View source for Organization:Air Force Space Command

{{Short description|Former major command of the United States Air Force responsible for space forces}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Air Force Space Command
| image= File:Air Force Space Command.png
|caption=Shield of Air Force Space Command
|dates= 1 September 1982 – 20 December 2019<br/>({{Age in years and months|1982|9|1|2019|12|20|}})<br/>{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = ''Detailed''
|15 September 1985 – 20 December 2019 (as Air Force Space Command) <br/> 1 September 1982 – 15 September 1985 (as Space Command)<ref name="afhra.af.mil">{{Cite web |url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433549/air-force-space-command-usaf/ |title=Air Force Space Command (USAF) |website=Air Force Historical Research Agency}}</ref>
}}
|country={{Flagu|United States|1960}}
|branch= {{Air force|United States|size=23px}}
|type= [[Social:Space force|Space force]]<Br/>Air Force major command
|role= [[Social:Space warfare|Space warfare]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afspc.af.mil/About-Us/Heritage/ |title=Air Force Space Command > About Us |website=www.afspc.af.mil}}</ref>
|command_structure= [[File:United States Space Command emblem 2019.png|23px]] U.S. Space Command
|garrison= {{wipe|Peterson Air Force Base}}, Colorado, U.S.
|garrison_label=Headquarters
|nickname=
|motto= "Guardians of the High Frontier"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afspc.af.mil/heritage/afspcemblem.asp |title=Air Force Space Command Heritage |publisher=Air Force Space Command |access-date=21 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322014107/http://www.afspc.af.mil/heritage/afspcemblem.asp |archive-date=22 March 2014}}</ref>
|decorations= [[File:AFOEA Streamer.jpg|200px]]<br/>Air Force Organization Excellence Award<ref name="afhra.af.mil"/>
| website = {{URL|www.afspc.af.mil}}
<!-- Commanders -->
|notable_commanders=Lt Gen Thomas S. Moorman Jr. (1990–1992)<br />Gen Kevin P. Chilton (2006–2007)<br/>Gen John E. Hyten (2014–2016)<br/>Gen John W. Raymond (2016–2019)
}}
{{United States space program sidebar}}
'''Air Force Space Command''' ('''AFSPC''') was the major space command of the {{wipe|United States Air Force}} and the ''de facto'' [[Social:Space force|space force]] of the United States Armed Forces from 1982 to 2019. Air Force Space Command was created on 1 September 1982 to unify the Air Force's space forces, which were organized under {{wipe|Air Force Systems Command}}, Aerospace Defense Command, and Strategic Air Command and is the direct predecessor to the United States Space Force, one of the six military services in the United States Armed Forces. Air Force Space Command was the first military space command in the U.S. Air Force, providing space forces for the 1983 United States invasion of Grenada, 1986 United States bombing of Libya, and 1989 United States invasion of Panama. The first major employment of space forces culminated in the Gulf War, where they proved so critical to the U.S.-led coalition, that it is sometimes referred to as the first space war.<ref name="CNN20191220">{{cite web |last1=Browne |first1=Ryan |title=With a signature, Trump brings Space Force into being |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/20/politics/trump-creates-space-force/index.html |website=CNN |publisher=CNN |access-date=21 December 2019 |date=21 December 2019 |quote="When President Donald Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act into law Friday, he also created the newest military service and the first new service since the US Air Force came into being in 1947.  With his signature, the US Air Force Space Command was designated the United States Space Force, a step that White House officials are touting as a historic step. "The law states that Air Force Space Command will be re-designated the United States Space Force, that will happen immediately," Gen. John Raymond, the commander of US Space Command and Air Force Space Command, told reporters at the Pentagon Friday."}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:General Bernard A Schriever.jpg|thumb|left|upright|General Bernard Schriever, father of the United States Space Force and military space.]]
Following the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. Early military space development was begun within the {{wipe|United States Army Air Forces}} by General Henry H. Arnold, who identified space as a crucial military arena decades before the first spaceflight. Gaining its independence from the Army on 18 September 1947, the {{wipe|United States Air Force}} began development of military space and ballistic missile programs, while also competing with the United States Army and United States Navy for the space mission.<ref name="media.defense.gov">https://media.defense.gov/2011/Jan/25/2001330110/-1/-1/0/AFD-110125-038.pdf</ref>

