View source for Organization:China Jinping Underground Laboratory

{{Infobox laboratory
| name             = China Jinping Underground Laboratory
| native_name      = {{lang|zh-hans|中国锦屏地下实验室}}
| image            = 
| established      = {{start date|2010|12|12}}
| budget           = 
| debt             = 
| research_field   = [[Astronomy:Dark matter|Dark matter]] physics
| president        = 
| vice-president   = 
| director         = Cheng Jianping{{R|Zeng11}}
| faculty          = Zeng Zhi<br/>Ma Hao<br/>Li Jianming<br/>Wu Qifan{{R|Zeng11}}
| city             = Mianning County<ref name=Neuntrino>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |title=Neutrino opportunities at Jinping |url=http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/jinping.pdf |date=May 28, 2015 |access-date=2015-12-24}}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<!--"Neuntrino" typo in title silently corrected, per MOS:QUOTE#Original wording.-->
| province         = Sichuan
| country          = China
| coor             = {{coord|28.15323|101.7114|type:landmark_region:CN-51_dim:50km|display=inline,title|notes=<ref name=README/>}}<!--WP:OPCOORD#Precision guidelines says "A general rule is to give precisions approximately one tenth the size of the object,", and phase 1 is 6.5x42m, n-s and e-w, respectively.  5/4 decimals after the degrees, at 30° latitude, is 1m/10m.-->
| affiliations     = 
| free_label       = Owner
| free             = Yalong River Hydropower Development Company<ref name=taup2013/>
| operating_agency = Tsinghua University
| nobel_laureates  = <!--Number and/or names of Nobel laureates associated with the laboratory/institute-->
| website          = {{URL|http://jinping.hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/}}
| logo             = File:China Jinping Underground Laboratory logo.png
| footnotes        = 
}}
The '''China Jinping Underground Laboratory''' ({{zh|s=中国锦屏地下实验室|p=Zhōngguó jǐn píng dìxià shíyàn shì}}<!--Pinyin by Google translate; feel free to improve-->) is a deep underground laboratory in the Jinping Mountains of Sichuan, China. The [[Astronomy:Cosmic ray|cosmic ray]] rate in the laboratory is under 0.2&nbsp;muons/m<sup>2</sup>/day,<ref name=Flux/> placing the lab at a depth of 6720&nbsp;[[Physics:Meter water equivalent|m.w.e.]]<ref name=Phase2/>{{Rp|2}} and making it the best-shielded underground laboratory in the world.<ref name=PandaX/>{{Rp|17}} The actual depth of the laboratory is {{cvt|2400|m|ft}}, yet there is horizontal access so equipment may be brought in by truck.

Although the [[Chemistry:Marble|marble]] through which the tunnels are dug is considered "hard rock", at the great depth it presents greater [[Engineering:Geotechnical engineering|geotechnical engineering]] challenges<ref name=RockGeotech/><ref name=Status2013/>{{Rp|16–27}}<ref name=TAUP2015/>{{Rp|16–19}} than the even harder [[Earth:Igneous rock|igneous rock]]s in which other deep laboratories are constructed.<ref>{{Cite conference |title=Geological conditions and geotechnical feasibility |url=http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/Workshop2015/Jinping_workshop_20150605.pptx |first=Zhihong |last=Zhao |date=2015-06-05 |conference=2015 Workshop of Jinping Neutrino Program |conference-url=http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/schedule2015.html |location=Tsinghua University |access-date=2015-08-15 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110438/http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/Workshop2015/Jinping_workshop_20150605.pptx }}</ref>{{Rp|13–14}}  The {{cvt|10|MPa|psi atm|comma=5}} water pressure in the rock is also inconvenient.  But marble has the advantage for radiation shielding of being low in [[Physics:Radionuclide|radionuclide]]s,<ref name=Chui10/><ref name=Strickland/> such as [[Physics:Potassium-40|<sup>40</sup>K]], [[Physics:Radium-226|<sup>226</sup>Ra]], [[Physics:Thorium-232|<sup>232</sup>Th]],<ref name=PandaX/>{{Rp|17}} and [[Physics:Uranium-238|<sup>238</sup>U]].<ref>{{Cite conference |title=Searching for neutrino-less double beta decay with EXO-200 and nEXO |url=http://www.ba.infn.it/~now/now2014/web-content/TALKS/aMon/Par1/NOW_POCAR.pdf |first=Andrea |last=Pocar |date=8 September 2014 |conference=Neutrino Oscillation Workshop |conference-url=http://www.ba.infn.it/~now/now2014/ |location=Otranto |access-date=2015-01-10}}</ref>{{Rp|16}}  This in turn leads to low levels of [[Chemistry:Radon|radon]] ([[Physics:Radon-222|<sup>222</sup>Rn]]) in the atmosphere.<ref name=July2016/>{{Rp|5}}

