View source for Organization:Columbia University

{{Short description|Private university in New York City}}
 {{Infobox university
| name = Columbia University
| image_name = Columbia University shield.svg
| image_upright = .8
| caption = Coat of arms
| latin_name = Universitas Columbiae
| motto = ''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen'' ([[Social:Latin|Latin]])
| mottoeng = In Thy light shall we see light<ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Psalms|Psalms 36:9|KJV}}</ref>
| type = Royal (1754–1776)<br />Private research university (1776–present)
| established = {{start date and age|1754|5|25}}
| accreditation = [[Organization:Middle States Commission on Higher Education|MSCHE]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|AAU|URA|568 Group|NAICU|[[Organization:National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]}}
| endowment = $14.35 billion (2021)<ref>As of June 30, 2021.{{Cite web|date=October 20, 2021|title=Consolidated Financial Statements; June 30, 2021 and 2020|url=https://www.finance.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Finance%20Documents/Financial%20Reports/Columbia%20Consolidated%20Financials%20and%20Footnotes%20FY21%20FINAL.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=October 21, 2021|website=finance.columbia.edu|publisher=Columbia University|page=25}}</ref>
| president = Lee Bollinger
| provost = Mary Cunningham Boyce
| faculty = 4,370<ref>{{cite web |title=Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2009–2019 |url=https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Institutional%20Research/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_faculty_history.pdf |website=Office of the Provost |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref>
| students = 33,413 (Fall 2019)<ref name="columbia1">{{cite web|title=Fall Headcount Enrollment by School, 2009–2018 |publisher=Columbia University Office of Provost|url=https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Institutional%20Research/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_enrollment_history.pdf|date=May 23, 2019}}</ref>
| undergrad = 6,398 (Fall 2019){{refn|group=n|This figure does not include the Columbia University School of General Studies, which, though it is technically an undergraduate school of the university, is generally not counted as such when calculating student body size and admission rates.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Columbia University|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707#:~:text=Columbia%20University%20is%20a%20private,campus%20size%20is%2036%20acres.|url-status=live|access-date=July 30, 2021|website=usnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How many students attend Columbia? {{!}} Columbia Undergraduate Admissions|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/question/2512|access-date=2021-07-30|website=undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu}}</ref> Including General Studies students, the university overall would have an undergraduate enrollment of 9,001 students for 2019.}}<ref name="columbia1"/>
| postgrad = 24,412 (Fall 2019)<ref name="columbia1"/>
| city = {{wipe|New York City}}
| state = New York
| country = United States
| coor = {{Coord|40|48|27|N|73|57|43|W|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Engineering:Urban area|Urban]], total {{convert|299|acre|km2}}
| former_names = King's College<br />(1754–1784)<br />Columbia College<br />(1784–1896)<ref name="Moore 1846">{{cite book|title=A Historical Sketch of Columbia|last=Moore|first=Nathanal Fischer|year=1846|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York}}</ref>{{rp|53–60}}
| colors = [[Columbia blue|Columbia Blue]] & [[White]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visualidentity.columbia.edu/content/colors-1|title=Colors {{!}} Identity Guidelines |access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref><br />{{color box|#B9D9EB}}&nbsp;{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| sporting_affiliations = NCAA Division I FCS – Ivy League<br />EARC<br />MAISA
| nickname = Columbia Lions
| mascot = Roar-ee the Lion
| logo = Columbia University logo.svg
| logo_upright = 1.2
| website = {{URL|columbia.edu}}
| free_label = Newspaper
| free = ''Columbia Daily Spectator''
}}
'''Columbia University''' (also known as '''Columbia''', and officially as '''Columbia University in the City of New York''') is a private Ivy League research university in {{wipe|New York City}}. Established in 1754 as '''King's College''' on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence, seven of which belong to the Ivy League. Columbia is ranked among the top universities in the world by major education publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|title=National University Rankings|date=|website=Usnews.com|access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2018.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities|date=|website=Shanghairanking.com|access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Best Global Universities Rankings|date=October 30, 2018|website=Usnews.com|access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref>

Columbia was established by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the [[History:American Revolution|American Revolution]], and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University.

Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain-computer interface; the [[Physics:Laser|laser]] and [[Physics:Maser|maser]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nykolaiszyn|first=J. M.|date=2009-06-01|title=Curating Oral Histories: From Interview to Archive|journal=Oral History Review|volume=36|issue=2|pages=302–304|doi=10.1093/ohr/ohp054|issn=0094-0798|s2cid=161615270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Nick|title=Laser : the inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty-year patent war|date=2000|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-83515-0|location=New York|oclc=44594104}}</ref> [[Physics:Nuclear magnetic resonance|nuclear magnetic resonance]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isidor Isaac Rabi|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rabi.cfm|access-date=2018-12-02|website=Aps.org|language=en}}</ref> the first [[Physics:Nuclear reactor|nuclear pile]]; the first [[Physics:Nuclear fission|nuclear fission]] reaction in the [[Earth:Americas|Americas]]; the first evidence for [[Earth:Plate tectonics|plate tectonics]] and [[Earth:Continental drift|continental drift]];<ref>N. D. Opdyke, et al., "Paleomagnetic study of Antarctic deep-sea cores", Science 154(1966): 349–357.</ref><ref>Heirtzler, J. R., et al., "Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic field reversals, and motions of the ocean floor and continents", ''Journal of Geophysical Research'', 73(1968): 2119–2136.</ref><ref>Pitman, W. and M. Talwani, "Sea-floor spreading in the North Atlantic", ''GSA Bulletin'', 83(1972): 619–646.</ref> and much of the initial research and planning for the [[Physics:Manhattan Project|Manhattan Project]] during [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include the [[Organization:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory|Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory]], the [[Organization:Goddard Institute for Space Studies|Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as [[Company:Amazon|Amazon]] and [[Company:IBM|IBM]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-21|title=Columbia Engineering and Amazon Announce Creation of New York AI Research Center|url=https://www.engineering.columbia.edu/news/columbia-engineering-and-amazon-announce-creation-new-york-ai-research-center|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Columbia Engineering|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia University and IBM Establish New Center to Accelerate Innovation in Blockchain and Data Transparency {{!}} Columbia Engineering|url=https://engineering.columbia.edu/press-releases/columbia-ibm-center-blockchain-data-transparency|access-date=2019-01-23|website=Engineering.columbia.edu}}</ref> Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the [[Medicine:Doctor of Medicine|MD degree]].<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia2">{{cite web|year=2011|title=A Brief History of Columbia|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html|access-date=April 14, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> With over 14.5 million volumes, Columbia University Library is the third-largest private research library in the United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Mian|first1=Anam|url=https://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2018-2019/|title=ARL Statistics 2018-2019|last2=Roebuck|first2=Gary|publisher=Association of Research Libraries|year=2020|location=Washington, DC|pages=45}}</ref>

The university's endowment stands at $14.35 billion in 2021, among the largest of any academic institution. {{as of|2020|October}}, Columbia's alumni, faculty, and staff have included: seven Founding Fathers of the United States;{{refn|group=n|Founding Fathers include five alumni: Alexander Hamilton,<ref>{{cite book|title=Alexander Hamilton|url=https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher|url-access=registration|last=Chernow|first=Ron|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-1-59420-009-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/51 51]}}<!--|access-date=April 14, 2011--></ref> John Jay,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html|title=A Brief Biography of John Jay|publisher=Columbia University|year=2002|work=The Papers of John Jay}}</ref> Robert R. Livingston,<ref>{{cite book|last=Dangerfield|first=George|title=Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746–1813|url=https://archive.org/details/chancellorrobert00dang|url-access=registration|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co|location=New York, New York|year=1960}}</ref> Egbert Benson,<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000388|title=Egbert Benson|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and Gouverneur Morris.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm|chapter=Gouverneur Morris|publisher=United States Army Center of Military History|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/ss-fm.htm|title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution|first=Robert K|last=Wright Jr.|year=1987|access-date=April 13, 2011|id=CMH Pub 71-25}}</ref> Additionally, Founding Fathers George Clinton<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Alexander Hamilton to George Clinton, [26 November 1784–17 July 1787]|url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0103|access-date=2021-06-18|publisher=Founders Online}}</ref> and William Samuel Johnson<ref name=":12"/> served as presidents of the university.}} four U.S. presidents;{{refn|group=n|Three presidents have attended Columbia: [[Biography:Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt]], Franklin D. Roosevelt, and [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]]. Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953.}} 29 foreign [[Social:Head of state|heads of state]];{{refn|group=n|Alumni who served as foreign heads of state include: Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali,<ref>{{cite web|author=Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali|title=Experiences In Arab Affairs|url=http://physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/Fadhel.html|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Kassim al-Rimawi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=رئاسة الوزراء - دولة الدكتور قاسم الريماوي|url=http://www.pm.gov.jo/content/141215082025/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.pm.gov.jo}}</ref> Giuliano Amato,<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Peterson|date=November 29, 2007|title=An Interview with Giuliano Amato|url=http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=2716|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223412/http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=2716|archive-date=December 31, 2015|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=The Florentine}}</ref> Hafizullah Amin,<ref>{{cite book|last=Amstutz|first=Bruce|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|publisher=Diane Publishing|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7881-1111-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC/page/n326 303]}}<!--| access-date=April 18, 2011--></ref> Nahas Angula,<ref>{{cite web|date=October 13, 2009|title=Namibia PM is Nahas Angula&nbsp;... Educated in the US|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,109045.html|access-date=April 18, 2011|work=Newsday}}</ref> Marek Belka,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Biography of Marek Belka|url=https://www.un.org/sg/senstaff_details.asp?smgID=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205183638/http://www.un.org/sg/senstaff_details.asp?smgID=3|archive-date=February 5, 2009|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Fernando Henrique Cardoso,<ref>{{cite web|title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso|url=http://www.fulbright.org/node/152|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316234404/http://www.fulbright.org/node/152|archive-date=March 16, 2011|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=Fulbright Association}}</ref> Chen Gongbo,<ref>{{cite book|last=Reilly|first=Thomas|title=Science and Football III|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|isbn=978-0-419-22160-9|pages=46–47}}<!--| access-date= June 17, 2011--></ref> Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz,<ref>{{cite news|date=November 1, 2001|title=Charlemagne: Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/node/842406?story_id=E1_RQNQDG|access-date=June 17, 2011}}</ref> Gaston Eyskens,<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Degree Recipients|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/Honorary_Degree_Recipients_1945-2010.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913142024/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/Honorary_Degree_Recipients_1945-2010.pdf|archive-date=September 13, 2011|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|page=8}}</ref> Mark Eyskens,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1988-01-05|title=Gaston Eyskens Dies at Age 82; Led Six Governments in Belgium|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/05/obituaries/gaston-eyskens-dies-at-age-82-led-six-governments-in-belgium.html|access-date=2021-08-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ashraf Ghani,<ref>{{cite web|date=August 15, 2021|title=Ashraf Ghani: departing Afghan president who failed to make peace with Taliban|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/ashraf-ghani-departing-afghan-president-who-failed-make-peace-with-taliban-2021-08-15/|publisher=[[Company:Thomson Reuters|Thomson Reuters]]}}</ref> Jose Ramos Horta,<ref>{{cite web|author=Alyssa Smith|date=October 7, 2010|title=State Building Challenges in Timor Leste|url=http://columbiacommunique.org/?p=829|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813205422/http://columbiacommunique.org/?p=829|archive-date=August 13, 2011|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=Columbia Communique}}</ref> Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref>{{cite web|author=Herb Jackson|title=From Estonia to Leonia|url=http://www.president.ee/en/media/interviews/3304-qfrom-estonia-to-leoniaq-the-record-23-april-2008/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110653/http://www.president.ee/en/media/interviews/3304-qfrom-estonia-to-leoniaq-the-record-23-april-2008/index.html|archive-date=May 14, 2011|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=Estonian Office of the President}}</ref> Wellington Koo,<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia 250: Wellington Koo|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/v_k_wellington_koo.html|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Lee Huan,<ref>{{cite news|author=Kerry Brown|date=December 12, 2010|title=Lee Huan obituary|work=The Guardian|location=UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/12/lee-huan-obituary|access-date=April 18, 2010}}</ref> Benjamin Mkapa,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Benjamin Mkapa|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_W._Mkapa.aspx|access-date=April 18, 2011}}</ref> Mohammad Musa Shafiq,<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Note on Afghanistan|url=http://afghanistanjusticeproject.org/UNMappingReportAfghanistan-3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010024/http://afghanistanjusticeproject.org/UNMappingReportAfghanistan-3.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=United Nations|page=15}}</ref> Nwafor Orizu,<ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 1, 1945|title=Education: Prince with a Purpose|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791871,00.html|url-status=dead|magazine={{wipe|Time (magazine)}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626142446/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791871,00.html|archive-date=June 26, 2007|access-date=June 17, 2011}}</ref> Mikhail Saakashvili,<ref>{{cite news|date=January 25, 2004|title=Profile: Mikhail Saakashvili|work=BBC News Online|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3231852.stm|access-date=April 18, 2011}}</ref> Juan Bautista Sacasa,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Juan Bautista Sacasa|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515180/Juan-Bautista-Sacasa|access-date=June 17, 2011}}</ref> Salim Ahmed Salim,<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Salim Ahmed Salim|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/salim-salim-bio.htm|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Ernesto Samper,<ref name="usinfo.org">{{cite web|title=U.S. Students yesterday, world leaders tomorrow|url=http://usinfo.org/usia/exchanges.state.gov/education/educationusa/leaders.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125112223/http://usinfo.org/usia/exchanges.state.gov/education/educationusa/leaders.htm|archive-date=November 25, 2005|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Education}}</ref> T. V. Soong,<ref>{{cite web|title=T. V. Soong (Song Ziwen) – A Prominent Businessman and Politician in Republic of China|url=http://history.cultural-china.com/en/50History7158.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204854/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/50History7158.html|archive-date=October 5, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|publisher=Cultural China}}</ref> Sun Fo,<ref>{{cite book|last=Boorman|first=Howard|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict03boor|title=Biographical dictionary of Republican China|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict03boor/page/163 163–165]|url-access=registration}}</ref> C. R. Swart,<ref>{{Cite news|agency=AP|date=1982-07-18|title=CHARLES SWART DIES; SOUTH AFRICAN WAS FIRST STATE PRESIDENT|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/18/obituaries/charles-swart-dies-south-african-was-first-state-president.html|access-date=2021-08-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Tang Shaoyi,<ref>{{cite book|last=Reilly|first=Taylor|title=Science and Football III|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1997|isbn=978-0-419-22160-9|page=348}}<!--| access-date=April 18, 2011--></ref> Abdul Zahir,<ref name="usinfo.org" /> and Zhou Ziqi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gerth|first=Karl|title=China made: Consumer Culture and the creation of the nation|publisher=Harvard University|year=2004|isbn=978-0-674-01654-5|page=224}}<!--| access-date= April 18, 2011--></ref>}} ten justices of the United States Supreme Court, one of whom currently serves; 100 Nobel laureates; 122 National Academy of Sciences members;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Profile Search – Columbia University|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/member-search-results.html?primary_institution_new=columbia-university|access-date=24 November 2020|website=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> 53 living billionaires;<ref name="CNBC2">{{cite news|author=Kathleen Elkins|title=More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> 22 Olympic medalists;<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Columbia University Athletes Who Have Medaled at the Olympics Over the Years|url=https://news.columbia.edu/news/columbia-university-athletes-who-have-medaled-olympics-over-years|access-date=2021-08-07|website=Columbia News|language=en}}</ref> 33 Academy Award winners; and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients.

