View source for Organization:CAMBIA

{{Use Australian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name=Cambia
|logo=Cambia logo.png
|logo_size=220px
|type=Non-Governmental Organisation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and [[Organization:World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]].
Not-for-profit organisation with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/about/592/589.html |title=Cambia's Structure |accessdate=2010-01-08 }}</ref> 
|founded_date=1992
|founder=Richard Anthony Jefferson
|location=[[Place:Canberra|Canberra]] and Brisbane Australia
|focus=[[Finance:Open innovation|Open innovation]], life sciences, [[Social:Intellectual property|intellectual property]]
|Non-profit_slogan=Solving the Problem of Problem Solving (formerly, Enabling Innovation)
|homepage=[http://www.cambia.org/ www.cambia.org]
}}

'''Cambia''' is an {{wipe|Australia}}n-based global non-profit  [[Social:Social enterprise|social enterprise]] focusing on [[Open science|open science]], [[Biology:Biology|biology]], innovation system reform and [[Social:Intellectual property|intellectual property]]. Its projects include the Patent Lens, its successor [http://www.lens.org The Lens],  and the [[Organization:Biological Innovation for Open Society|Biological Innovation for Open Society]] Initiative.

Cambia derives its name from the [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]] verb ''cambiar'', to change.<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cambiar</ref>

==History==
Cambia was established in 1992 by Richard Anthony Jefferson, a leading molecular biologist responsible for the invention of the [[Biology:GUS reporter system|GUS reporter system]], with substantial early participation by Steven G Hughes, [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/kate-wilson/27/41a/275 Kate J. Wilson], Andrzej Kilian, Chris A. Fields and Sujata Lakhani.  Jefferson describes his vision to found a non-profit organisation in ''Innovations'',<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1162/itgg.2006.1.4.13|title=Science as Social Enterprise: The CAMBIA BiOS Initiative|journal=Innovations|date=Fall 2006|first=Richard|last=Jefferson|volume=1|issue=4|pages=13–44|id= |url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/bios/3067/version/default/part/AttachmentData/data/INNOV0104_pp13-44_innovations-in-practice_jefferson.pdf|format=|accessdate=2010-01-06 }}</ref> to provide more efficient and effective tools to solve the problems of agriculture and society.

In 1992, Cambia relocated to [[Place:Canberra|Canberra]], {{wipe|Australia}} from The Netherlands, to oversee and troubleshoot the Rockefeller Foundation's [[Biology:Rice|rice]] biotechnology network in Asia. During this time, Jefferson, Wilson and the growing Cambia team visited hundreds of laboratories to help develop, improve, and apply biotechnology capabilities, particularly pertaining to rice. Cambia offered scientific courses and workshops, and increasing assistance in Intellectual Property management.   Cambia's ethic was influenced by Jefferson's early years in enabling technology invention and distribution, but greatly refined through increasing awareness of socially and scientifically complex systems and using new thinking about biological evolution (including the [[Biology:Hologenome theory of evolution|Hologenome Theory of Evolution]]) as models for institution building and collaboration.

Cambia became one of the first social enterprises to use a hybrid licensing model to fund its public good activities.  By selectively patenting important technologies, then creating tiered licensing models for their use, Cambia was able to ensure all parties fair access, but larger licensees would be required to pay more for their non-exclusive use, thus subsidising new developments and distribution and support to less wealthy users, including small enterprises and the public sector in the developing world.  This model - developed also by the social entrepreneur [[Biography:David Green (social entrepreneur)|David Green]] for universal access to eye care - is now becoming a pillar of social enterprise function.

Over time Cambia's focus moved away from biotechnology and towards innovation systems and Intellectual Property.   The Patent Lens and its successor The Lens are now the primary focus of Cambia. Cambia's goal has always been to enable and democratise innovation and their move towards free and open tools that help people understand intellectual property landscapes is a continuation of those values. In this way they have changed from a wet-science research institute into a strategic system-changing social enterprise.

