View source for Organization:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization

{{Short description|2022 U.S. Supreme Court decision on abortion}}
{{Infobox SCOTUS case
| Litigants = Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
| ArgueDate = December 1
| ArgueYear = 2021
| DecideDate = June 24
| DecideYear = 2022
| FullName = Thomas E. Dobbs, State Health Officer of the Mississippi Department of Health, et al. v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, et al.
| USVol = 597
| USPage = 
| ParallelCitations = 2022 WL 2276808; 2022 U.S. LEXIS 3057
| Docket = 19-1392
| OralArgument = https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/19-1392
| Opinion = https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf
| Prior = *Summary judgment granted, ''Jackson Women's Health Org. v. Currier'', 349 F. Supp. 3d [https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20181121d57 536] (S.D. Miss. 2018)
*Affirmed sub nom. ''Jackson Women's Health Org. v. Dobbs'', 945 F.3d [https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20191213135 265] (5th Cir. 2019)
*Cert. granted, 141 S. Ct. 2619 (2021)
| Subsequent = 
| QuestionsPresented = Whether all pre-viability prohibitions on elective abortions are unconstitutional.
| Holding = The Constitution does not confer a right to abortion; ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' are overruled; and the authority to regulate abortion is returned to the people and their elected representatives.
| Majority = Alito
| JoinMajority = Thomas, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, Barrett
| Concurrence = Thomas
| Concurrence2 = Kavanaugh
| Concurrence3 = Roberts (in judgment)
| Dissent = Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan
| LawsApplied = U.S. Const. amend. XIV<br/>Mississippi Code § 41-41-191 (2018)
| Overturned previous case = ''Roe v. Wade'' (1973)<br/>''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'' (1992)
}}

'''''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''''', {{ussc|597||2022|docket=19-1392}}, is a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the court held that the Constitution of the United States does not confer a right to [[Medicine:Abortion|abortion]]. The court's decision overruled both ''Roe v. Wade'' (1973) and ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'' (1992), giving individual states the full power to regulate any aspect of abortion not preempted by federal law.

The case concerned the constitutionality of a 2018 Mississippi state law that banned most abortion operations after the first 15 weeks of [[Medicine:Pregnancy|pregnancy]]. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Mississippi's only abortion clinic, had sued Thomas E. Dobbs, state health officer with the Mississippi State Department of Health, in March 2018. Lower courts had prevented enforcement of the law with preliminary [[Social:Injunction|injunction]]s. The injunctions were based on the ruling in ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'', which had prevented states from banning abortion before fetal viability, generally within the first 24 weeks, on the basis that a woman's choice for abortion during that time is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The ideological shift of the Supreme Court during the Trump administration that culminated with the 2020 appointment of Justice Amy Coney Barrett made ''Dobbs'' a potential vehicle for social conservatives to challenge ''Roe''.<ref name="latimes abortion bills"/><ref name="cnn cert"/> Several states passed legislation, including [[Social:Trigger law|trigger law]]s, to strictly regulate abortion should the newly conservative court overturn ''Roe''. ''Dobbs'' gained more attention in the wake of legal battles over the [[Social:Texas Heartbeat Act|Texas Heartbeat Act]], enacted in May 2021, leading to near record-setting ''amicus curiae'' submissions.

Oral arguments before the Supreme Court were held in December 2021. In May 2022, ''Politico'' published a leaked draft majority opinion by Justice Samuel Alito, which prompted more states to pass trigger laws. The leaked draft largely matched the final decision.

On June 24, 2022, the Court issued a decision that, by a vote of 6–3, reversed the lower court rulings. A smaller majority of five justices joined the opinion overturning ''Roe'' and ''Casey''. The majority held that abortion is not a constitutional right, as the Constitution does not mention it and its [[Social:Substantive due process|substantive right]] was not "deeply rooted" in the country's history, and that individual states have the authority to regulate access to abortion. Chief Justice John Roberts agreed with the judgment upholding the Mississippi law but did not join the majority in the opinion to overturn ''Roe'' and ''Casey''.

Leading Republican politicians praised the decision, while their Democratic counterparts denounced it, as did many international observers. Protests and counterprotests over the decision occurred in many U.S. cities and internationally, with polling indicating that 55% to 60% of the public disapproved of overturning ''Roe''.<ref name="roepolls">{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-despite-public-opinion/amp/|title=Roe v. Wade overturned despite public opinion|work=Brookings|first=William|last=Galston|date=June 24, 2022|access-date=June 26, 2022|archive-date=June 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626133257/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-despite-public-opinion/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''Roe v. Wade'',{{refn|group=nb|{{cite web |url = https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/410/113/ |title = Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) |website = Justia |date = January 22, 1973 |access-date = May 12, 2022 }}}} a 1973 landmark decision, that a right to privacy within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution included a woman's qualified right to terminate her pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/arts/roe-v-wade-abortion-history.html |title = The Fight Over Abortion History |first = Jennifer |last = Schuessler |date = May 4, 2022 |access-date = May 8, 2022 |newspaper = The New York Times |archive-date = May 7, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220507204640/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/arts/roe-v-wade-abortion-history.html |url-status = live }}</ref> The Court partly reaffirmed this in ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'',{{refn|group=nb|{{cite web |url = https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/505/833/ |title = Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) |website = Justia |date = June 29, 1992 |access-date = May 12, 2022 }}}} a 1992 case that also struck down ''Roe''{{'}}s pregnancy trimester framework in favor of a fetal viability standard, typically 23 or 24 weeks into pregnancy. ''Casey'' held that laws that restrict abortion before the fetus is viable create an undue burden on women seeking abortions, and are unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause given a woman's right to "[[Social:Substantive due process|substantive due process]]" under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court also ruled that this right is not absolute, must be balanced with possible [[Social:Government interest|government interest]], and may be affected by medical advancements that allow premature babies to survive at younger gestational ages.<ref name="wapost vitality question"/>

After ''Roe'', there was a national political realignment surrounding abortion.<ref name=mz98>{{cite book |last = Ziegler |first = Mary |date = 2015 |title = After Roe: The Lost History of the Abortion Debate |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=es7eCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |location = Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher = Harvard University Press |page = 98 |isbn = 9780674736771 |access-date = May 9, 2022 |archive-date = May 25, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220525052751/https://books.google.com/books?id=es7eCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |url-status = live | via = Google Books}}</ref> The abortion-rights movement in the United States initially emphasized the national policy benefits of abortion, such as smaller welfare expenses, slower population growth, and fewer illegitimate births.<ref name="mz98" /> The abortion-rights movement drew support from the population control movement, feminists, and environmentalists. Anti-abortion advocates and civil-rights activists accused abortion-rights supporters of intending to control the population of racial minorities and the disabled, citing their ties to racial segregationists and eugenicist legal reformers. The abortion-rights movement subsequently distanced itself from the population control movement and took up choice-based and rights-oriented rhetoric similar to what was used in the ''Roe'' decision.<ref name="mz98" />{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Ziegler|2013|p=36}}}}

At the time of ''Roe'', opposition to abortion was largely concentrated in the Catholic Church, with many Protestant faiths leaning in favor of or not taking a stance on it.<ref name=politico522/> Catholics and many Northern Democratic politicians supported an expansive [[Social:Welfare state|welfare state]], wanted to reduce rates of abortion through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care, and opposed abortion.<ref name=atlantic522/> Beginning in the late 1970s, the anti-abortion movement in the United States shifted to Protestant faiths that saw abortion rights as part of a liberal agenda to fight against, and became part of the new [[Social:Christian right|Christian right]].<ref name=politico522>{{cite news |last=Balmer |first=Randall |date=May 10, 2022 |title=The Religious Right and the Abortion Myth
 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/05/10/abortion-history-right-white-evangelical-1970s-00031480 |work=Politico |access-date=August 10, 2022}}</ref> The Protestant influence helped make opposition to abortion part of the Republican Party's platform by the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |last = Elving |first = Ron |date = May 8, 2022 |title = The leaked abortion decision blew up overnight. In 1973, ''Roe'' had a longer fuse |publisher = NPR |url = https://www.npr.org/2022/05/08/1097118409/the-leaked-abortion-decision-blew-up-overnight-in-1973-roe-had-a-longer-fuse |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 9, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220509224349/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/08/1097118409/the-leaked-abortion-decision-blew-up-overnight-in-1973-roe-had-a-longer-fuse |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=atlantic522>{{cite magazine |last = Williams |first = Daniel K. |date = May 9, 2022 |title = This Really Is a Different Pro-Life Movement |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |access-date = May 10, 2022 |magazine = The Atlantic |archive-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220510043840/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Republican-led states enacted laws to restrict abortion, including abortions earlier than ''Casey''{{'}}s general standard of 24 weeks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomson-DeVeaux|first=Amelia|date=June 24, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/roe-v-wade-defined-an-era-the-supreme-court-just-started-a-new-one/|title=Roe v. Wade Defined An Era. The Supreme Court Just Started A New One.|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022|archive-date=June 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624191802/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/roe-v-wade-defined-an-era-the-supreme-court-just-started-a-new-one/|url-status=live}}</ref> The courts enjoined most of these laws.<ref name="latimes abortion bills">{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-04-22/abortion-bills-state-legislatures-supreme-court |title = State lawmakers continue crusade against ''Roe vs. Wade'' with flood of new abortion bills |first = Melanie |last = Mason |date = April 22, 2021 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = {{wipe|Los Angeles Times}} |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517065926/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-04-22/abortion-bills-state-legislatures-supreme-court |url-status = live }}</ref> Fetal viability's usage as a standard was questioned in U.S. abortion-related cases after ''Casey'', including by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her dissenting opinion in ''City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health''. These opinions argued that other scientific, philosophical, and moral considerations are involved.<ref name="wapost vitality question">{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/18/supreme-court-just-took-case-that-could-kill-roe-v-wade-or-let-it-die-slowly/ |title = The Supreme Court just took a case that could kill ''Roe v. Wade'' — or let it die slowly |first = Mary |last = Zeigler |date = May 18, 2021 |accessdate = May 19, 2021 |newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}} |archive-date = September 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210922172534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/18/supreme-court-just-took-case-that-could-kill-roe-v-wade-or-let-it-die-slowly/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

During the Roberts Court since 2005, there had generally been a 5–4 conservative majority with the potential to overturn ''Roe'' and ''Casey''. But one of those conservatives, Anthony Kennedy, had been part of the controlling plurality opinion in ''Casey'' and was generally seen as a safe vote to uphold it.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4243675/heres-what-justice-kennedy-thinks-about-abortion/|first=Charlotte|last=Alter|title=Here's What Justice Kennedy Thinks About Abortion|date=March 2, 2016|magazine={{wipe|Time (magazine)}}|access-date=July 19, 2022}}</ref>  Among the other conservative members were Samuel Alito, who had sat as a circuit judge on the three-judge appellate panel and dissented from the court's invalidation of the spousal notification in ''Casey'';<ref>{{cite news|last=Savage|first=Charlie|date=June 25, 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/25/us/politics/samuel-alito-abortion.html|title=Decades Ago, Alito Laid Out Methodical Strategy to Eventually Overrule Roe|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 30, 2022|archive-date=June 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630103703/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/25/us/politics/samuel-alito-abortion.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Clarence Thomas, who believed the court's use of substantive due process to confer implicit rights, including a right to abortion, was incorrect.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Robin |first=Corey |date=July 9, 2022 |title=The Self-Fulfilling Prophecies of Clarence Thomas |access-date=July 28, 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-self-fulfilling-prophecies-of-clarence-thomas?utm_campaign=falcon&utm_social-type=owned&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&utm_brand=tny&mbid=social_twitter |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722235959/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-self-fulfilling-prophecies-of-clarence-thomas?utm_campaign=falcon&utm_social-type=owned&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&utm_brand=tny&mbid=social_twitter }}</ref> Chief Justice John Roberts was also considered part of the conservative majority, but he was a strong proponent of ''stare decisis'', believing that even some wrongly decided cases should not be overturned,<ref name="guardian positions"/> and a staunch defender of the Court's reputation.<ref name="wapost roberts">{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/07/supreme-court-abortion-roe-roberts-alito/ |title = How the future of Roe is testing Roberts's clout on Supreme Court |first1 = Robert |last1 = Barnes |first2 = Carol D. |last2 = Leonnig |first3 = Ann E. |last3 = Marimow |date = May 7, 2022 |accessdate = May 8, 2022 |newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}} |archive-date = May 7, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220507233410/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/07/supreme-court-abortion-roe-roberts-alito/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Since 2018, when Kennedy retired and was replaced by Brett Kavanaugh, a known ''Casey'' opponent along with Neil Gorsuch, the Court's ideological makeup with respect to abortion rights appeared to have shifted.<ref name="wapost roberts" /> Because of Roberts's stated positions, he was considered the "[[Social:Swing vote|swing vote]]" in abortion cases, but his strong support for upholding even wrongly decided cases would make it difficult for ''Roe'' or ''Casey'' to be challenged.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/scotus-supreme-court-roe-v-wade-trump-abortion-rights-1.4736903 | title = Why Trump's next U.S. Supreme Court pick isn't likely to spell reversal of Roe vs. Wade | first = Matt | last = Kwon | date = July 9, 2018 | accessdate = June 30, 2022 | work = CBC.ca | archive-date = September 4, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210904012313/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/scotus-supreme-court-roe-v-wade-trump-abortion-rights-1.4736903 | url-status = live }}</ref> Nevertheless, several Republican-majority states passed bills restricting abortion, anticipating a potential shift in the Supreme Court and providing possible case vehicles for bringing the issue to it.<ref name="cnn cert" /> When Amy Coney Barrett replaced Ruth Bader Ginsburg in late 2020, the Court's ideological makeup shifted further, creating a 6–3 conservative majority and providing an opportunity to overturn or additionally limit ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' by moving Roberts out of the "swing vote" role.<ref name="latimes abortion bills"/><ref name="cnn cert">{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/17/politics/supreme-court-abortion-mississippi/index.html |title = Supreme Court takes up major abortion case next term that could limit ''Roe v. Wade'' |first1 = Caroline |last1 = Kelly |first2 = Ariane |last2 = de Vogue |date = May 17, 2021 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = CNN |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517141802/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/17/politics/supreme-court-abortion-mississippi/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-abortion-15-week-ban-5d066a9dc0030a4f8297711f341c9f5a |title = Supreme Court to take up major abortion rights challenge |first = Mark |last = Sherman |date = May 17, 2021 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = Associated Press News |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517134437/https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-abortion-15-week-ban-5d066a9dc0030a4f8297711f341c9f5a |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="new yorker barrett">{{cite magazine |last=Talbot |first=Margaret |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Amy Coney Barrett's Long Game |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/02/14/amy-coney-barretts-long-game |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625122028/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/02/14/amy-coney-barretts-long-game |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |quote=[H]er background and her demeanor suggested to social conservatives that, if placed on the Court, she would deliver what they wanted, expanding gun rights and religious liberties, and dumping Roe.}}</ref> Ginsburg had generally been in the majority of past Supreme Court cases that enjoined stricter abortion laws. Conversely, Barrett held anti-abortion views; in 1998, she wrote in a law journal article that abortion is "always immoral".<ref name="guardian positions">{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/may/04/how-supreme-court-justices-voted-abortion-alito-roberts-thomas-kavanaugh |title = US supreme court justices on abortion – what they've said and how they've voted |first = Chris |last = Michaels |date = May 4, 2022 |accessdate = May 4, 2022 |work = {{wipe|The Guardian}} |archive-date = May 4, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220504141016/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/may/04/how-supreme-court-justices-voted-abortion-alito-roberts-thomas-kavanaugh |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garvey |first1=John H. |last2=Coney |first2=Amy V. |title=Catholic Judges in Capital Cases |url=https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/527/ |journal=Marquette Law Review |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=303–350 |date=Winter 1998 |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926002709/https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/527/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Amy Coney Barrett, Trump's Supreme Court Pick, Signed Anti-Abortion Ad|newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/us/amy-coney-barrett-abortion.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002233802/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/us/amy-coney-barrett-abortion.html |archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Itkowitz |first=Colby |year=2020 |title=Who is Amy Coney Barrett, the judge at the top of Trump's list to replace Ruth Bader Ginsburg? |newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}} |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/09/19/who-is-amy-coney-barrett/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001003446/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/09/19/who-is-amy-coney-barrett/ |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |quote=is fervently antiabortion}}</ref>

== Gestational Age Act ==
In March 2018, the Mississippi Legislature passed the '''Gestational Age Act''', which banned any abortion operation after the first 15 weeks of pregnancy, with exceptions for a medical emergency or severe fetal abnormality but none for cases of [[Medicine:Rape|rape]] or [[Social:Incest|incest]].<ref name="npr ms bill passed"/> The medical emergency exception allows abortions to save the life of a pregnant woman and in situations where "the continuation of the pregnancy will create a serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |title = 2019 Mississippi Code Title 41, 41-41-191(3)(j) |website = Justia |date = 2019 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220513115138/https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Hannan 2022">{{cite journal |last = Hannan |first = Jeffrey |date = April 1, 2022 |title = ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization'' and the Likely End of the ''Roe v. Wade'' Era |url = https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=djclpp_sidebar |journal = Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy Sidebar |volume = 17 |issue =  |pages = 282 (page 2 of the PDF) |doi =  |access-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624143054/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=djclpp_sidebar |url-status = live }}</ref> The severe fetal abnormality exception allows abortions of fetuses whose defects will leave them incapable of living outside the womb.<ref name="Hannan 2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url = https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |title = 2019 Mississippi Code Title 41, 41-41-191(3)(h) |website = Justia |date = 2019 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220513115138/https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

The legislature justified this prohibition on the basis that abortions for nontherapeutic or elective reasons were "a barbaric practice, dangerous for the maternal patient, and demeaning to the medical profession".<ref name="Hannan 2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url = https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |title = 2019 Mississippi Code Title 41, 41-41-191(2)(b)(i)(8) |website = Justia |date = 2019 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220513115138/https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Another basis was that the abortion procedures forbidden under the Act were said by the legislature to carry "significant physical and psychological risks",<ref name="Hannan 2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url = https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |title = 2019 Mississippi Code Title 41, 41-41-191(2)(b)(ii) |website = Justia |date = 2019 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220513115138/https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and could cause various medical complications.<ref name="Hannan 2022"/><ref>{{cite web |url = https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |title = 2019 Mississippi Code Title 41, 41-41-191(2)(b)(iv) |website = Justia |date = 2019 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220513115138/https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/gestational-age-act/section-41-41-191/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Governor Phil Bryant signed the bill into law, saying he was "committed to making Mississippi the safest place in America for an unborn child, and this bill will help us achieve that goal".<ref name="npr ms bill passed"/> He added, "We'll probably be sued here in about a half hour, and that'll be fine with me. It is worth fighting over."<ref name="npr ms bill passed">{{cite news |url = https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/19/595045249/mississippi-governor-signs-nations-toughest-abortion-ban-into-law |title = Mississippi Governor Signs Nation's Toughest Abortion Ban Into Law |first = Jenny |last = Gathright |date = March 19, 2018 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = NPR |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517155106/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/19/595045249/mississippi-governor-signs-nations-toughest-abortion-ban-into-law |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Lower courts ===
Within a day of the Gestational Age Act's passage, Mississippi's only abortion clinic, Jackson Women's Health Organization, and one of its doctors, Sacheen Carr-Ellis, sued state officials Thomas E. Dobbs, state health officer with the Mississippi State Department of Health, and Kenneth Cleveland, executive director of the Mississippi State Board of Medical Licensure, to challenge the Act's constitutionality.<ref name="npr ms bill passed"/> The clinic performed surgical abortions up to 16 weeks' gestation and was represented in court by the Center for Reproductive Rights.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mississippifreepress.org/13989/mississippi-attorney-general-asks-supreme-court-to-overrule-roe-v-wade-calling-case-overwhelming |title = Mississippi Attorney General Asks Supreme Court To Overrule Roe v. Wade, Calling Case 'Overwhelming' |first = Ashton |last = Pittman |accessdate = May 10, 2022 |work = Mississippi Free Press |date = July 22, 2021 |archive-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220510002116/https://www.mississippifreepress.org/13989/mississippi-attorney-general-asks-supreme-court-to-overrule-roe-v-wade-calling-case-overwhelming |url-status = live }}</ref> The case was heard by Judge Carlton W. Reeves of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi. In November 2018, Reeves ruled for the clinic and placed an injunction on Mississippi enjoining it from enforcing the Act. Reeves wrote that, based on evidence that viability of the fetus begins between 23 and 24 weeks, Mississippi had "no legitimate state interest strong enough, prior to viability, to justify a ban on abortions".<ref name="cnn district court">{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/20/health/mississippi-abortion-ban-15-weeks-ruling/index.html |title = Judge notes 'sad irony' of men deciding abortion rights as he strikes Mississippi's abortion law |first = Emanuella |last = Grinberg |date = November 21, 2018 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = CNN |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517155105/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/20/health/mississippi-abortion-ban-15-weeks-ruling/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Dobbs sought to have the judges consider whether fetal pain might be possible after 15 weeks, but the District Court ruled his evidence as "inadmissible and irrelevant".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/19-1392 |title = Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization: Facts |first1 = Tori |last1 = Staley |first2 = Jenny |last2 = Guo <!-- |date = 2021 or 2022 --> |accessdate = May 7, 2022 |work = Legal Information Institute Bulletin: The LII Supreme Court Bulletin |date = November 23, 2021 |archive-date = May 6, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220506164917/https://www.law.cornell.edu/lii/about/about_lii |url-status = live }}</ref>