==History==

===Colonial period===
[[File:Johnson2.JPG|thumb|[[Biography:Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Samuel Johnson]], the first president of Columbia]]
Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704, at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the society that {{wipe|New York City}} was an ideal community in which to establish a college.<ref name="McCaughey20032">{{cite book|last=McCaughey|first=Robert|title=Stand, Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-231-13008-0|location=New York, New York|page=1}}<!--|access-date=April 11, 2011--></ref> However, it was not until the founding of the [[Organization:Princeton University|College of New Jersey]] (renamed [[Organization:Princeton University|Princeton]]) across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college.<ref name="McCaughey20032" /> In 1746, an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the Church of England, to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keppel|first=Fredrick Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/columbia01keppgoog|title=Columbia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1914|location=Oxford, England|page=[https://archive.org/details/columbia01keppgoog/page/n49 26]}}</ref>

Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, [[Biography:Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Dr. Samuel Johnson]].<ref name="Matthews 19042">{{cite book|last=Matthews|first=Brander|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorycolumbi02unkngoog|title=A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904|author2=John Pine|author3=Harry Peck|author4=Munroe Smith|publisher=Macmillan Company|year=1904|location=London, England}}</ref>{{rp|8–10}} Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.<ref name="Butler 19122">{{cite book|last=Butler|first=Nicholas Murray|title=An Official Guide to Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1912|location=New York, New York}}</ref>{{rp|3}} The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of George II, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia2" />

In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of [[Organization:The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College, Oxford]], and an ardent [[Philosophy:Tory|Tory]]. In the charged political climate of the [[History:American Revolution|American Revolution]], his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton.<ref name="Butler 19122" />{{rp|3}} The Irish anatomist, Samuel Clossy, was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later the college's first professor of anatomy in 1767.<ref name="Stookey2">{{cite journal|last1=Stookey|first1=Byron|date=1964|title=SAMUEL CLOSSY, A. B., M. D , F. R. C. P. OF IRELAND: First Professor of Anatomy, King's College (Columbia), New York|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44451190|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=38|issue=2|pages=153–167|issn=0007-5140|jstor=44451190|access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schecter|first=Barnet|url=https://archive.org/details/battlefornewyork00sche|title=The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution|publisher=Walker & Company|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8027-1374-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McCullough|first=David|title=1776|title-link=1776 (book)|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4|author-link=David McCullough}}</ref> Loyalists were forced to abandon their King's College in New York, but some led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded King's Collegiate School and the University of King's College.<ref name="LP2">{{London Gazette
| issue = 12910
| date = August 7, 1787
| page = 373
}}</ref>

===18th century===
[[File:Columbia1790.jpg|thumb|King's College Hall, 1790]]
After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand.<ref name="Matthews 19042" />{{rp|59}} The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College".<ref name="Matthews 19042" /> The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College",<ref name="Matthews 19042" /> a reference to Columbia, an alternative name for America. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees.<ref name=":0">Moore, Nathanal Fischer (1846). ''A Historical Sketch of Columbia''. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.</ref>{{rp|65–70}}

On May 21, 1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of [[Biography:Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Dr. Samuel Johnson]], was unanimously elected president of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.<ref>{{cite book|last=Groce|first=C. G.|title=William Samuel Johnson: A Maker of the Constitution|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1937|location=New York, New York}}</ref> For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. Both President George Washington and Vice President John Adams attended the college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution.<ref name="Matthews 19042" />{{rp|74}}

=== 19th century to present ===
[[File:Columbia_law_madison.gif|thumb|283x283px|The Gothic Revival library and law school buildings on the Madison Avenue campus]]
[[File:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0671).jpg|thumb|Low Memorial Library, {{abbr|c.|circa}} 1900]]
[[File:Almamater.jpg|thumb|''Alma Mater'']]
In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|53–60}} The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the president that [[Organization:Barnard College|Barnard College]] is named after, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCaughey|first=Robert|date=December 10, 2003|title=Leading American University Producers of PhDs, 1861–1900|url=http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909114704/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html|archive-date=September 9, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006|work=Stand, Columbia – A History of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> By this time, the college's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school, mainly owing to the city's expanding population.<ref name="Butler 19122" />{{rp|5–8}} In 1896, university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th&nbsp;Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights.<ref name="Matthews 19042" /><ref name="hewitt18962">{{Cite book|last=Hewitt|first=Abram S|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/selected-writings/oclc/264897&referer=brief_results|title=Selected writings, with Introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler|date=1965|publisher=Kennikat Press|editor-last=Nevins|editor-first=Allan|location=Port Washington, N.Y.|pages=315–337|language=en|chapter=Liberty, Learning, and Property : Dedication of the New Buildings of Columbia University, Morningside Heights, May 2, 1896|oclc=264897|quote=the time has come for a new and nobler civilization,"&nbsp;... when&nbsp;... "the wealth which has accumulated in this city by the joint association of its people, and to which every human being contributes by his industry, shall come to be regarded as a sacred trust to be administered in the public interest for works of beneficence to all.|orig-year=First published 1937 by Columbia University Press|chapter-url=http://www.digifind-it.com/njhistoricalportal/data/ringwood//Selected%20Writings%20of%20Abram%20S.%20Hewitt.pdf#page=328}}</ref> Under the leadership of Low's successor, [[Biography:Nicholas Murray Butler|Nicholas Murray Butler]], who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia2" /> Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded Teachers College, as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge.<ref name="McCaughey20032" /> Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education.<ref name="ReferenceC2">{{cite web|title=History – Columbia University in the City of New York|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html|access-date=July 11, 2017|website=Columbia.edu}}</ref>

Research into the atom by faculty members [[Biography:John R. Dunning|John R. Dunning]], [[Biography:Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]], [[Biography:Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]] and [[Biography:Polykarp Kusch|Polykarp Kusch]] placed Columbia's physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the [[Physics:Manhattan Project|Manhattan Project]].<ref name="Broad2">{{Cite news|last=Broad|first=William J.|date=October 30, 2007|title=Why They Called It the Manhattan Project|newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html|access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College.<ref name="McCaughey20032" /><ref name="spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu2">{{cite web|title=Columbia Daily Spectator 3 April 1928 — Columbia Spectator|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19280403-01.2.7|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu}}</ref> The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the [[Finance:Great Depression|Great Depression]] and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large.<ref>Asimov, I. (1979) ''In Memory Yet Green'', Avon Books, pp. 156–157, 159–160, 240</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia-current.org/seth_low_junior_college.html "Columbia for Jews? The Untold Story of Seth Low Junior College"] by Leeza Hirt, ''The Current'', Fall 2016. (Retrieved January 18, 2020)</ref>

There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II.<ref>{{cite web|title=School of General Studies: History|url=http://www.gs.columbia.edu/gs-history|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719175113/http://www.gs.columbia.edu/gs-history|archive-date=July 19, 2011|access-date=June 10, 2011|publisher=Columbia School of General Studies}}</ref> In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.<ref>{{cite web|title=What makes GS different from Columbia's traditional undergraduate colleges?|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/what-makes-gs-different-columbias-traditional-undergraduate-colleges|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053937/https://gs.columbia.edu/what-makes-gs-different-columbias-traditional-undergraduate-colleges|archive-date=November 23, 2016|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Gs.columbia.edu}}</ref> Within the same year, the Division of Special Programs—later the School of Continuing Education, and now the School of Professional Studies—was established to reprise the former role of University Extension.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Senate|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/archives/resolutions_archives/resolutions/01-02/CEres.htm|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Senate.columbia.edu}}</ref> While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.<ref>{{cite web|title=History – Columbia University School of Professional Studies|url=http://sps.columbia.edu/about/history|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Sps.columbia.edu}}</ref>

In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.<ref>{{cite web|title=History – Columbia University in the City of New York|url=http://www.columbia.edu/newcuhome/content/history.html|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Columbia.edu}}</ref>

During the 1960s [[Organization:Columbia University protests of 1968|Columbia experienced large-scale student activism]], which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, Grayson Kirk, and the establishment of the University Senate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|url=https://archive.org/details/196800mark/page/194|title=1968: The Year That Rocked The World|publisher=Random House|year=2005|isbn=978-0-345-45582-6|location=New York, New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/196800mark/page/194 194–199]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=Stefan|title=Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s|publisher=University of Illinois|year=2009|isbn=978-0-252-03452-7|location=New York, New York|pages=5–19, 164–191}}</ref>

Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with [[Organization:Barnard College|Barnard College]], the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools.<ref>[http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/03/31/reception-honors-anniversary-cc-coeducation Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation | Columbia Daily Spectator]. Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.</ref> Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Partnership with Columbia University {{!}} Barnard College|url=https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university|access-date=2021-05-15|website=barnard.edu}}</ref>

During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|title=GSAS at a Glance – Columbia University – Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|url=http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310122351/http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|archive-date=March 10, 2014|access-date=November 24, 2016}}</ref> In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of the Arts, and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the School of International and Public Affairs, which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.<ref>{{cite web|title=History – Faculty of Arts and Sciences|url=http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Fas.columbia.edu}}</ref>