==Projects==
Cambia's work to freely distribute scientific tools and techniques gave rise to the [[Organization:Biological Innovation for Open Society|Biological Open Source (BiOS)]] Initiative in 2005. Through an open-source biotechnology license and Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) developed in 2005-2007, BiOS sought to establish freedom to operate for innovators by providing and exemplifying legal instruments by which innovators could collaboratively use intellectual property protection as a means to share and jointly improve technology for wider utility. BiOS was built on the back of Jefferson's invention of the GUS-based reporter system and the creation of TransBacter,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patentlens.net/daisy/bioforge_transbacter/3187.html |title=TransBacter Project |accessdate=2010-01-10 }}</ref> a work-around for the creation of transgenic plants bypassing the highly patented [[Biology:Agrobacterium|Agrobacterium]] genus.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gene transfer to plants by diverse species of bacteria|journal=Nature|date=2005-02-10|first=Wim|last=Broothaerts|author2=Heidi J. Mitchell |author3=Brian Weir |author4=Sarah Kaines |author5=Leon M.A. Smith |author6=Wei Jang |author7=Jorge E. Mayer |author8=Carolina Roa-Rodriguez |author9=Richard A. Jefferson  |pmid=15703747|volume=433|issue=7026|pages=629–633|doi= 10.1038/nature03309|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7026/full/nature03309.html|accessdate=2010-01-07 }}</ref>

Another of Cambia's projects was the development in 2001 <ref>Jaccoud D, Peng K, Feinstein D, Kilian A (February 2001). "Diversity arrays: a solid state technology for sequence information independent genotyping". Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (4): E25. {{doi|10.1093/nar/29.4.e25}}. {{PMC|29632}}. {{PMID|11160945}}</ref> by then Chief Scientist Andrzej Kilian of Diversity Arrays Technology, a solid state sequence agnostic genotyping technology that was spun off into a company, DArT, Pty Ltd to perform agricultural genotyping services to the plant breeding community.

A principal current project of Cambia is the free full-text online patent search and exploration facility and knowledge resource, The Lens (previously the Patent Lens). Launched in 2000 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation as a US agricultural patent search facility, and substantially expanded in 2005-2007 to encompass patent documents from multiple jurisdictions and all domains, and information on the linkages between patent applications and the status of granted patents, the Patent Lens allowed free searching of almost 10 million full-text patent documents.  It was distinguished as being the only not-for-profit facility of its kind, with international coverage and integrated links to non-patent literature. The Lens was launched in 2013 as the successor to the Patent Lens, making strides in the visual presentation of patent analysis and workspace management; it is the only global patent site with fully open, shareable, annotatable and re-usable data collections.

It also features an open [[Biology:Biological patent|biological patent]] facility, PatSeq, led by Professor Osmat Jefferson,<ref>Osmat A Jefferson, Deniz Köllhofer, Thomas H Ehrich & Richard A Jefferson, Transparency tools in gene patenting for informing policy and practice.  Nature Biotechnology 31, 1086–1093 (2013) {{doi|10.1038/nbt.2755}}</ref>  with many advanced tools for searching and analysing biological sequences found in patents, to render gene patenting more transparent.  The facility has mapped sequences disclosed in gene patents onto the genomes of humans, mice, maize, rice, soybean and others.

==Governance==
Cambia is [[Social:Social enterprise|social enterprise]], and is a registered Non-Governmental Organisation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and a registered observer with the [[Organization:World Intellectual Property Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]]. Within Australia, Cambia is registered with the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) as a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee.

Cambia’s governance is overseen by a Board of Directors,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/4759.html |title=Cambia Board of Directors |accessdate=2010-01-10 }}</ref> according to its constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/about/592/1809.html |title=Constitution of Cambia - A Company Limited by Guarantee |accessdate=2010-01-10 }}</ref>

==Locations==
As of July 2012, Cambia now operates principally from headquarters in Canberra, ACT at the [[Organization:NICTA|NICTA]] (National ICT Australia) facility, with some staff based in Brisbane, Australia, at the Queensland University of Technology. Before its move to Brisbane in 2008, where it operated for four years, Cambia was located on the Black Mountain research campus of the [[Earth:CSIRO|CSIRO]]. Its glasshouse facilities were housed at the Australian National University campus.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cambia.org/ Cambia]
*{{OpenCorp|Cambia (Australian NGO)}}
* [http://www.bios.net/daisy/bios/home.html BiOS]
* [http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambialabs/home.html CambiaLabs]
* [http://www.patentlens.net/daisy/patentlens/patentlens.html Patent Lens]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2526805.htm Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Interview with Richard Anthony Jefferson, Founder and CEO, Cambia]
* [http://www.lens.org/ The Lens]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cambia}}
[[Category:Agronomy]]
[[Category:Organizations (Earth)]]
[[Category:Organizations|Earth]]

{{Sourceattribution|CAMBIA|1}}