The laboratory is in Liangshan in southern Sichuan, about {{cvt|500|km|mi}} southwest of Chengdu.<ref name=PandaX/>{{Rp|3}}  The closest major airport is Xichang Qingshan Airport, {{cvt|120|km|mi}} away by road.<ref name=Status2013/>{{Rp|5}}

==History==
The Jinping-II Dam hydroelectric power project involved excavating a number of large tunnels under the Jinping Mountains: four large {{cvt|16.7|km|mi}} headrace tunnels carrying water east,{{r|RockGeotech|p=30}} two {{cvt|17.5|km|mi}} vehicular access tunnels,{{r|Status2013|p=1}} and one water drainage tunnel. Hearing of the excavation in August 2008,{{r|Normile|Feder10}} physicists at Tsinghua University determined that it would be an excellent location for a deep underground laboratory,{{r|Prospects09}} and negotiated with the hydropower company to excavate laboratory space in the middle of the tunnels.

A formal agreement was signed on 8 May 2009,{{r|Normile}} and excavation was promptly started.{{r|Status2013|p=29}} The first phase '''CJPL-I''', consisting of a {{cvt|6.5 xx 6.5 xx 42|m|ft}} main hall,{{r|Yue14|p=8}}<!--Designed 6×6×40, built 6.5×6.5×42--> plus {{cvt|55|m|ft}} of access tunnel (4,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> total excavation){{r|Status2013|p=15}} was excavated by May 2010,{{r|Wong11|p=7}} and construction completed 12 June 2010.{{r|Wong11|p=7}} A formal laboratory inauguration was held 12 December 2010.{{r|Status2013|p=37}}

The laboratory is to the south of the southernmost of the seven parallel tunnels, traffic tunnel A.

The air ventilation in CJPL-I was initially inadequate, resulting in the accumulation of dust on the equipment and radon gas in the air until additional ventilation was installed.{{r|AnnRev2017|p=239}}

A more difficult problem is that the walls of CJPL-I were lined with ordinary concrete taken from the hydroelectric project's supply.  This has a natural radioactivity higher than desirable for a low-background laboratory.{{r|AnnRev2017|p=238}}  The second phase of construction uses materials selected for low radioactivity.{{r|Zeng2015|p=30–37}}

==CJPL-II expansion==
The laboratory is currently undergoing a major (50-fold) expansion.  The first phase was rapidly filled, and plans for a second were made quickly, before the excavation workers and equipment departed following completion of the hydroelectric project in 2014.<ref name=lrt17>{{cite conference |title=China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL): Status and prospects |first=Hao |last=Ma |date=24 May 2017 |conference=Low Radioactivity Techniques 2017 |location=Seoul |url=https://indico.ibs.re.kr/event/46/session/3/contribution/23/material/slides/0.pdf |conference-url=http://lrt2017.ibs.re.kr/}}</ref>{{Rp|20}}

Slightly west of CJPL-I, two bypass tunnels totalling roughly {{cvt|1|km|ft}} long{{r|lrt17|p=20}} are left over from constructing the seven tunnels of the hydropower project.  They are sloped criss-crossing tunnels which connect the midpoints of the five water tunnels (four headrace and one drainage) to the road tunnels beside and slightly above them.  Totalling {{cvt|210000|m3|e6ft3}},{{r|Progress2015|p=4}} and originally intended to be blocked off after construction,{{r|lrt17|p=20}} they have been donated to the laboratory and will be used for support facilities.{{r|Wang13|p=5}}