==Campus==
===Morningside Heights===
[[File:Columbia_College_Walk.jpg|thumb|College Walk]]
The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights on Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six [[Engineering:City block|city block]]s, or {{convert|32|acres|abbr=on}}, in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system, more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unearthing the Underground|url=http://features.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/13/unearthing-the-underground/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Columbia Spectator|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg|left|thumb|Butler Library]]
The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. Proposed as "South Hall" by the university's former president [[Biography:Nicholas Murray Butler|Nicholas Murray Butler]] as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled, the new library was funded by Edward Harkness, benefactor of Yale's residential college system, and designed by his favorite architect, James Gamble Rogers. It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946. The library design is [[History:Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] in style. Its facade features a row of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Butler Library: Self-Guided Tour|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/5295/SelfGuided.pdf|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Columbia's library system includes over 14.5 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.<ref name=":1" />

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio.<ref>Robert D. Colburn (July 2002) {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall}}, National Park Service and {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=''Accompanying 13 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1922–2001''|photos=y}}</ref> Also listed is Pupin Hall, another National Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by [[Biography:Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]]. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carolyn Pitts|year=1987|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, Columbia|url={{NHLS url|id=87002599}}|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=1983|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University—Accompanying photos|url={{NHLS url|id=66000550|photos=y}}|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana, the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building of St. Anthony Hall, Earl Hall, and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary.<ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland|page=195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (3/2/1934–)|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75319443|title=New York SP Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter|date=1996|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Earl Hall at Columbia University Listed on National Register of Historic Places|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/2018/03/14/earl-hall-at-columbia-university-listed-on-national-register-of-historic-places/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Department of the Interior. National Park Service.|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75320012|title=New York SP Union Theological Seminary|date=1980|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg|thumb|Union Theological Seminary]]
A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called ''Alma Mater'' is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing sapientia and doctrina. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a royal charter institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the [[Organization:Columbia University protests of 1968|Columbia University protests of 1968]] a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.<ref>{{cite web|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture|title=Alma Mater (sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|access-date=April 14, 2011|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women's college.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meredith Foster|date=February 11, 2011|title=The Myth of the College Sweetheart|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091227/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|archive-date=March 7, 2011|access-date=April 14, 2011|work=The Eye|publisher=Columbia Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 19, 1999|title=What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University Record}}</ref>

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the [[Engineering:City Beautiful movement|City Beautiful movement]], the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th-century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard P. Dober|title=The Steps at Low Library|url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814190951/http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|archive-date=August 14, 2011|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc.}}</ref>{{Clear}}{{wide image|Columbia pano.jpg|1200px|Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library|align-cap=center}}

===Other campuses===
[[File:LDEO_Entrance.jpg|thumb|Lamont Campus entrance in Palisades, New York]]
[[File:Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg|thumb|The entrance to the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Washington Heights]]
In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a {{convert|17|acre}} site for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Columbia|first=Manhatanville|title=Manhattanville Columbia|url=https://manhattanville.columbia.edu/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manhattanville in West Harlem|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/|access-date=April 1, 2007}}</ref> The $7&nbsp;billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the Studebaker Building, Prentis Hall, and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132&nbsp;apartments. Replacing these buildings created {{convert|6.8|e6sqft|m2}} of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Timothy|date=November 20, 2006|title=In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/nyregion/20columbia.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Timothy|date=September 21, 2008|title=2 Gas Stations, and a Family's Resolve, Confront Columbia Expansion Plan|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/nyregion/21gas.html|access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref> Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. {{As of|2008|12}}, the State of New York's Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Astor|first=Maggie|author2=Kim Kirschenbaum|date=December 18, 2008|title=M'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle, State Approves Eminent Domain|work=Columbia Spectator|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2008/12/18/mville-expansion-clears-last-major-hurdle-state-approves-eminent-domain|access-date=August 12, 2009}}</ref> On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 20, 2009|title=Columbia Manhattanville Project|work=Press Release|url=http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia/|url-status=dead|access-date=August 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506034150/http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia|archive-date=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and [[Organization:Cornell University|Cornell University]]. According to ''U.S. News & World Report''{{'}}s "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harder|first=Ben|date=July 28, 2020|title=2020-21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings|url=https://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview|access-date=July 6, 2021|website=health.usnews.com}}</ref> Columbia's medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute, and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals overseas. Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center, a {{convert|20|acre|adj=on}} campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights, fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the NewYork-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York.<ref>{{cite web|title=NYP: Weschster|url=http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044827/http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html|archive-date=October 4, 2011|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital}}</ref> On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of Inwood), Columbia owns the {{convert|26|acre|adj=on}} Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the {{convert|157|acre|adj=on}} Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades, New York. A fourth is the {{convert|60|acre|adj=on}} [[Organization:Nevis Laboratories|Nevis Laboratories]] in Irvington, New York for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris, France holds classes at Reid Hall.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia2" />

===Sustainability===
In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the [[Engineering:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. The plan commits to incorporating smart growth, new urbanism and "green" building design principles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manhattanville in West Harlem|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212021255/http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals|archive-date=December 12, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners, a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their [[Earth:Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse emissions]] by 30% within the next ten years. Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations. The university requires a minimum of Silver, but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels. This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use; however, the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Projects: Green Buildings|url=http://environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508230555/http://www.environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|archive-date=May 8, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia Environmental Stewardship}}</ref>

Every Thursday and Sunday of the month, Columbia hosts a greenmarket where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city. In addition, from April to November Hodgson's farm, a local New York gardening center, joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers. The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non-profit group GrowNYC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Greenmarket|url=http://www.grownyc.org/columbiagreenmarket|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=GrowNYC}}</ref> Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products, in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Green Report Card|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=The College Sustainability Report Card}}</ref> Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Green Report Card|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=College Sustainability Report Card}}</ref>[[File:116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG|thumb|Access to Columbia is enhanced by the 116th Street–Columbia University subway station ({{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}) on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.]]
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. [[Earth:Potential natural vegetation|potential natural vegetation]] types, Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian [[Biology:Oak|Oak]] (''104'') with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern [[Biology:Hardwood|Hardwood]] Forest (''25'').<ref name="Conservation Biology Institute2">{{cite web|title=U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)|url=https://databasin.org/datasets/1c7a301c8e6843f2b4fe63fdb3a9fe39|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university, operated by Academy Bus Lines. The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all TSC students can ride the buses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia Transportation|url=https://transportation.columbia.edu/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=transportation.columbia.edu}}</ref>

==Academics==
=== Undergraduate admissions and financial aid ===
[[File:Vanamquad.JPEG|left|thumb|Van Amringe Quadrangle and Memorial]]
Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia acceptance rate drops to record low 3.7 percent after 51 percent spike in applications|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2021/04/07/columbia-acceptance-rate-drops-to-record-low-37-percent-after-51-percent-spike-in-applications/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref> Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516.<ref name="stat2">{{cite web|title=Financial Aid Statistics|url=http://cc-seas.financialaid.columbia.edu/eligibility/facts|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board).<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Tuition And Costs|url=http://www.collegedata.com/cs/data/college/college_pg03_tmpl.jhtml?schoolId=399|access-date=November 22, 2016|website=Collegedata.com}}</ref>

Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lewin|first=Tamar|date=2007-04-11|title=Columbia to Receive $400 Million for Student Aid|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/11/nyregion/11columbia.html|access-date=2021-05-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, undergraduates from families with incomes as high as $60,000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university, including room, board, and academic fees, fully paid for by the university. That same year, the university ended loans for incoming and then-current students who were on financial aid, replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 11, 2008|title=Columbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More Students|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/education/11columbia.html|access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref> In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting the Common Application. The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application.<ref>{{cite news|last=Steinberg|first=Jacques|date=March 23, 2010|title=Columbia, Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common Application|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://thechoice.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/common-2/|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref>

Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Named Scholars|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/scholars/named|access-date=August 3, 2015|website=Studentaffairs.columbia.edu}}</ref>

In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'' as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gross, Jessica|date=November 10, 2013|title=Who Made That College Application?|newspaper=The New York Times Magazine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/magazine/who-made-that-college-application.html|access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref>

===Organization===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Columbia Graduate/Professional Schools<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Schools {{!}} Columbia University in the City of New York|url=https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics/schools|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref>
|-
|'''College/school'''
|'''Year founded'''
|-
|College of Physicians and Surgeons
|1767
|-
|College of Dental Medicine
|1852
|-
|Columbia Law School
|1858
|-
|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
|1864
|-
|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
|1880
|-
|Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation
|1881
|-
|Teachers College, Columbia University {{small|(affiliate)}}
|1887
|-
|Columbia University School of Nursing
|1892
|-
|Columbia University School of Social Work
|1898
|-
|Graduate School of Journalism
|1912
|-
|[[Organization:Columbia Business School|Columbia Business School]]
|1916
|-
|Mailman School of Public Health
|1922
|-
|School of International and Public Affairs
|1946
|-
|School of the Arts
|1965
|-
|School of Professional Studies
|1995
|-
|Columbia Climate School
|2021
|}
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Columbia Undergraduate Schools<ref>{{cite web|title=Academics|url=https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics|access-date=February 14, 2018|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>
|-
|'''College/school'''
|'''Year founded'''
|-
|Columbia College, Columbia University
|1754
|-
|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
|1864
|-
|Barnard College, Columbia University {{small|(affiliate)}}
|1889
|-
|Columbia University School of General Studies
|1947
|}
Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian institution of higher education. Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York". The university's first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is governed by 24 trustees, customarily including the president, who serves ''[[Social:Ex officio member|ex officio]]''. The trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. Another six are nominated by the board in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate. The remaining 12, including the president, are nominated by the trustees themselves through their internal processes. The term of office for trustees is six years. Generally, they serve for no more than two consecutive terms. The trustees appoint the president and other senior administrative officers of the university, and review and confirm faculty appointments as required. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, authorize the budget, supervise the endowment, direct the management of the university's real estate and other assets, and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university.<ref name="Columbia.edu2">{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/board-trustees.html|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>
[[File:Lowbanners.jpg|left|thumb|Low Memorial Library]]
The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the provost, the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all of whom serve ''ex officio'', and five additional representatives, appointed by the president, from the university's administration. The president serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Senate|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref><ref name="senate.columbia.edu2">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Election packet|url=http://senate.columbia.edu|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB2">{{cite web|title=Elections|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html|website=Senate.columbia.edu}}</ref>

The president of Columbia University, who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost, the senior executive vice president, the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences, several other vice presidents, the general counsel, the secretary of the university, and the deans of the faculties, all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure.<ref name="Columbia.edu2" /> Lee C. Bollinger became the 19th president of Columbia University on June 1, 2002. As president of the University of Michigan, he played a leading role in the twin Supreme Court cases Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger, which upheld the use of student diversity as a compelling justification for affirmative action in higher education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office of the President: Lee Bollinger|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/president/docs/bio/index.html|access-date=April 14, 2011|website=Columbia.edu}}</ref>
[[File:Barnard College, June 4, 1913 (LOC).jpg|thumb|The Barnard College Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library.]]
Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges: Columbia College, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree; the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree; the School of General Studies, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study; and [[Organization:Barnard College|Barnard College]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Schools {{!}} Columbia University in the City of New York|url=https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics/schools|access-date=2021-10-25|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schools of Columbia University|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/academics.html|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> [[Organization:Barnard College|Barnard College]] is a women's liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University. Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions – Barnard College|url=https://barnard.edu/frequently-asked-questions-8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225231547/https://barnard.edu/frequently-asked-questions-8|archive-date=February 25, 2019|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Barnard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHARTERS AND STATUTES : Columbia University in the City of New York|url=https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Faculty%20Affairs/Charters%20and%20Statutes%20September%202016.pdf|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Provost.columbia.edu}}</ref> Barnard students are also eligible to cross-register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross-Registration: Columbia and Barnard College – Office of the University Registrar|url=https://registrar.columbia.edu/cross-registration-columbia-and-barnard-college|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Registrar.columbia.edu}}</ref>

