View source for Moving Picture Experts Group

{{Short description|Alliance of working groups for multimedia coding}}
{{Redirect|MPEG|the labor union|Motion Picture Editors Guild|the unaffiliated company that licensed patent pools for some MPEG standards|MPEG LA|the MPEG-developed file format using the {{code|.mpeg|style=font-style:normal;}} filename extension|MPEG program stream}}
[[File:Mpeg logo.svg|thumb|right|MPEG logo]]

[[File:MPEG.svg|right|thumb|Some well known older (up to 2005) [[digital media]] formats and the MPEG standards they use]]

The '''Moving Picture Experts Group''' ('''MPEG''') is an alliance of [[Working group|working group]]s established jointly by [[Organization:International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] and [[Organization:International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] that sets standards for media coding, including compression coding of audio, video, graphics, and [[Biology:Compression of Genomic Sequencing Data|genomic]] data; and transmission and file formats for various applications.<ref name="TMH-2">John Watkinson, ''The MPEG Handbook'', p. 1</ref> Together with [[Joint Photographic Experts Group|JPEG]], MPEG is organized under ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 – ''Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information'' (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29).<ref name=SC29atJTC1/><ref name=FutureSC29/><ref name="wg11-structure">{{cite web|author=ISO, IEC|date=2009-11-05|title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 – Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio)|url=http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010128180300/http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm|archive-date=2001-01-28|access-date=2009-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=MPEG Committee|title=MPEG – Moving Picture Experts Group|url=http://wg11.sc29.org/index.xalter|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110041626/http://wg11.sc29.org/index.xalter|archive-date=2008-01-10|access-date=2009-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=ISO|title=MPEG Standards – Coded representation of video and audio|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/prods-services/popstds/mpeg.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060335/http://www.iso.org/iso/prods-services/popstds/mpeg.html|archive-date=2011-05-14|access-date=2009-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=ISO|title=JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=45316|access-date=2009-11-11}}</ref>

MPEG formats are used in various multimedia systems. The most well known older MPEG media formats typically use [[MPEG-1]], [[MPEG-2]], and MPEG-4 AVC media coding and MPEG-2 systems [[MPEG transport stream|transport streams]] and [[MPEG program stream|program streams]]. Newer systems typically use the MPEG base media file format and [[Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP|dynamic streaming]] (a.k.a. MPEG-DASH).

== History ==
MPEG was established in 1988 by the initiative of Dr. [[Biography:Hiroshi Yasuda|Hiroshi Yasuda]] ([[Company:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]]) and Dr. [[Leonardo Chiariglione]] ([[Company:CSELT|CSELT]]).<ref>{{citation|first=Hans Georg |last=Musmann|title=Genesis of the MP3 Audio Coding Standard|url=http://users.ipfw.edu/reddpv01/mp3Genesis.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117173334/http://users.ipfw.edu/reddpv01/mp3Genesis.pdf|access-date=2011-07-26|archive-date=2012-01-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chiariglione was the group's chair (called Convenor in ISO/IEC terminology) from its inception until June 6, 2020. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada.<ref name="about-mpeg">{{cite web|title=About MPEG|url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm|access-date=2009-12-13|publisher=chiariglione.org|archive-date=2010-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015546/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MPEG Meetings|url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725162313/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings.htm|archive-date=2011-07-25|access-date=2009-12-13|publisher=chiariglione.org}}</ref><ref name="chiariglione-history">{{cite web|author=chiariglione.org|date=2009-09-06|title=Riding the Media Bits, The Faultline|url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/faultline.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725163453/http://ride.chiariglione.org/faultline.htm|archive-date=2011-07-25|access-date=2010-02-09}}</ref>

Starting around the time of the MPEG-4 project in the late 1990s and continuing to the present, MPEG had grown to include approximately 300–500 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a general shut-down of physical meetings for many standardization groups, starting in 2020. Following the 129th MPEG meeting of January 2020 in Brussels,<ref>{{cite web | title=Mpeg 129 – Mpeg | url=https://www.mpeg.org/meetings/mpeg-129/ }}</ref> MPEG transitioned to holding its meetings as online teleconference events, the first of which was the 130th meeting in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mpeg 130 – Mpeg | url=https://www.mpeg.org/meetings/mpeg-130/ }}</ref>