The state appealed to the Fifth Circuit, which upheld Reeves's ruling in a 3–0 decision in December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/13/politics/mississippi-15-week-abortion-ban-struck-down/index.html |title = Court strikes down Mississippi 15-week abortion ban |first = Caroline |last = Kelly |date = December 13, 2019 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = CNN |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517155105/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/13/politics/mississippi-15-week-abortion-ban-struck-down/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Senior Circuit Judge Patrick Higginbotham wrote for the Court, "In an unbroken line dating to ''Roe v. Wade'', the Supreme Court's abortion cases have established (and affirmed, and re-affirmed) a woman's right to choose an abortion before viability. States may regulate abortion procedures prior to viability so long as they do not impose an undue burden on the woman's right, but they may not ban abortions."<ref>{{cite journal |last = Claeys |first = Eric |date = March 2022 |title = ''Dobbs'' and the Holdings of ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' |url = https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000873 |journal = Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy |volume = 20 |issue =  |pages = 286 (page 5 of the PDF) |doi =  |ssrn = 4000873 |access-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220508182336/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000873 |url-status = live }}</ref> A request for an ''[[Social:En banc|en banc]]'' rehearing was denied.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://reason.com/volokh/2020/03/30/the-fifth-circuits-inconsistent-approach-to-certiorari-and-abeyance/ |title = The Fifth Circuit's Inconsistent Approach to Certiorari and Abeyance |first = Josh |last = Blackman |date = March 30, 2020 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = Reason |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517224441/https://reason.com/volokh/2020/03/30/the-fifth-circuits-inconsistent-approach-to-certiorari-and-abeyance/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

In May 2019, the District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi issued another injunction, this time against a newly passed Mississippi abortion law.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/24/politics/mississippi-abortion-law-federal-judge/index.html |title = Federal judge blocks Mississippi abortion law |first = Ariane |last = de Vogue |date = May 24, 2019 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = CNN |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223247/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/24/politics/mississippi-abortion-law-federal-judge/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> This was a heartbeat bill that forbade most abortions when a fetus' heartbeat could be detected, which is usually from six to 12 weeks into pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/performance-of-abortion-consent/section-41-41-34-1/ |title = 2019 Mississippi Code Title 41, 41-41-34.1 |website = Justia |date = 2019 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220508194219/https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2019/title-41/chapter-41/performance-of-abortion-consent/section-41-41-34-1/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Hannan |first = Jeffrey |date = April 1, 2022 |title = ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization'' and the Likely End of the ''Roe v. Wade'' Era |url = https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=djclpp_sidebar |journal = Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy Sidebar |volume = 17 |issue =  |pages = 283 (page 3 of the PDF) |doi =  |access-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624143054/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=djclpp_sidebar |url-status = live }}</ref> In a February 2020 ''per curiam'' decision, the Fifth Circuit  also upheld the second injunction.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca5/19-60455/19-60455-2020-02-20.html |title = Jackson Women's Health Organization v. Dobbs, No. 19-60455 (5th Cir. 2020) |first =  |last =  |date = February 20, 2020 |accessdate = May 8, 2022 |work = Justia US Law |archive-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220508202004/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca5/19-60455/19-60455-2020-02-20.html |url-status = live }}</ref> The Fifth Circuit's statements for both injunctions were similar because they both cited the lack of fetal viability during earlier stages of gestation as a reason to enjoin the laws.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/20/politics/abortion-mississippi-heartbeat-bill-blocked-circuit-court/index.html |title = Block on Mississippi's fetal-heartbeat abortion bill is upheld |first = Caroline |last = Kelly |date = February 20, 2020 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = CNN |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223245/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/20/politics/abortion-mississippi-heartbeat-bill-blocked-circuit-court/index.html |url-status = live |quote=The judges referenced in their decision how another panel on the 5th Circuit had similarly blocked Mississippi's 15-week abortion ban from 2018 in December. 'If a ban on abortion after 15 weeks is unconstitutional, then it follows that a ban on abortion at an earlier stage of pregnancy is also unconstitutional,' they wrote. 'Indeed, after we held that the 15-week ban is unconstitutional, Mississippi conceded that the fetal heartbeat law must also be.' }}</ref>

== Supreme Court ==
[[File:Supreme Court of the United States - Roberts Court 2020.jpg|thumb|upright=1.10|Roberts Court (from October 2020 to June 2022)]]
Mississippi petitioned its appeal of the Fifth Circuit decisions to the Supreme Court in June 2020. Its petition, filed by Mississippi Attorney General Lynn Fitch, focused on three questions from the appeals process.<ref>{{cite web |title = Questions Presented: 19-1392 Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/qp/19-01392qp.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220503215146/https://www.supremecourt.gov/qp/19-01392qp.pdf |date = May 17, 2021 |archive-date = January 9, 2022 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |publisher = Supreme Court of the United States }}</ref> In its petition, Mississippi asked the Court to revisit the viability standard on the basis of the standard's inflexibility,{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2020|p=2}} and {{harvnb|Fitch|2020|loc=Reasons for Granting the Writ, Part I. The Court should grant certiorari and clarify that the right to a pre-viability abortion is not absolute, page 15 (page 28 of the pdf)}}}} and inadequate accommodation of present understandings of life before birth.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2020|p=2}} and {{harvnb|Fitch|2020|loc=Introduction, page 2 (page 15 of the pdf)}}}} The filing stated that fetuses can detect pain and respond to it at 10–12 weeks gestational age,{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2020|p=2}} and {{harvnb|Fitch|2020|loc=Introduction, page 2 (page 15 of the pdf); the filing also cited a medical expert about fetal pain, see Reasons for Granting the Writ, Part I, Section B. Courts should consider a state's legitimate interests when assessing previability abortion regulation, Item 2. Concern for the growing baby, page 2 (page 37 of the pdf)}}}} and asked the Court to allow the prohibition of "inhumane procedures".{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2020|p=2}} and {{harvnb|Fitch|2020|loc=Introduction, page 2 (page 15 of the pdf)}}}} The petition also contended that the viability standard inadequately addresses the protection of potential human life. Mississippi considered this a State interest from the "onset of the pregnancy" onward.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2020|p=2}} and {{harvnb|Fitch|2020|loc=Reasons for Granting the Writ, Part I, Section A. "Viability" is not an appropriate standard for assessing the constitutionality of a law regulating abortion, page 15 (page 28 of the pdf); the quote used was taken from ''Gonzales v. Carhart'', 550 U.S. at 145, which was citing ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'', 505 U.S. at 846.}}}}

A response brief, which focused on two questions asked in opposition to the petition, was filed by Hillary Schneller from the Center for Reproductive Rights on behalf of Jackson Women's Health Organization (JWHO).{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Hensley|2020}} and {{harvnb|Schneller|2020|loc=Questions Presented, page i (page 2 of the pdf)}}}} JWHO asked the Court to deny Mississippi's petition due to judicial precedent.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Hensley|2020}} and {{harvnb|Schneller|2020|loc=Reasons for Denying the Petition, Introduction, page 1 (page 9 of the pdf)}}}} The brief said that both the District Court and the Fifth Circuit found the Mississippi law unconstitutional by properly applying precedent in a manner that did not conflict with other courts' decisions,{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Hensley|2020}} and {{harvnb|Schneller|2020|loc=Reasons for Denying the Petition, Part I, Section B. The federal courts of appeal uniformly agree that bans on abortion before viability are unconstitutional, page 13 (page 21 of the pdf) and Part 1, Section C. The Fifth Circuit faithfully applied this Court's binding precedent, page 15 (page 23 of the pdf)}}}} and argued that there was therefore nothing about the case that "warrants this Court's intervention".{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Hensley|2020}} and {{harvnb|Schneller|2020|loc=Reasons for Denying the Petition, Introduction, page 1 (page 9 of the pdf)}}}} The brief also argued that Mississippi was misinterpreting its role in abortion regulation.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Hensley|2020}} and {{harvnb|Schneller|2020|loc=Reasons for Denying the Petition, Part I, Section A. The Court's precedent that bans on abortion before viability cannot stand is clear, pages 10–11 (pages 18–19 of the pdf)}}}} While the state thought that its interest was greater than the individual right to abortion, JWHO argued that Mississippi's vested interest in regulating abortion was insufficient to ban it before viability,{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Hensley|2020}} and {{harvnb|Schneller|2020|loc=Reasons for Denying the Petition, Part I, Section A. The Court's precedent that bans on abortion before viability cannot stand is clear, page 12 (page 20 of the pdf)}}}} making the Gestational Age Act "unconstitutional by any measure".{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Hensley|2020}} and {{harvnb|Schneller|2020|loc=Reasons for Denying the Petition, Part I, Section A. The Court's precedent that bans on abortion before viability cannot stand is clear, page 13 (page 21 of the pdf)}}}}

The petition went through review at more than a dozen conferences for the Court, which is unusual for most cases. The Court granted the petition for a writ of ''certiorari'' on May 17, 2021, limiting the Court's review to a single question, "Whether all pre-viability prohibitions on elective abortions are unconstitutional."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-mississippi-abortion-ban-takes-case/ |title = Supreme Court takes up blockbuster case over Mississippi's 15-week abortion ban |first = Melissa |last = Quinn |date = May 17, 2021 |accessdate = May 17, 2021 |work = CBS News |archive-date = May 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517134557/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-mississippi-abortion-ban-takes-case/ |url-status = live }} and {{cite news |url = https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/supreme-court-grants-review-in-mississippi-abortion-case/ |title = Supreme Court Grants Review in Mississippi Abortion Case |first = Ed |last = Whelan |date = May 17, 2021 |accessdate = May 8, 2022 |work = National Review |archive-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220508235012/https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/supreme-court-grants-review-in-mississippi-abortion-case/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Over 140 ''amici curiae'' briefs were submitted before oral argument in ''Dobbs'', approaching the record set by ''Obergefell v. Hodges'', in part to separate and concurrent lawsuits filed over the [[Social:Texas Heartbeat Act|Texas Heartbeat Act]], which effectively gave citizens of the state the means to enforce abortion bans through civil suits.<ref name="scotusblog amicus">{{cite web |date = November 30, 2021 |title = We read all the amicus briefs in ''Dobbs'' so you don't have to |url = https://www.scotusblog.com/2021/11/we-read-all-the-amicus-briefs-in-dobbs-so-you-dont-have-to/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109004321/https://www.scotusblog.com/2021/11/we-read-all-the-amicus-briefs-in-dobbs-so-you-dont-have-to/ |archive-date = January 9, 2022 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |website = SCOTUSblog }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization'' |url = https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-organization/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109004315/https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-organization/ |archive-date = January 9, 2022 |access-date = May 10, 2022 |website = SCOTUSblog }}</ref>

=== Oral argument ===
The case was heard on December 1, 2021. During the oral arguments, Mississippi was represented by Scott G. Stewart, a state [[Social:Solicitor general|solicitor general]], and argued that the U.S. Constitution does not directly guarantee a right to abortion. Because of this, he said that laws about abortion should be evaluated on a [[Social:Rational basis review|rational basis review]] instead of the higher level of scrutiny required by the undue burden standard.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 8 (page 9 of the pdf)}}}} Stewart also argued for overturning ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' on the basis that the decisions were unworkable and that new facts had come to light since they were made. He argued that scientific knowledge had grown about "what we know the child is doing and looks like", and claimed that we now know that fetuses are "fully human" even "very early" in gestation.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 17 (page 18 of the pdf)}}}} Stewart also defended Mississippi's claim in its briefs that new medical advances with viability were at odds with past assumptions made when formulating the viability line,{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 21 (page 22 of the pdf)}}}} and claimed that the understanding of when fetuses begin to feel pain had grown.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 17 (page 18 of the pdf)}}}} He maintained that because of ''Roe'' and ''Casey'', the government could not respond to these facts by prohibiting pre-viability abortions.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=pages 18 and 32 (pages 19 and 33 of the pdf)}}}}

JWHO, represented by Julie Rikelman (who argued the last abortion case before the Court, ''June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo''), argued that the Court should not overrule the two decisions, because the viability standard was correct.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 47 (page 48 of the pdf)}}}}  According to Rikelman, Mississippi's arguments against ''Roe'' were not new, but instead were similar to the ones Pennsylvania made during ''Casey''.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 78 (page 79 of the pdf)}}}} Since ''Roe''{{'}}s essential holding was upheld for ''Casey'', she said that the Court should do the same here, since there had been no new changes in the laws and facts since then that could justify changing the Court's position.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 81 (page 82 of the pdf)}}}} Rikelman argued that Mississippi's argument against using the undue burden standard was wrong because the standard actually specifically applies to post-viability abortion regulations rather than to the prohibition of abortions before viability.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 82 (page 83 of the pdf)}}}} She told the Court that the undue burden standard was workable{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 62 (page 63 of the pdf)}}}} and that the viability line incorporated into the standard was likewise workable.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=page 69 and page 83 (page 70 and page 84 of the pdf)}}}} She said that for 50 years the viability line had been clearly and consistently applied in the courts.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|p=3}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=pages 51 and 60 (pages 52 and 61 of the pdf)}}}}

Elizabeth Barchas Prelogar, the U.S. Solicitor General, argued that ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' should not be overruled. She argued that there has been a substantial reliance on the right to abortion by both individuals and society, and that the Court "has never revoked a right that is so fundamental to so many Americans and so central to their ability to participate fully and equally in society."{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Shimabukuro|2021|pp=3–4}} and {{harvnb|Heritage Reporting Corporation|2021|loc=pages 84–85 (pages 85–86 of the pdf)}}}}

Based on their analysis of the questioning, Court observers said that its six conservative members were likely to uphold Mississippi's law.<ref name="De Vogue 2021"/> Chief Justice John Roberts appeared to suggest that viability was not relevant to the holdings of either ''Roe'' or ''Casey'', and that only a fair choice or opportunity to seek an abortion was constitutionally protected.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Claeys |first = Eric |date = March 2022 |title = ''Dobbs'' and the Holdings of ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' |url = https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000873 |journal = Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy |volume = 20 |issue =  |pages = 296–297 (pages 15–16 of the PDF) |doi =  |ssrn = 4000873 |access-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220508182336/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000873 |url-status = live }}</ref> The other conservative justices appeared to be ready to overturn ''Roe'' and ''Casey''.<ref name="De Vogue 2021">{{cite news |last = De Vogue |first = Ariane |date = December 1, 2021 |title = Supreme Court's conservatives lean towards limiting abortion rights after dramatic oral arguments on Mississippi law banning abortions after 15 weeks |publisher = CNN |url = https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/politics/supreme-court-roe-v-wade-oral-arguments/index.html |url-status = live |access-date = December 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211201121001/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/politics/supreme-court-roe-v-wade-oral-arguments/index.html |archive-date = December 1, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.scotusblog.com/2021/12/majority-of-court-appears-poised-to-uphold-mississippis-ban-on-most-abortions-after-15-weeks/ |title = Majority of court appears poised to roll back abortion rights |first = Amy |last = Howe |date = December 1, 2021 |access-date = December 1, 2021 |work = SCOTUSBlog |archive-date = December 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211201201935/https://www.scotusblog.com/2021/12/majority-of-court-appears-poised-to-uphold-mississippis-ban-on-most-abortions-after-15-weeks/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/01/sotomayor-supreme-court-liberals-sound-alarm-in-fight-to-overturn-roe-v-wade.html |title = Supreme Court conservatives look ready to gut Roe v. Wade during arguments in Mississippi abortion case |first = Kevin |last = Breuninger |date = December 1, 2021 |accessdate = December 1, 2021 |work = {{wipe|CNBC}} |archive-date = December 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211201165509/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/01/sotomayor-supreme-court-liberals-sound-alarm-in-fight-to-overturn-roe-v-wade.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Leaked draft opinion ===
[[File:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization - Court opinion draft, February 2022.pdf|thumb|The leaked draft majority opinion]]
On May 2, 2022, ''Politico'' released a draft of a majority opinion by Justice Samuel Alito circulated among the justices in February 2022.<ref name="politico leak">{{cite news |last1=Gerstein |first1=Josh |last2=Ward |first2=Alexander |date=May 2, 2022 |title=Supreme Court has voted to overturn abortion rights, draft opinion shows |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/supreme-court-abortion-draft-opinion-00029473 |archive-date = May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503003703/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/supreme-court-abortion-draft-opinion-00029473 |url-status=live |work=Politico |access-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref> Alito's draft called the ''Roe'' decision "egregiously wrong from the start", arguing that abortion is not listed in the Constitution as a protected right, and instead allowed states to legislate abortion restrictions or guarantees under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.<ref name="politico leak"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=May 2, 2022 |title=Supreme Court: 10 key passages from Alito's draft opinion, which would overturn Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/abortion-draft-supreme-court-opinion-key-passages-00029470 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504020150/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/abortion-draft-supreme-court-opinion-key-passages-00029470 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |work=Politico |access-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref> A ''{{wipe|New York Times}}'' article compared the sources Alito cited in the draft with information provided by historians and shed some light on the history of abortion in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The Fight Over Abortion History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/arts/roe-v-wade-abortion-history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521173213/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/arts/roe-v-wade-abortion-history.html/ |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref>

Sources told ''Politico'' that Justices Thomas, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett had voted in conference with Alito in December and their positions had remained unchanged as of May 2022, though it was unclear whether they agreed with Alito's draft, as no other drafts in concurrence or dissent had yet been circulated.<ref name="politico leak"/><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Gerstein |first1=Josh |last2=Ward |first2=Alexander |last3=Lizza |first3=Ryan |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Alito's draft opinion overturning Roe is still the only one circulated inside Supreme Court |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/11/alito-abortion-draft-opinion-roe-00031648 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513002505/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/11/alito-abortion-draft-opinion-roe-00031648 |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |url-status=live |website=Politico |language=en-US |access-date = May 13, 2022}}</ref> According to CNN, Chief Justice Roberts voted to uphold the Gestational Age Act but "did not want to completely overturn ''Roe v. Wade''".<ref name="CNN leak">{{cite news |last1=Biskupic |first1=Joan |last2=Sneed |first2=Tierney |last3=De Vodue |first3=Ariane |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Supreme Court draft opinion that would overturn ''Roe v. Wade'' published by Politico |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/02/politics/roe-v-wade-supreme-court/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503013929/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/02/politics/roe-v-wade-supreme-court/index.html |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |website=CNN |access-date=May 3, 2022}}</ref> ''{{wipe|The Washington Post}}'' reported from court sources that Roberts had been working since December 2021 on his own opinion, which would uphold ''Roe'' while narrowly allowing the Mississippi law to take effect.<ref name="wapost roberts"/> He had been trying to convince conservative justices in the then tentative majority to join his more moderate opinion, but the leak doomed that effort, according to sources familiar with communications between the justices.<ref>{{cite news |last=Biskupic |first=Joan |date=June 26, 2022 |title=The inside story of how John Roberts failed to save abortion rights |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/26/politics/supreme-court-john-roberts-abortion-dobbs/index.html |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726162706/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/26/politics/supreme-court-john-roberts-abortion-dobbs/index.html }}</ref>

The Supreme Court confirmed the draft's authenticity the next day; at the same time, the Supreme Court's press release said that "it does not represent a decision by the Court or the final position of any member on the issues in the case".<!--THIS STATEMENT WAS FROM THE ENTIRE COURT, NOT JUST THE CHIEF JUSTICE--><ref name="scotus_pr_20220503">{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=PR 05-03-22 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/press/pressreleases/pr_05-03-22 |location =  |website=Supreme Court of the United States |date=May 3, 2022 |access-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506102338/https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/press/pressreleases/pr_05-03-22 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/press/pressreleases/pr_05-03-22 |title = Press Releases |publisher = Supreme Court of the United States |date = May 3, 2022 |access-date = May 5, 2022 |archive-date = May 6, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220506102338/https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/press/pressreleases/pr_05-03-22 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Priussman |first = Todd |date = May 3, 2022 |url = https://www.bostonherald.com/2022/05/03/chief-justice-john-roberts-confirms-draft-of-ruling-to-overturn-roe/ |title = Chief Justice John Roberts confirms draft of ruling to overturn Roe |newspaper = Boston Herald |access-date = May 10, 2022 |archive-date = May 9, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220509051701/https://www.bostonherald.com/2022/05/03/chief-justice-john-roberts-confirms-draft-of-ruling-to-overturn-roe/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Roberts said that he had directed the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court, Gail A. Curley, to investigate the [[Social:News leak|news leak]] and that "to the extent this betrayal of the confidences of the Court was to undermine the integrity of our operations, it will not succeed."'<ref name="scotus_pr_20220503" /><ref>{{cite news |last = Fritze |first = John |date = May 3, 2022 |title = Supreme Court verifies authenticity of leaked opinion in abortion case but says decision not final |website = [[Software:USA Today|USA Today]] |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/05/03/supreme-court-leak-chief-justice-john-roberts-launches-probe/9628836002/ |url-status = live |access-date = May 3, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220503162305/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/05/03/supreme-court-leak-chief-justice-john-roberts-launches-probe/9628836002/ |archive-date = May 3, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Biskupic |first=Joan |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Behind the scenes at the secretive Supreme Court |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/politics/behind-the-scenes-supreme-court/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601202126/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/politics/behind-the-scenes-supreme-court/index.html |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> The leak probe is in progress, and CNN reported on May 31 that law clerks were asked to provide private cell phone records and sign affidavits. The unprecedented move has alarmed some clerks into exploring whether to hire independent counsel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Gerstein |first2=Josh |last3=Cheney |first3=Kyle |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Supreme Court marshal digs in on Roe opinion leak |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/24/scotus-marshal-roe-opinion-00034670 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526205322/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/24/scotus-marshal-roe-opinion-00034670 |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |url-status=live |website=Politico |access-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Biskupic |first=Joan |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Supreme Court leak investigation heats up as clerks are asked for phone records in unprecedented move |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/31/politics/supreme-court-roe-v-wade-leak-phone-records/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531205859/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/31/politics/supreme-court-roe-v-wade-leak-phone-records/index.html |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sneed |first=Tierney |date=June 1, 2022 |title=Escalation of the Supreme Court's leak probe puts clerks in a 'no-win' situation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/01/politics/supreme-court-clerks-leak-investigation-phones-affidavit-abortion/index.html |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601202127/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/01/politics/supreme-court-clerks-leak-investigation-phones-affidavit-abortion/index.html |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref>