In 1954, the Air Force created its first space organization, the Western Development Division, under the leadership of General Bernard Schriever. The Western Development Division and its successor organization, the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, were instrumental in developing the first United States military launch vehicles and spacecraft, competing predominantly with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency under the leadership of General John Bruce Medaris and former German scientist [[Biography:Wernher von Braun|Wernher von Braun]]. The launch of [[Engineering:Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] spurred a massive reorganization of military space and the 1958 establishment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency was a short-lived effort to centralized management of military space, with some fearing it would become a military service for space, with authorities being returned to the services in 1959. The establishment of [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] in 1958, however, completely decimated the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, resulting in the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division serving as the primary military space organization. In 1961, the Air Force was designated as the Department of Defense's executive agent for space and Air Research and Development Command was reorganized into Air Force Systems Command, with the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division being replaced by the Space Systems Division - the first Air Force division solely focused on space. In the 1960s, military space activities began to be operationalized, with Aerospace Defense Command taking control of missile warning and space surveillance on behalf of NORAD, Strategic Air Command assuming the weather reconnaissance mission, and {{wipe|Air Force Systems Command}} operating the first generations of communications satellites on behalf of the Defense Communications Agency. In 1967, the Space Systems Division and Ballistic Missiles Division were merged to form the Space and Missile Systems Organization, which began to develop the next generation of satellite communications, space-based missile warning, space launch vehicles and infrastructure, and the predecessor to the [[Engineering:Global Positioning System|Global Positioning System]]. Space forces also saw their first employment in the Vietnam War, providing weather and communications support to ground and air forces.<ref name="media.defense.gov"/>

The disjointed nature of military space forces across three military commands resulted in a reevaluation of space force organization within the Air Force. In 1979, the Space and Missile Systems Organization was split, forming the Space Division, and in 1980, Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated and its space forces transferred to Strategic Air Command. Resulting from internal and external pressures, including an effort by a congressman to rename the Air Force into the Aerospace Force and the possibility that President Reagan would direct the creation of a space force as a separate military branch, the Air Force directed the formation of Air Force Space Command in 1982. During the 1980s, Air Force Space Command absorbed the space missions of Strategic Air Command and the launch mission from Air Force Systems Command. Space forces provided space support during the Falklands War, United States invasion of Grenada, the 1986 United States bombing of Libya, Operation Earnest Will, and the United States invasion of Panama. The tactical employment of space forces culminated in the Gulf War, where space forces proved so critical to the U.S.-led coalition, that it is sometimes referred to as the first space war.<ref name="media.defense.gov"/>

Following the end of the Gulf War, the Air Force came under intense congressional scrutiny by seeking to artificially merge its air and space operations into a seamless aerospace continuum, without regard for the differences between space and air. The 2001 Space Commission criticized the Air Force for institutionalizing the primacy of aviation pilots over space officers in Air Force Space Command, for stifling the development of an independent space culture, and not paying sufficient budgetary attention to space. The Space Commission recommended the formation of a Space Corps within the Air Force between 2007 and 2011, with an independent Space Force to be created at a later date. Following the recommendation of the Space Commission, the Space and Missile Systems Center was transferred from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command. The September 11 attacks derailed most progress in space development, resulting in the inactivation of United States Space Command and beginning a period of atrophy in military space. The only major change to occur was the transfer of the Space and Missile Systems Center from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command. Following the inactivation of U.S. Space Command in 2002, Russia and China began developing sophisticated on-orbit capabilities and an array of counter-space weapons, with the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test of particular concern as it created 2,841 high-velocity debris items, a larger amount of dangerous space junk than any other space event in history. On 29 August 2019, United States Space Command was reestablished as a geographic combatant command.<ref name="media.defense.gov"/>

The first major employment of space forces culminated in the Gulf War, where they proved so critical to the U.S.-led coalition, that it is sometimes referred to as the first space war. The first discussions of creating a military space service occurred in 1958, with the idea being considered by President Reagan as well in 1982. The 2001 Space Commission argued for the creation of a Space Corps between 2007 and 2011 and a bipartisan proposal in the U.S. congress would have created a Space Corps in 2017. On 20 December 2019, the United States Space Force Act, part of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2020, was signed, creating an independent space service by renaming and reorganizing Air Force Space Command into the United States Space Force.<ref name="media.defense.gov"/>

===Legacy===
[[File:Seal of the United States Space Force.svg|thumb|The seal of the U.S. Space Force was derived from the shield of Air Force Space Command.]]