On June 6, 2020, the MPEG section of Chiariglione's personal website was updated to inform readers that he had retired as Convenor, and he said that the MPEG group (then SC&nbsp;29/WG&nbsp;11) "was closed".<ref>{{Cite web|title=MPEG {{!}} The Moving Picture Experts Group website|url=https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=mpeg.chiariglione.org}}</ref> Chiariglione described his reasons for stepping down in his personal blog.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A future without MPEG |first=Leonardo |last=Chiariglione |url=https://blog.chiariglione.org/a-future-without-mpeg/ |website=Leonardo Chiariglione Blog|date=6 June 2020 |access-date=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> His decision followed a restructuring process within SC 29, in which "some of the subgroups of WG 11 (MPEG) [became] distinct MPEG working groups (WGs) and advisory groups (AGs)".<ref name=FutureSC29>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|title=Future of SC 29 with JPEG and MPEG|url=https://jtc1info.org/future-of-sc-29-with-jpeg-and-mpeg/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=ISO/IEC JTC 1 |language=en-US}}</ref> Prof. Jörn Ostermann of Leibniz University Hannover was appointed as Acting Convenor of SC&nbsp;29/WG&nbsp;11 during the restructuring period and was then appointed Convenor of SC&nbsp;29's Advisory Group&nbsp;2, which coordinates MPEG overall technical activities. The 131st meeting held of July 2020 was chaired by Ostermann as the acting Convenor, and the 132nd meeting in October 2020 was held under the new structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mpeg 132 – Mpeg | url=https://www.mpeg.org/meetings/mpeg-132/ }}</ref>

The MPEG structure that replaced the former Working Group 11 includes three Advisory Groups (AGs) and seven Working Groups (WGs)<ref name=SC29atJTC1>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/committee/45316.html |title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29: Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=ISO/IEC JTC 1 }}</ref>
* SC 29/AG 2: MPEG Technical Coordination (Convenor: Prof. Joern Ostermann of Leibniz University Hannover, Germany)
* SC 29/AG 3: MPEG Liaison and Communication (Convenor: Prof. Kyuheon Kim of Kyung Hee University, Korea) 
* SC 29/AG 5: MPEG Visual Quality Assessment (Convenor: Dr. Mathias Wien of RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
* SC 29/WG 2: MPEG Technical Requirements (Convenor: Dr. Igor Curcio of [[Company:Nokia|Nokia]], Finland)
* SC 29/WG 3: MPEG Systems (Convenor: Dr. Youngkwon Lim of [[Company:Samsung|Samsung]], Korea)
* SC 29/WG 4: MPEG Video Coding (Convenor: Prof. Lu Yu of Zhejiang University, China)
* SC 29/WG 5: MPEG Joint Video Coding Team with ITU-T SG16 (Convenor: Prof. Jens-Rainer Ohm of RWTH Aachen University, Germany; formerly co-chairing with Dr.&nbsp;Gary Sullivan of [[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]], United States)
* SC 29/WG 6: MPEG Audio coding (Convenor: Dr. Schuyler Quackenbush of Audio Research Labs, United States, later replaced by Thomas Sporer when Quackenbush retired)
* SC 29/WG 7: MPEG 3D Graphics coding (Convenor: Prof. Marius Preda of Institut Mines-Télécom SudParis)
* SC 29/WG 8: MPEG Genomic coding (Convenor: Dr. Marco Mattavelli of EPFL, Switzerland)

MPEG meetings continued to be held approximately on a quarterly basis as teleconferences until face-to-face physical meetings began to be resumed with the 140th meeting held in Mainz in October 2022.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mpeg 140 – Mpeg | url=https://www.mpeg.org/meetings/mpeg-140/ }}</ref> Since then, some meetings have been face-to-face and others have been online.

==Cooperation with other groups==

=== MPEG-2 ===
[[MPEG-2]] development included a joint project between MPEG and ITU-T Study Group 15 (which later became ITU-T SG16), resulting in publication of the MPEG-2 Systems standard (ISO/IEC 13818-1, including its [[MPEG transport stream|transport streams]] and [[MPEG program stream|program streams]]) as ITU-T H.222.0 and the MPEG-2 Video standard (ISO/IEC 13818-2) as ITU-T H.262. Sakae Okubo (NTT), was the ITU-T coordinator and chaired the agreements on its requirements.