The expansion has added {{update after|2016|reason=This figure was based on the pits being 16 m wide and deep; their current sizes have added about {{#expr:(18^3+27*16*14-2*16^3)*pi/4 round -2}} m<sup>3</sup>|text={{cvt|151000|m3|e6ft3}},{{r|nnn16|p=4}} of additional excavation}}: some interconnecting access tunnels, four large experimental halls, each {{cvt|14|*|14|*|130|m|ft}},{{r|Progress2015|p1=6|TAUP2015|p2=12|July2016|p3=15|lrt17|p4=22|AnnRev2017|p5=239–240}} and two pits for shielding tanks  below the halls' floors.{{r|dark2016|p1=20–21|lrt17|p2=24,27}}  The [[Physics:China Dark Matter Experiment|China Dark Matter Experiment]] has a cylindrical pit, {{cvt|18|m|ft}} deep and in diameter,{{efn|Earlier plans were for 16&nbsp;m wide and deep, but this was enlarged to 18&nbsp;m.}} which will be filled with a [[Chemistry:Liquid nitrogen|liquid nitrogen]] tank, and [[Astronomy:PandaX|PandaX]] has an elliptical pit{{efn|1=It's not totally clear if the pit is elliptical (with an area of 27×16×''π''/4 = {{val|{{#expr:27*16*pi/4 round 1}}|u=m2}}) or a [[Stadium (geometry)|stadium]]-shaped oval (with an area of 11×16 + 16<sup>2</sup>×''π''/4 = {{val|{{#expr:16*(11+16*pi/4) round 1}}|u=m2}}).  The difference is a volume of {{val|{{#expr:14*27*16*pi/4 round 0}}|u=m3}} vs. {{val|{{#expr:14*16*(11+16*pi/4) round 0}}|u=m3}}.}} for a water shielding tank, {{cvt|27|*|16|m|ft}} and {{cvt|14|m|ft}} deep.{{r|AnnRev2017|p=239–240,245}}
The halls were complete by the end of 2015,{{r|dark2016|p=17}}, the pits by May 2016,{{r|lrt17|p=24}} and {{as of|2017|5|lc=y}} are being fitted with ventilation systems{{r|lrt17|p=24–25}} and other necessities. (This is somewhat behind expectations that they would be ready for occupation in January 2017.{{r|July2016|p=20}})

When complete, it will be the world's largest underground laboratory, surpassing the current record-holder the [[Organization:Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso|Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] (LNGS).  Although greater depth and weaker rock force the halls to be narrower than the {{cvt|20|m|ft}} wide main halls of LNGS, their combined length of {{cvt|{{#expr:4*130}}|m|ft}} provides more floor space ({{val|{{#expr:4*14*130}}|fmt=commas}} vs. {{val|{{#expr:3*20*100}}|u=m2|fmt=commas}}) than LNGS's three halls totalling {{convert|300|m|ft|-1}}.

CJPL's halls also enclose more volume than those of LNGS.  CJPL has {{val|{{#expr:4*179.434*130 round -2}}|u=m3|fmt=commas}}{{r|Phase2}}{{efn|The cross-section drawings of CJPL's halls are inconsistent.{{r|Yue14|p=13}} A vaulted roof 14&nbsp;m wide with 4.08&nbsp;m [[Sagitta (geometry)|sagitta]] spans an angle of 121°; the smaller 114° angle shown would imply a larger radius and smaller sagitta of 3.8&nbsp;m.  These lead to cross-sectional areas of 179.434 and 180.275&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, and lab volumes of {{val|{{#expr:4*179.434*130 round 0}}|fmt=commas}} and {{val|{{#expr:4*180.275*130 round 0}}|fmt=commas|u=m2}}, respectively.}} in the halls proper, and an additional {{val|{{#expr:(18^3+27*16*14)*pi/4 round -2}}|u=m3|fmt=commas}} in the shielding pits making a total of {{val|{{#expr:4*179.434*130  + (18^3+27*16*14)*pi/4 round -2}}|u=m3|fmt=commas}}, slightly more than LNGS's {{val|{{#expr:3*20*(8+10*pi/4)*100 round-2}}|u=m3|fmt=commas}}.{{efn|1=LNGS's main halls are assumed to be 20&nbsp;m wide, with a hemispherical roof peaking at 18 m.  Thus, the cross-sectional area is 20×(8+10×''π''/4) = 317.08&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>.}}

Including the service areas outside the main halls, the result is {{val|200000|–|300000|u=m3|fmt=commas}} of usable space,{{r|dark2016|p1=18|lrt17|p2=22|AnnRev2017|p3=239}} more than LNGS's grand total of {{val|180000|u=m3|fmt=commas}}.  CJPL's total volume of {{val|{{#expr:210000+151000}}|u=m3|fmt=commas}} would suggest that CJPL is twice the size, but that would be misleading; all of LNGS's excavation was designed to be a laboratory, and thus can be used more efficiently than CJPL's repurposed tunnels.