Joint degree programs are available through Union Theological Seminary, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America,<ref>{{cite web|title=JTS Joint Program|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/jts-joint-program|access-date=January 19, 2018|website=Gs.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> as well as through the [[Organization:Juilliard School|Juilliard School]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia-Juilliard Program {{!}} Columbia Undergraduate Admissions|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/apply/first-year/juilliard-program|access-date=January 19, 2018|website=Undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Patti|first=Jill Pasternak, Joe|title=Crossing Boundaries from Past to Future: Pianist Conrad Tao on Crossover|language=en|url=http://wrti.org/post/crossing-boundaries-past-future-pianist-conrad-tao-crossover|access-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref> Teachers College and [[Organization:Barnard College|Barnard College]] are faculties of the university; both colleges' presidents are deans under the university governance structure.<ref name="columbia.edu2">{{cite web|title=Charters and Statutes|url=http://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf|website=Secretary.columbia.edu}}</ref> The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two-year terms; all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire university. Teachers College is an affiliated, financially independent graduate school with their own Board of Trustees.<ref name="senate.columbia.edu2" /><ref name="ReferenceB2" /> Pursuant to an affiliation agreement, Columbia is given the authority to confer "appropriate degrees and diplomas" to the graduates of Teachers College. The degrees are signed by presidents of Teachers College and Columbia University.<ref name="secretary.columbia.edu2">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Charters and Statutes|url=http://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet – Barnard College|url=https://barnard.edu/pressroom/fact-sheet|website=Barnard.edu}}</ref><ref name="columbia.edu2" /> Columbia's General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through [[Organization:University College London|University College London]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York|url=http://www.laws.ucl.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/llb-degrees/joint-llb-jd/|access-date=July 29, 2016|publisher=University College London}}</ref> Sciences Po,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/sciences-po/|access-date=August 3, 2015|website=Gs.columbia.edu}}</ref> City University of Hong Kong,<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Bachelor's Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/cityu-hk|access-date=August 12, 2016|website=Gs.columbia.edu}}</ref> Trinity College Dublin,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dual BA Program {{!}} Trinity College Dublin|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/tcd/dual-ba-program|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211183902/http://gs.columbia.edu/tcd/dual-ba-program|archive-date=December 11, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2018|website=Gs.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> and the [[Organization:Juilliard School|Juilliard School]].<ref name="college.columbia2">{{cite web|title=Columbia-Juilliard Exchange|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/apply/first-year/juilliard-exchange|website=Undergrad.asmissions.columbia.edu}}</ref>

The university also has several Columbia Global Centers, in [[Place:Amman|Amman]], [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], Istanbul, {{wipe|Mumbai}}, [[Place:Nairobi|Nairobi]], [[Place:Paris|Paris]], Rio de Janeiro, [[Place:Santiago|Santiago]], and [[Place:Tunis|Tunis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Global Centers|url=http://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-global-centers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028002315/http://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-global-centers|archive-date=October 28, 2011|access-date=May 4, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>

=== International partnerships ===
Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as Sciences Po,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Redden|first=Elizabeth|date=4 April 2018|title=Columbia, Trinity College Dublin start new dual B.A. program|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/04/04/columbia-trinity-college-dublin-start-new-dual-ba-program|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Inside Higher Ed|language=en}}</ref> École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), École normale supérieure (ENS), Panthéon-Sorbonne University, [[Organization:King's College London|King's College London]], [[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics]], and the [[Organization:University of Warwick|University of Warwick]]. Select students can study at either the [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] or the [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] for a year if approved by both Columbia and either Oxford or Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://global.undergrad.columbia.edu/program/oxfordcambridge-scholars-program-academic-year|title = Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program: Academic Year &#124; Undergraduate Global Engagement}}</ref>

===Rankings===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Infobox US university ranking
<!-- U.S. rankings -->
|USNWR_NU=2
|ARWU_NU=6
|THE_WSJ=15
|Wamo_NU=14
|Forbes=5
<!-- Global rankings -->
|ARWU_W=7
|QS_W=19
|THES_W=11
|USNWR_W=6
}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Columbia Lions|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=Columbia University – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 18, 2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/columbia-university-190150/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Biological Sciences || 18
|-
| Business || 7
|-
| Chemistry || 9
|-
| Computer Science || 13
|-
| Earth Sciences || 5
|-
| Economics || 9
|-
| Engineering || 15
|-
| English || 8
|-
| Fine Arts || 10
|-
| Health Care Management || 15
|-
| History || 5
|-
| Law || 4
|-
| Mathematics || 7
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care || 66
|-
| Medicine: Research || 4
|-
| Nursing: Doctorate || 5
|-
| Nursing: Master's || 5
|-
| Nursing–Anesthesia || 22
|-
| Nursing–Midwifery || 13
|-
| Occupational Therapy || 8
|-
| Physical Therapy || 25
|-
| Physics || 10
|-
| Political Science || 8
|-
| Psychology || 17
|-
| Public Affairs || 13
|-
| Public Health || 4
|-
| Social Work || 3
|-
| Sociology || 11
|-
| Statistics || 16
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Columbia Lions|color=white}}" |Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=Columbia University – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=April 27, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/columbia-university-190150/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Arts & Humanities || 16
|-
| Biology & Biochemistry || 14
|-
| Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems || 3
|-
| Chemistry || 48
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 10
|-
| Computer Science || 50
|-
| Economics & Business || 7
|-
| Electrical & Electronic Engineering || 94
|-
| Engineering || 81
|-
| Environment/Ecology || 28
|-
| Geosciences || 4
|-
| Immunology || 26
|-
| Materials Science || 27
|-
| Mathematics || 6
|-
| Microbiology || 19
|-
| Molecular Biology & Genetics || 12
|-
| Neuroscience & Behavior || 7
|-
| Oncology || 39
|-
| Pharmacology & Toxicology || 60
|-
| Physics || 11
|-
| Plant & Animal Science || 237
|-
| Psychiatry/Psychology || 5
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 8
|-
| Space Science || 33
|-
| Surgery || 14
|}
{{col-end}}
Columbia University is ranked 2nd overall among U.S. national universities and 6th globally for 2021 by ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=2020 Best National University Rankings|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|access-date=23 April 2020|website=U.S. News & World Reports}}</ref> QS University Rankings listed Columbia as 5th in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-11|title=QS USA Rankings 2020|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/usa-rankings/2020|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref> Ranked 15th among U.S. colleges for 2020 by ''{{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}}'' and ''Times Higher Education'', in recent years it has been ranked as high as 2nd.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2020|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/united-states/2020#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|access-date=May 7, 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education|date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by ''U.S. News & World Report'' for its 2021 edition. Columbia Law School was ranked 4th, the Mailman School of Public Health 4th, the School of Social Work tied for 3rd, [[Organization:Columbia Business School|Columbia Business School]] 8th, the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for 6th for research (and tied for 31st for primary care), the School of Nursing tied for 11th in the master's program and tied for 1st in the doctorate nursing program, and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (graduate) was ranked tied for 14th.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=U.S. News Best Graduate Schools|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools|access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Columbia was ranked 7th in the world (6th in the United States) by ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'', 6th in the world by ''U.S. News & World Report'', 19th in the world by ''QS World University Rankings'', and 11th globally by ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-25|title=World University Rankings|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en}}</ref> It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lombardi|first1=John V.|last2=Abbey|first2=Craig W.|last3=Craig|first3=Diane D.|date=2020|title=The Top American Research Universities: 2019 Annual Report|url=https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2019.pdf|access-date=July 17, 2021|website=mup.umass.edu}}</ref>

Columbia's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation was ranked the 2nd most admired graduate program by Architectural Record in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=America's Top Architecture Schools 2020|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14289-americas-top-architecture-schools-2020?v=preview|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.architecturalrecord.com|language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries.<ref>{{cite web|author=BRIAN TUMULTY|date=April 13, 2015|title=Half of N.Y. colleges pay profs less than $100K|url=http://www.ithacajournal.com/story/news/local/2015/04/13/new-york-professor-pay/25683261/|access-date=August 3, 2015|work=Ithaca Journal}}</ref> In 2011, the Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities ranked Columbia 3rd best university for forming CEOs in the US and 12th worldwide.

===Research===
[[File:HavemeyerFront.jpg|thumb|Havemeyer Hall, a National Historic Chemical Landmark, where deuterium was discovered in 1931. Research conducted in Havemeyer has led to at least seven Nobel Prizes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 9, 1998|title=Havemeyer Hall|url=https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/havemeyerhall/havemeyer-hall-at-columbia-university-commemorative-booklet.pdf|website=www.acs.org}}</ref>]]
Columbia is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web|title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=190150|access-date=18 July 2020|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education}}</ref> Columbia was the first North American site where the [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]] atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of ''Principles of Neural Science'', described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience 'bible' ".<ref>{{cite book|last=Guenther|first=Katja|title=Localization and Its Discontents: A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro Disciplines|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-226-28820-8|location=Chicago|page=155}}</ref> The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner [[Biography:Eric Kandel|Eric Kandel]], James H. Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell. Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio and the [[Physics:Laser|laser]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia To Go|url=http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605140310/http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf|archive-date=June 5, 2007|access-date=April 29, 2007|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> The first [[Brain–computer interface|brain-computer interface]] capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by neuroengineers at Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paez|first=Danny|title=Incredible New Brain-Computer Interface Can Translate Thoughts Into Speech|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/52812-brain-computer-interface-translates-thoughts-to-speech|access-date=2019-01-30|website=Inverse|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-01-29|title=Artificial intelligence translates thoughts directly into speech in scientific first|language=en|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/brain-computer-interface-ai-translates-thoughts-speech-artificial-intelligence-columbia-university-a8753031.html|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia Researchers Developed Technology That Can Translate Brain Activity Into Words|url=http://fortune.com/2019/01/30/columbia-ai-speech-synthesizer-translate-thoughts/|access-date=2019-01-30|website=Fortune.com|language=en}}</ref> The [[MPEG-2]] algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist [[Biography:Martin Chalfie|Martin Chalfie]] was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herper|first=Matthew|date=July 26, 2001|title=Biotech's Glowing Breakthrough|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/07/26/0726gfp_print.html|access-date=February 27, 2008}}</ref> Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), [[Session Initiation Protocol]] (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue [[Engineering:LED|LED]]s, and Beamprop (used in photonics).<ref name="inventions_nind2">{{cite web|title=New Inventions / New Discoveries|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV's%20Success%20Stories.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170734/http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV%27s%20Success%20Stories.pdf|archive-date=June 13, 2007|access-date=April 29, 2007|publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures}}</ref>

Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.<ref name="inventions_nind2" /> More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, [[Chemistry:Latanoprost|Latanoprost]] (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, [[Chemistry:Homocysteine|homocysteine]] (testing for cardiovascular disease), and Zolinza (for cancer therapy).<ref name="inventions_stvss2">{{cite web|title=Science and Technology Ventures – Success Stories|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061844/http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34|archive-date=February 21, 2008|access-date=February 27, 2008|publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures}}</ref> Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), {{as of|2008|lc=yes}}, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements.<ref name="inventions_stvss2" /> Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230&nbsp;million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university, more than any university in the world.<ref name="inventions_pbitctc2">{{cite news|last=Reedy|first=Katie|date=November 28, 2006|title=Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia|newspaper=Columbia Spectator|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/2006/11/28/patents-bring-cash-columbia|access-date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information dedicated to [[Engineering:Telecommunication|telecommunication]]s and the [[Organization:Goddard Institute for Space Studies|Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], which is an [[Astronomy:Astronomy|astronomical]] [[Astronomy:Observatory|observatory]] affiliated with [[Organization:NASA|NASA]].