===Joint Video Team===
Joint Video Team (JVT) was joint project between ITU-T SG16/Q.6 (Study Group 16 / Question 6) – VCEG (Video Coding Experts Group) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 – MPEG for the development of a video coding ITU-T Recommendation and ISO/IEC International Standard.<ref name="wg11-structure" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/news/jvtpro.html |title=ITU-T and ISO/IEC to produce next generation video coding standard |date=2002-02-08 |access-date=2010-03-08}}</ref> It was formed in 2001 and its main result was H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (MPEG-4 Part 10), which reduces the data rate for video coding by about 50%, as compared to the then-current ITU-T H.262 / MPEG-2 standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com16/jvt/ |title=Joint Video Team |author=ITU-T |access-date=2010-03-07}}</ref> The JVT was chaired by Dr. Gary Sullivan, with vice-chairs Dr. Thomas Wiegand of the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Germany and Dr. Ajay Luthra of [[Company:Motorola|Motorola]] in the United States.

===Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding===
Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) was a group of video coding experts from ITU-T Study Group 16 (VCEG) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (MPEG). It was created in 2010 to develop [[High Efficiency Video Coding]] (HEVC, MPEG-H Part 2, ITU-T H.265), a video coding standard that further reduces by about 50% the data rate required for video coding, as compared to the then-current ITU-T H.264 / ISO/IEC 14496-10 standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com16/jct-vc/jcfp.html |title=Final joint call for proposals for next-generation video coding standardization |author=ITU-T |date=January 2010 |access-date=2010-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com16/jct-vc/ |title=Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding – JCT-VC |author=ITU-T |access-date=2010-03-07}}</ref> JCT-VC was co-chaired by Prof. Jens-Rainer Ohm and Gary Sullivan.

=== Joint Video Experts Team ===
Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) is a joint group of video coding experts from ITU-T Study Group 16 (VCEG) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (MPEG) created in 2017, which was later audited by ATR-M audio group, after an exploration phase that began in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2017-2020/16/Pages/video/jvet.aspx |title=JVET – Joint Video Experts Team |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=ITU}}</ref> JVET developed [[Versatile Video Coding]] (VVC, MPEG-I Part 3, ITU-T H.266), completed in July 2020, which further reduces the data rate for video coding by about 50%, as compared to the then-current ITU-T H.265 / HEVC standard, and the JCT-VC was merged into JVET in July 2020. Like JCT-VC, JVET was co-chaired by Jens-Rainer Ohm and Gary Sullivan, until July 2021 when Ohm became the sole chair (after Sullivan became the chair of SC&nbsp;29).

=== MPEG Industry Forum ===
The MPEG Industry Forum (MPEGIF) was a non-profit [[Organization:Consortium|consortium]] dedicated to furthering "the adoption of MPEG Standards, by establishing them as well accepted and widely used standards among creators of content, developers, manufacturers, providers of services, and end users".<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPEG-4 Industry Forum |url=https://mpegif.org/mpegif/index.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=mpegif.org}}</ref> It was formed in 2000 and dissolved in 2012 after H.264 became the de facto video compression standard.<ref name="dissolved">{{Cite web |last=McAdams |first=Deborah D. |date=2012-06-28 |title=MPEG Industry Forum Folded |url=https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/mpeg-industry-forum-folded |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=TV Tech |language=en}}</ref>

The group was involved in many tasks, which included promotion of MPEG standards (particularly [[MPEG-4]], MPEG-4 AVC / H.264, [[MPEG-7]] and [[MPEG-21]]); developing MPEG certification for products; organizing educational events; and developing new MPEG standards. In June 2012, the MPEG Industry Forum officially "declared victory" and voted to close its operation and merge its remaining assets with that of the [[Organization:Open IPTV Forum|Open IPTV Forum]].<ref name="dissolved" />

==Standards==
The MPEG standards consist of different ''Parts''. Each ''Part'' covers a certain aspect of the whole specification.<ref>''Understanding MPEG-4'', p. 78</ref> The standards also specify ''[[Engineering:Profile (engineering)|profiles]]'' and ''levels''. ''Profiles'' are intended to define a set of tools that are available, and ''Levels'' define the range of appropriate values for the properties associated with them.<ref>{{cite book | first= Cliff |last=Wootton | title = A Practical Guide to Video and Audio Compression | page = 665}}</ref> Some of the approved MPEG standards were revised by later amendments and/or new editions.