In response to the leak, Roberts said, "The work of the Court will not be affected in any way."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dwyer |first1=Devin |last2=Cathey |first2=Libby |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Chief Justice Roberts responds to leaked Supreme Court draft opinion |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/chief-justice-roberts-responds-leaked-supreme-court-draft/story?id=84468850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505015111/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/chief-justice-roberts-responds-leaked-supreme-court-draft/story?id=84468850 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |url-status=live |website=ABC News |access-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> At an Eleventh Circuit judicial conference, he called the leak "absolutely appalling" and said that "one bad apple" should not change "people's perception" of the Supreme Court;<ref>{{cite news |last1=de Vogue |first1=Ariane |last2=Cartaya |first2=Maria |date=May 6, 2022 |title=John Roberts calls Supreme Court leak 'absolutely appalling' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/politics/john-roberts-supreme-court-leak/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507024837/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/politics/john-roberts-supreme-court-leak/index.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref> Thomas commented that the Court should not be "bullied" into delivering preferred outcomes and repeated his criticisms of ''stare decisis.''<ref>{{cite news |last=de Vogue |first=Ariane |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Thomas says government institutions shouldn't be 'bullied' following leak of draft opinion on abortion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/06/politics/clarence-thomas-stare-decisis-roe-v-wade-leak/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507005731/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/06/politics/clarence-thomas-stare-decisis-roe-v-wade-leak/index.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |website=CNN |access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref> He later added that the leak was an "unthinkable breach of trust" that "fundamentally" changed the Court.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=May 13, 2022 |title=Thomas blasts disclosure of draft Supreme Court opinion as 'tremendously bad' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/13/thomas-blasts-disclosure-of-draft-supreme-court-opinion-as-tremendously-bad-00032531 |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025036/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/13/thomas-blasts-disclosure-of-draft-supreme-court-opinion-as-tremendously-bad-00032531 |url-status=live |website=Politico |language=en-US |access-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gresko |first=Jessica |date=May 14, 2022 |title=Clarence Thomas says abortion leak has changed Supreme Court |url=https://apnews.com/article/abortion-us-supreme-court-clarence-thomas-e08bbdfbe48d33171fa6f2a17931da63 |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025036/https://apnews.com/article/abortion-us-supreme-court-clarence-thomas-e08bbdfbe48d33171fa6f2a17931da63 |url-status=live |website=Associated Press |language=en-US |access-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref>

Leaks about Supreme Court deliberations in a pending case are rare,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorian |first=Dareh |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Abortion opinion leak unprecedented but not a Supreme Court first  |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/abortion-opinion-leak-unprecedented-not-supreme-court-first-rcna27130 |url-status=live  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506052151/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/abortion-opinion-leak-unprecedented-not-supreme-court-first-rcna27130 |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |website=NBC News |access-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=May 2, 2022 |title=How rare is a Supreme Court breach? Very rare |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/supreme-court-draft-opinion-00029475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503005436/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/supreme-court-draft-opinion-00029475 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |website=Politico |access-date=May 2, 2022 |quote=... the high court has suffered from occasional leak problems since at least 1852.}}</ref> and a leak of a draft decision is unprecedented.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Tom |date=May 2, 2022 |title=Why Politico's big ''Roe v. Wade'' scoop is unprecedented |url = https://www.poynter.org/commentary/2022/why-politicos-big-roe-v-wade-scoop-is-unprecedented/ |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503015534/https://www.poynter.org/commentary/2022/why-politicos-big-roe-v-wade-scoop-is-unprecedented/ |url-status=live |website=Poynter |access-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gajda |first=Amy |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The ''Roe v. Wade'' Opinion Is Not the First Supreme Court Leak |url=https://www.wired.com/story/supreme-court-leak-journalism |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504145847/https://www.wired.com/story/supreme-court-leak-journalism/ |url-status=live |magazine=Wired |access-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref> There is uncertainty about whether the leak violated federal laws,{{refn|group=nb|If the draft was obtained by computer fraud, theft, or other unlawful means, the leak violates federal criminal laws; as the Supreme Court draft opinions are not considered classified information in the United States, the Espionage Act has not been violated. Whether government information applies to {{usc|18|641}}, a broad statute that prevents misuse of federal government property, remains an open question in federal law, and some legal scholars argue that this statute could apply in this case.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Is Leaking a Supreme Court Opinion a Crime? The Law Is Far From Clear |url=https://www.wired.com/story/scotus-roe-v-wade-opinion-leak-legal-risk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503171533/https://www.wired.com/story/scotus-roe-v-wade-opinion-leak-legal-risk/ |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |url-status=live |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=May 3, 2022}}</ref><ref name="WapoDOJLeak"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Scarcella |first1=Mike |last2=Sloan |first2=Karen |last3=Thomsen |first3=Jacqueline |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Explainer: Is it illegal to leak a U.S. Supreme Court opinion? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/is-it-illegal-leak-us-supreme-court-opinion-2022-05-03/ |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503211812/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/is-it-illegal-leak-us-supreme-court-opinion-2022-05-03/ |url-status=live |website=Reuters |access-date = May 4, 2022}}</ref>}} and experts differ as to whether the U.S. Department of Justice is likely to pursue criminal charges.<ref name="WapoDOJLeak">{{cite news |last=Zapotosky |first=Matt |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Justice Dept. not likely to charge in Supreme Court abortion leak |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/03/doj-scotus-abortion-leak |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Jeremy W. |date=May 8, 2022 |title=Supreme Court Leak Inquiry Exposes Gray Area of Press Protections |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/08/business/media/supreme-court-leak-press-protections.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509003238/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/08/business/media/supreme-court-leak-press-protections.html |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |issn = 0362-4331 |access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref>

==== Reactions ====
{{See also|2022 abortion protests}}[[File:May 2022 abortion protest at Foley Square 07.jpg|thumb|An abortion-rights protest in New York City]]
Within hours of the news of the leak, both pro-abortion rights protesters and anti-abortion counterprotesters gathered outside the Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lonas |first=Lexi |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Protests erupt at Supreme Court after report of draft opinion overturning Roe v. Wade |url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3474997-protests-erupt-at-supreme-court-after-report-of-draft-overturning-roe-v-wade/ |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503115324/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3474997-protests-erupt-at-supreme-court-after-report-of-draft-overturning-roe-v-wade/ |url-status=live |work=The Hill |access-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref> The response to the draft put unusual public pressure on the Court as it made its decision in the case.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mascaro |first=Lisa |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Abortion draft puts unusual public pressure on Supreme Court |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-supreme-court-samuel-alito-da04e9a762148eca89bfb198efa86b7b |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504235330/https://apnews.com/article/us-supreme-court-samuel-alito-da04e9a762148eca89bfb198efa86b7b |url-status=live |website=Associated Press |access-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> While over 450 large-scale marches and protests organized by Planned Parenthood, Women's March, and other groups under the name "Bans Off Our Bodies" were planned for 2022, the organizers pushed the event up to May 14, 2022, after the opinion leaked. The organizers said, "Folks are mobilizing because they see that the hour is later than we thought", and that the event would lead off a "summer of rage" if ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' were overturned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borter |first=Gabriella |date=May 14, 2022 |title=U.S. abortion rights activists start 'summer of rage' with Saturday protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-abortion-rights-activists-start-summer-rage-with-saturday-protests-2022-05-14/ |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514105705/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-abortion-rights-activists-start-summer-rage-with-saturday-protests-2022-05-14/ |url-status=live |work=Reuters |access-date=May 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ngo |first1=Madeleine |last2=Fadulu |first2=Lola |date=May 14, 2022 |title='The Hour Is Later Than We Thought': Thousands Gather at Marches for Abortion Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/14/us/abortion-rights-march.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514193006/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/14/us/abortion-rights-march.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 14, 2022}}</ref> A leaked Department of Homeland Security (DHS) memo indicated that DHS was preparing for a surge of political violence on public officials, clergy, and abortion providers after the ruling.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cai |first1=Sophia |last2=Kight |first2=Stef W. |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Leaked memo shows DHS preparing for violence after abortion ruling |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/05/18/supreme-court-abortion-roe-protests-violence |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518202406/https://www.axios.com/2022/05/18/supreme-court-abortion-roe-protests-violence |url-status=live |website=Axios |access-date=May 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wild |first=Whitney |date=May 18, 2022|title=DHS warns of threats against Supreme Court in wake of leaked draft Roe opinion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/politics/supreme-court-threats-homeland-security/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518230408/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/politics/supreme-court-threats-homeland-security/index.html |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=May 18, 2022}}</ref> A DHS bulletin warned that the leak had spawned further violence in the summer before the 2022 midterms.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wild |first=Whitney |date=June 7, 2022 |title=DHS bulletin warns US could see more volatile threats fueled by election misinformation and upcoming Supreme Court abortion ruling |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/07/politics/dhs-bulletin-threats-election-misinformation-supreme-court-abortion/index.html |archive-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607230939/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/07/politics/dhs-bulletin-threats-election-misinformation-supreme-court-abortion/index.html |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=June 7, 2022}}</ref> A number of isolated attacks on crisis pregnancy centers were reported in May and June 2022 after the leak.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-attacks-on-crisis-pregnancy-centers-janes-revenge-abortion-roe-v-wade-violence-destroyed-11655653644 | title = The Attacks on Crisis-Pregnancy Centers | date = June 20, 2022 | first = Nicole | last = Ault | accessdate = June 25, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}} | archive-date = June 23, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220623165547/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-attacks-on-crisis-pregnancy-centers-janes-revenge-abortion-roe-v-wade-violence-destroyed-11655653644 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Nonviolent protests were held outside some of the justices' homes, leading the U.S. Senate to unanimously pass a bill that would expand protections for the justices and their families.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Zaslav |first1=Ali |last2=Dean |first2=Jessica |last3=Barrett |first3=Ted |date=May 9, 2022 |title=Senators quickly pass bill to expand security for families of Supreme Court justices |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/09/politics/supreme-court-justices-security-senate-vote/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509194724/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/09/politics/supreme-court-justices-security-senate-vote/index.html |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |url-status=live |work=CNN |access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref> The bill stalled in the U.S. House of Representatives<ref>{{cite news |last=Diaz |first=Daniella |date=June 8, 2022 |title=Bill that would increase security for families of Supreme Court justices is stalled in House |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/08/politics/supreme-court-security-justices-house-legislation/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611134553/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/08/politics/supreme-court-security-justices-house-legislation/index.html |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=June 8, 2022}}</ref> before being passed on June 14 and signed into law by President Joe Biden on June 16.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cornyn |first1=John |title=Text – S.4160 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Supreme Court Police Parity Act of 2022 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4160/text |website=United States Congress |access-date=14 July 2022 |date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cole |first1=Devan |title=Biden signs bill extending security protections to families of Supreme Court justices |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/16/politics/supreme-court-security-bill-signed-biden/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=14 July 2022 |date=16 June 2022}}</ref> Republicans have argued that those protests violate a 1950 federal law ({{usc|18|1507}}) that criminalizes attempting to influence a judge in the course of their official duties by demonstrating near their residence.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Sneed |first=Tierney |date=May 12, 2022 |title=Republicans call for DOJ to enforce law that would bar abortion rights demonstrators from protesting at justices' homes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/12/politics/supreme-court-justices-abortion-protests-garland/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512205745/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/12/politics/supreme-court-justices-abortion-protests-garland/index.html |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sneed |first=Tierney |date=May 13, 2022 |title=Republicans claim a 1950 law makes Roe protests at justices' homes illegal. Here's what to know |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/13/politics/picketing-law-supreme-court-homes/index.html |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513131714/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/13/politics/picketing-law-supreme-court-homes/index.html |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref> A man from California was arrested for attempted murder of Kavanaugh near his home over the leak and a pending decision in a gun control case, ''New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Polantz |first1=Katelyn |last2=Biskupic |first2=Joan |last3=Duster |first3=Chandelis |date=June 8, 2022 |title=Armed man arrested near Brett Kavanaugh's home charged with attempting to murder a US judge |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/08/politics/man-arrested-near-brett-kavanaugh-home/index.html |archive-date=June 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608185954/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/08/politics/man-arrested-near-brett-kavanaugh-home/index.html |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=June 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 8, 2022 |title=US man charged with attempted murder of Justice Brett Kavanaugh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61735321 |archive-date=June 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608220829/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61735321 |url-status=live |work=BBC News |access-date = June 8, 2022}}</ref> Protests continued outside the homes of some of the justices after the final decision, leading the Supreme Court marshall Gail Curley to ask officials in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia to take steps to remove the protesters under state and local laws.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-asks-maryland-officials-stop-picketing-justices-houses-rcna36460 | title = Supreme Court asks Maryland, Virginia officials to stop people picketing at justices' houses | first=  Pete | last = Williams | date = July 2, 2022 | accessdate = July 3, 2022 | work = NBC News }}</ref>

The leak elicited outrage from high-ranking members of both major political parties, Democrats for the content of the draft, and Republicans out of concern for how the leak occurred.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brutus Journal - Leaked Ruling Sparks Outrage From Both Parties... For Two Very Different Reasons |url=https://www.brutusjournal.com/article-collection/political-takes/ryan/leaked-ruling-sparks-outrage-from-both-parties-for-two-very-different-re |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.brutusjournal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The leak renewed calls from Democrats, including Biden and pro-abortion rights activists, for the Senate to pass the Women's Health Protection Act, which had already passed the House of Representatives, to codify the rights established by ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' before ''Dobbs'' was decided and supersede the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chu |first=Judy |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Text – H.R.3755 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Women's Health Protection Act of 2021 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3755/text |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513014313/https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3755/text |url-status=live |website=United States Congress |access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Siobhan |last2=Wise |first2=Lindsay |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Explaining the Senate's Abortion Bill and How It Has Changed |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-overturned/card/explaining-the-senate-s-abortion-bill-and-how-it-has-changed-MqlmH0OeuA95q8KtaFWS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513014313/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-overturned/card/explaining-the-senate-s-abortion-bill-and-how-it-has-changed-MqlmH0OeuA95q8KtaFWS |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |url-status=live |website=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="CNN leak" /><ref name="USA Today leak">{{cite news |last1=Groppe |first1=Maureen |last2=Garrison |first2=Joey |last3=Yancey-Bragg |first3=N'Dea |last4=Ortiz |first4=Jorge L. |date=May 3, 2022 |title='Whole range of rights could now be at risk' if ''Roe v. Wade'' is overturned, Biden says: Live updates |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/05/03/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-live-updates/9626328002/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505231111/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/05/03/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-live-updates/9626328002/ |url-status=live |website=USA Today |access-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref> It failed to pass in the Senate on May 11, after a 49–51 vote primarily along party lines.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kapur |first=Sahil |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Senate Democrats' bill to keep abortion legal nationwide falls to GOP-led filibuster |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/senate-vote-nationwide-abortion-bill-ahead-roe-decision-rcna28183 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511083434/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/senate-vote-nationwide-abortion-bill-ahead-roe-decision-rcna28183 |url-status=live |work=NBC News |access-date=May 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=May 12, 2022 |title=Analysis: Democrats are still searching for a coherent strategy to save abortion rights |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/12/politics/democrats-abortion-rights-2022-midterms/index.html |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513014314/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/12/politics/democrats-abortion-rights-2022-midterms/index.html |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref> Biden denounced the draft opinion as "radical" and said that same-sex marriage and birth control were also at risk.<ref>{{cite web |last=  |first=  |date=May 3, 2022 |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/05/03/remarks-by-president-biden-before-air-force-one-departure-15/ |title=Remarks by President Biden Before Air Force One Departure |website=The White House |access-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510230635/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/05/03/remarks-by-president-biden-before-air-force-one-departure-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Gresko |first2=Jessica |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Biden blasts 'radical' ''Roe v. Wade'' draft, warns other rights at risk |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/biden-blasts-radical-roe-v-wade-draft-warns-other-rights-at-risk-1.5886455 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=CTV News |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503194505/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/biden-blasts-radical-roe-v-wade-draft-warns-other-rights-at-risk-1.5886455 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fossum |first1=Sam |last2=Mizelle |first2=Shawna |date=May 12, 2022 |title=Biden predicts that if Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, same-sex marriage will be next |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/11/politics/joe-biden-supreme-court-abortion-same-sex-marriage/index.html |access-date=May 13, 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513014313/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/11/politics/joe-biden-supreme-court-abortion-same-sex-marriage/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Republicans immediately condemned the leak and called on the Supreme Court and Department of Justice, including the FBI, to launch an investigation. Twenty-two members of Congress signed a letter asking the U.S. Attorney General and FBI director to investigate.<ref>{{cite web |last = Rose |first = John |date = May 5, 2022 |url = https://johnrose.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/johnrose.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Letter%20to%20AG%20and%20FBI.pdf |title = Dear Attorney General Garland and Director Wray |website = Congressman John Rose: Serving the Sixth District of Tennessee |access-date = May 5, 2022 |archive-date = May 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220508222455/https://johnrose.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/johnrose.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Letter%20to%20AG%20and%20FBI.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> House Republican leadership issued a joint statement that called the leak "a clearly coordinated campaign to intimidate and obstruct the Justices".<ref>{{cite web |last=Quinn |first=Melissa |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Leaked draft opinion suggests Supreme Court may overturn ''Roe v. Wade'' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-overturn-politico-draft-opinion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504002310/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-overturn-politico-draft-opinion/ |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |website=CBS News |access-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref>

In May 2022, the Marquette University Law School released a poll showing a drastic change of public opinion of the Supreme Court. In March 2022, when the survey was last conducted, 54% of respondents said they approved of the nine justices and 45% said they disapproved. In the newest survey, only 44% of respondents reported approval.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cole |first = Devan |date = May 25, 2022 |title = New poll: 54% of Americans disapprove of Supreme Court following Roe draft opinion leak |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/25/politics/supreme-court-approval-rating-drop-roe-leak/index.html |access-date = May 25, 2022 |website = CNN |archive-date = May 25, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220525161233/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/25/politics/supreme-court-approval-rating-drop-roe-leak/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In June 2022, a Gallup poll showed confidence in the Supreme Court at 25%, down from 36% in 2021, and the lowest in 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffry M. |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Confidence in U.S. Supreme Court Sinks to Historic Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/394103/confidence-supreme-court-sinks-historic-low.aspx |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624124145/https://news.gallup.com/poll/394103/confidence-supreme-court-sinks-historic-low.aspx |url-status=live |work=Gallup |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref>

===Opinions===

====Majority opinion====
[[File:Samuel Alito official photo.jpg|thumb|upright|Justice Alito delivered the opinion of the Court.]]
The Court issued its decision on June 24, 2022. In a 6–3 judgment, the Court reversed the Fifth Circuit's decision and remanded the case for further review. The majority opinion, joined by five of the justices, held that abortion was not a protected right under the Constitution, overturning both ''Roe'' and ''Casey'', and returned the decision regarding abortion regulations back to the states.<ref name="cnn decision"/><ref name="scotusblog decision"/> As a result, ''Dobbs'' is considered a landmark decision of the Court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bogel-Burroughs |first1=Nicholas |title=Dobbs, Named in Abortion Case Ending Roe, Had Little to Do With It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/dobbs-roe-abortion.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625040508/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/dobbs-roe-abortion.html |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |quote=Dr. Thomas E. Dobbs III, the man whose name on Friday became synonymous with the Supreme Court decision to let states ban abortions, had almost nothing to do with the landmark case.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Isabella B. Cho and Brandon L. Kingdollar |title=After Roe Dismantled, Harvard Experts Condemn, Defend Landmark Decision |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/6/25/dobbs-experts-reax/ |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220625234901/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/6/25/dobbs-experts-reax/ |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |quote=The Supreme Court overturned the constitutional right to abortion in a landmark ruling, abandoning the nearly 50-year-old precedent established in Roe v. Wade Friday. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Guizerix |first1=Anna |title=Mississippi officials, organizations issue statements on landmark Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health case |url=https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2022/06/24/mississippi-officials-organizations-issue-statements-on-landmark-dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-case/ |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=The Vicksburg Post |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220625235336/https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2022/06/24/mississippi-officials-organizations-issue-statements-on-landmark-dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-case/ |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |quote=The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) handed down its ruling in the landmark ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health'' case on Friday morning, thus overturning Roe v. Wade and effectively ending constitutional protections for abortion in the United States. |url-status=live }}</ref>

The majority decision was written by Justice Samuel Alito and joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett. The final majority decision was substantially similar to the leaked draft, with only minor changes in the original arguments and rebuttals to Justices Stephen Breyer's, Elena Kagan's, and Sonia Sotomayor's dissenting opinion and John Roberts's concurrence in judgment.<ref name="cnn decision"/><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-06-24/supreme-court-the-leaked-abortion-draft-versus-the-opinion | title = Supreme Court: the Leaked Abortion Draft Versus the Opinion | agency = Associated Press | via = U.S. News & World Report | date = June 24, 2022 | accessdate = June 24, 2022 | archive-date = June 25, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052252/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-06-24/supreme-court-the-leaked-abortion-draft-versus-the-opinion | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sairam|first=Erin Spencer |title=How The Supreme Court's Ruling On Dobbs Compares To The Leaked Draft |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erinspencer1/2022/06/24/how-the-supreme-courts-ruling-on-dobbs-compares-to-the-leaked-draft/?sh=44507cbb6ff5 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |work=Forbes Magazine |date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220625232723/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erinspencer1/2022/06/24/how-the-supreme-courts-ruling-on-dobbs-compares-to-the-leaked-draft/?sh=1c311f076ff5 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the introductory statement, Alito, writing for the Court, summarized a constitutional historical view of abortion rights, saying, "The Constitution makes no reference to abortion, and no such right is implicitly protected by any constitutional provision."<ref name="cnbc decision">{{cite web |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-federal-abortion-rights.html |title = Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending 50 years of federal abortion rights |first = Dan |last = Mangan |date = June 24, 2022 |accessdate = June 24, 2022 |publisher = {{wipe|CNBC}} |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141534/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-federal-abortion-rights.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Alito based his argument on the criterion from ''Washington v. Glucksberg'' (1997) that a right must be "deeply rooted" in the nation's history.
{{Blockquote |text=That provision [the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment] has been held to guarantee some rights that are not mentioned in the Constitution, but any such right must be "deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition" and "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty."
|source=''Dobbs'', slip opinion p. 5 (Opinion of the Court)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=The Supreme Court's draft opinion on overturning Roe v. Wade, annotated |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2022/dobbs-alito-draft-annotated/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 3, 2022 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505130353/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2022/dobbs-alito-draft-annotated/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Alito wrote, "abortion couldn't be constitutionally protected. Until the latter part of the 20th century, such a right was entirely unknown in American law. Indeed, when the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, three quarters of the States made abortion a crime at all stages of pregnancy."<ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux 2022">{{cite web|last=Thomson-DeVeaux|first=Amelia|date=June 24, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-supreme-courts-argument-for-overturning-roe-v-wade/|title=The Supreme Court's Argument For Overturning Roe v. Wade|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 26, 2022|archive-date=June 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625144936/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-supreme-courts-argument-for-overturning-roe-v-wade/|url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote, "''Roe'' was egregiously wrong from the start. Its reasoning was exceptionally weak, and the decision has had damaging consequences. And far from bringing about a national settlement of the abortion issue, ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' have enflamed debate and deepened division."<ref name="cnn decision"/>