===Military and veteran enrollment===
Columbia is a long-standing participant of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Yellow Ribbon Program, allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Military Veterans|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/military-veterans|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Gs.columbia.edu}}</ref> As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program (ELDP) in partnership with the United States Military Academy at West Point, Columbia is the only school in the Ivy League to offer a graduate degree program in organizational psychology to aid military officers in tactical decision making and strategic management.<ref>{{cite web|title=About – Teachers College, Columbia University|url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/resiliencecenter/about/|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Tc.columbia.edu}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
[[File:Lee C. Bollinger awarding the 2003 Pulitzer Prize to Jeffrey Eugenides.jpg|thumb|President Lee Bollinger presents the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Jeffrey Eugenides.]]
Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University, most notably the Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in history.<ref name="history">{{cite web|last=Topping|first=Seymour|year=2008|title=History of The Pulitzer Prizes|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/historyofprizes|access-date=September 13, 2011|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University}} Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bancroft Prizes {{!}} Columbia University Libraries|url=https://library.columbia.edu/about/awards/bancroft.html|access-date=2021-05-09|website=library.columbia.edu}}</ref> Other prizes, which are awarded by the Graduate School of Journalism, include the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, the National Magazine Awards, the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes, the John Chancellor Award, and the Lukas Prizes, which include the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize and Mark Lynton History Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Prizes|url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/prizes|website=Columbia Journalism School}}</ref> The university also administers the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, which is considered an important precursor to the Nobel Prize, 51 of its 101 recipients having gone on to win either a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or Nobel Prize in Chemistry as of October 2018; the W. Alden Spencer Award; the Vetlesen Prize, which is known as the Nobel Prize of geology; the Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature, the oldest such award; the Edwin Howard Armstrong award; the Calderone Prize in public health; and the Ditson Conductor's Award.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-14|title=The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize|url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/research/louisa-gross-horwitz-prize|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Columbia University Irving Medical Center|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-01|title=40th Annual W. Alden Spencer Lecture and Award|url=https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/40th-annual-w-alden-spencer-lecture-and-award|access-date=2021-06-11|website=zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Vetlesen Prize {{!}} Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory|url=https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/the-vetlesen-prize|access-date=2021-05-09|website=www.ldeo.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture|url=http://www.keenecenter.org/translation_prize.html|access-date=2021-05-09|website=www.keenecenter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Edwin Howard Armstrong Memorial Award. Columbia University Electrical Engineering Department. {{!}} Scholars@Duke|url=https://scholars.duke.edu/display/awdrec38466|access-date=2021-05-09|website=scholars.duke.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASPPH {{!}} Columbia Calling for Nominees: The Frank A. Calderone Prize in Public Health — Deadline June 30th|url=https://www.aspph.org/columbia-calling-for-nominees-the-frank-a-calderone-prize-in-public-health-deadline-june-30th/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=www.aspph.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=1940-05-16|title=Columbia Receives Trust to Aid Music|page=31|newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/05/16/archives/columbia-receives-trust-to-aid-music-mrs-charles-h-ditson-widow-of.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-02-20}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Students===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:RIGHT; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;"
|+''Demographics of student body – 2020''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Columbia University|date=January 12, 2021|title=Headcount Enrollment by School, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, Fall 2020|url=https://opir.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_enrollment_ethnicity.pdf|access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA2">See Demographics of the United States for references.</ref>
!
!Undergraduate
!Postgraduate
|-
!Asian/Pacific Islander
|16.6%
|11.6%
|-
!Black
|6.7%
|4.5%
|-
!Hispanic
|14.0%
|6.2%
|-
!American Indian/Alaskan Native
|0.4%
|0.1%
|-
!Two or more races
|5.7%
|2.0%
|-
!White
|33.9%
|29.5%
|-
!Non-residents
|18.3%
|40.7%
|-
!Unknown
|4.4%
|5.5%
|}
In 2020, Columbia University's student population was 31,455 (8,842 students in undergraduate programs and 22,613 in postgraduate programs), with 45% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority.<ref name=":2" /> Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000. 16% of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Figures {{!}} Columbia Financial Aid and Educational Financing|url=https://cc-seas.financialaid.columbia.edu/eligibility/facts|access-date=2019-01-28|website=Cc-seas.financialaid.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000. Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quick Fact: First Generation {{!}} Columbia Undergraduate Admissions|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/explore/fact/quick-fact-first-generation|access-date=2019-04-01|website=undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu}}</ref>

On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: Carman Hall, Furnald Hall, Hartley Hall, John Jay Hall, or Wallach Hall (originally Livingston Hall). Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style housing with their friends. The Columbia University School of General Studies, [[Organization:Barnard College|Barnard College]] and graduate schools have their own apartment-style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|title=Housing and Dining|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University Office of Student Affairs}}</ref>

Columbia University is home to many fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/faq/campus.php#4 Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life]. Retrieved September 12, 2007.</ref> Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of Alpha Delta Phi.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Alpha Delta Phi Society: About Us|url=http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207180508/http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|archive-date=February 7, 2011|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> The InterGreek Council is the self-governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, and Multicultural Greek Council. The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community. The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/resprograms/fraternity_sorority/council/|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>

====Publications====
[[File:Spec1962.jpg|thumb|Copies of the ''Columbia Daily Spectator'' being sold during the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike]]
[[File:JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg|thumb|The Art Deco cover of the November 1931 edition of the ''Jester'', celebrating the opening of the George Washington Bridge]]
The ''Columbia Daily Spectator'' is the nation's second-oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper;<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> and ''The Blue and White'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Blue & White|url=http://www.theblueandwhite.org/|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> a monthly literary magazine established in 1890, discusses campus life and local politics in print and on its daily blog, dubbed ''Bwog''. ''The Morningside Post'' is a student-run multimedia news publication. Its content: student-written investigative news, international affairs analysis, opinion, and satire.

Political publications include ''The Current'', a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs;<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Current: a journal of contemporary politics, culture, and Jewish affairs at Columbia University|url=http://www.columbia-current.org/|website=The Current}}</ref> the ''Columbia Political Review'', the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union;<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Political Review|url=http://www.cpreview.org|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> and ''AdHoc'', which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events.<ref>{{cite web|title=AdHoc|url=http://www.adhocmag.com|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref>

''Columbia Magazine'' is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include ''The Columbia Review'', the nation's oldest college literary magazine;<ref>{{cite web|title=The Columbia Review|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804021747/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review/|archive-date=August 4, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> ''Columbia'', a nationally regarded literary journal; the ''Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism'';<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009182446/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/|archive-date=October 9, 2006|access-date=December 7, 2006}}</ref> and ''The Mobius Strip'', an online arts and literary magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mobius Strip|url=http://www.mobiusmag.com|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> ''Inside New York'' is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press, the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside New York|url=http://www.insidenewyork.com/about|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703021020/http://insidenewyork.com/about/|archive-date=July 3, 2011|access-date=October 26, 2009}}</ref>

Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The ''Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal'' prints original science research in its two annual publications.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal|url=https://cusj.columbia.edu}}</ref> The ''Journal of Politics & Society'' is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences;<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Politics & Society|url=http://www.helvidius.org|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> ''Publius'' is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually;<ref>{{cite web|title=Publius: About|url=http://www.publiuscu.org/about-publius/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191716/http://www.publiuscu.org/about-publius/|archive-date=July 27, 2011|access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> the ''Columbia East Asia Review'' allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by the [[Organization:Weatherhead East Asian Institute|Weatherhead East Asian Institute]];<ref>{{cite web|title=East Asia Review: About Us|url=http://www.eastasiareview.org/about/index.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420091255/http://www.eastasiareview.org/about/index.shtml|archive-date=April 20, 2011|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=East Asia Review}}</ref> ''The Birch'' is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind;<ref>{{cite web|title=The Birch|url=http://www.thebirchonline.org|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> the ''Columbia Economics Review'' is the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department; and the ''Columbia Science Review'' is a science magazine that prints general interest articles and faculty profiles.<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Vision|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/csr/about.html|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia Science Review}}</ref>

Humor publications on Columbia's campus include ''The Fed'', a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the ''Jester of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fed|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804020230/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed/|archive-date=August 4, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref>''<ref>{{cite web|title=Jester of Columbia|url=http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713103115/http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com/|archive-date=July 13, 2011|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> Other publications include ''The Columbian'', the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook;<ref>{{cite web|title=The Columbian|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/gradzone/guests/gifts|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> the ''Gadfly'', a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gadfly: About|url=http://www.gadflymagazine.com/about/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509035515/http://www.gadflymagazine.com/about/|archive-date=May 9, 2011|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=The Gadlfy}}</ref> and ''Rhapsody in Blue'', an undergraduate urban studies magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rhapsody|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/rhapsody/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624020241/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/rhapsody/|archive-date=June 24, 2010|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include ''Current Musicology'' and ''[[Philosophy:The Journal of Philosophy|The Journal of Philosophy]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Musicology|url=http://music.columbia.edu/%7Ecurmus/|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Journal of Philosophy|url=http://www.journalofphilosophy.org/|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish ''The Bronx Beat'', a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.

Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the ''Columbia Journalism Review'' (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=About Us: Mission Statement|url=https://www.cjr.org/index.php|magazine=Columbia Journalism Review|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref>

====Broadcasting====
Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate campus radio broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, WBAR. WKCR, the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with [[Biography:Edwin Howard Armstrong|Major Edwin Armstrong]]. The station went operational on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, broadcasting the first FM transmission in the world. Initially, WKCR was not a radio station, but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications. As membership grew, however, the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting. Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts, donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room.<ref>{{cite web|year=2009|title="The Original FM": The Columbia University Radio Club|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/wkcr/history|access-date=January 12, 2013|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at [[Finance:4 Times Square|4 Times Square]] in Midtown Manhattan. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest student television station and the home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.<ref>{{cite web|title=CTV News|url=http://www.ctvnewsonline.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104113018/http://www.ctvnewsonline.com/|archive-date=November 4, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CTV|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820181902/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv/|archive-date=August 20, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref>

====Debate and Model UN====
The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 1, 2010|title=History|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/philo/history/|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Philolexian Society}}</ref> The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jaynes, Gregory|date=December 5, 1987|title=No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/05/nyregion/about-new-york-no-not-a-curse-but-a-jersey-prize-for-worst-verse.html|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/debate|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref>

The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's Model United Nations activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIRCA – About|url=http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182951/http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/7|archive-date=July 25, 2011|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref>

===Technology and entrepreneurship===
[[File:Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_(48170362276).jpg|alt=|thumb|Pupin Hall, the physics building, showing the rooftop Rutherfurd Observatory]]
Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kathleen|first=Mary|date=June 7, 2010|title=Mecca on the Hudson?|work=The Deal|url=http://www.thedeal.com/newsweekly/2010/june-7-2010/vc-mecca-on-the-hudson.php#bottom|url-status=dead|access-date=October 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908162123/http://www.thedeal.com/newsweekly/2010/june-7-2010/vc-mecca-on-the-hudson.php|archive-date=September 8, 2010}}</ref>

The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include Peter Thiel, Jack Dorsey,<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Swartz|date=September 17, 2013|title=Square's Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYC|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/09/17/jack-dorsey-square-twitter-paypal-intuit/2777621/|access-date=August 3, 2015|work=USA Today}}</ref> Alexis Ohanian, [[Biography:Drew Houston|Drew Houston]], and Mark Cuban. As of 2006, CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital.

CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook, but Goldberg declined the offer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cormier, Amanda|date=October 7, 2010|title=Columbia's Web 3.0|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2010/10/07/columbias-web-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102155611/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2010/10/07/columbias-web-30|archive-date=November 2, 2010|access-date=October 30, 2010|publisher=The Eye}}</ref> The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS' entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide, made possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Engaged Entrepreneurship|url=http://ctice.columbia.edu/content/engaged-entrepreneurship|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210084331/http://ctice.columbia.edu/content/engaged-entrepreneurship|archive-date=December 10, 2010|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>

On June 14, 2010, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York's media industry. Situated at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, [[Organization:New York University|New York University]], and New York City Economic Development Corporation acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research. The Lab is modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford, and was established with a $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kuchment|first=Anna|date=June 28, 2010|title=Columbia Joins NYC Media Lab|work=The Record|url=http://curecordarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cr20100628-01.2.22&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref>

===Athletics===
[[File:Bigredmarchingband.jpg|thumb|Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium|200x200px]]
{{See also|Harlem River#Recreational uses|l1=C-Rock}}A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in Division I FCS, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track, and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center, which opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball, and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Athletics|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/athletics.php|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>
[[File:GehrigCU.jpg|thumb|Triple Crown winner and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, Lou Gehrig |257x257px]]
Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins, football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman, Marcellus Wiley, and world champion women's weightlifter Karyn Marshall.<ref name="tws02oct012">{{Cite news|author=Carft, Julie|date=July 29, 1989|title=Image is Heavy Burden – Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project 'Femininity, Intelligence'|newspaper={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-07-29/sports/sp-145_1_karyn-marshall|access-date=October 2, 2009}}</ref><ref name="SI2">{{Cite news|last=Lidz|first=Franz|date=March 21, 1988|title=A Lift For Wall Street|work=Sports Illustrated|url=http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1067134/index.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=June 28, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011090230/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1067134/index.htm|archive-date=October 11, 2011}}</ref> On May 17, 1939, fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history.<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007095924/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html|date=October 7, 2008}}. Columbia University.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=20th-Century Greats|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletes_bios.html|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>