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:right"
|+ CJPL facility resources{{r|Yue14|Wang13|Progress2015|dark2016}}
! || CJPL-I || CJPL-II
|-
! Overall volume{{r|dark2016|p=21}}
| {{cvt|4000|m3|ft3|disp=br}} || {{cvt|210000|+|151000|m3|e6ft3|disp=br}}<!--Existing excavation being repurposed + new excavation -->
|-
! Laboratory area
| {{cvt|{{#expr:6.5*42}}|m2|ft2|disp=br}} || {{cvt|{{#expr:4*14*130}}|m2|ft2|disp=br}}
|-
! Laboratory volume
| {{cvt|{{#expr:6.5*6.5*42 round -2}}|m3|ft3|disp=br}} || {{cvt|{{#expr:4*179.434*130 + (18^3+27*16*14)*pi/4 round -2}}|m3|e6ft3|disp=br}}<!--Four halls plus two shielding pits below the hall floor-->
|-
! Electrical power
| 70&nbsp;kVA{{r|Progress2015|p=4}}<!-- Pretty sure the 2×70 kVA is redundancy, not 140 kVA total-->
| 1250 (10000)&nbsp;kVA{{r|Progress2015|p=15}}
|-
! Fresh air
| {{cvt|2400|m3/hour|ft3/hour|disp=x|{{r|Progress2015|p=4}}}} || {{cvt|24000|m3/hour|e6ft3/hour|disp=x|{{r|Progress2015|p=10|AnnRev2017|p2=239}}}}<!--45000 (p. 4, AnnRev p. 9)/50000 (p. 10) peak-->
|}
Thanks to the laboratory's location within a major hydroelectric facility, additional electrical power is readily available.  CJPL-II is supplied by two redundant 10&nbsp;kV, {{val|10|ul=MVA}} power cables;{{r|Progress2015|p1=15|dark2016|p2=21}} available power is temporarily limited by the 5×250&nbsp;kVA step-down transformers in the laboratory (one per experiment hall, and a fifth for facilities).{{r|Progress2015|p=15}}  There is likewise no shortage of water{{r|Progress2015|p=14}} for cooling high-powered equipment.

The muon flux in (and thus water equivalent depth of) CJPL-II is currently being measured,{{r|lrt17|p=25}} and may differ slightly from CJPL-I, but it will certainly remain lower than [[Astronomy:SNOLAB|SNOLAB]] in {{wipe|Canada}} and thus retain the record for the world's deepest laboratory as well.

==Experiments==
Experiments currently operating in CJPL are:
* [[Physics:China Dark Matter Experiment|China Dark Matter Experiment]] (CDEX), a [[Chemistry:Germanium|germanium]] [[Astronomy:Dark matter|dark matter]] detector,<ref name=CDEX/>
* [[Astronomy:PandaX|PandaX]], the Particle and Astrophysical Xenon Detector for dark matter (and [[Physics:Neutrinoless double beta decay|neutrinoless double beta decay]]),<ref name=PandaX/> and
* A 1-ton prototype of the planned 100-ton Jinping Neutrino Experiment,<ref name=JNEstatus>{{Cite conference |title=Jinping Neutrino Experiment: a Status Report |first=Benda |last=Xu |conference=XVI International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP 2019) |location=Toyama, Japan |date=9–13 September 2019 |conference-url=http://taup2019.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ |url=https://s3.cern.ch/inspire-prod-files-f/f5ed12ccd5dcc3ffb62f0b26348b5275 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1468/1/012212 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv=1602.01733 |title=Letter of Intent: Jinping Neutrino Experiment |date=21 June 2015 |first=John F. |last=Beacom |display-authors=0 |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/2/023002 |volume=41 |issue=2 |journal=Chinese Physics C |page=023002|bibcode = 2017ChPhC..41b3002B |s2cid=197514524 }}</ref>{{r|dark2016|p=23}} an experiment taking advantage of CJPL's location far from nuclear reactors, and thus having the lowest flux of [[Physics:Neutrino#Reactor neutrinos|reactor neutrinos]] of any underground laboratory,{{r|nnn16|p=6}} to do precision measurements of [[Astronomy:Solar neutrino|solar-]] and [[Physics:Geoneutrino|geoneutrino]]s.{{r|Revealing|July2016|p2=29}}

