
* {{Annotated link |Ellsberg paradox}}
* {{Annotated link |List of unusual units of measurement}}
* {{Annotated link |Microlife}}
* {{Annotated link |Pascal's Wager}}
* {{Annotated link |Precautionary principle}}
* {{Annotated link |Risk of ruin}}
{{div col end}}
<!-- alphabetical order please WP:SEEALSO -->

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal
| author=Ronald A. Howard
| title=On Fates Comparable to Death
| journal=Management Science
| volume=30
| year=1984
| pages=407–422
| doi=10.1287/mnsc.30.4.407
| issue=4
}}
*{{cite web
 |author1=Center for the Study 
 |author2=Improvement of Regulation 
 |name-list-style=amp 
 |title=What is a MicroMort? 
 |url=http://micromorts.org/tutorial2.aspx 
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415123624/http://micromorts.org/tutorial2.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 
 |archive-date=15 April 2013 
 |url-status=dead 
}}

==External links==
*[https://micromorts.rip/ Micromorts - We are all going to die]

[[Category:Medical aspects of death]]
[[Category:Units of measurement]]
[[Category:Probability assessment]]

{{Sourceattribution|Micromort}}