After briefly describing the background of the case in Part I of the opinion, Alito argued in Part II that the right to an abortion was different from other privacy rights. He wrote, "What sharply distinguishes the abortion right from the rights recognized in the cases on which ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' rely is something that both those decisions acknowledged: Abortion destroys what those decisions call 'potential life' and what the law at issue in this case regards as the life of an 'unborn human being'."<ref name="cnn decision"/> In addition to the language from the draft, Alito responded to the dissenting opinion, writing, "The dissent is very candid that it cannot show that a constitutional right to abortion has any foundation, let alone a 'deeply rooted' one, 'in this Nation's history and tradition'. The dissent does not identify any pre-''Roe'' authority that supports such a right—no state constitutional provision or statute, no federal or state judicial precedent, not even a scholarly treatise."<ref name="cnn decision" />

In Part III, Alito discussed ''stare decisis''. He also addressed the dissent's concern that ''Dobbs'' would extend to other rights, stating that the extent of the majority opinion on ''Dobbs'' applied only to abortion.<ref name="cnn other rights"/> In Part IV, Alito shrugged off the concern that the American people would lose respect for the Court. He wrote that the Court "cannot allow our decisions to be affected by any extraneous influences such as concern about the public's reaction to our work."<ref>{{cite news |title=Excerpts from the Supreme Court's landmark abortion decision |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/wireStory/excerpts-supreme-courts-landmark-abortion-decision-85656501 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |work=ABC News |agency=The Associated Press |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625093630/https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/wireStory/excerpts-supreme-courts-landmark-abortion-decision-85656501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Part V, Alito further responded to Roberts's concurrence in judgment seeking middle ground, claiming there are "serious problems with this approach" that would only prolong what he described as the turmoil of ''Roe''.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Hooper |first=Kelly |title=What changed from Justice Alito's draft opinion to final ruling on Roe |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/24/changes-alito-supreme-court-roe-draft-00031744 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624231944/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/24/changes-alito-supreme-court-roe-draft-00031744 |url-status=live }}</ref> Alito argued that by only ruling that Mississippi's 15-week law is constitutional, the Court would have to later decide whether other states' laws with different deadlines for obtaining an abortion were constitutional. Since Roberts did not claim there was a constitutional right to an abortion, the Court rejected any constitutional grounds for upholding a "reasonable opportunity" to obtain an abortion and called Roberts's proposal unconstitutional.<ref name=":3" /> In Part VI, Alito wrote that because abortion is not a fundamental right, the lowest standard of review must apply to abortion laws, under which the laws must be sustained if they rationally relate to a legitimate state interest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Purvis |first1=Dara E. |title=All the Ways Alito's Opinion Might Criminalize Pregnancy |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/05/alito-opinion-abortion-pregnancy-coffee-cigarette-bans.html |access-date=July 9, 2022 |work=Slate |date=May 4, 2022}}</ref>

====Concurrences====
Thomas and Kavanaugh wrote separate concurrences.<ref name="scotusblog decision">{{cite news |last1 = Howe |first1 = Amy |title = Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion |url = https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |work = SCOTUSblog |date = June 24, 2022 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624142633/https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Thomas argued that the Court should go further in future cases, reconsidering other past Supreme Court cases that granted rights based on [[Social:Substantive due process|substantive due process]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Managan |first1=Dan |title=Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas says gay rights, contraception rulings should be reconsidered after Roe is overturned |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-justice-thomas-says-gay-rights-rulings-open-to-be-tossed.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220625220955/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-justice-thomas-says-gay-rights-rulings-open-to-be-tossed.html |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> such as ''Griswold v. Connecticut'' (the right to contraception), ''Obergefell v. Hodges'' (the right to same-sex marriage), and ''Lawrence v. Texas'' (banned laws against private sexual acts).<ref name="cnn other rights"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Clarence Thomas undercuts justices' assurances about post-Roe rulings |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/24/thomas-opinion-post-roe/7 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221152/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-supreme-court-justice-thomas-says-gay-rights-rulings-open-to-be-tossed.html |archive-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Edelmann |first1=Adam |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Thomas wants the Supreme Court to overturn landmark rulings that legalized contraception, same-sex marriage |publisher=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/thomas-wants-supreme-court-overturn-landmark-rulings-legalized-contrac-rcna35228 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221409/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/thomas-wants-supreme-court-overturn-landmark-rulings-legalized-contrac-rcna35228 |archive-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> He wrote, "Because any substantive due process decision is 'demonstrably erroneous,' we have a duty to 'correct the error' established in those precedents."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/24/23169382/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court-abortion-rights-reproductive-health |title = The Supreme Court has overturned Roe v. Wade |first = Russell |last = Brandom |date = June 24, 2022 |accessdate = June 24, 2022 |work = [[The Verge]] |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624150907/https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/24/23169382/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court-abortion-rights-reproductive-health |url-status = live }}</ref>

Kavanaugh wrote separately, making multiple comments. He stated that it would still be unconstitutional to prohibit a woman from going to another state to seek an abortion under the right to travel, and that it would be unconstitutional to retroactively punish abortions performed before ''Dobbs'' when they had been protected by ''Roe'' and ''Casey''.<ref>{{cite news |last = Stohr |first = Greg |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Justice Kavanaugh Says States May Not Bar Travel to Obtain an Abortion |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-24/kavanaugh-says-states-may-not-bar-travel-to-obtain-an-abortion |work = {{wipe|Bloomberg News}} |location =  |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20220626064144/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-24/kavanaugh-says-states-may-not-bar-travel-to-obtain-an-abortion |archive-date = June 26, 2022 |url-status = live }}</ref>

====Concurrence in judgment====
Writing separately, Roberts concurred in the judgment. He believed the Court should reverse the Fifth Circuit's opinion on the Mississippi law and that "the viability line established by ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' should be discarded." Roberts did not agree with the majority's ruling to overturn ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' in their entirety, finding it "unnecessary to decide the case before us".<ref>{{cite web |last = Roberts |first = John |title = Roberts , C. J., concurring in judgment |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf |work = Dobbs, State Health Officer of the Mississippi Department of Health, et al. v. Jackson Women's Health Organization et al. |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States|page = 1 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141102/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> He suggested a more narrow opinion to justify the constitutionality of Mississippi's law without addressing whether to overturn ''Roe'' and ''Casey''.<ref name="cnn decision">{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |title = Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade |first = Arinne |last = de Vogue |date = June 24, 2022 |accessdate = June 24, 2022 |work = CNN |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141808/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Roberts also wrote that abortion regulations should "extend far enough to ensure a reasonable opportunity to choose, but need not extend any further."<ref name="scotusblog decision"/> He said that the Court should "leave for another day whether to reject any right to an abortion at all."<ref name="scotusblog decision"/>

====Dissent====
Breyer, Kagan, and Sotomayor jointly wrote the dissent.<ref name="scotusblog decision"/> In an introductory statement, the three wrote, "The right ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' recognized does not stand alone. To the contrary, the Court has linked it for decades to other settled freedoms involving bodily integrity, familial relationships, and procreation. Most obviously, the right to terminate a pregnancy arose straight out of the right to purchase and use contraception. In turn, those rights led, more recently, to rights of same-sex intimacy and marriage. Either the mass of the majority's opinion is hypocrisy, or additional constitutional rights are under threat. It is one or the other."<ref name="cnn other rights">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/abortion-ruling-gay-rights-contraceptives/index.html|title=Supreme Court's decision on abortion could open the door to overturn same-sex marriage, contraception and other major rulings|first=Tierney|last=Sneed|date=June 24, 2022|access-date=June 24, 2022|work=CNN|archive-date=June 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624174858/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/abortion-ruling-gay-rights-contraceptives/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Part I of their dissent, the three wrote, "The majority would allow States to ban abortion from conception onward because it does not think forced childbirth at all implicates a woman's rights to equality and freedom. Today's Court, that is, does not think there is anything of constitutional significance attached to a woman's control of her body and the path of her life. A State can force her to bring a pregnancy to term, even at the steepest personal and familial costs."<ref name="cnbc decision"/> They cited ''New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen'' ("Historical evidence that long predates [ratification] may not illuminate the scope of the right"), and wrote, "Had the pre-''Roe'' liberalization of abortion laws occurred more quickly and more widely in the 20th century, the majority would say (once again) that only the ratifiers' views are germane."<ref name="Justia 2022">{{cite web|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/597/19-1392/|title=Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 597 U. S. ____ (2022)|website=Justia|date=May 16, 2021|access-date=June 27, 2022|archive-date=June 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032609/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/597/19-1392/|url-status=live}}</ref> Addressing the majority's argument, based on ''Glucksberg'', that a right must be "deeply rooted in the Nation's history", the dissenters reflected on what that approach would have meant for [[Social:Interracial marriage|interracial marriage]]:
{{Blockquote
|text=The Fourteenth Amendment's ratifiers did not think it gave black and white people a right to marry each other. To the contrary, contemporaneous practice deemed that act quite as unprotected as abortion. Yet the Court in [[Social:Loving v. Virginia|''Loving'' v. ''Virginia'']], 388 U. S. 1 (1967), read the Fourteenth Amendment to embrace the Lovings’ union.
|source=''Dobbs'', slip opinion p. 17 (Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan, JJ., dissenting)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |last2=Pitofsky |first2=Marina |title=Clarence Thomas calls for Supreme Court to 'reconsider' gay marriage, contraception after Roe v. Wade falls |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/06/24/clarence-thomas-gay-marriage-roe-v-wade-falls/7723535001/?gnt-cfr=1 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=USA Today |date=June 26, 2022 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629154952/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/06/24/clarence-thomas-gay-marriage-roe-v-wade-falls/7723535001/?gnt-cfr=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
In response to Alito's claim that their "criteria, at a high level of generality, could license fundamental rights to illicit drug use, prostitution, and the like", they wrote, "that is flat wrong. The Court's precedents about bodily autonomy, sexual and familial relations, and procreation are all interwoven—all part of the fabric of our constitutional law, and because that is so, of our lives. Especially women's lives, where they safeguard a right to self-determination."<ref name="Justia 2022" /> In response to Kavanaugh's concurrence, they wrote, "His idea is that neutrality lies in giving the abortion issue to the States, where some can go one way and some another. But would he say that the Court is being 'scrupulously neutral' if it allowed New York and California to ban all the guns they want?"<ref name="Justia 2022"/> In Part II, the three discussed ''stare decisis''. In Part III, they concluded, "With sorrow—for this Court, but more, for the many millions of American women who have today lost a fundamental constitutional protection—we dissent."<ref name="cnn decision"/>

== Impact ==
=== Pre-decision ===
After the ''Dobbs'' litigation began, the [[Social:Texas Heartbeat Act|Texas Heartbeat Act]] was enacted on September 1, 2021. Two lawsuits challenging the law, ''Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson'' and ''United States v. Texas,'' quickly propagated through the court systems and reached the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/01/us/texas-abortion-supreme-court |title = Supreme Court Appears Open to Letting Providers Challenge Texas Abortion Law |first = Adam |last = Liptak |date = November 1, 2021 |accessdate = November 25, 2021 |work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} |archive-date = November 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211124174735/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/01/us/texas-abortion-supreme-court |url-status = live }}</ref> Oral arguments for both cases were on November 1, 2021, and decisions for both were issued in December 2021. The decisions primarily focused on [[Social:Standing (law)|standing]] rather than directly addressing constitutional matters and abortion-related issues; both allowed the Texas Heartbeat Act to remain in force while litigation continued in lower courts.<ref name="cnbc decision dec2021">{{cite web |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/10/supreme-court-issues-opinion-on-texas-abortion-law-challenges.html |title = Supreme Court will let lawsuit challenging Texas abortion law continue |first1 = Kevin |last1 = Breuninger |first2 = Dan |last2 = Mangan |date = December 10, 2021 |access-date = December 10, 2021 |work = {{wipe|CNBC}} |archive-date = December 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211210152110/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/10/supreme-court-issues-opinion-on-texas-abortion-law-challenges.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Concern about the Supreme Court's considering three abortion-related cases in the 2021–22 term led to the near record number of ''amici curiae'' briefs filed for ''Dobbs'' before the case was argued on December 1, 2021.<ref name="scotusblog amicus"/>

[[File:Trigger law states+ok.svg|thumb|U.S. states that have trigger laws that restricted abortions after ''Roe'' was overturned]]
Georgia had passed [[Social:Georgia House Bill 481|Georgia House Bill 481]], best known as the Living Infants Fairness Equality (LIFE) Act, in 2019. The law banned most abortions after a fetal heartbeat was detected, about six weeks' time, with multiple exceptions: if the fetus were conceived by rape or incest, if the pregnancy were medically futile, or if the pregnancy threatened the mother's life.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.georgiapol.com/2019/05/07/governor-brian-kemp-signs-living-infants-fairness-and-equality-act/ |title = Governor Brian Kemp Signs Living Infants Fairness and Equality Act |first = Nathan |last = Smith |date = May 7, 2019 |accessdate = May 7, 2022 |work = GeorgiaPol.com |archive-date = May 7, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220507190214/https://www.georgiapol.com/2019/05/07/governor-brian-kemp-signs-living-infants-fairness-and-equality-act/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The law also revised who is considered a [[Social:Legal person|legal person]], allowing pregnant women to receive child support and tax deductions for their offspring before birth.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://gabaptist.org/heartbeat-bill-struck-down/ |title = Heartbeat Bill: Struck Down but Not Defeated |first = Mike |last = Griffin |date = 2019 |accessdate = May 7, 2022 |work = Georgia Baptist Mission Board |archive-date = September 28, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928112425/https://gabaptist.org/heartbeat-bill-struck-down/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In October 2019, the LIFE Act was challenged, and in July 2020 the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia deemed it unconstitutional under ''Roe''. Georgia appealed this ruling to the Eleventh Circuit, but because ''Dobbs'' was scheduled to be argued in December 2021, the Circuit Court issued a stay of review until after the Supreme Court decided ''Dobbs''.<ref>{{cite web |last = Goldsmith |first = Jill |date = September 27, 2021 |title = Georgia Appeals Court Stays Review Of Hollywood Hub's Abortion Law Ahead Of Supreme Court Case |url = https://deadline.com/2021/09/georgia-appeals-court-review-hollywood-production-abortion-law-supreme-court-1234845697/ |work = Deadline Hollywood |archive-date = September 28, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015756/https://deadline.com/2021/09/georgia-appeals-court-review-hollywood-production-abortion-law-supreme-court-1234845697/ |url-status = live |access-date = September 27, 2021 }}</ref>

At least 22 states with Republican leadership either passed or were in the process of passing anti-abortion related bills when the Supreme Court agreed to hear ''Dobbs'' in May 2021. Enforcement of most of the new laws was enjoined by courts, but they became enforceable after ''Roe'' was overturned.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/18/politics/mississippi-abortion-case-impact-supreme-court-abortion-bans-activists/index.html |title = More states are expected to pass anti-abortion bills challenging ''Roe v. Wade'' ahead of monumental Supreme Court case |first = Caroline |last = Kelly |date = May 18, 2021 |accessdate = May 19, 2021 |work = CNN |archive-date = May 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230749/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/18/politics/mississippi-abortion-case-impact-supreme-court-abortion-bans-activists/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Thirteen states have trigger laws that ban most abortions in the first and second trimesters if ''Roe'' is overturned.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.reproductiverights.org/what-if-roe-fell |title = What if ''Roe'' Fell? |work = Center for Reproductive Rights |date = February 21, 2019 |access-date = May 5, 2022 |archive-date = May 9, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175533/https://www.reproductiverights.org/what-if-roe-fell |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher">{{cite journal |url = https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/abortion-policy-absence-roe |title = Abortion Policy in the Absence of ''Roe'' |publisher = Guttmacher Institute |date = June 1, 2020 |access-date = July 6, 2020 |last1 = Jones |first1 = Rachel K. |last2 = Witwer |first2 = Elizabeth |last3 = Jerman |first3 = Jenna |doi = 10.1363/2019.30760 |s2cid = 203813573  |archive-date = May 6, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220506052025/https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/abortion-policy-absence-roe |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="CBSnews">{{cite news |last = Smith |first = Kate |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-abortion-law-abortion-clinic-automatically-illegal-roe-v-wade-overturned-2019-04-22 |title = Abortion would automatically be illegal in these states if ''Roe v. Wade'' is overturned |work = CBS News |date = April 22, 2019 |access-date = May 5, 2022 |archive-date = May 14, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190514212738/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-abortion-law-abortion-clinic-automatically-illegal-roe-v-wade-overturned-2019-04-22/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The states with trigger laws are Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://news.stlpublicradio.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2022-05-06/missouris-trigger-law-is-ready-for-roes-demise-what-happens-then |title = Missouri's 'trigger law' is ready for Roe's demise. What happens then? |website = STLPR |date = May 6, 2022 |access-date = May 7, 2022 |archive-date = May 6, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220506225615/https://news.stlpublicradio.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2022-05-06/missouris-trigger-law-is-ready-for-roes-demise-what-happens-then |url-status = live }}</ref> North Dakota, Oklahoma,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-of-the-united-states-oklahoma-bills-courts-supreme-courts-e1618c050c757894c0579b1fb9143e2a |title = Oklahoma governor signs bill to ban abortion if SCOTUS rules |website = Associated Press |date = April 28, 2021 |access-date = May 5, 2022 |archive-date = July 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210727232219/https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-of-the-united-states-oklahoma-bills-courts-supreme-courts-e1618c050c757894c0579b1fb9143e2a |url-status = live }}</ref> South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas,<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Najmabadi |first1 = Shannon |title = Gov. Greg Abbott signs bill that would outlaw abortions if ''Roe v. Wade'' is overturned |url = https://www.texastribune.org/2021/06/16/texas-abortion-law-roe-wade/ |website = The Texas Tribune |date = June 16, 2021 |access-date = September 3, 2021 |archive-date = September 3, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210903171741/https://www.texastribune.org/2021/06/16/texas-abortion-law-roe-wade/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Utah, and Wyoming.<ref>{{cite web |last = Exchange |first = Wyoming Tribune Eagle via Wyoming News |title = Gov. Gordon signs 'trigger ban' abortion bill |url = https://www.codyenterprise.com/news/wyoming_news/article_3a82bc40-a558-11ec-9048-5351e074ecaa.html |access-date = May 10, 2022 |website = Cody Enterprise |archive-date = March 16, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220316190727/https://www.codyenterprise.com/news/wyoming_news/article_3a82bc40-a558-11ec-9048-5351e074ecaa.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Nine states, among them Alabama (which also passed the [[Social:Human Life Protection Act|Human Life Protection Act]] in 2019), Arizona, Arkansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, never repealed their pre-''Roe'' abortion bans, such as the [[Social:Texas abortion statutes (1961)|Texas abortion statutes (1961)]]. Those laws were not criminally enforceable due to ''Roe'' but are enforceable with ''Roe'' overturned.<ref name="Guttmacher"/> At least some Democratic attorneys general or candidates for attorneys general have pledged not to enforce anti-abortion laws and prevent or hinder local prosecutors' efforts to enforce them, whereas at least some Republicans have pledged to enforce new state bans.<ref>{{cite web |title = Dem AGs pledge to hold the line if Roe falls |url = https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/09/attorney-general-elections-candidates-abortion-00030821 |access-date = May 13, 2022 |website = Politico |archive-date = May 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220513013716/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/09/attorney-general-elections-candidates-abortion-00030821 |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Post-decision ===

==== State laws restricting abortion ====
The overturning of ''Roe'' did not make abortion illegal nationwide. Abortion remains legal in most states, but those with trigger laws to restrict abortion with ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' overturned immediately did so.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Sangal |first2=Aditi |last3=Hammond |first3=Elise |last4=Wagner |first4=Meg |last5=Rocha |first5=Veronica  |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Louisiana attorney general says trigger law banning abortion in state is in effect |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_f265f0d625ea12c722128486226150b1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624151905/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_f265f0d625ea12c722128486226150b1 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |website=CNN |language=en-US |access-date = June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Sangal |first2=Aditi |last3=Hammond |first3=Elise |last4=Wagner |first4=Meg |last5=Rocha |first5=Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title=Texas attorney general says abortion now illegal in state and declares June 24 a holiday for his office |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_ea87e33e547aca05fbabbc561e9d381c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624181044/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_ea87e33e547aca05fbabbc561e9d381c |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |website=CNN |language=en-US |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> Multiple Republican governors and attorneys general moved to invoke their trigger laws to immediately ban abortion or call special sessions to implement abortion bans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Sangal |first2=Aditi |last3=Hammond |first3=Elise |last4=Wagner |first4=Meg |last5=Rocha |first5=Veronica |date=June 24, 2022 |title=South Dakota governor announces plans for special session this year after SCOTUS decision |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_80429f61a483b55cf2d44cb93aee85a3 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182315/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_80429f61a483b55cf2d44cb93aee85a3 |url-status=live |website=CNN |language=en-US |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Sangal |first2=Aditi |last3=Hammond |first3=Elise |last4=Wagner |first4=Meg |last5=Rocha |first5=Veronica |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Governors react to Supreme Court overturning Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_6174fddda4c42a0ccb4ef2277ee5affb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624183324/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_6174fddda4c42a0ccb4ef2277ee5affb |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |language=en-US |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> In August 2022, Indiana became the first state to pass an abortion ban law after ''Dobbs''.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/05/politics/indiana-state-house-abortion-bill/index.html | title = Indiana becomes first state post-Roe to pass law banning most abortions | first1 =  Veronica | last1 = Stracqualursi | first2 = Laura | last2 = Ly | first3 = Kiely | last3 = Westhoff | date = August 6, 2022 | accessdate = August 6, 2022 | work = CNN }}</ref>