Also operating in the laboratory is a low background facility using a [[Physics:Semiconductor detector#Germanium detectors|high purity germanium detector]], for measuring very low levels of radioactivity.{{r|Zeng11|Yue14|p=7}}  This is not a physics experiment itself, but tests materials intended for use in the experiments.  It also tests materials used to construct CJPL-II.{{r|Progress2015|p=27–32}}

Experiments currently planned for CJPL-II are:{{r|July2016|p1=24–29|dark2016|p2=23}}
* a larger, tonne-scale version of CDEX,{{r|TAUP2015|p1=23|July2016|p2=25|dark2016|p3=23|lrt17|p4=27}}
* a larger, tonne-scale version of PandaX,{{r|TAUP2015|p1=25|July2016|p2=26|dark2016|p3=23}}
* Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (JUNA), an experiment to measure the rates of [[Physics:Astrophysics|astrophysically]] important stellar [[Physics:Nuclear reaction|nuclear reaction]]s,{{r|Liu16|July2016|p2=27}} and
* a possible liquid [[Chemistry:Argon|argon]] dark matter detector.{{r|July2016|p1=28|dark2016|p2=23|lrt17|p3=26}}

Proposals also exist for:
* CUPID ([[Physics:CUORE|CUORE]] Upgrade with Particle Identification), a neutrinoless double beta decay experiment,{{r|lrt17|p=26}} and
* a directional dark matter detector by the MIMAC (MIcro-tpc MAtrix of Chambers) collaboration,{{r|dark2016|p=23}} as a follow-on to their detector currently operating at the [[Organization:Modane Underground Laboratory|Modane Underground Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite journal |arxiv=1304.2255 |date=8 April 2013 |title=MIMAC: A micro-tpc matrix for dark matter directional detection |author1=Santos, D. |author2=Billard, J. |author3=Bosson, G. |display-authors=0 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/460/1/012007 |volume=460 |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |issue=1 |page=012007|bibcode=2013JPhCS.460a2007S |s2cid=73723876 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist
 | colwidth = 30em
 | refs =
<ref name=README>{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/cjpl/daq/blob/master/README.org |title=Data Acquisition Project for CJPL |website=[[GitHub]] |date=21 August 2010 |access-date=2015-09-16}} CJPL position in Google Maps – [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?cd=2&ie=UTF8&hl=zh-CN&msa=0&msid=101925008164169593781.0004868a6cf94758b93e4&ll=37.160317,133.945313&spn=144.29215,326.25&z=2 http://goo.gl/xwcA] (You may use the coordinates<!--Corrected per MOS:QUOTE--> directly in google maps: 28.153227,101.711369).  This is CJPL-I; CJPL-II is about 500&nbsp;m farther west.</ref>
<ref name=Normile>{{Citation |title=Chinese Scientists Hope to Make Deepest, Darkest Dreams Come True |first=Dennis |last=Normile |journal=Science |date=5 June 2009 |volume=324 |number=5932 |pages=1246–1247 |doi=10.1126/science.324_1246 <!--|doi-access=subscription--> |pmid=19498133 |url=http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/archive/archive_2009/today09-06-10.html <!--Partial-->}}</ref>
<ref name=Flux>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/086001 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1305.0899 |bibcode=2013ChPhC..37h6001W |title=Measurement of cosmic ray flux in the China JinPing underground laboratory |url=http://hepnp.ihep.ac.cn/qikan/manage/wenzhang_ting/20130809.pdf |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=086001 |date=August 2013 |last1=Wu |first1=Yu-Cheng |last2=Hao |first2=Xi-Qing |last3=Yue |first3=Qian |last4=Li |first4=Yuan-Jing |last5=Cheng |first5=Jian-Ping |last6=Kang |first6=Ke-Jun |last7=Chen |first7=Yun-Hua |last8=Li |first8=Jin |last9=Li |first9=Jian-Min |last10=Li |first10=Yu-Lan |last11=Liu |first11=Shu-Kui |last12=Ma |first12=Hao |last13=Ren |first13=Jin-Bao |last14=Shen |first14=Man-Bin |last15=Wang |first15=Ji-Min |last16=Wu |first16=Shi-Yong |last17=Xue |first17=Tao |last18=Yi |first18=Nan |last19=Zeng |first19=Xiong-Hui |last20=Zeng |first20=Zhi |last21=Zhu |first21=Zhong-Hua |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001025/http://hepnp.ihep.ac.cn/qikan/manage/wenzhang_ting/20130809.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-01 }}</ref>