The primary early MPEG compression formats and related standards include:<ref name="Ghanbari">{{cite book |last1=Ghanbari |first1=Mohammed |title=Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding |date=2003 |publisher=[[Organization:Institution of Engineering and Technology|Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |isbn=9780852967102 |pages=1–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1}}</ref>
*[[MPEG-1]] (1993): ''Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5&nbsp;Mbit/s'' (ISO/IEC 11172). This initial version is known as a lossy fileformat and is the first MPEG compression standard for audio and video. It is commonly limited to about 1.5&nbsp;Mbit/s although the specification is capable of much higher bit rates. It was basically designed to allow moving pictures and sound to be encoded into the bitrate of a [[Engineering:Compact disc|compact disc]]. It is used on [[Engineering:Video CD|Video CD]] and can be used for low-quality video on DVD Video. It was used in digital satellite/cable TV services before MPEG-2 became widespread. To meet the low bit requirement, MPEG-1 downsamples the images, as well as uses picture rates of only 24–30&nbsp;Hz, resulting in a moderate quality.<ref name=handbook_p4/> It includes the popular MPEG-1 Audio Layer III ([[MP3]]) audio compression format.
*[[MPEG-2]] (1996): ''Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information'' (ISO/IEC 13818). Transport, video and audio standards for broadcast-quality television. MPEG-2 standard was considerably broader in scope and of wider appeal – supporting [[Interlaced video|interlacing]] and [[Engineering:High-definition video|high definition]]. MPEG-2 is considered important because it was chosen as the compression scheme for over-the-air [[Engineering:Digital television|digital television]] [[ATSC standards|ATSC]], [[DVB]] and [[Company:ISDB|ISDB]], digital satellite TV services like [[Company:Dish Network|Dish Network]], digital [[Engineering:Cable television|cable television]] signals, SVCD and [[Engineering:DVD-Video|DVD-Video]].<ref name=handbook_p4>''The MPEG Handbook'', p. 4</ref> It is also used on Blu-ray Discs, but these normally use MPEG-4 Part 10 or SMPTE [[VC-1]] for high-definition content.
*[[MPEG-4]] (1998): ''Coding of audio-visual objects''. (ISO/IEC 14496) MPEG-4 provides a framework for more advanced compression algorithms potentially resulting in higher compression ratios compared to MPEG-2 at the cost of higher computational requirements. MPEG-4 also supports Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP), which provides the facility to use proprietary technologies to manage and protect content like [[Engineering:Digital rights management|digital rights management]].<ref>''Understanding MPEG-4'', p. 83</ref> It also supports MPEG-J, a fully programmatic solution for creation of custom interactive multimedia applications (Java application environment with a Java API) and many other features.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-4/mp04-j/index.htm |title=MPEG-J White Paper |date=July 2005 |access-date=2010-04-11 |archive-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112542/https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-4/mp04-j/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-4/mpj-gfx/index.htm |title=MPEG-J GFX white paper |date=July 2005 |access-date=2010-04-11 |archive-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112607/https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-4/mpj-gfx/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mpeg4-part21">{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=41733 | title=ISO/IEC 14496-21:2006 – Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 21: MPEG-J Graphics Framework eXtensions (GFX) | author=ISO | publisher=ISO | access-date=2009-10-30}}</ref> Two new higher-efficiency video coding standards (newer than MPEG-2 Video) are included:
**[[MPEG-4 Part 2]] (including its Simple and Advanced Simple profiles) and
** MPEG-4 AVC (MPEG-4 Part 10 or ITU-T H.264, 2003). MPEG-4 AVC may be used on [[HD DVD]] and Blu-ray Discs, along with [[VC-1]] and MPEG-2.
MPEG-4 AVC was chosen as the video compression scheme for over-the-air television broadcasting in Brazil (ISDB-TB), based on the digital television system of Japan (ISDB-T).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forumsbtvd.org.br/materias.asp?id=20 | title=O que é o ISDB-TB | author=Fórum SBTVD | access-date=2012-06-02 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-08-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825150254/http://www.forumsbtvd.org.br/materias.asp?id=20 }}</ref>