Following the establishment of the U.S. Space Force in 2019, it based many of its cultural decisions on its legacy as Air Force Space Command. Space Force members are referred to as "guardians" in honor of Air Force Space Command's motto "guardians of the high frontier"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=19 December 2020 |title=The Newest Guardians of the Galaxy Are Run by the U.S. Military |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/us/space-force-guardians-mike-pence.html |access-date=30 December 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the design of the Space Force Delta, seal, and flag all paid homage to the original Air Force Space Command shield and space operations badge.<ref name="spacenews">{{cite web |url=https://spacenews.com/u-s-space-force-says-its-new-seal-is-not-a-starfleet-knockoff/ |title=U.S. Space Force says its new seal is not a Starfleet knockoff |website=SpaceNews.com |date=25 January 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

{{Quote box|width=50%|align=center|bgcolor=#ACE1AF |quote="Space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man. And only if the United-States occupies a position of preeminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theatre of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space, any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea." |author=[[Biography:John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]] |source=speech at [[Organization:Rice University|Rice University]], 12 September 1962<ref>JFK Library, {{YouTube|iiC-E8vl7Fw|Address at Rice University, September 12, 1962 (USG 15 29)}}, Houston, Texas, concerning the nation's efforts in space exploration, minutes 7:16–8:00.</ref>}}

==Resources==
===Satellites===
* [[Engineering:Advanced Extremely High Frequency|Advanced Extremely High Frequency]]
* [[Social:Defense Satellite Communications System|Defense Satellite Communications System]]
* [[Engineering:Defense Meteorological Satellite Program|Defense Meteorological Satellite Program]]
* [[Engineering:Defense Support Program|Defense Support Program]]
* Fleet Satellite Communications System [[Physics:Ultra high frequency|UHF]] follow-on
* [[Engineering:Global Positioning System|Global Positioning System]]
* MILSTAR
* NATO III and IV communications
* Space Based Space Surveillance

===Launch vehicles===
* [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]]
* [[Engineering:Delta IV|Delta IV]]
* [[Engineering:Falcon 9|Falcon 9]] (as of December 2018)

===Space situational awareness===
* {{wipe|Air Force Satellite Control Network}}
* Maui Optical Tracking Identification Facility
* Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System
* Passive Space Surveillance System
* Rapid Attack Identification Detection Reporting System
* AN/FPS-85 Space Track Radar

===Ballistic missile warning radars===
* AN/FPS-115 PAVE PAWS
* AN/FPS-108 Cobra Dane
* AN/FPQ-16 {{wipe|Cavalier Air Force Station}} (PARCS)
* Sea-based X-band Radar
* Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS)

==Organization==
===Fourteenth Air Force===

The Fourteenth Air Force (14 AF) was an active Numbered Air Force that was located at {{wipe|Vandenberg Air Force Base}}, California. It was responsible for launching payloads to space from facilities in California and Florida and managed the generation and employment of space forces to support U.S. Strategic Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) operational plans and missions.<ref>{{cite web |title=14th Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) |url=http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/units/14thairforce.asp |work=Vandenberg Air Force Base website |publisher=United States Air Force |access-date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421025937/http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/units/14thairforce.asp |archive-date=21 April 2013}}</ref>

===Direct Reporting Units===
AFSPC was responsible for providing space assets to the U.S. Strategic Command. AFSPC also supported NORAD with ballistic missile warning information, operates the Space Warfare Center to develop space capabilities, and was responsible for the US DoD ICBM follow-on operational test and evaluation program.

The Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) at {{wipe|Los Angeles Air Force Base}}, California, designs and acquires all Air Force and most Department of Defense space systems. It oversees launches, completes on-orbit checkouts, then turns systems over to user agencies. It supports the program executive officer for Space on the NAVSTAR Global Positioning, [[Social:Defense Satellite Communications System|Defense Satellite Communications]] and MILSTAR systems. SMC also supports the [[Engineering:Defense Meteorological Satellite Program|Defense Meteorological Satellite Program]] and the Follow-on Early Warning System. In addition, it supports development and acquisition of land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles for the Air Force Program Executive Office for Strategic Systems.

==Locations==
The AFSPC headquarters was a major unit located at Peterson AFB, Colorado. There were six AFSPC host bases:
* {{wipe|Buckley Air Force Base}}, Colorado
** 460th Space Wing
** 233rd Space Group (Colorado Air National Guard)
* {{wipe|Los Angeles Air Force Base}}, California
** Space and Missile Systems Center
*** Global Positioning Systems Directorate
*** Space Superiority Systems Directorate
*** Launch Systems Directorate
*** Infrared Space Systems Directorate
*** Defense Weather Systems Directorate
*** Military Satellite Communications Systems Directorate
*** Space Logistics Directorate
*** Missile Defense Systems Directorate
*** Space Development and Test Directorate ({{wipe|Kirtland Air Force Base}}, New Mexico)
*** Spacelift Range and Network Systems Division
** 61st Air Base Group
***61st Civil Engineering and Logistics Squadron
***61st Medical Squadron
***61st Mission Support Squadron
* Patrick AFB and Cape Canaveral AFS, Florida
** 45th Space Wing
***114th Space Control Squadron (Florida Air National Guard)
* {{wipe|Peterson Air Force Base}}, Colorado
** 21st Space Wing
*** 821st Air Base Group (GSU at Thule Air Base, Greenland)
***20th Space Control Squadron (GSU at Eglin AFB Site C-6, Florida
** 310th Space Wing ({{wipe|Air Force Reserve Command}})
* {{wipe|Schriever Air Force Base}}, Colorado
** 50th Space Wing
** Space Innovation and Development Center
* {{wipe|Vandenberg Air Force Base}}, California
** 14th Air Force
** 30th Space Wing
*** 148th Space Operations Squadron (California Air National Guard)

AFSPC also operated several Air Force Stations for launch support and early warning missions:
* Cape Cod Air Force Station, {{wipe|Massachusetts}}
** 6th Space Warning Squadron
* {{wipe|Cavalier Air Force Station}}, North Dakota
** 10th Space Warning Squadron
* Cheyenne Mountain AFS, Colorado
**Cheyenne Mountain Division
* {{wipe|Clear Air Force Station}}, {{wipe|Alaska}}
** 13th Space Warning Squadron
** 213th Space Warning Squadron (Alaska Air National Guard)
* Greeley Air National Guard Station, Colorado
** 137th Space Warning Squadron (Colorado Air National Guard
* New Boston AFS, New Hampshire
** 23d Space Operations Squadron