<ref name=Status2013>{{Cite conference |title=The Status and Plan of China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) |date=6 September 2013 |last=Li |first=Jianmin |url=https://commons.lbl.gov/download/attachments/95551642/Li_Jianmin.pdf |conference=13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics: A Town Meeting for the 2nd-phase Development of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory |conference-url=https://commons.lbl.gov/display/TAUP2013/Town+Meeting+Program |location=Asilomar, California |access-date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
<ref name=Phase2>{{Cite journal |arxiv=1404.2651 |first1=Jainmin |last1=Li |first2=Xiangdong |last2=Ji |first3=Wick |last3=Haxton |first4=Joseph S.Y. |last4=Wang |title=The second-phase development of the China JinPing underground Laboratory |date=9 April 2014 |journal=Physics Procedia |volume=61 |pages=576–585 |doi=10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.055 |doi-access=free |bibcode = 2015PhPro..61..576L }}</ref>
<ref name=Prospects09>{{Cite conference |title=Status and Prospects of a Deep Underground Laboratory in China |conference=Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP 2009) |conference-url=http://taup2009.lngs.infn.it/parallel_1.html |location=Rome |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=203 |number=12028 |date=1 July 2009 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/203/1/012028 |doi-access=free |first1=K.J. |last1=Kang |first2=J.P. |last2=Cheng |first3=Y. H. |last3=Chen |first4=Y.J. |last4=Li |first5=M. B. |last5=Shen |first6=S. Y. |last6=Wu |first7=Q. |last7=Yue}}</ref>
<ref name=PandaX>{{cite journal |title=PandaX: A Liquid Xenon Dark Matter Experiment at CJPL |author=PandaX Collaboration |doi=10.1007/s11433-014-5521-2 <!--|doi-access=subscription--> |journal=Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy |date=August 2014 |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=1476–1494 |arxiv=1405.2882|bibcode = 2014SCPMA..57.1476C |s2cid=255200277 }}</ref>
<ref name=Strickland>{{Citation |last=Strickland |first=Eliza |title=Deepest Underground Dark-Matter Detector to Start Up in China |journal=IEEE Spectrum |volume=51 |issue=2 |page=20 |date=January 29, 2014 |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/astrophysics/deepest-underground-darkmatter-detector-to-start-up-in-china |quote=China's new underground lab is the deepest in the world, meaning it's well protected from cosmic radiation; in addition, the rock around it is marble, which is particularly devoid of radioactive materials that could produce false signals. "The big advantage is that PandaX is much cheaper and doesn't need as much shielding material," Lorenzon says. |doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2014.6729364 <!--|doi-access=subscription-->|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=Chui10>{{Citation |first=Glennda |last=Chui |url=http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/october-2010/worlds-deepest-lab-proposed-in-china |date=February 2010 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=5 |title=World's deepest lab proposed in China |journal=Symmetry |issn=1931-8367}}</ref>
<ref name=Yue14>{{Cite conference |title=The status and prospect of CJPL |url=http://www.pa.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/webform/qianyue2.pdf |first=Qian |last=Yue |date=Feb 28, 2014 |conference=Dark Matter 2014 |conference-url=https://hepconf.physics.ucla.edu/dm14/agenda.html |location=Westwood, California |access-date=2014-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129074838/http://www.pa.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/webform/qianyue2.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-29 }}  The figure on p. 13 shows the shape of the halls, although the dimensions have evolved.</ref>
<ref name=RockGeotech>{{Citation |title=Laboratory tests and numerical simulations of brittle marble and squeezing schist at Jinping II hydropower station, China |first1=Chunsheng |last1=Zhang |first2=Weijiang |last2=Chu |first3=Ning |last3=Liu |first4=Yongsheng |last4=Zhu |first5=Jing |last5=Hou |url=http://www.rockgeotech.org/qikan/manage/wenzhang/2011-01-04.pdf |journal=Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering |year=2011 |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1235.2011.00030 |bibcode=2011JRMGE...3...30Z |doi-access=free |access-date=2014-11-20 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129211724/http://www.rockgeotech.org/qikan/manage/wenzhang/2011-01-04.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Feder10>{{Citation |title=China, others dig more and deeper underground labs |first=Toni |last=Feder |date=September 2010 |volume=63 |number=9 |pages=25–27 |doi=10.1063/1.3490493 |doi-access= |bibcode=2010PhT....63i..25F |journal=Physics Today}}</ref>