An [[MPEG-3]] project was cancelled. MPEG-3 was planned to deal with standardizing scalable and multi-resolution compression<ref name=handbook_p4/> and was intended for HDTV compression, but was found to be unnecessary and was merged with MPEG-2; as a result there is no MPEG-3 standard.<ref name=handbook_p4/><ref>{{cite book|last=Salomon|first=David |title=Data compression: the complete reference|url=https://archive.org/details/datacompressionc00salo_251|url-access=limited|publisher=Springer|year=2007|edition=4|page=[https://archive.org/details/datacompressionc00salo_251/page/n694 676]|chapter=Video Compression|isbn=978-1-84628-602-5}}</ref> The cancelled MPEG-3 project is not to be confused with [[MP3]], which is MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III.

In addition, the following standards, while not sequential advances to the video encoding standard as with MPEG-1 through MPEG-4, are referred to by similar notation:
*[[MPEG-7]] (2002): ''Multimedia content description interface''. (ISO/IEC 15938)
*[[MPEG-21]] (2001): ''Multimedia framework (MPEG-21)''. (ISO/IEC 21000) MPEG describes this standard as a ''[[Software:Multimedia framework|multimedia framework]]'' and provides for intellectual property management and protection.

Moreover, more recently than other standards above, MPEG has produced the following international standards; each of the standards holds multiple MPEG technologies for a variety of applications.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/|title=MPEG – The Moving Picture Experts Group website}}</ref><ref name="mpeg-achievemnts">{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/achievements.htm | title=About MPEG – Achievements | author=MPEG | publisher=chiariglione.org | access-date=2009-10-31 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708183405/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/achievements.htm | archive-date=2008-07-08 }}</ref><ref name="mpeg-terms-of-reference">{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/terms_of_reference.htm | title=Terms of Reference | author=MPEG | publisher=chiariglione.org | access-date=2009-10-31 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015538/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/terms_of_reference.htm | archive-date=2010-02-21 }}</ref><ref name="mpeg-standards">{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards.htm | title=MPEG standards – Full list of standards developed or under development | author=MPEG | publisher=chiariglione.org | access-date=2009-10-31 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420192552/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards.htm | archive-date=2010-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies.htm | title=MPEG technologies | author=MPEG | publisher=chiariglione.org | access-date=2009-10-31 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015506/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies.htm | archive-date=2010-02-21 }}</ref> (For example, MPEG-A includes a number of technologies on multimedia application format.)
*[[MPEG-A]] (2007): ''Multimedia application format (MPEG-A)''. (ISO/IEC 23000) (e.g., an explanation of the purpose for multimedia application formats,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=42010 | title=ISO/IEC TR 23000-1:2007 – Information technology – Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) – Part 1: Purpose for multimedia application formats | author=ISO | access-date=2009-10-31}}</ref> MPEG music player application format, MPEG photo player application format and others)
*MPEG-B (2006): ''MPEG systems technologies''. (ISO/IEC 23001) (e.g., [[BiM|Binary MPEG format for XML]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=35417 | title=ISO/IEC 23001-1:2006 – Information technology – MPEG systems technologies – Part 1: Binary MPEG format for XML | author=ISO | access-date=2009-10-31}}</ref> Fragment Request Units (FRUs), Bitstream Syntax Description Language (BSDL), [[MPEG Common Encryption]] and others)
*MPEG-C (2006): ''MPEG video technologies''. (ISO/IEC 23002) (e.g., accuracy requirements for implementation of integer-output 8x8 inverse [[Discrete cosine transform|discrete cosine transform]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=42030 | title=ISO/IEC 23002-1:2006 – Information technology – MPEG video technologies – Part 1: Accuracy requirements for implementation of integer-output 8x8 inverse discrete cosine transform | author=ISO | access-date=2009-10-31}}</ref> and others)
*[[MPEG-D]] (2007): ''MPEG audio technologies''. (ISO/IEC 23003) (e.g., [[MPEG Surround]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44159 | title=ISO/IEC 23003-1:2007 – Information technology – MPEG audio technologies – Part 1: MPEG Surround | author=ISO | access-date=2009-10-31}}</ref> SAOC-Spatial Audio Object Coding and USAC-[[Unified Speech and Audio Coding]])
*MPEG-E (2007): ''Multimedia Middleware''. (ISO/IEC 23004) (a.k.a. M3W) (e.g., architecture,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44350 | title=ISO/IEC 23004-1:2007 – Information technology – Multimedia Middleware – Part 1: Architecture | author=ISO | access-date=2009-10-31}}</ref> multimedia application programming interface (API), component model and others)