Some states had older laws that restricted abortion but had been put on hold after ''Roe''; after ''Dobbs'', these states reviewed means to resume enforcement of the laws. Lawsuits challenging pre-''Roe'' and newer laws were filed in multiple states; each argued that privacy provisions in the state's constitution provided abortion rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/abortion-politics-reproductive-rights-cb1ea0156e9faac86470ad8ce89794f0 |title=Supreme Court's abortion ruling sets off new court fights |website=Associated Press |date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627185530/https://apnews.com/article/abortion-politics-reproductive-rights-cb1ea0156e9faac86470ad8ce89794f0 |url-status=live }}</ref> In some states where such challenges were under way, injunctions against the laws restricting abortion were issued, including Louisiana and Utah on June 27, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna35528 |title=Louisiana and Utah trigger laws banning abortions temporarily blocked by courts |website=NBC News |access-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627205558/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna35528 |url-status=live }}</ref> A lower state court placed an injunction on a 1928 pre-''Roe'' ban in Texas on June 28; by July 1, the Texas Supreme Court reversed this order.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sneed |first=Tierney |title=Abortions can resume at some Texas clinics after court blocks pre-Roe ban |date=June 28, 2022 |website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/28/politics/texas-abortion/index.html |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628220140/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/28/politics/texas-abortion/index.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/02/us/texas-supreme-court-abortion-ban.html | title = Texas Supreme Court Lifts Freeze on Abortion Ban | first = Isabella | last =Kwai | date = July 2, 2022 | accessdate = July 2, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} }}</ref> Legal efforts to block a Wisconsin pre-''Roe'' ban from being enforced were announced on June 28;<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Oriana |title=Wisconsin governor files lawsuit to challenge state's pre-Roe abortion ban |date=June 28, 2022 |website=Axios |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/28/wisconsin-abortion-pre-roe-ban-court-block |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628221000/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/28/wisconsin-abortion-pre-roe-ban-court-block }}</ref> by June 30, Michigan's state supreme court had yet to react to Governor Gretchen Whitmer's lawsuit alleging that the state's pre-''Roe'' ban violated the state constitution.<ref>{{cite news |agency=The Associated Press |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Abortion ruling prompts variety of reactions from states |newspaper=ABC News |access-date=June 30, 2022 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/abortion-ruling-prompts-variety-reactions-states-86014465 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630201537/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/abortion-ruling-prompts-variety-reactions-states-86014465 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 }}</ref> Abortion providers in Kentucky, Idaho, Mississippi, and Florida challenged newly passed abortion restrictions in those states; each suit alleged that the law violated provisions of the state's constitution. By June 30, judges had halted the enforcement of the laws in Kentucky and Florida.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sneed |first=Tierney |title=Abortion rights groups launch multi-state court effort to stop or slow enforcement of abortion bans |date=June 27, 2022 |website=CNN |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/27/politics/state-court-efforts-against-abortion-bans/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628074925/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/27/politics/state-court-efforts-against-abortion-bans/index.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raymond |first1=Nate |last2=Ax |first2=Joseph |title=Florida, Kentucky judges block states from enforcing abortion bans |date=June 30, 2022 |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=June 30, 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/kentucky-judge-blocks-state-enforcing-abortion-bans-2022-06-30/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630195737/https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/kentucky-judge-blocks-state-enforcing-abortion-bans-2022-06-30/ |archive-date=June 30, 2022 }}</ref>

An Ohio abortion law came under attention in July 2022. The law disallows abortions after embryonic cardiac activity is detectable (approximately six weeks into term), and makes no exceptions for rape or incest. The law passed in 2019 and had been blocked from enforcement by a court injunction, but with ''Dobbs'', the injunction was lifted. A ten-year-old girl who had been raped traveled from Ohio to Indiana to have an abortion, as reported by the ''Indianapolis Star'' on July 1; her rapist was arrested by July 13. Before this arrest was made public, right-leaning politicians and media sources called the story a hoax; Ohio's attorney general Dave Yost said, "Every day that goes by, the more likely that this is a fabrication."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/07/13/ohio-attorney-general-rejoices-arrest-child-rape-suspect/10048250002/ | title = Ohio AG Dave Yost cast doubt on 10-year-old rape victim case, now 'rejoices' at arrest | first= Laura | last =Bischoff | date = July 14, 2022 | accessdate = July 16, 2022 | work = [[Software:USA Today|USA Today]] }}</ref> After news of the arrest validated the ''Star''{{'s}} story, these sources did not apologize for claiming the story was a hoax.<ref name="nytimes ohio case"/> Jim Bopp, the general counsel for the National Right to Life Committee, said in an interview that the girl should have been forced to bear the child, and that "She would have had the baby, and as many women who have had babies as a result of rape, we would hope that she would understand the reason and ultimately the benefit of having the child."<ref>{{cite web | url =  https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/14/anti-abotion-10-year-old-ohio-00045843 | title = National Right to Life official: 10-year-old should have had baby | first1 = Megan | last1 = Messerly | first2 = Adam | last2 = Wren | date = July 14, 2022 | accessdate = July 16, 2022 | work = Politico }}</ref> Bopp's comment led to ire from several left-leaning politicians and media sources, deriding ''Dobbs'' and the stance taken by the right.<ref name="nytimes ohio case">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/business/media/10-year-old-girl-ohio-rape.html | title = Facts Were Sparse on an Abortion Case. But That Didn't Stop the Attacks. | first = Katie | last = Robertson | date = July 14, 2022 | accessdate = July 16, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} }}</ref>

=====EMTALA and federal preemption =====
Several states adopted, or began to enforce, laws that banned abortion without exceptions. But the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued guidance after ''Dobbs'' stating that even in these states, abortions are still allowed if a physician determines that the pregnant woman's life is at risk, under the federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), which requires hospitals receiving Medicare funding to provide emergency stabilizing medical treatment.<ref name=HHSGuidanceAP>{{cite web |date=2022-07-11 |title=Biden admin: Docs must offer abortion if mom's life at risk |url=https://apnews.com/article/abortion-health-government-and-politics-4221f9306a596904b9af2e0d1fad23b9 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref name=HHSWSJ>{{cite web|authors=Sadie Gurman & Laura Kusisto|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-department-files-lawsuit-challenging-idaho-abortion-law-11659463607|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|title=Justice Department Files Lawsuit Challenging Idaho Abortion Law|date=August 2, 2022}}</ref> As a federal law, EMTALA preempts inconsistent state law. The HHS guidance said: "If a physician believes that a pregnant patient presenting at an [[Medicine:Emergency department|emergency department]] is experiencing an emergency medical condition as defined by EMTALA, and that abortion is the stabilizing treatment necessary to resolve that condition, the physician must provide that treatment. When a state law prohibits abortion and does not include an exception for the life of the pregnant person—or draws the exception more narrowly than EMTALA's emergency medical condition definition—that state law is preempted."<ref name=HHSGuidanceAP/> 

The U.S. Department of Justice sued Idaho, arguing that EMTALA preempts Idaho's law making it a criminal offense to perform any abortion, without exception.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Justice Department Sues Idaho to Protect Reproductive Rights |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-idaho-protect-reproductive-rights |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HHSWSJ" /><ref name="ForceClash">[https://news.bloomberglaw.com/health-law-and-business/high-stakes-abortion-lawsuits-force-clash-on-emergency-care-law High-Stakes Abortion Lawsuits Force Clash on Emergency Care Law], Bloomberg Law (August 4, 2022).</ref> A district judge granted a preliminary injunction blocking Idaho's abortion ban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CNN |first=Tierney Sneed |title=Judge blocks enforcement of Idaho's abortion ban in medical emergencies day before it was set to take effect |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/24/politics/idaho-abortion-ban-doj/index.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Judge sides with Biden admin, blocking part of Idaho's abortion ban |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/24/judge-blocks-part-idaho-abortion-ban-00053493 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> 

Conversely, Texas responded to the guidance by suing the Biden administration.<ref name="ForceClash" /> A district judge blocked HHS from applying the guidance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CNN |first=Chris Boyette and Tierney Sneed |title=Federal judge blocks HHS guidance that emergency medical care must include abortion services |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/24/politics/federal-judge-texas-abortion-services/index.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=CNN}}</ref> The White House criticized the ruling in a statement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2022-08-24 |title=Statement from Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act Decision |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/24/statement-from-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-on-the-u-s-district-court-for-the-northern-district-of-texas-emergency-medical-treatment-and-labor-act-decision/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> The DOJ is considering next steps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Statement from Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Regarding Reproductive Rights |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-attorney-general-merrick-b-garland-regarding-reproductive-rights |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Separately, the Department of Veterans Affairs said it would continue to offer abortion and related services to military veterans if the woman's life is in danger and in cases of rape or incest, under Department of Defence regulations, even in states where abortion has been completely banned.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/09/02/politics/veterans-affairs-abortion/index.html | title=Department of Veterans Affairs to offer abortion counseling and certain abortions to veterans }}</ref>

====State laws expanding abortion access====
In response to ''Dobbs'', several states allowing abortion considered or adopted legislation expanding abortion access. Proposals by California, Oregon, and Washington state have included expanding abortion access by eliminating co-pays for abortion services, funding travel costs for those seeking abortion from states that ban abortion, and enshrining the right to an abortion in state constitutions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ting |first=Eric |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Roe v. Wade is officially overturned. Here's what it means for California. |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/what-roe-means-for-california-17258978.php |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624171940/https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/what-roe-means-for-california-17258978.php |url-status=live |website=SFGate |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Office of Governor Gavin Newsom |date=June 24, 2022 |title=West Coast States Launch New Multi-State Commitment to Reproductive Freedom, Standing United on Protecting Abortion Access |url=https://yubanet.com/california/west-coast-states-launch-new-multi-state-commitment-to-reproductive-freedom-standing-united-on-protecting-abortion-access/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624171941/https://yubanet.com/california/west-coast-states-launch-new-multi-state-commitment-to-reproductive-freedom-standing-united-on-protecting-abortion-access/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |url-status=live |website=YubaNet |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> In early 2022, while ''Dobbs'' was pending, the Vermont Legislature had already approved sending Proposal 5 to the referendum ballot in November 2022, which would amend the state's constitution "to guarantee sexual and reproductive freedoms" (including the right to abortion).<ref>{{cite web |last=Darling |first=Jeralyn |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Abortion would remain legal in Vermont if Roe v. Wade is overturned |url=https://vtdigger.org/2022/05/03/abortion-would-remain-legal-in-vermont-if-roe-v-wade-is-overturned/ |website=VT Digger |access-date=June 24, 2022 |quote=Vermont's onerous constitutional amendment process requires multiple votes by the Legislature in back-to-back bienniums. In April 2021, the Vermont Senate again supported Proposal 5, and in February 2022 the Vermont House gave it final legislative approval, placing the question on the general election ballot this November. Should a majority of voters support the measure, Vermont would become the first state to make such an amendment to its state constitution. |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616041346/https://vtdigger.org/2022/05/03/abortion-would-remain-legal-in-vermont-if-roe-v-wade-is-overturned/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the hours after ''Dobbs'' was issued, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker issued an executive order with several measures to protect abortion access in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Legislature subsequently passed a reproductive rights package that codified many of the provisions in the executive order, and was the outcome of compromise discussions among the legislature. Baker signed the bill, which passed the House 137-16 and the Senate 16–1. Among other things, the Massachusetts law strengthens an existing requirement that health insurers cover abortion services and shields Massachusetts patients and providers from penalties from states with more restrictive abortion laws; for example, it prohibits the state from extraditing to another state any person charged with offenses that would be legal under Massachusetts law, and protects abortion providers from lawsuits based on extraterritorial jurisdiction.<ref>
*Matt Murphy, [https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2022/07/26/mass-house-and-senate-pass-reproductive-rights-bill-now-on-governors-desk Mass. House and Senate pass reproductive rights bill, now on governor's desk], State House News Service (July 26, 2022).
*Alison Kuznitz, [https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/07/massachusetts-abortion-protections-bill-shielding-providers-and-patients-signed-into-law-by-gov-charlie-baker.html Massachusetts abortion protections bill, shielding providers and patients, signed into law by Gov. Charlie Baker], ''MassLive'' (July 29, 2022).
*Steve LeBlanc, [https://apnews.com/article/covid-science-health-toronto-7c631558a457188d2bd2b5cfd360a867 Massachusetts governor signs bill protecting abortion access], Associated Press (July 29, 2022).</ref>

====Congressional proposals====
Following ''Dobbs'', Congress has introduced bills related to abortion rights. House Democrats passed two bills on July 15 to enhance abortion rights. The first, the Women's Health Protection Act of 2022, would prevent states from restricting abortions before fetal viability and prevent states from blocking access to abortion services. The second, the Ensuring Access to Abortion Act of 2022, would prevent states from blocking travel to other states to obtain abortions and support. Both bills passed primarily on party lines, and are expected to have difficulty passing the Senate.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/15/politics/house-abortion-access-legislation-vote/index.html | title = House passes bills to protect abortion access after Roe v. Wade overturned | first1 = Clare| last1 = Foran  | first2 = Kristen | last2 = Wilson | date = July 15, 2022 | accessdate = July 16, 2022 | work = CNN }}</ref> Some House Republicans have proposed a nationwide 15-week abortion ban, while over 100 have signed onto a six-week abortion ban. Top House Republicans have been reported to be wary of such plans, instead favoring a nationwide ban on late-term abortions only.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Sangal |first2=Aditi |last3=Hammond |first3=Elise |last4=Wagner |first4=Meg |last5=Rocha |first5=Veronica |date=June 24, 2022 |title=House Republicans eye 15-week abortion ban after SCOTUS ruling |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_84ee3d16eae39dae3ad9895298e7cc40 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182529/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_84ee3d16eae39dae3ad9895298e7cc40 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=CNN |language=en-US}}</ref>

Due to concerns based on Thomas's concurrence, in July 2022 the House passed bills aimed to protect rights that Thomas had mentioned, including the right to same-sex and interracial marriages via the Respect for Marriage Act,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-votes-protect-sex-marriage-case-supreme-court-rescinds-rcna38990 | title=House votes to protect same-sex marriage in case the Supreme Court rescinds it | website=NBC News }}</ref> and access to contraceptives.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna39167 | title=House passes legislation to enshrine a right to contraception in federal law | website=NBC News }}</ref>

====Executive action by President Biden====
After the decision, President Biden said there was a need to protect abortion rights, but said he would not support an [[Social:Executive order|executive order]] to mandate them or eliminating the Senate's filibuster to allow Democrats to pass federal abortion protections. Instead, on July 8, 2022, Biden issued Executive Order 14076, "Executive Order on Protecting Access to Reproductive Healthcare Services", which instructed the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to review and find ways to assure access to "the full range of reproductive health services", including "emergency contraception and long-acting reversible contraception like intrauterine devices (IUDs)", within the birth control coverage of the [[Finance:Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act]]. The executive order also instructed HHS to evaluate ways to provide "technical assistance to states affording legal protection to out-of-state patients as well as providers who offer legal reproductive health care".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/08/politics/white-house-executive-order-abortion/index.html | title = Biden to sign executive order Friday aimed at safeguarding abortion rights  |first1 = Donald | last1=  Judd | first2 = Kate | last2= Sullivan | date = July 8, 2022 | accessdate = July 8, 2022 | work = CNN }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/07/08/executive-order-on-protecting-access-to-reproductive-healthcare-services/ | title = Executive Order on Protecting Access to Reproductive Healthcare Services | first = Joe | last =Biden | date = July 8, 2022 | accessdate = July 8, 2022 | work = whitehouse.gov }}</ref>

On August 3, 2022, Biden issued another executive order aimed at protecting women seeking abortions in other states.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Donald Judd,Kate |date=2022-08-03 |title=Biden signs new executive order on abortion rights: 'Women's health and lives are on the line' {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/03/politics/joe-biden-abortion-executive-order/index.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2022-08-03 |title=Executive Order on Securing Access to Reproductive and Other Healthcare Services |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/08/03/executive-order-on-securing-access-to-reproductive-and-other-healthcare-services/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Medical abortion and other processes====
The Court's decision also sparked concern over access to medication abortion options, including the prescription of [[Biology:Mifepristone|mifepristone]] and [[Chemistry:Misoprostol|misoprostol]]. These medications have been approved for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) within the first ten weeks of pregnancy. Secretary of Health and Human Services Xavier Becerra asserted that after the ''Dobbs'' decision, "We stand unwavering in our commitment to ensure every American has access to health care and the ability to make decisions about health care—including the right to safe and legal abortion, such as medication abortion that has been approved by the FDA for over 20 years."<ref name="nytimes medical abortion">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/26/health/abortion-medication-pills.html | title = Abortion Pills Take the Spotlight as States Impose Abortion Bans | first = Pam | last = Bulleck | date = June 26, 2022 | accessdate = June 26, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} | archive-date = June 26, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220626070545/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/26/health/abortion-medication-pills.html/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Despite the federal stance, states opposed to abortion were considering laws to ban access to medical abortion, including out-of-state shipments in the U.S. mail and [[Medicine:Telemedicine|telemedicine]] support.<ref name="nytimes medical abortion"/> Some states seeking to block medical abortion options are also considering censoring information about this option to residents, leading to potential First Amendment legal battles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/business/media/first-amendment-roe-abortion-rights.html |title=First Amendment Confrontation May Loom in Post-Roe Fight |first=Jeremy W. |last=Peters |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=June 29, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630005122/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/business/media/first-amendment-roe-abortion-rights.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Whether such state bans are legal under the Supremacy Clause, where federal law overrules conflicting state law, is unknown, as there is little case law to establish the strength of the FDA over state interests.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.wired.com/story/abortion-pills-may-force-states-and-the-fda-into-a-stand-off/ | title = Abortion Pills May Force States and the FDA Into a Standoff | first = Maryn | last = McKenna | date = July 7, 2022 | accessdate = July 8, 2022 | magazine = Wired }}</ref>

States that support abortion rights expected an influx of requests for medical abortion.<ref name="nytimes medical abortion"/> Doctors and prescribers saw increased demand for contraception after both the leak and the ruling, including emergency and long-lasting after the latter. Some national pharmacy chains imposed limits on purchases.<ref>{{cite news |last=Langmaid |first=Virginia |date=2022-07-06 |title=Contraception demand up after Roe reversal, doctors say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/health/contraceptives-demand-after-roe/index.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Other Americans have been denied refills of medical prescriptions for [[Chemistry:Methotrexate|methotrexate]], a form of chemotherapy taken long term for many [[Medicine:Autoimmune disease|autoimmune disease]]s, as it is considered an abortifacient.<ref>{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Rebecca |date=2022-07-04 |title=Anger as woman denied "abortifacient" medication after Roe v. Wade ruling |url=https://www.newsweek.com/anger-woman-denied-abortifacient-medication-roe-v-wade-abortion-1721428 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>

Doctors throughout the U.S. reported an increase in requests for vasectomies. A Florida doctor said requests have doubled since the ruling with a prominent and continuous increase since June 24. Many of the men said they had previously considered a vasectomy but the ruling had been the tipping point.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannie |first=Kathryn |date=June 30, 2022 |title=U.S. doctors see spike in vasectomies following end of Roe v. Wade: report - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8958704/us-vasectomy-increase-roe-v-wade/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Privacy rights ====
Privacy rights related to data tracking through Internet usage, mobile phone usage, and mobile applications have been raised after the leak and subsequently after the decision. States with strict abortion laws could use this information to determine if women were seeking to have abortions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Korn |first1=Jennifer |last2=Duffy |first2=Clare |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Search histories, location data, text messages: How personal data could be used to enforce anti-abortion laws |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/tech/abortion-laws-data-privacy/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624213530/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/tech/abortion-laws-data-privacy/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to users taking steps to minimize their data footprint, groups like the [[Organization:Electronic Frontier Foundation|Electronic Frontier Foundation]] urged companies that make these apps to take steps to reduce the amount of data they collect and use end-to-end encryption to further aid those seeking abortions outside of states that have banned them.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Roe v. Wade overturned: Here's how tech companies and internet users can protect privacy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-how-tech-companies-and-users-can-protect-privacy.html |work=CNBC |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624221026/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-how-tech-companies-and-users-can-protect-privacy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said Democrats will introduce a bill to set certain requirements for reproductive health apps such as [[Software:Flo (app)|Flo]]. She said the legislation would aim to prevent data these apps collect from identifying women seeking abortions.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.engadget.com/house-democrats-legislation-period-tracker-data-033357063.html?src=rss | title = House Democrats are working on legislation to protect people's period tracker data | first = Mariella | last = Moon | date = June 27, 2022 | accessdate = June 27, 2022 | work = [[Software:Engadget|Engadget]] | archive-date = June 28, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220628035254/https://www.engadget.com/house-democrats-legislation-period-tracker-data-033357063.html?src%3Drss | url-status = live }}</ref> Google announced it would delete location history data after users visit "medical facilities", including abortion clinics, counseling centers, and domestic violence shelters. The company also stated that it would introduce a way to mass-delete period data for [[Company:Fitbit|Fitbit]] users.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hatmaker |first1=Taylor |title=Google will start erasing location data for abortion clinic visits |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/01/google-abortion-clinic-location-data-privacy/ |website=TechCrunch |date=2 July 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702082201/https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/01/google-abortion-clinic-location-data-privacy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2022 United States election season ====
''Dobbs'' made abortion rights a major issue in the November 2022 United States elections.<ref name=RoilsMidterms>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/politics/abortion-roe-wade-midterm-elections.html | title = 'It's Become Real': Abortion Decision Roils Midterms, Sending Fight to States | first = Katie | last = Glueck | date = June 24, 2022 | accessdate = June 26, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} | archive-date = June 25, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625110554/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/politics/abortion-roe-wade-midterm-elections.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/3582787-abortion-rises-on-list-of-americans-most-important-problems-gallup/|newspaper=The Hill|title=Abortion rises on list of Americans' most important problems: Gallup|date=August 1, 2022|authors=Julia Mueller}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=James Bikales & Praveena Somasundaram|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/09/dobbs-state-judicial-elections/|title=State supreme courts could soon decide on abortion, raising stakes of their midterm races|date=August 9, 2022|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="politico elections sept2022"/> Democrats, who generally support abortion rights, plan to use the issue to try to offset the [[Finance:2021–2022 inflation surge|2021–2022 inflation surge]] and Biden's lower approval rating when ''Dobbs'' was announced. Republicans, who want to retake seats in both the House and Senate and gain several state governor and legislature positions but face tight races, have some concern that the negative reaction to ''Dobbs'' could work against them. They hope that by November there will be more focus on the economy and other issues on which they expect to win.<ref name=RoilsMidterms/> According to analyst firm AdImpact, by September 2022, Democrats had spent {{USD|34 million|long=no}} on political advertising that highlighted abortion rights, while Republicans had spent only {{USD|1.1 million|long=no}} on abortion-related ads, instead focusing on other issues.<ref name="politico elections sept2022">{{cite web | url = https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/25/abortion-gop-candidates-governors-races-00058713 | title = Abortion puts GOP candidates on their heels in top governors races | first1 = Zach | last1 = Montellaro | first2 = Megan | last2 = Messerly | date = September 25, 2022 | accessdate = September 25, 2022 | work =Politico }}</ref>

