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{{Infobox programming language
| name = Napier88
| logo = <!-- Filename only -->
| logo caption = 
| screenshot = <!-- Filename only -->
| screenshot caption = 
| paradigms = Multi-paradigm: [[Procedural programming|Procedural]], [[Imperative programming|imperative]], [[Structured programming|structured]]
| family = [[ALGOL]]
| designers = Ron Morrison, Fred Brown, Richard Connor, Al Dearle
| developer = [[Organization:University of St Andrews|University of St Andrews]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1988}}<!-- If known, add |mm|dd -->
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = <!-- {{Start date and age|199?|mm|dd|df=yes}} -->
| typing = 
| scope = 
| programming language = S-algol
| discontinued = Yes
| platform = 
| operating system = 
| license = 
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| file format = <!-- or: | file formats = -->
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| implementations = 
| dialects = 
| influenced by = [[ALGOL 60]], S-algol, [[PS-algol]]
| influenced =
}}
'''Napier88''' is an orthogonally persistent [[Programming language|programming language]] that was designed and implemented at the [[Organization:University of St Andrews|University of St Andrews]], Scotland. The primary designer was Ron Morrison, whose initial designs were extended and implemented by Fred Brown, Richard Connor, and Al Dearle. Napier88 was ahead of its time in many ways, and was the first robustly implemented language to combine a polymorphic type system with orthogonal persistence. The language was robustly implemented and released to users from both industry and academia; up to 1,000 registered users were recorded in due course. The language, however, was only intended to provide a proof of concept for an experiment in persistent programming; some time after 1989 (the year the first implementation was in fact released) the group's interests moved on and the language was no longer maintained.

Its influence lives on in various other systems however; the [[Common Object Request Broker Architecture|CORBA]] type <code>ANY</code> is distinctly recognisable in Napier88's type <code>ANY</code>; Microsoft's [[Common Language Runtime]] (CLR) uses a similar polymorphic architecture, and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]'s parametric types solve some of the same problems of uninstantiated types escaping from their static scope.

==History==
Napier88 was the third of a family of languages designed and implemented by Morrison at St Andrews, following on from S-algol and [[PS-algol]].

==Further reading==
*{{citation|contribution=The Napier88 Persistent Programming Language and Environment|last1=Morrison|first1=R|last2=Connor|first2=RCH|last3=Kirby|first3=GNC|last4=Munro|first4=DS|last5=Atkinson|first5=MP|last6=Cutts|first6=QI|last7=Brown|first7=AL|last8=Dearle|first8=A.|title=Fully Integrated Data Environments|editor1-last=Atkinson|editor1-first=MP|editor2-last=Welland|editor2-first=R|series=Esprit Basic Research Series|pages=98–154|publisher=Springer|isbn=3-540-65772-X|year=1999|contribution-url=http://archive.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/papers/download/MCK+99.pdf|contribution-format=pdf}}
*{{cite thesis|title=On the Construction of Persistent Programming Environments|last1=Dearle|first1=A|type=PhD|publisher=Computational Science Department, University of St. Andrews|year=1988|url=http://archive.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/papers/download/Dea88.pdf}}
*{{citation|last1=Dearle|first1=A.|last2=Connor|first2=R.C.H.|last3=Brown|first3=A.L.|last4=Morrison|first4=R|contribution=Napier88 - A Database Programming Language?|title=Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Database Programming Languages|location=Salishan, Oregon|year=1989|pages=179–195|contribution-url=http://archive.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/papers/download/DCB+89.pdf|contribution-format=pdf}}
*{{citation|title=Napier88 Reference Manual (Release 2.2.1)|last1=Morrison|first1=R|last2=Brown|first2=AL|last3=Connor|first3=RCH|last4=Cutts|first4=QI|last5=Dearle|first5=A|last6=Kirby|first6=GNC|last7=Munro|first7=DS|publisher=University of St Andrews|type=technical report|year=1996|url=http://archive.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/papers/download/MBC+96b.pdf}}
*{{citation|title=Napier88 Standard Library Reference Manual (Release 2.2.1)|last1=Kirby|first1=GNC|last2=Brown|first2=AL|last3=Connor|first3=RCH|last4=Cutts|first4=QI|last5=Dearle|first5=A|last6=Dunstan|first6=VS|last7=Morrison|first7=R|last8=Munro|first8=DS|publisher=University of St Andrews|type=report|year=1996|url=http://archive.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/papers/download/KBC+96.pdf}}
*{{citation|contribution=Using C as a Compiler Target Language for Native Code Generation in Persistent Systems|last1=Bushell|first1=SJ|last2=Dearle|first2=A|last3=Brown|first3=AL|last4=Vaughan|first4=FA|editor1-last=Atkinson|editor-first1=MP|editor2-last=Maier|editor2-first=D|editor3-last=Benzaken|editor3-first=V|title=Proc. 6th International Workshop on Persistent Object Systems (POS6), Tarascon, France|pages=164–183|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1994|contribution-url=http://archive.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/papers/download/BDB+94.pdf|contribution-format=pdf}}

==External links==
* [http://www-ppg.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/Languages/Napier88/ Description of Napier88 at Univ. of St Andrew's website. Accessed June 21, 2012]

{{ALGOL programming}}

[[Category:Algol programming language family]]


{{Sourceattribution|Napier88}}