*MPEG-G (2019) ''Genomic Information Representation'' (ISO/IEC 23092), Parts 1–6 for transport and storage, coding, metadata and [[Application programming interface|APIs]], reference software, [[Engineering:Conformance testing|conformance]], and annotations
*''Supplemental media technologies'' (2008, later replaced and withdrawn). (ISO/IEC 29116) It had one published part, media streaming application format protocols, which was later replaced and revised in MPEG-M Part 4's MPEG extensible middleware (MPEG-M) protocols.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=45139 | title=ISO/IEC 29116-1:2008 – Information technology – Supplemental media technologies – Part 1: Media streaming application format protocols | author=ISO | access-date=2009-11-07}}</ref>
*MPEG-V (2011): ''Media context and control''. (ISO/IEC 23005) (a.k.a. Information exchange with Virtual Worlds)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-V | title=MPEG-V (Media context and control) | author=ISO/IEC JTC&nbsp;1/SC&nbsp;29 | date=2009-10-30 | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054907/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-V | archive-date=2013-12-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/working_documents.htm#MPEG-V | title=Working documents – MPEG-V (Information Exchange with Virtual Worlds) | author=MPEG | publisher=chiariglione.org | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015829/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/working_documents.htm#MPEG-V | archive-date=2010-02-21 }}</ref> (e.g., Avatar characteristics, Sensor information, Architecture<ref name="iso23005-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54985 | title=ISO/IEC FDIS 23005-1 – Information technology – Media context and control – Part 1: Architecture | author=ISO | access-date=2011-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-v/mpv/MPEG-V.pdf |title=Interfacing with Virtual Worlds |first1=Christian |last1=Timmerer |first2=Jean |last2=Gelissen |first3=Markus |last3=Waltl |first4=Hermann |last4=Hellwagner |name-list-style=amp |access-date=2009-12-29 |archive-date=2010-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215135832/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-v/mpv/MPEG-V.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and others)
*MPEG-M (2010): ''MPEG eXtensible Middleware (MXM)''. (ISO/IEC 23006)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-M | title=MPEG-M (MPEG extensible middleware (MXM)) | author=ISO/IEC JTC&nbsp;1/SC&nbsp;29 | date=2009-10-30 | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054907/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-M | archive-date=2013-12-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mxm.wg11.sc29.org | title=MPEG Extensible Middleware (MXM) | author=MPEG | access-date=2009-11-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925190713/http://mxm.wg11.sc29.org/ | archive-date=2009-09-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/visions/mxm/index.htm | title=MPEG eXtensible Middleware Vision | publisher=ISO | author=JTC&nbsp;1/SC&nbsp;29/WG&nbsp;11 | date=October 2008 | access-date=2009-11-05 | archive-date=2010-02-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210185718/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/visions/mxm/index.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> (e.g., MXM architecture and technologies,<ref name="iso23006-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54768 | title=ISO/IEC FCD 23006-1 – Information technology – MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) – Part 1: MXM architecture and technologies | author=ISO | access-date=2009-10-31}}</ref> API, and MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=55256 | title=ISO/IEC 23006-4 – Information technology – MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) – Part 4: MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols | author=ISO | access-date=2011-01-28}}</ref>)
*MPEG-U (2010): ''Rich media user interfaces''. (ISO/IEC 23007)<ref name="iso23007-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=55497 | title=ISO/IEC 23007-1 – Information technology – Rich media user interfaces – Part 1: Widgets | author=ISO | access-date=2011-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-U | title=MPEG-U (Rich media user interfaces) | author=JTC&nbsp;1/SC&nbsp;29 | date=2009-10-30 | access-date=2009-11-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054907/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-U | archive-date=2013-12-31 }}</ref> (e.g., Widgets)
*MPEG-H (2013): ''High Efficiency Coding and Media Delivery in Heterogeneous Environments''. (ISO/IEC 23008) Part 1 – [[MPEG media transport]]; Part 2 – [[High Efficiency Video Coding]] (HEVC, ITU-T H.265); Part 3 – [[MPEG-H 3D Audio|3D Audio]].
*MPEG-DASH (2012): ''Information technology – Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH)''. (ISO/IEC 23009) Part 1 – Media presentation description and segment formats
*MPEG-I (2020): ''Coded Representation of Immersive Media''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/mpeg-i|title = Mpeg-I &#124; Mpeg}}</ref> (ISO/IEC 23090), including Part 2  Omnidirectional Media Format (OMAF) and Part 3 – [[Versatile Video Coding]] (VVC, ITU-T H.266)
*MPEG-CICP (ISO/IEC 23091) ''Coding-Independent Code Points'' (CICP), Parts 1–4 for systems, video, audio, and usage of video code points