<ref name=CDEX>{{Cite conference |url=https://wwwgerda.mpp.mpg.de/symp/03_Yue.pdf |title=China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) and China Darkmatter Experiment (CDEX) |author=Qian Yue |date=March 24, 2011 |conference=Symposium on Future Applications of Germanium Detectors in Fundamental Research |conference-url=https://wwwgerda.mpp.mpg.de/symp_index.php |location=Beijing |access-date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
<ref name=Zeng11>{{Cite conference |url=https://wwwgerda.mpp.mpg.de/symp/29_Zeng.pdf |last=Zeng |first=Zhi |date=2011-03-26 |title=Low Background Facility Setup in CJPL: A Brief Introduction |conference=Symposium on Future Applications of Germanium Detectors in Fundamental Research |conference-url=https://wwwgerda.mpp.mpg.de/symp_index.php |location=Beijing |access-date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
<ref name=Wong11>{{Cite conference |url=https://taup2011.mpp.mpg.de/php/downloadPresentationFile.php?type=presentation&sessionid=26&presentationid=125  |last=Wong |first=Henry |date=2011-09-06 |title=Construction and commissioning of the China Jinping underground laboratory and the CDEX-TEXONO experiment |conference=12th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics |conference-url=https://taup2011.mpp.mpg.de/?pg=Agenda&topic=1 |location=Munich |access-date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
<ref name=Wang13>{{Cite conference |title=The Second-Phase Development of the China JinPing Underground Laboratory for Physics Rare Event Detectors and Multi-Disciplinary Sensors |date=12 September 2013 |first1=Jainmin |last1=Li |first2=Xiangdong |last2=Ji |first3=Wick |last3=Haxton |first4=Joseph S.Y. |last4=Wang |url=https://conferences.lbl.gov/event/36/session/35/contribution/230 |conference=13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics |conference-url=https://commons.lbl.gov/display/TAUP2013/ |location=Asilomar, California |access-date=2014-11-21}}</ref>
<ref name=July2016>{{Cite conference |title=Recent status of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) |last=Yang |first=Li-Tao |date=21 July 2016 |conference=Identification of Dark Matter 2016 |location=Sheffield |url=https://idm2016.shef.ac.uk/indico/event/0/contribution/104 |conference-url=https://idm2016.shef.ac.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819091030/https://idm2016.shef.ac.uk/indico/event/0/contribution/104 |archive-date=19 August 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=Liu16>{{Cite journal |title=Progress of Jinping Underground laboratory for Nuclear Astrophysics (JUNA) |journal=EPJ Web of Conferences |volume=109 |issue=9001 |date=12 February 2016 |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201610909001 |doi-access=free |first=WeiPing |last=Liu |page=09001 |bibcode=2016EPJWC.10909001L |display-authors=0}}</ref>
<ref name=nnn16>{{cite conference |conference=International Workshop on Next Generation Nucleon Decay and Neutrino Detectors (NNN16) |conference-url=http://indico.ihep.ac.cn/event/6156/other-view?view=standard |location=Shanghai |date=5 November 2016 |title=China Jinping Underground Laboratory and Jinping neutrino experiment |first=Zhe |last=Wang |url=http://indico.ihep.ac.cn/event/6156/session/8/contribution/22/material/slides/0.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=Progress2015>{{Cite conference |title=Introduction of Jinping underground laboratory II |url=http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/Workshop2015/CivilProgress.ppt |first=Jianmin |last=Li |date=2015-06-05 |conference=2015 Workshop of Jinping Neutrino Program |conference-url=http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/schedule2015.html |location=Tsinghua University |access-date=2015-08-15 |archive-date=2016-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113070651/http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/Workshop2015/CivilProgress.ppt |url-status=dead }}  A description of CJPL-II construction progress through the beginning of May 2015.  Note that some pages in this presentation say the halls are 12×12&nbsp;m; those appear to be figures copied from older presentations, and 14×14 is the new decision.</ref>