Columbia University athletics has a long history, with many accomplishments in athletic fields. In 1870, Columbia played against [[Organization:Rutgers University|Rutgers University]] in the second intercollegiate rugby football game in the history of the sport. Eight years later, Columbia crew won the famed Henley Royal Regatta in the first-ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters. In 1900, Olympian and Columbia College student Maxie Long set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47.8 seconds. In 1983, Columbia men's soccer went 18–0 and was ranked first in the nation, but lost to Indiana 1–0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game; nevertheless, the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history.<ref>{{cite web|year=2004|title=Columbia Athletics Highlight|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletics_timeline.html|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s: between 1983 and 1988, the team lost 44 games in a row, which is still the record for the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision. The streak was broken on October 8, 1988, with a 16–13 victory over arch-rival [[Organization:Princeton University|Princeton University]]. That was the Lions' first victory at Wien Stadium, which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old.<ref>[http://www.wikicu.com/Losing_streak Losing streak]. Wikicu.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.</ref> A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities, two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Football Hosts Columbia in Liberty Cup Game on Saturday|url=https://fordhamsports.com/news/2015/9/17/FB_0917155020.aspx|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Fordham University Athletics|language=en}}</ref>

===World Leaders Forum===
[[File:Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg|left|thumb|World Leaders Forum at Low Memorial Library]]
Established in 2003 by university president Lee C. Bollinger, the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures, while educating students about problems and progress around the globe.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the World Leaders Forum|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/president-lee-c-bollingers-statement-about-world-leaders-forum|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828133419/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/president-lee-c-bollingers-statement-about-world-leaders-forum|archive-date=August 28, 2015|access-date=August 3, 2015|website=Worldleaders.columbia.edu}}</ref>

Past forum speakers include former president of the United States Bill Clinton, the prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former president of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor, president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, president of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano, president of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert, president of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu, president of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, the first female president of Finland Tarja Halonen, President Yudhoyono of Indonesia, President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President Jalal Talabani, the [[Biography:14th Dalai Lama|14th Dalai Lama]], president of the Islamic Republic of Iran [[Biography:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], financier George Soros, Mayor of New York City Michael R. Bloomberg, President [[Biography:Václav Klaus|Václav Klaus]] of the Czech Republic, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations [[Biography:Kofi Annan|Kofi Annan]], and [[Biography:Al Gore|Al Gore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Participants &#124; Columbia University World Leaders Forum|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917111318/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants|archive-date=September 17, 2010|access-date=October 30, 2010|publisher=Worldleaders.columbia.edu}}</ref>

===Other===
[[File:2014 Columbia University Earl Hall from north.jpg|thumb|Earl Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its role in serving as a venue for meetings and dances of the Columbia Queer Alliance.]]
The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Orchestra|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624152440/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/|archive-date=June 24, 2015|access-date=August 3, 2015}}</ref> The Notes and Keys, the oldest a cappella group at Columbia, was founded in 1909.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 26, 1909|title=Notes and Keys Launched|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19090226-01.2.9&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22notes+and+keys%22------|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students), LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.<ref>{{cite web|title=CUPAL: Member Organizations|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cupal/#members|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University of Performing Arts}}</ref>

The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student [[Social:Homophile|Homophile]] League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.cqanyc.com/|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia Queer Alliance}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Queer Man on Campus: A History of Non-heterosexual College Men, 1945–2000|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-93336-0|page=167}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref>

Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Hamilton Society: About|url=http://www.advocatesforrotc.org/columbia/hamilton.html|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref>

The largest student service organization at Columbia is Community Impact (CI). Founded in 1981, CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities. CI consists of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs, which serve more than 8,000 people each year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Community Impact|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ci/index.html|access-date=December 29, 2010|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>

Columbia has several secret societies, including St. Anthony Hall, which was founded at the university in 1847, and two senior societies, the Nacoms and Sachems.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sedgwick|first=John|date=October 9, 2015|title=Inside the Legal Intrigue at Columbia's Elite, Secret Campus Society|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/10/saint-anthony-hall-columbia-secret-society|access-date=July 13, 2021|website=Vanity Fair|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 1984|title=Quiet Columbia Groups 'Tap' Seniors|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/29/nyregion/quiet-columbia-groups-tap-seniors.html|access-date=June 13, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Traditions==
{{details|Columbia University traditions}}

===Orgo Night===
[[File:The Columbia University Marching Band (CUMB).jpg|thumb|The Columbia University Marching Band in 2018]]
In one of the school's longest-lasting traditions, begun in 1975, at midnight before the [[Chemistry:Organic chemistry|Organic Chemistry]] exam—often the first day of final exams—the Columbia University Marching Band invaded and briefly occupied the main undergraduate reading room in Butler Library to distract and entertain studying students with some forty-five minutes of raucous jokes and music, beginning and ending with the singing of the school's fight song, "Roar, Lion, Roar".<ref>{{cite news|date=December 20, 1975|title=Columbia Cram Session Can Be Fun, Too|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/20/archives/columbia-cram-session-can-be-fun-too.html|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> After the main show before a crowd that routinely began filling the room well before the announced midnight start time, the Band led a procession to several campus locations, including the residential quadrangle of [[Organization:Barnard College|Barnard College]] for more music and temporary relief from the stress of last-minute studying.

In December 2016, following several years of complaints from students who said that some Orgo Night scripts and advertising posters were offensive to minority groups,<ref>{{cite web|title=If you go to Orgo Night, you're part of the problem|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2014/12/11/if-you-go-orgo-night-youre-part-problem/|access-date=April 23, 2018|work=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref> as well as a ''The New York Times'' article on the Band's crass treatment of sexual assault on campus,<ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Kate|date=May 9, 2015|title=This Year, Columbia Event Finds Joke Fodder in Sexual Assault Debate|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/09/nyregion/columbia-bands-traditional-show-includes-jokes-about-sexual-assault-debate.html|access-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref> University administrators banned the Marching Band from performing its Orgo Night show in the traditional Butler Library location. Protests and allegations of censorship<ref>{{cite web|title=University denies marching band access to Butler Library for Orgo Night – Columbia Daily Spectator|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2016/12/13/marching-band-denied-access-butler-library-orgo-night|access-date=January 20, 2017|website=Columbiaspectator.com}}</ref> followed, but University President Lee Bollinger said that complaints and publicity about the shows had "nothing to do with" the prohibition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollinger defends University's decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler – Columbia Daily Spectator|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2016/12/15/bollinger-defends-universitys-decision-ban-orgo-night-butler|access-date=January 20, 2017|website=Columbiaspectator.com}}</ref> The Band instead performed—at midnight, as usual—outside the main entrance of Butler Library.

The Band's official alumni organization, the Columbia University Band Alumni Association, registered protests with the administration,<ref>{{cite web|title=Orgo Night!|url=http://columbiabandalumni.org/orgo-night/|access-date=April 23, 2018|website=Columbiabandalumni.org}}</ref> and an ad hoc group of alumni writing under the name "A. Hamiltonius" published a series of pamphlets addressing their dissatisfaction with the ban,<ref>{{cite web|title=In Defense of Orgo Night|url=http://columbiaorgonight.blogspot.com/|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> but at the end of the spring 2017 semester the university administration held firm,<ref>{{cite web|title=University stands by decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler as alumni pressure mounts – Columbia Daily Spectator|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/04/25/university-stands-by-decision-to-ban-orgo-night-from-butler-as-alumni-pressure-mounts/|access-date=July 11, 2017|website=cColumbiaspectator.com}}</ref> prompting the Marching Band to again stage its show outside the building. For Orgo Night December 2017, Band members quietly infiltrated the library with their musical instruments during the evening and popped up at midnight to perform the show inside despite the ban.<ref>{{cite web|last=Piper|first=Greg|date=December 21, 2017|title=How Columbia's politically incorrect marching band outwitted the administration's censorship attempt|url=https://www.thecollegefix.com/post/40269/|access-date=December 22, 2017|work=The College Fix}}</ref> Prior to the spring 2018 exam period, the administration warned the group's leaders against a repeat and restated the injunction, warning of sanctions; the Band again staged its Orgo Night show in front of the library.<ref>{{cite web|author=1 Comments|date=2018-05-03|title=Orgo Night Spring 2018 Liveblog – Bwog|url=http://bwog.com/2018/05/03/orgo-night-spring-2018-liveblog/|access-date=2018-09-17|publisher=Bwog.com}}</ref>

===Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = College Walk night jeh.JPG
| image2 = Yule Log Ceremony 1910.png
| caption1 = Tree Lighting at College Walk
| caption2 = The first modern Yule Log ceremony in John Jay Hall, 1910
}}
The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and Hamilton Hall on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot chocolate, performances by ''a cappella'' groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jason Hollander|title=Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html|access-date=April 15, 2011|publisher=Columbia University News}}</ref>

Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War, but lapsed before being revived by President [[Biography:Nicholas Murray Butler|Nicholas Murray Butler]] in 1910. A troop of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of ''A Visit From St. Nicholas'' by Clement Clarke Moore and ''Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus'' by Francis Pharcellus Church.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hollander|first=Jason|date=December 3, 1999|title=Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html|access-date=August 10, 2006|work=Columbia News}}</ref>

===The Varsity Show===
The Varsity Show is an annual musical written by and for students and was established in 1894, making it one of Columbia's oldest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, I.A.L. Diamond, Herman Wouk and Eric Garcetti. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 10, 2005|title=The Varsity Show, April 15–18|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/04/04/varsity_show.html|access-date=December 3, 2006|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Alumni ===
The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five Founding Fathers of the United States, an author of the United States Constitution and a member of the Committee of Five. Three United States presidents have attended Columbia,<ref name="parks2">{{cite web|title=The Presidents of the United States – Biographical Sketches|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/presidents/bio.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630010841/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/bio.htm|archive-date=June 30, 2007|access-date=April 13, 2011|publisher=US National Park Service}}</ref> as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, including three Chief Justices. {{As of|2011}}, 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia.<ref name="Columbia Arts Alumni2">{{cite web|title=Columbia Arts Alumni|url=http://www.cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123215722/http://cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|archive-date=January 23, 2011|access-date=June 28, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.<ref name="Members By Parent Institution2">{{cite web|title=Members By Parent Institution|url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615200340/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30|archive-date=June 15, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006|work=National Academy of Engineering}}</ref>

In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 29, 2016|title=The Universities Churning Out The Most Billionaires|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/11/29/the-universities-churning-out-the-most-billionaires-infographic/#6ca1ff5d6613}}</ref><ref name="Marie Thibault2">{{cite news|author=Marie Thibault|title=In Pictures: Billionaire University|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html|access-date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>

Former U.S. Presidents [[Biography:Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt]] and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S President [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia News Announcement|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/11/obama.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia.edu}}</ref> Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg,<ref>{{cite web|date=March 7, 2006|title=Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff|url=https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright,<ref>{{cite book|last=Albright|first=Madeleine|url=https://archive.org/details/madamsecretary00albr_0|title=Madam Secretary: A Memoir|publisher=Miramax|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7868-6843-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/madamsecretary00albr_0/page/71 71]|url-access=registration}}<!--| access-date=April 16, 2011--></ref> former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Justin|title=Greenspan: The Man behind Money|date=October 15, 2009|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7382-0275-4|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=27–31}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref> U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, and U.S. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tucker-Hamilton|first=Racine|author2=Hickey, Matthew|date=December 17, 2004|title=Interview with Eric H. Holder, Jr.|work=Oral history project|publisher=The History Makers|format=Interview|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|url-status=dead|access-date=November 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221232555/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|archive-date=December 21, 2008}}</ref> The university has also educated 29 foreign [[Social:Head of state|heads of state]], including president of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, president of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta, president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves and other historical figures such as Wellington Koo, Radovan Karadžić, Gaston Eyskens, and T. V. Soong. The author of India's constitution Dr. [[Biography:B. R. Ambedkar|B. R. Ambedkar]] was also an alumnus of Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumnus, Author of Indian Constitution Honored|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss9/record2109.21.html|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref>

Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the Astor family<ref>{{cite news|date=August 24, 1890|title=Letters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1890/08/24/archives/letters-to-the-editor-the-interesting-career-of-john-jacob-astor-ii.html|access-date=April 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Cuyler|url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn|title=Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley|publisher=Lewis Historical Pub. Co.|year=1914|page=[https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn/page/1263 1263]|quote=William Waldorf Astor columbia law school.|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor Warren Buffett,<ref>{{cite news|date=March 1, 2011|title=World's Billionaires: Warren Buffett|work={{wipe|Forbes}}|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett|access-date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman,<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Television News|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1999|isbn=978-1-57356-108-2}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref> chairman of Wal-Mart S. Robson Walton,<ref>{{cite news|last=Serwer|first=Andy|date=November 15, 2004|title=The Waltons: Inside America's Richest Family|website=Fortune.com|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/11/15/8191093/index.htm|access-date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Bain Capital Co-Managing Partner, Jonathan Lavine,<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 15, 2017|title=Bain to Manage Harvard Endowment's $3.4 Billion of Real Estate|language=en|website=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-15/bain-to-manage-harvard-endowment-s-3-4-billion-of-real-estate|access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia College awards highest honor to Jonathan S. Lavine, CC '88 – Columbia Daily Spectator|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/11/17/columbia-college-awards-highest-honor-to-jonathan-s-lavine-cc-88/|access-date=January 26, 2018|website=Columbiaspectator.com}}</ref> [[Company:Thomson Reuters|Thomson Reuters]] CEO Tom Glocer,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-22|title=Tom Glocer – Thomson Reuters|url=http://thomsonreuters.com/content/corporate/biographies/Tom_Glocer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722163219/http://thomsonreuters.com/content/corporate/biographies/Tom_Glocer|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-07-22|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Edmund|date=December 2, 2011|title=Thomson Reuters CEO Glocer Steps Down as Smith Takes Over|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-02/thomson-reuters-says-chief-executive-glocer-to-be-succeeded-by-james-smith|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Bloomberg}}</ref> and [[Company:AllianceBernstein|AllianceBernstein]] Chairman and CEO Lewis A. Sanders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-03-09|title=Executive outflow may hit AllianceBernstein|url=https://www.pionline.com/article/20090309/PRINT/303099978/executive-outflow-may-hit-alliancebernstein|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Pensions & Investments|language=en}}</ref> CEO's of top Fortune 500 companies include James P. Gorman of Morgan Stanley,<ref>The Age (2009). [http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourneraised-gorman-new-chief-of-morgan-stanley-20090911-fkw8.html Melbourne-raised Gorman new chief of Morgan Stanley]. Retrieved September 13, 2009.</ref> Robert J. Stevens of [[Company:Lockheed Martin|Lockheed Martin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert J. Stevens|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/leadership/bios/stevens.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503062237/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/leadership/bios/stevens.html|archive-date=May 3, 2011|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Lockheed Martin}}</ref> Philippe Dauman of Viacom,<ref>{{cite web|title=Business Profile: Philippe P. Dauman|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=312188&ticker=VIA:US|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Bloomberg Business}}</ref> Robert Bakish of ViacomCBS,<ref>{{Cite web|title=At CES, Viacom CEO Bob Bakish Highlights Transformation and Opportunities|url=https://www.viacomcbs.com/news/company-news/viacom-bob-bakish-ces|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.viacomcbs.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ViacomCBS {{!}} 2021 Fortune 500|url=https://fortune.com/company/cbs/fortune500/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref> [[Biography:Ursula Burns|Ursula Burns]] of [[Company:Xerox|Xerox]],<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 22, 2009|title=Xerox's next CEO: Ursula Burns|url=http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2009/05/22/xeroxs-next-ceo-ursula-burns/|url-status=dead|magazine=Fortune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708172221/http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2009/05/22/xeroxs-next-ceo-ursula-burns/|archive-date=July 8, 2011|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> Devin Wenig of [[Company:EBay|EBay]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-11|title=Secrets of their success: Fortune 500 CEOs discuss Union, influences and dealing with setbacks|url=https://www.union.edu/news/stories/201905/Secrets-of-their-success-Fortune-500-CEOs-discuss-Union-influences-and-dealing-with-setbacks|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Union College|language=en}}</ref> Vikram Pandit of [[Company:Citigroup|Citigroup]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Office of the Secretary of The University|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/pandit/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029053249/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/pandit/index.html|archive-date=October 29, 2010|access-date=April 15, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Ralph Izzo of [[Company:Public Service Enterprise Group|Public Service Enterprise Group]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jersey Companies, Education & Workforce Profile {{!}} Choose NJ|url=https://www.choosenj.com/new-jerseys-assets/stats-and-facts/new-jersey-profile/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Choose New Jersey, Inc.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ralph Izzo, chairman of the board, President & CEO|url=https://corporate.pseg.com/aboutpseg/leadershipandgovernance/executiveofficers/psegcompanyexecutive|access-date=2021-06-29|website=corporate.pseg.com}}</ref> Gail Koziara Boudreaux of [[Company:Anthem|Anthem]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-09|title=Here Are The 31 Powerful CEOs On The Fortune 500 With MBA Degrees|url=https://ceoworld.biz/2019/08/09/here-are-the-31-powerful-ceos-on-the-fortune-500-with-mba-degrees/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=CEOWORLD magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> and Frank Blake of [[Company:The Home Depot|The Home Depot]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wacker|first=Menachem|date=June 26, 2012|title=Where the Fortune 500 CEOs Went to Law School|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/articles/2012/06/26/where-the-fortune-500-ceos-went-to-law-school|access-date=July 6, 2021|website=US News & World News Report}}</ref> Notable labor organizer and women's educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sicherman|first1=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&q=%22louise%20leonard%20mclaren%22%20colombia&pg=PA453|title=Notable American women : the modern period ; a biographical dictionary|last2=Green|first2=Carol Hurd|date=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|edition=6th pring.|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|page=453|access-date=March 17, 2015}}</ref>

In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of [[Company:IBM|IBM]] [[Biography:Herman Hollerith|Herman Hollerith]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Herman Hollerith|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_hollerith.html|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=IBM}}</ref> inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong;<ref>{{cite web|author=Tsividis, Yannis|date=Spring 2002|title=Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html|access-date=April 15, 2011|work=Columbia Magazine}}</ref> Francis Mechner; integral in development of the [[Engineering:Nuclear submarine|nuclear submarine]] Hyman Rickover;<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Thomas|title=Rickover: Father of the Nuclear Navy|publisher=Brassey's|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57488-704-4|page=12}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref> founder of Google China [[Biography:Kai-Fu Lee|Kai-Fu Lee]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Richmond Ezer Escolar|date=June 11, 2008|title=Google Conquers China: An Interview with Kai-Fu Lee|url=http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google+Conquers+China%3A+An+Interview+with+Kai-Fu+Lee|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404162252/http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google%2BConquers%2BChina%3A%2BAn%2BInterview%2Bwith%2BKai-Fu%2BLee|archive-date=April 4, 2012|access-date=April 12, 2012|publisher=Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal}}</ref> scientists [[Biography:Stephen Jay Gould|Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref>Green, Michelle (1986). [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write".] ''People'' '''25''' (June 2): 109–114.</ref> Robert Millikan,<ref>{{cite journal|author=David Goodstein|title=In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/MillikanII.pdf|journal=American Scientist|pages=54–60}}</ref> [[Physics:Helium–neon laser|Helium–neon laser]] inventor [[Biography:Ali Javan|Ali Javan]] and [[Biography:Mihajlo Pupin|Mihajlo Pupin]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Michael Pupin|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109042332/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|archive-date=January 9, 2011|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University: Department of Physics}}</ref> chief-engineer of the New York City Subway, William Barclay Parsons;<ref>{{cite web|title=William Barclay Parsons|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/william_barclay_parsons.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> philosophers Irwin Edman<ref>{{cite web|title=Irwin Edman|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> and [[Biography:Robert Nozick|Robert Nozick]];<ref>{{cite news|author=Ryan, Alan|date=January 30, 2001|title=Obituary: Professor Robert Nozick|work=The Independent|location=London|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> economist [[Biography:Milton Friedman|Milton Friedman]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University 250: Milton Friedman|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> psychologist Harriet Babcock;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict02ogil|title=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92039-1|editor1-last=Ogilvie|editor1-first=Marilyn|location=New York, NY [u.a.]|page=65|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Joy|editor2-link=Joy Harvey|url-access=registration}}</ref> and sociologists Lewis A. Coser and Rose Laub Coser.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|title=Rose L. Coser, 78; Taught Sociology At Stony Brook|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/24/obituaries/rose-l-coser-78-taught-sociology-at-stony-brook.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vromen|first=Suzanne|title=Rose Laub Coser|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/coser-rose-laub|website=Jwa.org}}</ref>

Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers Richard Rodgers,<ref>Rodgers, Richard. ''Musical Stages: An Autobiography'' (2002 Reissue), pp. 12, 20–21, 44. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. {{ISBN|0-306-81134-0}}</ref> Oscar Hammerstein II,<ref>{{cite book|last=Hischak|first=Thomas|title=The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-34140-3|location=Westport, CT|page=9}}</ref> Lorenz Hart,<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/hart_l.html Hughson Mooney, "Lorenz Hart"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901102124/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/hart_l.html|date=September 1, 2012}}, PBS, Excerpted from the ''DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT 3'': 1941–1945. American Council of Learned Societies, 1973. Reprinted by permission of the American Council of Learned Societies, retrieved April 18, 2011</ref> and Art Garfunkel;<ref>Herman, Jan (February 6, 1977). [http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/gannett.html "TV Makes You Famous; Rock 'n Roll Makes You Rich"]. ''Gannett News Service''.</ref> and painter Georgia O'Keeffe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Georgia O'Keeffe|url=https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/georgia_okeeffe.html|access-date=2021-07-04|website=c250.columbia.edu}}</ref> Five United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature, with such people as Jack Kerouac and [[Biography:Allen Ginsberg|Allen Ginsberg]], pioneers of the Beat Generation;<ref>''Literature Resource Center'': [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1410002462&v=2.1&u=iuclassb&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&asid=468444b0b09aacc2b7192350d1606bb6 "The Beat Generation"]. Retrieved November 13, 2013.</ref> and Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, seminal figures in the Harlem Renaissance,<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University 250: Langston Hughes|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/langston_hughes.html|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zora Neale Hurston|url=https://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/zora_hurston.html|access-date=2021-07-04|website=www.c250.columbia.edu}}</ref> all having attended the university. Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors [[Biography:Isaac Asimov|Isaac Asimov]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University 250: Isaac Asimov|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/isaac_asimov.html|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> J.D. Salinger,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/salingerbiograph00alex|title=Salinger: A Biography|publisher=Renaissance|year=1999|isbn=978-1-58063-080-1|location=Los Angeles}}</ref> [[Biography:Upton Sinclair|Upton Sinclair]],<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'': [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545642/Upton-Sinclair "Upton Sinclair"]. Retrieved April 15, 2011.</ref> Ursula K. Le Guin,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ursula K. Le Guin — Biography|url=https://www.ursulakleguin.com/biography|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Ursula K. Le Guin|language=en-US}}</ref> Danielle Valore Evans,<ref>{{cite web|title=Award winning writer Danielle Evans featured in Southeastern's 'Common Read' program|url=http://www.southeastern.edu/news_media/news_releases/2017/march/common_read_evans.html|access-date=March 23, 2017|publisher=Southeastern Louisiana University}}</ref> and Hunter S. Thompson.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Hunter|title=The Proud Highway: Saga of a Desperate Southern Gentleman|publisher=Ballantine Books|year=1998|isbn=978-0-345-37796-8|editor=Douglas Brinkley|edition=1st|page=139|}}</ref>