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
|+MPEG groups of standards<ref name="mpeg-achievemnts" /><ref name="mpeg-terms-of-reference" /><ref name="mpeg-standards" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm | title=Programme of Work (Allocated to SC 29/WG 11) | author=JTC&nbsp;1/SC&nbsp;29 | date=2009-11-05 | access-date=2009-11-07 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054907/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm | archive-date=2013-12-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=45316 |title=JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information |author=ISO | access-date=2009-11-07}}</ref>
|-
! width="8%" | Abbreviation for group of standards
! width="30%" | Title
! width="15%" | ISO/IEC standard series number
! width="8%" | First public release date (First edition)
! Description
|-
| [[MPEG-1]] 
| Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to about 1.5&nbsp;Mbit/s
| ISO/IEC 11172
| 1993
| Although the title focuses on bit rates of 1.5&nbsp;Mbit/s and lower, the standard is also capable of higher bit rates.
|-
| [[MPEG-2]]
| Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information
| ISO/IEC 13818
| 1995
| 
|-
| [[MPEG-3]]
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Abandoned as unnecessary; requirements incorporated into MPEG-2
|-
| [[MPEG-4]]
| Coding of Audio-Visual Objects
| ISO/IEC 14496
| 1999
| 
|-
| [[MPEG-7]]
| Multimedia Content Description Interface
| ISO/IEC 15938
| 2002
| 
|-
| [[MPEG-21]]
| Multimedia Framework
| ISO/IEC 21000
| 2001
| 
|-
| [[MPEG-A]]
| Multimedia Application Format
| ISO/IEC 23000
| 2007
| 
|-
| MPEG-B
| MPEG Systems Technologies
| ISO/IEC 23001
| 2006
| 
|-
| MPEG-C
| MPEG Video Technologies
| ISO/IEC 23002
| 2006
| 
|-
| [[MPEG-D]]
| MPEG Audio Technologies
| ISO/IEC 23003
| 2007
| 
|-
| MPEG-E
| Multimedia Middleware
| ISO/IEC 23004
| 2007
| 
|-
| MPEG-V
| Media Context and Control
| ISO/IEC 23005<ref name="iso23005-1" />
| 2011
| 
|-
| MPEG-M
| MPEG eXtensible Middleware (MXM)
| ISO/IEC 23006<ref name="iso23006-1" />
| 2010
| 
|-
| MPEG-U
| Rich Media User Interfaces
| ISO/IEC 23007<ref name="iso23007-1" />
| 2010
| 
|-
| MPEG-H
| High Efficiency Coding and Media Delivery in Heterogeneous Environments
| ISO/IEC 23008<ref name=HEVCNovember2013ISOIEC>{{cite news |title=ISO/IEC 23008-2:2013 |publisher=[[Organization:International Organization for Standardization|International Organization for Standardization]] |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=35424 |date=2013-11-25 |access-date=2013-11-29}}</ref>
| 2013
|
|-
| MPEG-DASH
| Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
| ISO/IEC 23009
| 2012
| 
|- 
| MPEG-I
| Coded Representation of Immersive Media
| ISO/IEC 23090
| 2020
|
|- 
| MPEG-CICP
| Coding-Independent Code Points
| ISO/IEC 23091
| 2018
| Originally part of MPEG-B
|-
| MPEG-G
| Genomic Information Representation
| ISO/IEC 23092
| 2019
| 
|-
| MPEG-IoMT
| Internet of Media Things
| ISO/IEC 23093<ref name=IoMTarticleISO>{{cite web |first=Clare |last=Naden |publisher=ISO |url=https://www.iso.org/news/ref2449.html |title=Internet of Media Things to Take Off with New Series of International Standards |date=2019-11-26 |access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref>
| 2019
| 
|-
| MPEG-5
| General Video Coding
| ISO/IEC 23094
| 2020
| [[Essential Video Coding]] (EVC) and [[LCEVC|Low-Complexity Enhancement Video Coding]] (LCEVC)
|-
| (none)
| Supplemental Media Technologies
| ISO/IEC 29116
| 2008
| Withdrawn and replaced by MPEG-M Part 4 – MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols
|}