At least six states have an abortion-related ballot initiative in response to ''Dobbs'', the most ever in a single year.<ref name="Weixel">{{Cite news |last=Weixel |first=Nathaniel |date=August 21, 2022 |title=State ballot measures are new abortion battleground |language=en |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3608609-state-ballot-measures-are-new-abortion-battleground/ |access-date=September 9, 2022}}</ref> The first test came with Kansas's referendum on August 2, 2022. The state's Value Them Both constitutional amendment was approved for public vote about a year before ''Dobbs'' was decided. It would have removed Kansas's constitutional protections for abortion, allowing the legislature to enact more restrictions on the procedure. In the wake of ''Dobbs'', voter registration in Kansas surged, particularly among Democratic and female voters.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://time.com/6203178/kansas-abortion-vote-results-takeaways/ | title = The Kansas Results Preview a Roadmap to Protect Abortion Access Around the Country | first1 = Abigail | last1 = Abrams | first2 = Madeleine | last2 = Carlisle | date = August 3, 2022 | accessdate = August 3, 2022 | magazine = {{wipe|Time (magazine)}} }}</ref> Almost 60% of voters voted against the amendment.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/03/abortion-kansas-midterm-elections/ | title = What does Kansas tell us about November? | first = Philip | last = Bump | date = August 3, 2022 | accessdate = August 3, 2022 | newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}} }}</ref>

According to election analysis site ''FiveThirtyEight'', by August 2022 the impact of ''Dobbs'' led to an unusual swing in favor of Democrats ahead of the general election by nine points.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rakich |first=Nathaniel |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/yes-special-elections-really-are-signaling-a-better-than-expected-midterm-for-democrats/ |title=Yes, Special Elections Really Are Signaling A Better-Than-Expected Midterm For Democrats |publisher=FiveThirtyEight |date= |accessdate=2022-08-24}}</ref>

== Legal analysis ==
Alito's final opinion mirrored points made in the leaked draft, evaluating abortion from a historical standpoint and arguing that the Fourteenth Amendment covers only those rights that were "deeply rooted" at the time of its ratification in 1869, which did not include abortion.<ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux 2022"/> He referenced common law as far back as 17th-century English law, which had established that abortion was illegal after quickening, the point when fetal movements are detectable, about 16 to 22 weeks of gestation.<ref name="wapost legal analysis">{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/06/24/dobbs-decision-looks-history-rescind-roe/ | title = The Dobbs decision looks to history to rescind Roe | first = Patricia Cline | last = Cohen | date = June 24, 2022 | accessdate = June 28, 2022 | newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}} | archive-date = June 29, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220629192136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/06/24/dobbs-decision-looks-history-rescind-roe/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Alito subsequently pointed to a wave of laws introduced in the U.S. in the 19th century that outlawed pre-quickening abortions, and claimed "abortion couldn't be constitutionally protected. Until the latter part of the 20th century, such a right was entirely unknown in American law. When the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, three quarters of the States made abortion a crime at all stages of pregnancy."<ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux 2022"/> Some historians say that Alito's view skews the history of abortion in the U.S. and creates a flawed basis for overturning ''Roe''.<ref name="Thomson-DeVeaux 2022"/><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/24/us/politics/supreme-court-dobbs-jackson-analysis-roe-wade.html | title = The Dobbs v. Jackson Decision, Annotated | date = June 24, 2022 | accessdate = June 28, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} | archive-date = June 27, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220627220638/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/24/us/politics/supreme-court-dobbs-jackson-analysis-roe-wade.html | url-status = live }}</ref> University of Illinois professor Leslie J. Reagan said that Alito "speciously claims" the truth of his assertions.<ref name="Reagan 2022">{{cite web|last=Reagan|first=Leslie J.|date=June 2, 2022|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/02/alitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174|title=What Alito Gets Wrong About the History of Abortion in America|website=Politico|access-date=June 26, 2022|archive-date=June 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623133238/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/02/alitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174|url-status=live}}</ref> Patricia Cline Cohen, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Santa Barbara, said that these laws had come about not because society saw abortion as a crime, but from a small group of white male doctors from Boston who had taken it upon themselves to prove to the rest of the county that pre-quickening abortion should be seen as a crime. The doctors used flawed math to convince the American Medical Association to accept that pre-quickening abortion should also be outlawed, leading to the raft of state laws banning abortion in the latter half of the 19th century.<ref name="wapost legal analysis"/>

Many legal observers have said the ruling creates an independent legal framework, as it lays out a state's ability to determine independent abortion laws.<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Angela |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Supreme Court decision on Mississippi abortion case ends federal abortion rights |url=https://www.wapt.com/article/mississippi-abortion-law-supreme-court-ruling-roe-v-wade/39953969 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624181041/https://www.wapt.com/article/mississippi-abortion-law-supreme-court-ruling-roe-v-wade/39953969 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |via=www.wapt.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gerstein |first1=Josh |last2=Ward |first2=Alexander |date=May 2, 2022 |title=Exclusive: Supreme Court has voted to overturn abortion rights, draft opinion shows |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/supreme-court-abortion-draft-opinion-00029473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503003703/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/supreme-court-abortion-draft-opinion-00029473 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=Politico}}</ref> As many states have rulings prosecuting abortions, even out of state, some have argued that this produces a legal framework in which a U.S. state can act more like a sovereign country, prosecuting individuals from taking actions outside the state's legal jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carmon |first=Irin |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Can Republicans Stop Patients From Leaving the State for an Abortion? |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/05/can-republicans-stop-out-of-state-abortion-patients.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606225717/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/05/can-republicans-stop-out-of-state-abortion-patients.html |archive-date=June 6, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=Intelligencer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wallington |first=Natalie |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Abortion is banned in Missouri. Can you travel to Kansas or another state? What to know |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/business/health-care/article261077747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505195739/https://www.kansascity.com/news/business/health-care/article261077747.html |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=Kansas City}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thomson-DeVeaux |first=Amelia |date=May 3, 2022 |title=States Aren't Waiting For The Supreme Court To Rule On Abortion |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/states-arent-waiting-for-the-supreme-court-to-rule-on-abortion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623113032/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/states-arent-waiting-for-the-supreme-court-to-rule-on-abortion/ |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=FiveThirtyEight}}</ref> The enforceability and practicality of such a decision has been criticized.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hubbard |first=Kaia |title=Out-of-State Bans Threaten to Extend the Reach of Anti-Abortion America. But Some States Are Preparing |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2022-05-19/out-of-state-bans-threaten-to-extend-the-reach-of-anti-abortion-america-but-some-states-are-preparing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520145832/https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2022-05-19/out-of-state-bans-threaten-to-extend-the-reach-of-anti-abortion-america-but-some-states-are-preparing |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hals |first=Tom |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Explainer: How could abortion be prosecuted in the U.S.? |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/how-could-abortion-be-prosecuted-us-2022-05-20/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521101048/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/how-could-abortion-be-prosecuted-us-2022-05-20/ |archive-date=May 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=More States Shield Against Rogue Abortion Prosecutions |url=https://pew.org/3KE43MD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624181044/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2022/05/04/more-states-shield-against-rogue-abortion-prosecutions |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> The ruling has been seen in the context of ever-increasing partisanship and political division in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Personhood and the great American rift |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-personhood-american-crackup-20220623-536snclhyfgrlhbkds46kl2274-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623091047/https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-personhood-american-crackup-20220623-536snclhyfgrlhbkds46kl2274-story.html |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 14, 2022 |title=Authors of New Book Explain How Abortion Is 'Tearing Us Apart' |url=https://www.dailysignal.com/2022/06/14/authors-of-new-book-explain-how-abortion-is-tearing-us-apart/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624031038/https://www.dailysignal.com/2022/06/14/authors-of-new-book-explain-how-abortion-is-tearing-us-apart/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=The Daily Signal}}</ref>

Adam Liptak of ''The New York Times'' commented on the frequent mention of ''Brown v. Board of Education'', the Supreme Court case that overturned ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' and required desegregation of public schools. Liptak said that Alito had argued for overturning ''Roe'' and ''Casey'' in the same manner that ''Brown'' argued for overturning ''Plessy''. Liptak said the dissents in ''Dobbs'' stated that the decision was "the majority's method of constitutional construction" in originalism, and that the Court "might not ever have overruled ''Plessy'', whether five or 50 or 500 years later" if originalism had been applied to ''Brown''.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/us/politics/abortion-brown-board-education.html | title = The Abortion Decision, Haunted by Brown v. Board of Education | first = Adam | last = Liptak | date = August 1, 2022 | accessdate = August 1, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} }}</ref>

The decision raised concerns about similar rights recognized by the Court that are not enumerated in the Constitution according to originalism.<ref name="cnn other rights"/> According to Thomas's concurrence, the rights to contraceptives and to same-sex marriage could be challenged based on ''Dobbs'', since they were not recognized during the 19th century either. Legal experts cautioned that Alito's and Thomas's interpretation of the Constitution could harm women, minorities, and other marginalized groups. University of Colorado Boulder Associate Professor of Law Scott Skinner-Thompson said, "The Court has for a long, long time said: Look, if we define liberty only in terms of what was permitted at the time of ratification of the Bill of Rights or the 14th Amendment, then we’re stuck in time. Because in the 18th and 19th centuries, this country was not very free for many, many people—particularly women, particularly people of color."<ref name="wapost rights">{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/25/abortion-constitutional-rights/ | title = The Supreme Court prompts the question: Who gets rights in America? | first = Karin | last = Bulliard | date = June 25, 2022 | accessdate = June 25, 2022 | newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}} | archive-date = June 26, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220626041308/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/25/abortion-constitutional-rights/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Further, ''Roe'' itself was built on the legal reasoning of the two cases that assured contraceptive availability, ''Griswold v. Connecticut'' and ''Eisenstadt v. Baird'', which held that the Fourteenth Amendment establishes a "zone of personal privacy and autonomy" with which the states cannot interfere, according to Emily Berman, an associate professor at the University of Houston. Berman said that the way Alito had rationalized overturning ''Roe'' could lead to challenges to both ''Griswold'' and ''Eisenstadt'' based on the apparent lack of explicit Fourteenth Amendment coverage.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.houstonchronicle.com/projects/2022/roe-opinion-annotated/ | title = A constitutional law professor explains the opinions overturning Roe v. Wade. Read her notes. | first = Emily | last = Berman | date = June 27, 2022 | accessdate = June 28, 2022 | work = Houston Chronicle | archive-date = June 28, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220628002136/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/projects/2022/roe-opinion-annotated/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Alabama used the ''Dobbs'' rationale of deeply rooted rights to argue for lifting a federal injunction placed in May 2022 on its law that would ban [[Medicine:Sex reassignment therapy|sex reassignment therapy]] for minors that was to go into effect in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.axios.com/2022/06/28/alabama-roe-supreme-court-block-trans-health-care | title = Alabama cites Roe decision in urging court to let state ban trans health care | first = Oriana | last = Gonzalez | date = June 28, 2022 | accessdate = June 29, 2022 | work = Axios | archive-date = June 28, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220628205949/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/28/alabama-roe-supreme-court-block-trans-health-care | url-status = live }}</ref>

Some commentators criticized the idea that abortion was not "deeply rooted" in American "history and tradition". Nancy Gertner and John Reinstein pointed out that in earlier centuries, American society was deeply sexist and excluded women from politics, banning contraception to ensure "that women performed their duties as wives and mothers".<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/05/17/opinion/abortion-rights-are-protected-massachusetts-or-so-we-thought/ Abortion rights are protected in Massachusetts — or so we thought]</ref> Molly Farrell argued that abortion techniques were widely known and practiced in colonial America, if poorly documented because illiterate women acted as midwives. She pointed out [[Biography:Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin Franklin]], one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, added a how-to section on abortion in a book intended to convey the most basic knowledge needed by all Americans.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099542962/abortion-ben-franklin-roe-wade-supreme-court-leak Benjamin Franklin gave instructions on at-home abortions in a book in the 1700s]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/05/ben-franklin-american-instructor-textbook-abortion-recipe.html |title=Ben Franklin Put an Abortion Recipe in His Math Textbook |author=Molly Farrell |date=5 May 2022}}</ref>

== Reaction ==

=== Supreme Court ===
Alito gave his first public comments on the ruling in a keynote address largely about religious liberty for Notre Dame Law School's Religious Liberty Initiative in Rome. He mocked several foreign leaders for criticizing the decision, particularly U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson, whose pending resignation Alito referenced; and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, who had compared the ruling to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |title=Alito mocks foreign critics of Supreme Court abortion ruling |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/28/alito-mocks-foreign-critics-of-ruling-00048607 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news  |first=Ariane|last=de Vogue  |title=Samuel Alito mocks foreign critics of repealing Roe v. Wade in Rome speech |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/28/politics/samuel-alito-religious-liberty-notre-dame-rome/index.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=CNN}}</ref>

=== Political ===
==== Support ====
Those aligned with the United States anti-abortion movement celebrated ''Dobbs'', including the National Right to Life Committee,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Sangal |first2=Aditi |last3=Hammond |first3=Elise |last4=Wagner |first4=Meg |last5=Rocha |first5=Veronica |date=June 24, 2022 |title=National Right to Life Convention erupted in cheers when ruling was announced |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_af937a55f51111b790c3182657c22a47 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624181044/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_af937a55f51111b790c3182657c22a47 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |work=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Veronica Stracqualursi |title='Pro-mom, pro-baby, pro-life': People at anti-abortion convention celebrate Roe's downfall and focus on 'long battle ahead' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/national-right-to-life-supreme-court-dobbs-decision/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052247/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/national-right-to-life-supreme-court-dobbs-decision/index.html |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> other anti-abortion activists,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dias |first1=Elizabeth |date=June 24, 2022 |title='A Grievous Wrong Was Righted': Anti-Abortion Activists Celebrate the End of Roe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/anti-abortion-activists-roe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627054418/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/anti-abortion-activists-roe.html |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=June 26, 2022 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}}}}</ref> Republican Senate Minority Leader [[Biography:Mitch McConnell|Mitch McConnell]],<ref name="Reacts2" /><ref name="Reacts" /> and many other congressional Republicans.<ref name="Reacts" /><ref name="Reacts2" /> After former president Barack Obama criticized the Court for overruling the longstanding precedent of ''Roe v. Wade'', Senator John Cornyn tweeted, "Now do ''Plessy vs Ferguson''/''Brown vs Board of Education''", alluding to the fact that the latter Supreme Court decision had largely overruled the former, a then-58-year-old precedent that racial segregation was constitutional.<ref>{{cite web |last=McClure |first=Kelly |date=June 25, 2022 |title=Texas Senator John Cornyn says "Now do Plessy vs Ferguson/Brown vs Board of Education" |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/06/25/texas-senator-john-cornyn-says-now-do-plessy-vs-fergusonbrown-vs-board-of-education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625231920/https://www.salon.com/2022/06/25/texas-senator-john-cornyn-says-now-do-plessy-vs-fergusonbrown-vs-board-of-education/ |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |work=Salon |access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sen. John Cornyn Compares Reversing Roe v. Wade To Segregation |url=https://www.bet.com/article/4vcffh/john-cornyn-barack-obama-tweet-roe-v-wade-segregation |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=BET |language=en |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626073845/https://www.bet.com/article/4vcffh/john-cornyn-barack-obama-tweet-roe-v-wade-segregation |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a statement, former president Donald Trump took credit for the decision and called it "the biggest WIN for LIFE in a generation",<ref>{{cite web |last = Mangan |first = Lauren Feiner,Dan |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Trump takes credit for end of Roe v. Wade after his 3 Supreme Court justice picks vote to void abortion rights |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-decision-trump-takes-credit-for-supreme-court-abortion-ruling.html |access-date = June 24, 2022 |publisher = CNBC |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624183322/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-decision-trump-takes-credit-for-supreme-court-abortion-ruling.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1 = Adrienne |last1 = Vogt |first2 = Aditi |last2 = Sangal |first3 = Elise |last3 = Hammond |first4 = Meg |last4 = Wagner |first5 = Veronica |last5 = Rocha |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Trump praises Supreme Court ruling, calling it 'the biggest win for life in a generation' |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_5735252b4da1298eb4f5b302f7c8241d |access-date = June 24, 2022 |publisher = CNN |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624184717/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_5735252b4da1298eb4f5b302f7c8241d |url-status = live }}</ref> although in private Trump has allegedly been more ambivalent about overturning ''Roe'', speculating that it could be "bad for Republicans" by leading to backlash among suburban female voters in the upcoming midterm elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Bender |first2=Michael C. |date=June 24, 2022 |title=The Man Most Responsible for Ending Roe Worries That It Could Hurt His Party |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/politics/abortion-ruling-trump.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624221807/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/politics/abortion-ruling-trump.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Former vice president Mike Pence also praised the decision, stating that "life won", and called for a national ban on abortion.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alfaro|first1=Mariana|last2=Wange|first2=Amy B.|last3=Bella|first3=Timothy|title=Pence calls for national abortion ban as Trump, GOP celebrate end of Roe|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/24/abortion-supreme-court-trump-pence-republicans-roe/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 24, 2022|access-date=June 24, 2022|archive-date=June 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052305/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/24/abortion-supreme-court-trump-pence-republicans-roe/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Republican Florida Governor Ron DeSantis said, "By properly interpreting the Constitution, the Supreme Court has answered the prayers of millions upon millions of Americans," adding that he would work to further restrict abortion in Florida.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Crisp |first=Elizabeth |date=June 24, 2022 |title=DeSantis vows Florida will expand limits on abortion after court ruling |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/3536148-desantis-vows-florida-will-expand-limits-on-abortion-after-court-ruling/ |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624222951/https://thehill.com/homenews/3536148-desantis-vows-florida-will-expand-limits-on-abortion-after-court-ruling/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A new law in Florida, currently under review by state courts, would restrict abortions to 15 weeks of pregnancy, without providing exceptions for rape or incest.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last=Sarkissian |first=Arek |date=June 24, 2022 |title=DeSantis says Florida will 'expand pro-life protections' after Supreme Court ruling |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/24/gov-ron-desantis-calls-to-expand-pro-life-protection-after-historic-abortion-ruling-00042333 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> Republican Florida Senate President Wilton Simpson, who was adopted as a child, argued the Court's decision would promote adoption as an alternative to abortion. Simpson said, "Florida is a state that values life."<ref name=":6" />

==== Opposition ====
[[File:President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Supreme Court Decision.webm|thumb|220px|President Biden addresses the nation on the decision]]
Conversely, those aligned with the United States abortion-rights movement opposed the ruling, including President Joe Biden, who said, "It's a sad day for the Court and for the country ... the health and life of women in this nation are now at risk";<ref>{{cite news |last = Sullivan |first = Kate |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Biden says 'Roe is on the ballot' this fall as Democrats consider options on abortion rights |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/biden-supreme-court-roe-v-wade/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624171525/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/biden-supreme-court-roe-v-wade/index.html |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |publisher = CNN |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref> former president [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]], who called the ruling an "attack" on "the essential freedoms of millions of Americans";<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Former President Obama criticizes Supreme Court ruling on abortion |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_b102c984550538d12b491cf17e712ae9 |publisher = CNN |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624151902/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_b102c984550538d12b491cf17e712ae9 |url-status = live |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |first = Barack |last = Obama |user = BarackObama |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Today, the Supreme Court not only reversed nearly 50 years of precedent, it relegated the most intensely personal decision someone can make to the whims of politicians and ideologues—attacking the essential freedoms of millions of Americans. |number = 1540340642848690176 |website = Twitter |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624175611/https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1540340642848690176 |url-status = live |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref> U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland, who warned states not to forbid women to seek abortions beyond their borders;<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title = US Attorney General Garland says DOJ "strongly disagrees" with SCOTUS decision |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_d40b561f24d5a105dbd6b332c3f541c8 |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182530/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_d40b561f24d5a105dbd6b332c3f541c8 |url-status = live |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref> U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Xavier Becerra, who called the decision "unconscionable" and said that abortion is an essential part of healthcare;<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Supreme Court decision is "unconscionable," HHS secretary says |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_3b8f5cdd93ac38dc7d148cd2e2387475 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182311/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_3b8f5cdd93ac38dc7d148cd2e2387475 |url-status = live }}</ref> Senator Elizabeth Warren, who called for increasing the number of justices on the court;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=June 26, 2022 |title=Warren calls for Supreme Court expansion after Roe overturned |newspaper=Axios |access-date=July 26, 2022 |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/26/warren-supreme-court-abortion |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714151155/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/26/warren-supreme-court-abortion }}</ref> and many other congressional Democrats.<ref name="Reacts">{{Cite news |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Reactions to U.S. Supreme Court overturning Roe v. Wade abortion landmark |language = en |work = Reuters |url = https://www.reuters.com/world/us/reactions-us-supreme-court-overturning-roe-v-wade-abortion-landmark-2022-06-24/ |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624161028/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/reactions-us-supreme-court-overturning-roe-v-wade-abortion-landmark-2022-06-24/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Reacts2">{{Cite news |title = Hill leaders in both parties reacted swiftly to the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade. Mitch McConnell called it "courageous and correct." |work=Politico|date=June 24, 2022|language = en |url = https://www.politico.com/minutes/congress/06-24-2022/reactions-to-abortion-decision/ |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624161027/https://www.politico.com/minutes/congress/06-24-2022/reactions-to-abortion-decision/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Senator Susan Collins, a Republican who supports abortion rights and voted in the Senate to confirm Kavanaugh, said she felt "misled" by Kavanaugh, who, she claimed, said in a private meeting with her that he would respect precedent, assuring her that he is "a don't-rock-the-boat kind of judge".<ref name="NY times Sen Collins misled">{{cite news |last1=Hulse |first1=Carl |title=Kavanaugh Gave Private Assurances. Collins Says He 'Misled' Her. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-kavanaugh-collins-notes.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=June 25, 2022 |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625021552/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-kavanaugh-collins-notes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Democratic Senator Joe Manchin, who crossed party lines and voted to confirm both Kavanaugh and Gorsuch, made similar comments, saying, "I trusted Justice Gorsuch and Justice Kavanaugh when they testified under oath that they also believed ''Roe v. Wade'' was settled legal precedent and I am alarmed they chose to reject the stability the ruling has provided for two generations of Americans."<ref name="NY times Sen Collins misled" /> Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker, a Republican, expressed disappointment in the decision and signed an executive order protecting abortion rights in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title = Roe v. Wade overturned: Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker signs order protecting abortion rights: 'I am deeply disappointed in today's decision by the Supreme Court' |url = https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/06/roe-v-wade-overturned-massachusetts-gov-charlie-baker-signs-order-protecting-abortion-rights.html |date = June 24, 2022 |work = MassLive |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 25, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052250/https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/06/roe-v-wade-overturned-massachusetts-gov-charlie-baker-signs-order-protecting-abortion-rights.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Governors Jay Inslee, Kate Brown, and Gavin Newsom of Washington, Oregon, and California, respectively, announced a formation of the "West Coast offense", a joint policy to allow and protect abortion rights.<ref name="Axios west coast offensive">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Shawna |title=California, Washington and Oregon launch 'West Coast offense' to protect abortion rights |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/24/abortion-rights-california-washington-oregon |website=Axios |publisher=Axios Media |access-date=June 25, 2022 |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625033310/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/24/abortion-rights-california-washington-oregon |url-status=live }}</ref>

Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez called ''Dobbs'' and other recent decisions some deemed favorable to conservatives—including ''Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta'', which weakened tribal oversight of Native American lands; ''New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen'', which expanded the right for open carry of guns; ''Kennedy v. Bremerton School District'', which drew back the separation of church and state in the Establishment Clause; and ''West Virginia v. EPA'', which weakened the power of federal agencies—a "judicial coup", demanding that President Joe Biden and Congress act to curtail the Supreme Court's power.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/supreme-court-independent-state-legislature-case-1376618/ | title = Supreme Court to Rule on Whether Republican State Legislatures Can Rig Elections | first = Ryan | last = Bort | date = June 30, 2022 | accessdate = June 30, 2022 | magazine = Rolling Stone | archive-date = June 30, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220630180511/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/supreme-court-independent-state-legislature-case-1376618/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://theintercept.com/2022/06/30/supreme-court-climate-epa-coup/ | title = The Supreme Court's Shock-and-Awe Judicial Coup | first = Naomi | last = Klein | date = June 30, 2022 | accessdate = June 30, 2022 | work = The Intercept | archive-date = June 30, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220630204421/https://theintercept.com/2022/06/30/supreme-court-climate-epa-coup/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Religious ===
The ruling was a victory for the Christian right in American politics.<ref name="christian right 1">{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Katherine |date=June 25, 2022 |title=How the Christian right took over the judiciary and changed America |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/25/roe-v-wade-abortion-christian-right-america |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629192339/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/25/roe-v-wade-abortion-christian-right-america |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="christian right 2">{{cite news |title=The Christian right's version of history paid off on abortion and guns |last=Kerby |first=Lauren |date=July 18, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/07/18/christian-rights-version-history-paid-off-abortion-guns/ |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719192011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/07/18/christian-rights-version-history-paid-off-abortion-guns/ }}</ref><ref name="christian right 3">{{cite news |title=20 Ways the Supreme Court Just Changed America |last=Politico Magazine |date=June 25, 2022 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/25/post-roe-america-roundup-00042377 |access-date=July 23, 2022 |newspaper=Politico |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719195321/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/25/post-roe-america-roundup-00042377 }}</ref> The president of the anti-abortion group Operation Rescue, Troy Newman, called the decision a "human rights victory".<ref name=":7"/> Support was widespread among leaders of the [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], including Pope Francis, who compared abortion to "hiring a hit man";<ref>{{cite news|last=Brockhaus|first=Hannah|title=Pope Francis condemns abortion in new comments about Roe v. Wade decision, responds to question on Communion|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/251710/pope-francis-condemns-abortion-in-new-comments-about-roe-v-wade-decision-responds-to-question-on-communion|work=Catholic News Agency|date=4 July 2022}}</ref> the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops; Archbishops José Horacio Gómez and William E. Lori;<ref name=":7">{{cite news|last=Crary|first=David| title=From joy to anger, faith leaders react to Roe's reversal|url=https://apnews.com/article/abortion-us-supreme-court-health-religion-baptist-112baa79276e5ad816b13398fc984ae1|work=Associated Press News|date=June 24, 2022|access-date=June 24, 2022|archive-date=June 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624204749/https://apnews.com/article/abortion-us-supreme-court-health-religion-baptist-112baa79276e5ad816b13398fc984ae1|url-status=live}}</ref> and many other bishops.<ref name="bishops">{{Cite news |last=Bukuras |first=Joe |date=June 25, 2022 |title=How bishops around the U.S. have responded to Dobbs |work=Catholic News Agency |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/251641/how-bishops-around-the-us-have-responded-to-dobbs |url-status=live |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626031654/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/251641/how-bishops-around-the-us-have-responded-to-dobbs |archive-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> President Bart Barber and other officials of the Southern Baptist Convention,<ref name=":7"/> and the Life Ministry of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod,<ref>{{cite web |last=Dawes |first=Zach |title=Faith Leaders, Organizations Respond to SCOTUS 'Dobbs' Ruling |website=goodfaithmedia.org |date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=July 27, 2022 |url=https://goodfaithmedia.org/faith-leaders-organizations-respond-to-scotus-dobbs-ruling/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627120909/https://goodfaithmedia.org/faith-leaders-organizations-respond-to-scotus-dobbs-ruling/ }}</ref> celebrated the ruling.

[[Religion:Mainline Protestant|Mainline Protestant]] leaders were generally critical of the decision,<ref name="csmonitor reactions">{{cite web |last1=Meyer |first1=Holly |last2=Crary |first2=David |title=Sunday after Roe v. Wade: The response from American pulpits |date=June 26, 2022 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2022/0626/Sunday-after-Roe-v.-Wade-The-response-from-American-pulpits |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627091841/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2022/0626/Sunday-after-Roe-v.-Wade-The-response-from-American-pulpits |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Morris |first=Alex |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Think Christianity Is Anti-Abortion? Think Again |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/political-commentary/think-christianity-is-anti-abortion-think-again-1374697/ |access-date= |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075520/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/political-commentary/think-christianity-is-anti-abortion-think-again-1374697/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including Bishop Elizabeth Eaton of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the General Ministers of United Church of Christ,<ref name=":7" /> and Presiding Bishop Michael Curry of the Episcopal Church.<ref name=":7" />

Many American Jewish organizations, including the National Council of Jewish Women, Hadassah, American Jewish Committee, the Anti-Defamation League, Hillel International, the Rabbinical Assembly, and the Women's Rabbinic Network, opposed the decision. They cited support for legal abortion and religious freedom, disagreeing with the court's opinion and "conservative Christian theology" on the [[Medicine:Beginning of human personhood|beginning of human personhood]].<ref name="nbc jewish reactions" /><ref name="haaretz reactions">{{cite news|last=Samuels |first=Ben |title=U.S. Jewish Leaders Decry Supreme Court's Nixing of Abortion Rights as 'Moral Failure' |date=June 24, 2022 |work=Haaretz |access-date=June 27, 2022 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2022-06-24/ty-article/.premium/u-s-jewish-leaders-decry-supreme-courts-nixing-of-abortion-rights-as-moral-failure/00000181-966b-db6b-afbf-f76fb3d80000 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627015311/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2022-06-24/ty-article/.premium/u-s-jewish-leaders-decry-supreme-courts-nixing-of-abortion-rights-as-moral-failure/00000181-966b-db6b-afbf-f76fb3d80000}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=National Council of Jewish Women Outraged Over Supreme Court Ruling Ending Right to Abortion|date=June 24, 2022|publisher=National Council of Jewish Women|url=https://www.ncjw.org/news/national-council-of-jewish-women-outraged-over-supreme-court-ruling-ending-right-to-abortion/}}</ref> The Haredi Orthodox Jewish organization Agudath Israel of America, though, "welcome[d]" the end of ''Roe v. Wade''.<ref name="nbc jewish reactions">{{cite web |last=Arkin |first=Daniel |title=In wake of Roe reversal, some American Jews see attack on religious liberty |date=June 27, 2022 |website=NBC |access-date=June 27, 2022 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wake-roe-reversal-american-jews-see-attack-religious-liberty-rcna35473 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627194707/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wake-roe-reversal-american-jews-see-attack-religious-liberty-rcna35473 }}</ref>

American Muslims' reactions were varied, as views on abortion differ within Islam. Many said ''Dobbs'' curtailed religious freedom, reflected only [[Social:Christian right|Christian right]] views, and damaged cultural and [[Religion:Religious pluralism|religious pluralism]].<ref name="aljazeera reactions">{{cite news |last1=Hatuqa |first1=Dalia |title=US Muslim advocates weigh in on abortion rights battle |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/26/us-muslim-advocates-weigh-in-on-abortion-rights-battle |access-date=June 29, 2022 |work=Al Jazeera |date=June 26, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625161739/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/26/us-muslim-advocates-weigh-in-on-abortion-rights-battle |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Molina |first1=Alejandra |title=On abortion, Muslim Americans say Islamic history is 'on the side of mercy' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/06/24/abortion-muslim-americans-say-islamic-history-is-side-mercy/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}} |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629192205/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/06/24/abortion-muslim-americans-say-islamic-history-is-side-mercy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Zainab |title=Roe v Wade: Muslim women say overturning of decision will hurt everyone |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/roe-v-wade-us-muslim-women-say-overturning-hurts-everyone |access-date=June 29, 2022 |work=Middle East Eye |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627222013/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/roe-v-wade-us-muslim-women-say-overturning-hurts-everyone |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Civil rights ===
Multiple civil and reproductive rights groups, including the NAACP, criticized the decision.<ref>{{cite news |publisher = CNN |first1 = Adrienne |last1 = Vogt |first2 = Aditi |last2 = Sangal |first3 = Elise |last3 = Hammond |first4 = Meg |last4 = Wagner |first5 = Veronica |last5 = Rocha |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Civil and reproductive rights groups criticize "devastating" SCOTUS decision on abortion rights |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_f01155c746b61ce834d111bb371221f7 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624181044/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_f01155c746b61ce834d111bb371221f7 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |website = CNN |language = en }}</ref> The Congressional Black Caucus called for the declaration of a national emergency.<ref>{{cite news |publisher = CNN |first1 = Adrienne |last1 = Vogt |first2 = Aditi |last2 = Sangal |first3 = Elise |last3 = Hammond |first4 = Meg |last4 = Wagner |first5 = Veronica |last5 = Rocha |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Congressional Black Caucus calls on Biden to call for national emergency |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_c468a881edc5e0af66cecae1a50423a0 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182341/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_c468a881edc5e0af66cecae1a50423a0 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |website = CNN |language = en }}</ref> Liberals argued that the ruling and Thomas's concurrence created the potential to jeopardize other civil rights.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Ruling opens door for reconsidering rights to gay marriage and contraception |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_9a4458b69569b8f7ff46c76cb2238577 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624151851/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_9a4458b69569b8f7ff46c76cb2238577 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |website = CNN |language = en |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref> Laurence H. Tribe, a constitutional scholar and a professor at Harvard Law School, called it not only "reactionary" and "unprincipled" but also damaging to the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution.<ref name="20220625TheHarvardCrimson">{{cite news |author1=Isabella B. Cho and Brandon L. Kingdollar |title=After Roe Dismantled, Harvard Experts Condemn, Defend Landmark Decision |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/6/25/dobbs-experts-reax/ |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220625234901/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/6/25/dobbs-experts-reax/ |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Linda Coffee, a leading attorney for Norma McCorvey in ''Roe v. Wade'', said the Supreme Court's decision to overturn it "flies in the face of American freedom" and "destroys dignity of all American women".<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 25, 2022 |title = Attorney in 1973 Roe v. Wade case says SCOTUS decision "flies in the face of American freedom" |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_4b9f239cd2b7b8cb8b24067f1ab7bb2e |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182804/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_4b9f239cd2b7b8cb8b24067f1ab7bb2e |url-status = live |access-date = June 25, 2022 }}</ref> Jim Obergefell, the lead plaintiff in the Supreme Court case ''Obergefell v. Hodges'' that ruled same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional, criticized Thomas, whose own [[Social:Interracial marriage|interracial marriage]] required ''[[Social:Loving v. Virginia|Loving v. Virginia]]'' in order to be recognized by all states, for urging the Court to revisit and overrule its prior decisions.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 25, 2022 |title = Lead plaintiff in same-sex marriage case slams Thomas' calls for court to reconsider rulings |url = https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_c0d0d2b34849c07b3769fde94d76f11f |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182804/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_4b9f239cd2b7b8cb8b24067f1ab7bb2e |url-status = live |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref>

=== Health and education ===
The president and CEO of the Association of American Medical Colleges, David J. Skorton, released a statement that said the decision "will significantly limit access for so many and increase health inequities across the country, ultimately putting women's lives at risk, at the very time that we should be redoubling our commitment to patient-centered, evidence-based care that promotes better health for all individuals and communities." The statement further affirmed the association's commitment to providing abortion access, saying that it "will continue working with our medical schools and teaching hospitals to ensure that physicians are able to provide all patients with safe, effective, and accessible health care when they need it."<ref name="AAMC statement">{{cite web |last1=Skorton |first1=David |title=AAMC Statement on Supreme Court Decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/press-releases/aamc-statement-supreme-court-decision-dobbs-v-jackson-women-s-health-organization |website=AAMC |publisher=Association of American Medical Colleges |access-date=June 25, 2022 |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625062704/https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/press-releases/aamc-statement-supreme-court-decision-dobbs-v-jackson-women-s-health-organization |url-status=live }}</ref> The president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Moria Szilagyi, released a statement that the organization reaffirmed the policy to support "adolescents' right to access comprehensive, evidence-based reproductive healthcare services", including abortion. She added that the ruling threatened adolescents' health and safety and jeopardized the patient-physician relationship.<ref>{{cite web |last=Szilagyi |first=Dr Moria |date=June 2022 |title=AAP Statement on Supreme Court Decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |url=http://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/aap/2022/aap-statement-on-supreme-court-decision-in-dobbs-v.-jackson-womens-health-organization/ |access-date=June 27, 2022 |website=www.aap.org |language=en |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627045403/https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/aap/2022/aap-statement-on-supreme-court-decision-in-dobbs-v.-jackson-womens-health-organization/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Academics from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health and the [[Organization:University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado Boulder]] criticized the ruling, saying that as there is going to be an increase in pregnancies, there will be an increase in maternal and infant deaths. In 2020, there were 23.8 deaths from pregnancy or childbirth-related causes for every 100,000 births, the highest [[Medicine:Maternal death|maternal mortality rate]] of any developed country, with black mothers 2.9 times more likely to die than white mothers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schreiber |first=Melody |date=June 27, 2022 |title='A matter of life and death': maternal mortality rate will rise without Roe, experts warn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/27/roe-v-wade-overturned-maternal-mortality-rate-will-rise |access-date=June 27, 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130830/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/27/roe-v-wade-overturned-maternal-mortality-rate-will-rise |url-status=live }}</ref>

A study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found that demand for abortion medications in the United States, as reflected by internet search trends, reached record highs nationally after the draft ''Dobbs'' opinion was leaked online.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poliak |first=Adam |date=2022-06-29 |title=Internet Searches for Abortion Medications Following the Leaked Supreme Court of the United States Draft Ruling |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2793813?resultClick=1 |access-date=2022-07-21 |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2998 |pmid=35767270 |s2cid=250114294 |language=en-US}}</ref> Public health activists have begun exploring ways to make medical abortion more available, particularly in states where it is subject to limitations, using social media for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bruder |first=Jessica |date=2022-04-04 |title=The Future of Abortion in a Post-Roe America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/roe-v-wade-overturn-abortion-rights/629366/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Noor |first=Poppy |date=2022-05-07 |title=The activists championing DIY abortions for a post-Roe v Wade world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/07/abortion-pill-at-home-activists-future-roe-v-wade |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Azar |first=Taraneh |date=2022-06-28 |title=Need help getting an abortion? Social media flooded with resources after Roe reversal |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/help-getting-abortion-social-media-200908720.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Software:USA Today|USA Today]] |language=en-US |via=Yahoo!}}</ref>

=== International ===
The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, said that the opinion "represents a major setback after five decades of protection for sexual and reproductive health and rights".<ref>{{cite news |last=  |first=  |date=June 24, 2022 |title=UN commissioner calls SCOTUS overturning Roe v. Wade "a huge blow to women's human rights" |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_d041b7b08f15fc03ab32c9be676d560b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182325/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_d041b7b08f15fc03ab32c9be676d560b |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |website=CNN |language=en-US |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> The Director-General of the [[Organization:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said, "I am very disappointed, because women's rights must be protected. And I would have expected America to protect such rights."<ref>{{cite web |title=Reactions to the Supreme Court overturning Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/reactions-us-supreme-court-overturning-roe-v-wade-abortion-landmark-2022-06-24/ |website=Reuters |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 26, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624161028/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/reactions-us-supreme-court-overturning-roe-v-wade-abortion-landmark-2022-06-24/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Western world foreign leaders generally condemned the ruling.<ref>{{cite web |last=Farrer |first=Martin |date=June 24, 2022 | title = World leaders condemn US abortion ruling as 'backwards step' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/25/world-leaders-condemn-us-abortion-ruling-as-backwards-step |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625041336/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/25/world-leaders-condemn-us-abortion-ruling-as-backwards-step |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called the decision "horrific", while pledging, "[I]n Canada, we will always defend the woman's right to choose."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Trudeau calls U.S. court decision overturning Roe v. Wade 'horrific' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-horrific-us-court-abortion-1.6500475 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624174654/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-horrific-us-court-abortion-1.6500475 |url-status=live |work=CBC News |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Soto |first=Kaly |date=June 24, 2022 |title=World leaders react to Roe ruling. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/world-leaders-react-to-roe-ruling.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624212326/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/world-leaders-react-to-roe-ruling.html |url-status=live }}</ref> British Prime Minister Boris Johnson called the decision "a big step backwards", while reassuring that there were laws "throughout the UK" for a "woman's right to choose".<ref>{{Cite news |last =  |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Overturning Roe v Wade a 'big step backwards', says Boris Johnson – video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2022/jun/24/overturning-roe-v-wade-a-big-step-backwards-says-boris-johnson-video |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624174654/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2022/jun/24/overturning-roe-v-wade-a-big-step-backwards-says-boris-johnson-video |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon tweeted after the ruling that this was "[o]ne of the darkest days for women’s rights" in her lifetime.<ref name="AbroadReaction" /> Belgian Prime Minister Alexander De Croo said that he was "very concerned about implications of U.S. Supreme Court decision" and "the signal it sends to the world".<ref>{{cite web |last=Norman |first=Laurence |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Europeans React on Roe v. Wade |url = https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/supreme-court-decision-roe-v-wade-6-24-2022/card/europeans-react-on-roe-v-wade-YQY9SVjtWc4K7DIfB0R8 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624174844/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/supreme-court-decision-roe-v-wade-6-24-2022/card/europeans-react-on-roe-v-wade-YQY9SVjtWc4K7DIfB0R8 |url-status=live |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> French President Emmanuel Macron said that "abortion is a fundamental right for all women. It must be protected." He expressed his "solidarity" with U.S. women.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Sangal |first2=Aditi |last3=Hammond |first3=Elise |last4=Wagner |first4=Meg |last5=Rocha |first5=Veronica |date=June 24, 2022 |title=French President Macron expresses "solidarity" with US women after overturning of Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_29198b7061c95f6417c280adace27f65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052223/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_29198b7061c95f6417c280adace27f65 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |url-status=live |website=CNN |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen called the decision "a huge setback" and said that her "heart cries for girls and women in the United States".<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Coleman |first=Julie |date=June 24, 2022 |title='Big Step Backwards': World Leaders React To Roe V. Wade Decision |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/juliecoleman/2022/06/24/big-step-backwards-world-leaders-react-to-roe-v-wade-decision/?sh=5198b5b42ddd |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220624231710/https://www.forbes.com/sites/juliecoleman/2022/06/24/big-step-backwards-world-leaders-react-to-roe-v-wade-decision/?sh=5198b5b42ddd |url-status=live |work=Forbes |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern called the decision "incredibly upsetting" and "a loss for women everywhere".<ref>{{cite web |date=June 25, 2022 |title=Ardern reacts to US' Roe v Wade abortion ruling overturn |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/06/25/ardern-reacts-to-us-roe-v-wade-abortion-ruling-overturn/ |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052223/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/06/25/ardern-reacts-to-us-roe-v-wade-abortion-ruling-overturn/ |url-status=live |work=1News |access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said he was "really troubled" by the decision, saying it is "a major step back in the fight for women's rights".<ref>{{cite web |author=Newsroom |date=June 25, 2022 |title=PM, opposition leaders slam US Supreme Court ruling on abortion  |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1187604/pm-opposition-leaders-slam-us-supreme-court-ruling-on-abortion/ |language=en |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625144733/https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1187604/pm-opposition-leaders-slam-us-supreme-court-ruling-on-abortion/ |url-status=live |website=Kathimerini |access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said that "we cannot take any right for granted" and that "women must be able to decide freely about their lives".<ref name=":8" />