University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards ({{as of|2011|lc=yes}}).<ref name="Columbia Arts Alumni2" /> Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet (''12 Angry Men'')<ref>{{cite news|date=April 9, 2011|title=Film Obituaries; Sidney Lumet|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8440445/Sidney-Lumet.html|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and Kathryn Bigelow (''The Hurt Locker''),<ref>{{cite web|date=February 22, 2010|title=School of the Arts Alumna Kathryn Bigelow Wins Major British Film Award|url=http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1932|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724084931/http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1932|archive-date=July 24, 2011|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> screenwriters Howard Koch (''Casablanca'')<ref>{{cite news|author=Gussow, Mel|date=August 18, 1995|title=Howard Koch, a Screenwriter For 'Casablanca,' Dies at 93|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/obituaries/howard-koch-a-screenwriter-for-casablanca-dies-at-93.html|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> and Joseph L. Mankiewicz (''All About Eve''),<ref>{{cite news|last=Flint|first=Peter|date=February 6, 1993|title=Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Literate Skeptic of the Cinema, Dies at 83.|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D9113AF935A35751C0A965958260|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> and actors James Cagney<ref>{{cite news|last=Flint|first=Peter|date=March 31, 1986|title=James Cagney Is Dead at 86; Master of Pugnacious Grace|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0717.html|access-date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> and Ed Harris.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandra Brennan|date=2012|title=Ed Harris: Full Biography|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/30614/Ed-Harris/biography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217022013/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/30614/Ed-Harris/biography|archive-date=February 17, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2011|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|department=Movies & TV Dept.}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable Columbia University alumni include:">
File:Alexander Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull 1806.jpg|Alexander Hamilton: Founding Father of the United States; author of ''The Federalist Papers''; 1st United States Secretary of the Treasury — King's College
File:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg|John Jay: Founding Father of the United States; author of ''The Federalist Papers''; 1st Chief Justice of the United States; 2nd Governor of New York — King's College
File:Robert R Livingston, attributed to Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828).jpg|Robert R. Livingston: Founding Father of the United States; drafter of the Declaration of Independence; 1st United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs — King's College
File:Gouverneur Morris.jpg|Gouverneur Morris: Founding Father of the United States; author of the United States Constitution; United States Senator from New York — King's College
File:DeWitt Clinton by Rembrandt Peale.jpg|DeWitt Clinton: United States Senator from New York; 6th Governor of New York; responsible for construction of Erie Canal — Columbia College
File:President Barack Obama.jpg|[[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]]: 44th President of the United States; United States Senator from Illinois; Nobel laureate — Columbia College
File:FDR in 1933.jpg|Franklin D. Roosevelt: 32nd President of the United States; 44th Governor of New York — Columbia Law School
File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|[[Biography:Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt]]: 26th President of the United States; Nobel laureate – Columbia Law School
File:Wellington Koo 1945.jpg|Wellington Koo: acting President of the Republic of China; judge of the International Court of Justice — Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|[[Biography:B. R. Ambedkar|B. R. Ambedkar]]: [[Social:List of national founders#Modern|Founding Father of India]]; architect of the Constitution of India; First Minister of Law and Justice — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Ruth Bader Ginsburg official SCOTUS portrait.jpg|Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States — Columbia Law School
File:Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch Official Portrait.jpg|Neil Gorsuch: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States — Columbia College
File:Charles Evans Hughes cph.3b15401.jpg|Charles Evans Hughes: 11th Chief Justice of the United States; 44th United States Secretary of State; 35th Governor of New York — Columbia Law School
File:Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone photograph circa 1927-1932 (cropped).jpg|Harlan Fiske Stone: 12th Chief Justice of the United States; 52nd United States Attorney General — Columbia Law School
File:William Barr.jpg|William Barr: 77th and 85th United States Attorney General – Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Hamilton Fish Brady Edited.jpg|Hamilton Fish: 26th United States Secretary of State; United States Senator from New York; 16th Governor of New York — Columbia College
File:Secalbright.jpg|Madeleine Albright: 64th United States Secretary of State; first female Secretary of State — School of International and Public Affairs
File:Frances Perkins cph.3a04983.jpg|Frances Perkins: 4th United States Secretary of Labor; first female member of any U.S. Cabinet — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Robert Andrews Millikan 1920s.jpg|Robert A. Millikan: Nobel laureate; measured the elementary electric charge — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:II Rabi.jpg|[[Biography:Isidor Isaac Rabi|Isidor Isaac Rabi]]: Nobel Laureate; discovered [[Physics:Nuclear magnetic resonance|nuclear magnetic resonance]] — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Schwinger.jpg|Julian S. Schwinger: Nobel laureate; pioneer of [[Physics:Quantum field theory|quantum field theory]] — Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Portrait of Milton Friedman.jpg|[[Biography:Milton Friedman|Milton Friedman]]: Nobel laureate, leading member of the Chicago school of economics — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Simon Kuznets 1971b.jpg|[[Biography:Simon Kuznets|Simon Kuznets]]: Nobel laureate; invented concept of [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]]; Milton Friedman's doctoral advisor — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Alan Greenspan color photo portrait.jpg|Alan Greenspan: 13th Chair of the Federal Reserve — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Warren Buffett KU Visit.jpg|Warren Buffett: CEO of [[Company:Berkshire Hathaway|Berkshire Hathaway]]; one of the world's wealthiest people — Columbia Business School
File:Hollerith.jpg|[[Biography:Herman Hollerith|Herman Hollerith]]: inventor; co-founder of [[Company:IBM|IBM]] – School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
File:Robert Kraft at Patriots at Raiders 12-14-08.JPG|Robert Kraft: billionaire; owner of the New England Patriots; chairman and CEO of the Kraft Group — Columbia College
File:Rodgers.jpg|Richard Rodgers: legendary Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony award-winning composer; Pulitzer Prize winner — Columbia College
File:LangstonHughes crop.jpg|Langston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance poet, novelist, and playwright — School of Engineering and Applied Science
File:Zora Neale Hurston.jpg|Zora Neale Hurston: Harlem Renaissance author, anthropologist, and filmmaker — Barnard College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Allen Ginsberg 1979 - cropped.jpg|[[Biography:Allen Ginsberg|Allen Ginsberg]]: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College
File:Kerouac by Palumbo 2 (cropped).png|Jack Kerouac: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College
File:Isaac.Asimov01.jpg|[[Biography:Isaac Asimov|Isaac Asimov]]: science fiction writer; biochemist — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:J. D. Salinger (Catcher in the Rye portrait).jpg|J. D. Salinger: novelist, ''The Catcher in the Rye'' — School of General Studies
File:Amelia Earhart 1935.jpg|Amelia Earhart: first [[Engineering:Women in aviation|female aviator]] to fly solo across the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]] — School of General Studies
File:Jake Gyllenhaal (22373266462) (cropped 2).jpg|Jake Gyllenhaal: actor and film producer — Columbia College
</gallery>

=== Faculty ===
As of 2021, Columbia employs 4,381 faculty, including 70 members of the National Academy of Sciences,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Results|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/search.jsp?query=Columbia+University&includeSubfolders=true&folderID=362872209&typeID=934380820&page=1|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> 178 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Directory {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.amacad.org/directory?field_affiliation=Columbia%20University&field_class_section=All&field_class_section_1=All&field_deceased=1&sort_bef_combine=field_election_year_DESC&sort_by=field_election_year&sort_order=DESC|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.amacad.org}}</ref> and 65 members of the National Academy of Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directory|url=https://nam.edu/directory/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=National Academy of Medicine|language=en-US}}</ref> In total, the Columbia faculty has included 52 Nobel laureates, 12 National Medal of Science recipients,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Search Results {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/results.jsp|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> and 32 National Academy of Engineering members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members Directory|url=https://nae.edu/20412/MemberDirectory|access-date=2021-07-02|website=NAE Website}}</ref>

Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during [[Social:World War II|World War II]] and the creation of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who attended Columbia Law School. The three core members of Roosevelt's Brain Trust: Adolf A. Berle, Raymond Moley, and Rexford Tugwell, were law professors at Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brain Trust {{!}} United States history|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brain-Trust|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The Statistical Research Group, which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II, was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including [[Biography:George Stigler|George Stigler]] and [[Biography:Milton Friedman|Milton Friedman]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAPTER 35 – The Statistical Research Group of World War II – The Flaw of Averages: Why We Underestimate Risk in the Face of Uncertainty [Book]|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-flaw-of/9780470488126/sava_9780470488126_oeb_c35_r1.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.oreilly.com|language=en}}</ref> Columbia faculty and researchers, including [[Biography:Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]], [[Biography:Leo Szilard|Leo Szilard]], [[Biography:Eugene T. Booth|Eugene T. Booth]], [[Biography:John R. Dunning|John R. Dunning]], [[Biography:George B. Pegram|George B. Pegram]], [[Biography:Walter Zinn|Walter Zinn]], [[Biography:Chien-Shiung Wu|Chien-Shiung Wu]], [[Biography:Francis G. Slack|Francis G. Slack]], [[Biography:Harold Urey|Harold Urey]], [[Biography:Herbert L. Anderson|Herbert L. Anderson]], and [[Biography:Isidor Isaac Rabi|Isidor Isaac Rabi]], also played a significant role during the early phases of the [[Physics:Manhattan Project|Manhattan Project]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia University|url=https://www.manhattanprojectvoices.org/location/columbia-university|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.manhattanprojectvoices.org|language=en}}</ref>

Following the rise of [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]], the exiled [[Organization:University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research|Institute for Social Research]] at [[Organization:Goethe University Frankfurt|Goethe University Frankfurt]] would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frankfurt School {{!}} History, Features, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Frankfurt-School|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> It was during this period that thinkers including [[Biography:Theodor W. Adorno|Theodor Adorno]], [[Biography:Max Horkheimer|Max Horkheimer]], and [[Biography:Herbert Marcuse|Herbert Marcuse]] wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the [[Philosophy:Frankfurt School|Frankfurt School]], including ''Reason and Revolution'', ''[[Philosophy:Dialectic of Enlightenment|Dialectic of Enlightenment]]'', and ''Eclipse of Reason''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corradetti|first=Claudio|title=Frankfurt School and Critical Theory {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/frankfur/|access-date=2021-07-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Notable figures that have served as the president of Columbia University include 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower, 4th Vice President of the United States George Clinton, Founding Father and U.S. Senator from Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Biography:Nicholas Murray Butler|Nicholas Murray Butler]], and First Amendment scholar Lee Bollinger.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Columbia University President Profiles {{!}} Columbia University Libraries|url=https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/cuarchives/presidents.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=library.columbia.edu}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable Columbia University faculty include:">
File:Zbigniew Brzezinski, 1977.jpg|Zbigniew Brzezinski
File:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg|Sonia Sotomayor
File:Kimberlé Crenshaw (40901215153).jpg|Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw
File:Lee Bollinger - Daniella Zalcman less noise.jpg|Lee Bollinger
File:FranzBoas.jpg|Franz Boas
File:Margaret Mead (1901-1978).jpg|Margaret Mead
File:Edward Sapir.jpg|Edward Sapir
File:John Dewey cph.3a51565.jpg|[[Biography:John Dewey|John Dewey]]
File:Charles Austin Beard.jpg|Charles A. Beard
File:Max Horkheimer.jpg|[[Biography:Max Horkheimer|Max Horkheimer]]
File:Herbert Marcuse in Newton, Massachusetts 1955 (cropped).jpg|[[Biography:Herbert Marcuse|Herbert Marcuse]]
File:Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002 (Said).jpg|Edward Said
File:Gayatri Spivak on Subversive Festival.jpg|[[Biography:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]]
File:Orhan Pamuk 2009 Shankbone.jpg|Orhan Pamuk
File:EdwinHowardArmstrong.jpg|[[Biography:Edwin Howard Armstrong|Edwin Howard Armstrong]]
File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|[[Biography:Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]]
File:Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) in 1958.jpg|[[Biography:Chien-Shiung Wu|Chien-Shiung Wu]]
File:TD Lee.jpg|[[Biography:Tsung-Dao Lee|Tsung-Dao Lee]]
File:Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG|[[Biography:Jack Steinberger|Jack Steinberger]]
File:Joachim Frank.jpg|[[Biography:Joachim Frank|Joachim Frank]]
File:Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2019 (cropped).jpg|[[Biography:Joseph Stiglitz|Joseph Stiglitz]]
File:FMSTAN & SPIDER Global meeting in Austrian Foreign Ministries in Vienna (49120446508) (cropped).jpg|Jeffrey Sachs
File:Robert Mundell (cropped).jpg|[[Biography:Robert Mundell|Robert Mundell]]
File:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg|[[Biography:Thomas Hunt Morgan|Thomas Hunt Morgan]]
File:Eric Kandel 01.JPG|[[Biography:Eric Kandel|Eric Kandel]]
File:Professor Richard Axel ForMemRS.jpg|[[Biography:Richard Axel|Richard Axel]]
File:Andrei Okounkov 2018.jpg|[[Biography:Andrei Okounkov|Andrei Okounkov]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|New York City
}}{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Columbia Glacier, a [[Earth:Glacier|glacier]] in [[Earth:Alaska|Alaska]], U.S., named for Columbia University
* [[Software:Columbia MM|Columbia MM]], a text-based mail client developed at Columbia University
* [[Physics:Columbia Non-neutral Torus|Columbia Non-neutral Torus]], a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory
* ''Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center'', an album of electronic music released in 1961
* ''Columbia Revolt'', a black-and-white 1968 documentary film
* Columbia Scholastic Press Association
* Columbia School of Linguistics
* Columbia Spelling Board, a historic etymological organization
* Columbia University Partnership for International Development
* [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]
* Mount Columbia, a mountain in Colorado, U.S., named for Columbia University
* Nutellagate, a controversy surrounding high Nutella consumption at Columbia University
* ''The Strawberry Statement'', a non-fiction account of the 1968 protests
* Columbia University in popular culture{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* Robert A. McCaughey: ''Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754–2004'', Columbia University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-231-13008-2}}
* ''Living Legacies at Columbia'', ed. by Wm Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-231-13884-9}}

==External links==

* [http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ Columbia Athletics website]
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