<ref name=TAUP2015>{{Cite conference |first=Jianmin |last=Li |title=The recent status and prospect of CJPL |url=http://www.taup-conference.to.infn.it/2015/day3/parallel/dma/3_li.pdf |date=9 September 2015 |conference=XIV International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP2015) |conference-url=http://taup2015.to.infn.it/ |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
<ref name=taup2013>{{Cite conference |first1=S.T. |last1=Lin |first2=Q. |last2=YuJainmin |title=Status and prospects of CJPL and the CDEX experiment |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274097825 |date=12 September 2013 |journal=Physics Procedia |volume=61 |pages=201–204 |doi=10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.032 |doi-access=free |conference=13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics |conference-url=https://commons.lbl.gov/display/TAUP2013/ |quote=The laboratory is owned by the YaLong River Hydropower Development Company, and managed by Tsinghua University, China.|bibcode = 2015PhPro..61..201L }}</ref>
<ref name=Revealing>{{Cite journal |title=Revealing the Earth's mantle from the tallest mountains using the Jinping Neutrino Experiment |first1=Ondřej |last1=Šrámek |first2=Bedřich |last2=Roskovec |first3=Scott A. |last3=Wipperfurth |first4=Yufei |last4=Xi |first5=William F. |last5=McDonough |date=9 September 2016 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |page=33034 |doi=10.1038/srep33034 |doi-access=free |pmc=5017162 |url=http://www.ondrejsramek.net/wp-content/uploads/Sramek_etal_2016_SciRep.pdf |pmid=27611737|bibcode = 2016NatSR...633034S }}</ref>
<ref name=dark2016>{{cite conference |date=29 December 2016 |conference=4th International Workshop on Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry |location=Hsinchu, Taiwan |title=Status and Results from CDEX Collaboration at the Jinping Underground Laboratory |first=Shin-Ted |last=Lin |url=http://www.phys.nthu.edu.tw/~dark/2016/doc/29/PM/07_Shin-Ted%20Lin.pdf |conference-url=http://www.phys.nthu.edu.tw/~dark/2016/prog.php}}</ref>
<ref name=AnnRev2017>{{cite journal |title=The China Jinping Underground Laboratory and Its Early Science |arxiv=1801.00587 |journal=[[Physics:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science|Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]] |volume=67 |pages=231–251 |date=October 2017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-102115-044842| doi-access=free |first1=Jian-Ping |last1=Cheng |first2=Ke-Jun |last2=Kang |first3=Jian-Min |last3=Li |display-authors=0|bibcode=2017ARNPS..67..231C }}</ref>
<ref name=Zeng2015>{{Cite conference |title=Status of CJPL-II |date=23 October 2015 |last=Zeng |first=Zhi |url=https://indico.mpp.mpg.de/event/3121/session/9/contribution/49/material/slides/0.pdf#page=30 |conference=Final Symposium of the Sino-German GDT Cooperation |conference-url=https://indico.mpp.mpg.de/event/3121/overview |location=Schloss Ringberg, Germany |access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://cjpl.tsinghua.edu.cn/ CJPL home page] (Tsinghua University)
* [http://jinping.hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/ Jinping Neutrino Experiment home page] (Tsinghua University)
* [https://cjpl.github.io/ CJPL GitHub page]
* [https://wwwgerda.mpp.mpg.de/symp_index.php Symposium on Future Applications of Germanium Detectors in Fundamental Research] in Beijing, with multiple CJPL presentations
* [https://commons.lbl.gov/display/TAUP2013/Town+Meeting+Program A Town Meeting for the 2nd-phase Development of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory] (Sept. 8, 2013) at the 13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics
* [http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/schedule2015.html CJPL 2015 conference presentations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133437/http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/CJPLNE/schedule2015.html |date=2015-12-08 }}


[[Category:Underground laboratories]]

{{Sourceattribution|China Jinping Underground Laboratory}}