==Standardization process==
A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of an approval process that starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Stages of the standard development process include:<ref name="about-mpeg" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm#s90 |title=International harmonized stage codes |author=ISO |access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref><ref name="iso-stages">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm |title=Stages of the development of International Standards |author=ISO |access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref><ref name="acronyms-committees">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso27001security.com/html/about_iso27k.html#WhatIsFDIS |title=The ISO27k FAQ – ISO/IEC acronyms and committees |publisher=IsecT Ltd. |access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref><ref name="iso-directives-procedures">{{cite web |url=http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf |title=ISO/IEC Directives Supplement – Procedures specific to ISO |year=2007 |author=ISO |access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref><ref name="abbr">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm |title=List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online |year=2007 |author=ISO |access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref>
* NP or NWIP – New Project or New Work Item Proposal
* AWI – Approved Work Item
* WD – Working Draft
* CD or CDAM – Committee Draft or Committee Draft Amendment
* DIS or DAM – Draft International Standard or Draft Amendment
* FDIS or FDAM – Final Draft International Standard or Final Draft Amendment
* IS or AMD – International Standard or Amendment

Other abbreviations:
* DTR – Draft Technical Report (for information)
* TR – Technical Report
* DCOR – Draft Technical Corrigendum (for corrections)
* COR – Technical Corrigendum

A proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the Subcommittee level and then at the Technical Committee level (SC&nbsp;29 and JTC&nbsp;1, respectively, in the case of MPEG). When the scope of new work is sufficiently clarified, MPEG usually makes open "calls for proposals". The first document that is produced for audio and video coding standards is typically called a test model. When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a Working Draft (WD) is produced. When a WD is sufficiently solid (typically after producing several numbered WDs), the next draft is issued as a Committee Draft (CD) (usually at the planned time) and is sent to National Bodies (NBs) for comment. When a consensus is reached to proceed to the next stage, the draft becomes a Draft International Standard (DIS) and is sent for another ballot. After a review and comments issued by NBs and a resolution of comments in the working group, a Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) is typically issued for a final approval ballot. The final approval ballot is voted on by National Bodies, with no technical changes allowed (a yes/no approval ballot). If approved, the document becomes an International Standard (IS). In cases where the text is considered sufficiently mature, the WD, CD, and/or FDIS stages can be skipped. The development of a standard is completed when the FDIS document has been issued, with the FDIS stage only being for final approval, and in practice, the FDIS stage for MPEG standards has always resulted in approval.<ref name="about-mpeg" />

==See also==
*{{annotated link|Organization:Video Coding Experts Group}} (VCEG)
*{{annotated link|Joint Photographic Experts Group}} (JPEG)
*{{annotated link|Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group}} (JBIG)
*{{annotated link|MHEG-5|Multimedia and Hypermedia information coding Expert Group}} (MHEG)
* {{annotated link|Organization:Alliance for Open Media}} (AOMedia)
*{{annotated link|Audio codec}}
*{{annotated link|Audio coding format}}
*{{annotated link|Video codec}}
*{{annotated link|Video coding format}}
*{{annotated link|Video quality}}
*{{annotated link|MP3}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.mpeg.org}}
*[https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/papers-and-books-mpeg Papers and books on MPEG]

{{MPEG|state=expanded}}
{{Compression formats}}
{{SMPTE standards}}

[[Category:Computer file formats]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:MPEG| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|Moving Picture Experts Group}}