==List of commanders==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! colspan=2| Commander<ref>http://www.space-library.com/0908AFM_SpaceAlmanac.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433549/air-force-space-command-usaf/|title = Air Force Space Command (USAF)}}</ref>
! colspan=3| Term
|-
! Portrait
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Duration
|-
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 1
| military_rank     = General
| image             = James V Hartinger.jpg
| officeholder      = James V. Hartinger
| born_year         = 1925
| died_year         = 2000
| term_start        = 1 September 1982
| term_end          = 20 July 1984
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1982|9|1|1984|7|20}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 2
| military_rank     = General
| image             = General Robert Herres, military portrait, 1984.JPEG
| officeholder      = Robert T. Herres
| born_year         = 1932
| died_year         = 2008
| term_start        = 20 July 1984
| term_end          = 1 October 1986
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1984|7|20|1986|10|1}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 3
| military_rank     = Major General
| image             = Maj_Gen_Maurice_C._Padden.jpg
| officeholder      = Maurice C. Padden
| born_year         = 
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 1 October 1986
| term_end          = 29 October 1987
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1986|10|1|1987|10|29}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 4
| military_rank     = Lieutenant General
| image             = Donald Kutyna 3.jpg
| officeholder      = Donald J. Kutyna
| born_year         = 1933
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 29 October 1987
| term_end          = 29 March 1990
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1987|10|29|1990|3|29}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 5
| military_rank     = Lieutenant General
| image             = Thomas S Moorman Jr.jpg
| officeholder      = Thomas S. Moorman Jr.
| born_year         = 1940
| died_year         = 2020
| term_start        = 29 March 1990
| term_end          = 23 March 1992
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1990|3|29|1992|3|23}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 6
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Donald Kutyna 3.jpg
| officeholder      = Donald J. Kutyna
| born_year         = 1933
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 23 March 1992
| term_end          = 30 June 1992
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1992|3|23|1992|6|30}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 7
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Charles Horner.jpg
| officeholder      = Chuck Horner
| born_year         = 1936
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 30 June 1992
| term_end          = 13 September 1994
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1992|5|30|1994|9|13}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 8
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Joseph ashy.jpg
| officeholder      = Joseph W. Ashy
| born_year         = 1940
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 13 September 1994
| term_end          = 26 August 1996
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1994|9|13|1996|8|26}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 9
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Howell M Estes III.jpg
| officeholder      = Howell M. Estes III
| born_year         = 1941
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 26 August 1996
| term_end          = 14 August 1998
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1996|8|26|1998|8|14}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 10
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Richard Myers official portrait 2.jpg
| officeholder      = Richard Myers
| born_year         = 1942
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 14 August 1998
| term_end          = 22 February 2000
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1998|8|14|2000|2|22}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 11
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Ralph E Eberhart, CINCSPACE & CINCNORAD.jpg
| officeholder      = Ralph Eberhart
| born_year         = 1946
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 22 February 2000
| term_end          = 19 April 2002
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2000|2|22|2002|4|19}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 12
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Lance W Lord.jpg
| officeholder      = Lance W. Lord
| born_year         = 1946
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 19 April 2002
| term_end          = 1 April 2006
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2002|4|19|2006|4|1}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = –
| military_rank     = Lieutenant General
| image             = Klotz fg8.jpg
| officeholder      = Frank Klotz
| born_year         = 1950
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 1 April 2006
| term_end          = 26 June 2006
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2006|4|1|2006|6|26}}
| acting            = y
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 13
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Kevin P. Chilton.jpg
| officeholder      = Kevin P. Chilton
| born_year         = 1954
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 26 June 2006
| term_end          = 3 October 2007
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2006|6|26|2007|10|3}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = –
| military_rank     = Lieutenant General
| image             = Lt_Gen_Michael_A._Hamel.jpg
| officeholder      = Michael A. Hamel
| born_year         = 
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 3 October 2007
| term_end          = 12 October 2007
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2007|10|3|2007|10|12}}
| acting            = y
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 14
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Gen C. Robert Kehler (1).jpg
| officeholder      = C. Robert Kehler
| born_year         = 1952
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 12 October 2007
| term_end          = 5 January 2011
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2007|10|12|2011|1|5}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 15
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Gen William L Shelton 2012.jpg
| officeholder      = William L. Shelton
| born_year         = 1954
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 5 January 2011
| term_end          = 15 August 2014
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2011|1|5|2014|8|15}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 16
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Hyten AFSPC 2014.JPG
| officeholder      = John E. Hyten
| born_year         = 1959
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 15 August 2014
| term_end          = 25 October 2016
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2014|8|15|2016|10|25}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 17
| military_rank     = General
| image             = Gen John W. Raymond (1).jpg
| officeholder      = John W. Raymond
| born_year         = 1962
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 25 October 2016
| term_end          = 20 December 2019
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|2016|10|25|2019|12|20}}
}}
|}

==See also==
* {{wipe|United States Army Air Forces}}
* [[Astronomy:List of government space agencies|List of government space agencies]]
* United States Space Surveillance Network
* [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]

==References==
{{Reflist|}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.afspc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3649 |publisher=Air Force Space Command |title=Air Force Space Command Fact Sheet |date=August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231635/http://www.afspc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3649}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=155 |publisher=Air Force |date=April 2003 |title=Air Force Space Command Fact Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030624092926/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=155}}


[[Category:Space warfare]]

{{Sourceattribution|Air Force Space Command}}