The President of the Vatican's Pontifical Academy for Life, Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia, called the ruling "a powerful invitation to reflect together on the serious and urgent issue of human generativity and the conditions that make it possible".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wells |first=Christopher |date=June 24, 2022 |title=US Bishops welcome Supreme Court decision overturning Roe v Wade |work=Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2022-06/us-bishops-welcome-supreme-court-decision-overturning-roe-v-wade.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624194623/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2022-06/us-bishops-welcome-supreme-court-decision-overturning-roe-v-wade.html |archive-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Vatican praises U.S. court abortion decision, saying it challenges world |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/vatican-praises-us-court-decision-abortion-saying-it-challenges-world-2022-06-24/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624190142/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/vatican-praises-us-court-decision-abortion-saying-it-challenges-world-2022-06-24/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> Members of some [[Religion:Radical right (Europe)|European far-right parties]], notably Beatrix von Storch of [[Earth:Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany]], approved of the decision.<ref name="AbroadReaction">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Adam |last2=Cunningham |first2=Erin |last3=Tsui |first3=Karina |last4=Parker |first4=Claire |date=June 24, 2022 |title=U.S. abortion decision draws cheers, horror abroad |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/24/global-reaction-roe-abortion-supreme-court/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626092203/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/24/global-reaction-roe-abortion-supreme-court/ |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> Brazilian president [[Biography:Jair Bolsonaro|Jair Bolsonaro]] indirectly signaled his approval, tweeting, "May God continue to give strength and wisdom to those who protect the innocence and future of our children, in Brazil and around the world," the day the decision was released, one day after he had criticized abortion.<ref name="AbroadReaction" />

In July 2022, the European Parliament voted 324–155, with 38 abstentions, to condemn the ruling.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=2022-07-07 |title=EU parliament votes to condemn overturning of Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/07/abortion-eu-parliament-condemn-roe-wade |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=EU Parliament condemns U.S. abortion ruling, calls for human rights safeguards |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/eu-parliament-condemns-u-s-abortion-ruling-calls-for-human-rights-safeguards |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== News ===
The editorial boards of many news outlets opposed the ruling, including ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'',<ref>{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=The Ruling Overturning Roe Is an Insult to Women and the Judicial System |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/opinion/dobbs-ruling-roe-v-wade.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625100254/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/opinion/dobbs-ruling-roe-v-wade.html |archive-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> ''{{wipe|The Washington Post}}'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=The Supreme Court's radical abortion ruling begins a dangerous new era |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/06/24/overturning-roe-dangerous-era/ |access-date= |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624204810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/06/24/overturning-roe-dangerous-era/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''{{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}'',<ref>{{cite web |last=The Times Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Editorial: Roe has been overturned. Feel outraged, feel betrayed — then fight to get it back |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-06-24/editorial-roe-overturned-supreme-court-outraged |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624220903/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-06-24/editorial-roe-overturned-supreme-court-outraged |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date= |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Chicago Tribune'',<ref>{{cite web |last=The Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Editorial: The impractical end of Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/editorials/ct-editorial-roe-versus-wade-20220624-76ekyaw24zckxoaj6gai2udgdm-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626173349/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/editorials/ct-editorial-roe-versus-wade-20220624-76ekyaw24zckxoaj6gai2udgdm-story.html |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |access-date= |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> ''The Boston Globe'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Editorial Board |date=June 25, 2022 |title=A travesty foretold - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/06/25/opinion/travesty-foretold/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630002719/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/06/25/opinion/travesty-foretold/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Newsday'',<ref>{{cite web |last=The Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Roe reversal won't end national debate: States must allow access to abortion |url=https://www.newsday.com/opinion/editorials/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights-womens-movement-ijy7ye2r |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=Newsday |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625183328/https://www.newsday.com/opinion/editorials/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights-womens-movement-ijy7ye2r |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Houston Chronicle'',<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Editorial: Tossing Roe wasn't justice. It was activism. |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Supreme-court-trust-17264241.php |access-date=June 27, 2022 |website=Houston Chronicle |language=en-US |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627054411/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Supreme-court-trust-17264241.php |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Miami Herald'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 25, 2022 |title=In Florida, a self-righteous minority shows us Supreme Court's post-Roe world |work=Miami Herald |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/editorials/article262768863.html |access-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627054451/https://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/editorials/article262768863.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Detroit Free Press'',<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Editorial: Supreme Court ruling would make abortion illegal in Michigan. Voters can fix it. |url=https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/editorials/2022/06/24/michigan-abortion-roe-supreme-court/7712370001/ |access-date=June 27, 2022 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627054411/https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/editorials/2022/06/24/michigan-abortion-roe-supreme-court/7712370001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Star Tribune,''<ref>{{cite web |last=Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Women have lost a basic freedom |url=https://www.startribune.com/women-have-lost-a-basic-freedom/600185079/ |access-date= |website=Star Tribune |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627175304/https://www.startribune.com/women-have-lost-a-basic-freedom/600185079/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''The Denver Post''.<ref>{{cite web |last=The Denver Post Editorial |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Editorial: Colorado's Neil Gorsuch corrupts the U.S. Supreme Court by siding with radical abortion ruling |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-editorial/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626173348/https://www.denverpost.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-editorial/ |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |access-date= |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ruling was supported by the senior editorial staff of ''National Review'',<ref>{{cite news |last=((The Editors)) |date=June 24, 2022 |title=A Stain Erased |work=National Review |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/06/a-stain-erased/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052219/https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/06/a-stain-erased/ |archive-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> and the editorial boards of ''{{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}}'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Editorial Board |first= |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Opinion {{!}} Abortion Goes Back to the People |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/abortion-goes-back-to-the-people-supreme-court-roe-v-wade-dobbs-v-jackson-samuel-alito-11656107148 |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625144354/https://www.wsj.com/articles/abortion-goes-back-to-the-people-supreme-court-roe-v-wade-dobbs-v-jackson-samuel-alito-11656107148 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> ''The Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Supreme Court corrects a miscarriage of the Constitution |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/jun/24/editorial-supreme-courts-abortion-ruling-corrects-/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627214250/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/jun/24/editorial-supreme-courts-abortion-ruling-corrects-/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date= |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and the ''New York Post.''<ref>{{cite web |last=Post Editorial Board |date=June 24, 2022 |title=The justices had no choice on Roe. Dems should respect that — and stamp out violence in their ranks |url=https://nypost.com/2022/06/24/dems-need-to-respect-scotus-roe-ruling-and-end-violent-opposition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627181603/https://nypost.com/2022/06/24/dems-need-to-respect-scotus-roe-ruling-and-end-violent-opposition/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date= |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

Readership of women-centric news publications increased during the aftermath of the ruling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Katie |date=2022-08-14 |title=After Roe v. Wade Reversal, Readers Flock to Publications Aimed at Women |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/business/media/abortion-womens-media.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Public ===
{{See also|2022 abortion protests}}[[File:Pro-abortion rights rally at the SCOTUS (June 24, 2022) 00288 01.jpg|thumb|Protesters outside of the Supreme Court after the announcement of  ''Dobbs'']]
The decision was divisive among the American public. Around 55–60% of respondents expressed disapproval when asked if they believed Roe should be overturned.<ref name="roepolls"/> But polls conducted before the ruling also showed that only around 29% of Americans believe abortion should generally be legal until fetal viability (24 weeks), the threshold set by ''Planned Parenthood v Casey''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Molla |first1=Rani |title=What Americans think about abortion, in 3 charts |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23167397/abortion-public-opinion-polls-americans |website=Vox|date=June 24, 2022 }}</ref> A June 2022 [[Organization:Harvard Institute of Politics|Harvard]]/Harris poll found that 44% of Americans believe that state legislatures should set abortion standards, while 25% believe the Supreme Court should, and 31% believe Congress should;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manchester |first1=Julia |title=55 percent oppose Supreme Court Roe decision: poll |url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/3543728-55-percent-oppose-supreme-court-roe-decision-poll/ |website=The Hill |access-date=5 July 2022 |date=1 July 2022}}</ref> a June 2022 CBS/YouGov poll found that 58% of Americans support federal legislation to protect abortion rights nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards-Levy |first1=Ariel |title=Majority of Americans disapprove of SCOTUS Roe v. Wade reversal, poll shows |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/27/politics/americans-disapprove-supreme-court-abortion-poll/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=1 July 2022 |date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630140606/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/27/politics/americans-disapprove-supreme-court-abortion-poll/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A May 2022 Gallup poll showed that 67% of Americans support legal abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy, 36% support legal abortion in the second trimester, and 20% support legal abortion in the third trimester.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saad |first=Lydia |date=June 2, 2022 |title='Pro-Choice' Identification Rises to Near Record High in U.S. |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/393104/pro-choice-identification-rises-near-record-high.aspx |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=Gallup |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626133305/https://news.gallup.com/poll/393104/pro-choice-identification-rises-near-record-high.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>  Public support for abortion rights increased after the decision, with an August 2022 {{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}} poll finding that 60% of Americans supported access to abortion to in most or all circumstances, up from 55% in a poll conducted in March. The same August poll also found that bans after six or 15 weeks of pregnancy (with the exception of cases where the mothers' health was threatened) were unpopular, with 62% and 57% of Americans opposed, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lucey |first=Catherine |date=2022-09-03 |title=Support for Legalized Abortion Grows Since Dobbs Ruling, WSJ Poll Shows |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/support-for-legalized-abortion-grows-since-dobbs-ruling-wsj-poll-shows-11662210020 |access-date=2022-09-18 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

Large numbers of protesters gathered at the Supreme Court building after the decision's announcement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Burke|first=Lauren|date=June 24, 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/24/demonstrators-supreme-court-protest-dobbs-decision|title='Outrage and action': protesters young and old gather outside supreme court|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=June 30, 2022|archive-date=June 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629112404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/24/demonstrators-supreme-court-protest-dobbs-decision|url-status=live}}</ref> Clashes between police and protesters, resulting in tear gassing and arrests, occurred in Los Angeles, New York City, and Phoenix.<ref name="wapost protests">{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/06/24/supreme-court-abortion-protests-roe/ | title = Crowd at Supreme Court explodes with outrage, joy as Roe v. Wade falls | first1 = Ellie | last1 = Silverman | first2 = Rachel | last2 = Weiner | first3 = Lizzie | last3 = Johnson | first4 = Peter | last4 = Hermann | first5 = Peter | last5 = Jamison | date = June 24, 2022 | accessdate = June 24, 2022 | newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}} | archive-date = June 25, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625005349/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/06/24/supreme-court-abortion-protests-roe/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dozens Arrested in NYC After Thousands Flood Streets to Protest Roe v. Wade Reversal |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/dozens-arrested-in-nyc-after-thousands-flood-streets-to-protest-roe-v-wave-reversal/3749462/ |publisher=NBC New York |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627230859/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/dozens-arrested-in-nyc-after-thousands-flood-streets-to-protest-roe-v-wave-reversal/3749462/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=David |title=DPS uses tear gas to disperse pro-choice protesters at Arizona Capitol |url=https://www.azfamily.com/2022/06/25/live-video-thousands-protest-arizona-capitol-over-roe-v-wade-decision/ |work=AZFamily|access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625054212/https://www.azfamily.com/2022/06/25/live-video-thousands-protest-arizona-capitol-over-roe-v-wade-decision/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Protests also took place in Chicago, along with solidarity protests in Berlin, London, and Toronto,<ref name="intl protests">{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/24/us-cities-protest-roe-v-wade-abortion-rights | title = 'It's important to fight': US cities erupt in protest as Roe v Wade falls | first1 = Sam | last1 = Levin | first2 = Victoria | last2 = Bekiempis | date = June 24, 2022 | accessdate = June 24, 2022 | work = {{wipe|The Guardian}} | archive-date = June 25, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052346/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/24/us-cities-protest-roe-v-wade-abortion-rights | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 25, 2022 |title=Pro-choice rally held at U.S. consulate in Toronto in wake of Roe vs. Wade overturn |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/pro-choice-rally-held-at-u-s-consulate-in-toronto-in-wake-of-roe-vs-wade-overturn-1.5963413 |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=CP24 |language=en |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626041350/https://www.cp24.com/news/pro-choice-rally-held-at-u-s-consulate-in-toronto-in-wake-of-roe-vs-wade-overturn-1.5963413 |url-status=live }}</ref> and were planned to take place throughout the U.S. over the days after the decision.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Protests planned across the US tonight |work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625000625/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The DHS issued a memo to law enforcement agencies and first responders to be aware of potential extremist violence in the weeks following the decision, particularly at federal and state government offices, abortion clinics and other health providers, and at faith-based organizations.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dhs-warning-abortion-ruling/index.html | title = DHS warns of potential violent extremist activity in response to abortion ruling | first = Priscella | last = Alverez | date = June 24, 2022 | accessdate = June 25, 2022 | work = CNN | archive-date = June 24, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624212748/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dhs-warning-abortion-ruling/index.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The decision sparked at least one incident of trespassing into a state legislature by abortion-rights activists. Protesters breached a security barrier at the Arizona State Capitol and attempted to enter the building while the legislature was in session. The proceedings were temporarily halted as lawmakers were forced into the building's basement after tear gas was fired into the crowd.<ref>{{cite news |last = Christie |first = Bob |date = June 25, 2022 |title = Police at Arizona Capitol fire tear gas, disperse protesters |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/roe-protest-disrupts-last-hours-of-2022-arizona-legislature/2022/06/25/7dce1366-f47f-11ec-ac16-8fbf7194cd78_story.html |url-status = live |newspaper = Washington Post |access-date = July 1, 2022 |archive-date = July 1, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220701132713/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/roe-protest-disrupts-last-hours-of-2022-arizona-legislature/2022/06/25/7dce1366-f47f-11ec-ac16-8fbf7194cd78_story.html }}</ref>

Some politicians and academics questioned the Supreme Court's [[Social:Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]] in the wake of the leak and official ruling in ''Dobbs''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/26/elizabeth-warren-democrats-question-supreme-court-legitimacy | title='They set a torch to it': Warren says court lost legitimacy with Roe reversal | website=TheGuardian.com | date=June 26, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/23055620/supreme-court-legitimacy-crisis-abortion-roe | title=What happens when the public loses faith in the Supreme Court? | date=May 6, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/06/27/supreme-court-roe-v-wade-abortion-legitimacy/7734042001/?gnt-cfr=1 | title=Ruling overturning Roe v. Wade sparks debate about Supreme Court's legitimacy amid partisan passions | website=[[Software:USA Today|USA Today]] }}</ref> A June 2022 [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard]]/Harris poll showed that 63% of Americans consider the Supreme Court legitimate and 59% believe it is wrong to call it illegitimate.<ref>[https://harvardharrispoll.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/HHP_June2022_KeyResults.pdf Harvard/Harris Poll June 2022] p. 43</ref> NBC News had run polls on the public opinion of the Supreme Court since 1992, with majority opinion wavering between neutral and positive through May 2022. Its August 2022 poll, after ''Dobbs'', had the majority with a negative opinion of the Court. Compared to only 17% of respondents with little to no confidence in the Court in June 2019, the number had increased to 37% by August 2022.<ref>nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna44962</ref>

=== Corporate and celebrity ===
Corporations, including [[Company:Amazon|Amazon]], Comcast, [[Company:Dell|Dell]], [[Company:The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Company:EBay|eBay]], [[Company:Goldman Sachs|Goldman Sachs]], [[Company:JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan Chase]], [[Company:Meta Platforms|Meta]], [[Company:Netflix|Netflix]], Paramount, [[Company:Snap Inc.|Snap]], [[Company:Sony|Sony]], [[Company:Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], and [[Company:Yelp|Yelp]], said they would cover travel benefits for employees seeking abortions in states that protected abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title = JPMorgan Chase will cover travel benefits for workers seeking abortion starting July 1 |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_d39440eba8e0b11be52d6f54e9d7a1ee |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624182532/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_d39440eba8e0b11be52d6f54e9d7a1ee |url-status = live |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Disney says it will cover employee travel costs for abortions |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/06/24/abortion-supreme-court-corporate-reaction/ |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 25, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/06/24/abortion-supreme-court-corporate-reaction/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Petersen |first=Melody |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Companies vow to help employees access abortion after Roe vs. Wade is overturned |work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}} |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-06-24/companies-vow-to-help-employees-access-abortion-after-roe-v-wade-is-overturned |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052426/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-06-24/companies-vow-to-help-employees-access-abortion-after-roe-v-wade-is-overturned |url-status=live }}</ref> Levi Strauss & Co. affirmed its support for abortion access.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Levi Strauss vows to protect employee reproductive rights after Roe decision |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_9638bef87846f8288c1cc753fd0d684c |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624184720/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_9638bef87846f8288c1cc753fd0d684c |url-status = live |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref> Several technology executives have condemned the ruling.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Tech leaders react to Roe v. Wade reversal |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/tech-execs-react-to-roe-v-wade-reversal-gates-sandberg-wojcicki.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625205625/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/tech-execs-react-to-roe-v-wade-reversal-gates-sandberg-wojcicki.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Multiple celebrities criticized the ruling.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Vogt |first1 = Adrienne |last2 = Sangal |first2 = Aditi |last3 = Hammond |first3 = Elise |last4 = Wagner |first4 = Meg |last5 = Rocha |first5 = Veronica |date = June 24, 2022 |title = 'Catalyst for a public health crisis': Celebrities speak out against overturning Roe v. Wade |url = https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_7799169c748d3de274b606f93a31c83e |website = CNN |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624184720/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/roe-wade-abortion-supreme-court-ruling/h_7799169c748d3de274b606f93a31c83e |url-status = live |access-date = June 24, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Kurtz |first1 = Judy |date = June 24, 2022 |title = Celebrities appalled by Supreme Court's abortion ruling |url = https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/3535877-celebrities-appalled-by-supreme-courts-abortion-ruling/ |website = The Hill |language = en |archive-date = June 25, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625052259/https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/3535877-celebrities-appalled-by-supreme-courts-abortion-ruling/ |url-status = live |access-date = June 25, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=Marshall Mathers|user=Eminem|number = 1541174465442115585 |date=June 26, 2022|title=As a father...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2022/06/handmaids-tale-series-roe-v-wade-decision-reaction-warren-littlefield-1235051953/ | title = 'The Handsmaid's Tale' EP Warren Littlefield On 'Hauntingly Relevant' Dystopian Drama, Finding Hope & Mobilizing After Roe v Wade Is Overturned | first = Nellie | last = Andreeva | date = June 25, 2022 | accessdate = June 25, 2022 | work = Deadline Hollywood | archive-date = June 25, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625174813/https://deadline.com/2022/06/handmaids-tale-series-roe-v-wade-decision-reaction-warren-littlefield-1235051953/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The NBA and WNBA released a joint statement supporting the right to abortion. The National Women's Soccer League Players Association also condemned the ruling.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shapero |first=Julia |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Sports leagues signal support for abortion rights in light of Roe decision |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/24/sports-leagues-signal-support-for-abortion-rights-in-light-of-roe-decision |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=Axios}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Peterson |first=Anne M. |date=June 24, 2022 |title=American soccer star Rapinoe leads athletes reaction to U.S. Supreme Court's abortion decision |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/athletes-react-american-supreme-court-abortion-decision-1.6501291 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=CBC News |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626041306/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/athletes-react-american-supreme-court-abortion-decision-1.6501291 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* 2022 abortion protests
* Abortion law inside and outside the United States
* List of United States Supreme Court leaks

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
;Inline
{{reflist}}
;General
* {{cite web |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1392/145658/20200615170733513_FINAL%20Petition.pdf |title = Petition for a Writ of Certiorari |last = Fitch |first = Lynn |date = June 15, 2020 |website = Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |publisher = 19-1392 |access-date = }}
* {{cite news |last = Hensley |first = Erica |date = August 24, 2020 |title = Mississippi's only abortion clinic asks Supreme Court to decline 15-week ban case |url = https://mississippitoday.org/2020/08/24/mississippis-only-abortion-clinic-asks-supreme-court-to-decline-15-week-ban-case/ |work = Mississippi Today |location = Ridgeland, Mississippi |access-date = }}
* {{cite web |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_4425.pdf |title = Argument transcript for No. 19-1392 |last = Heritage Reporting Corporation |date = May 26, 2022 |website = Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |publisher =  |access-date = }}
* {{cite web |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1392/150668/20200819155412230_39883%20pdf%20Scott.pdf |title = Brief in Opposition |last = Schneller |first = Hillary |date = August 19, 2020 |website = Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |publisher = 19-1392 |access-date = }}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Shimabukuro |first1 = Jon O. |date = October 16, 2020 |title = Fetal Viability and Judge Amy Coney Barrett |url = https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10542 |journal = Congressional Research Service Legal Sidebar |volume = LSB10542 |issue =  |page = 2 |doi =  |access-date = }}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Shimabukuro |first1 = Jon O. |date = December 13, 2021 |title = Supreme Court Considers Mississippi Abortion Law |url = https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10542 |journal = Congressional Research Service Legal Sidebar |volume = LSB10669 |issue =  |page = 3 |doi =  |access-date = }}
* {{cite journal |last = Ziegler |first = Mary |date = 2013 |title = ''Roe'''s Race: The Supreme Court, Population Control, and Reproductive Justice |url = https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/7052/04_25YaleJL_Feminism1_2013_2014_.pdf |journal = Yale Journal of Law and Feminism |volume = 25 |issue = 1 |pages =  |doi = }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite ssrn |last = Girgis |first = Sherif |date = October 1, 2021 |title = Two Obstacles to (Merely) Chipping Away at ''Roe'' in ''Dobbs'' |ssrn = 3907787 }}
* {{cite journal |last = Maxmen |first = Amy |date = October 26, 2021 |title = Why hundreds of scientists are weighing in on a high-stakes US abortion case |journal = Nature |volume = 599 |issue = 7884 |pages = 187–189 |doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-02834-7 |pmid = 34703018 |bibcode = 2021Natur.599..187M |s2cid = 240000294 }}
* {{Cite news |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Track changes between the Supreme Court abortion decision and the leaked draft |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2022/06/us/supreme-court-abortion-dobbs-decision-changes/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |work=CNN|language=en|quote= Overall, most of the leaked draft remained as written in the final ruling. While some parts were taken out, Alito's opinion added more to the final ruling — including a critique of the dissenting opinions — than he removed. |first1 = John|last1 = Keefe|first2 = Shania|last2 = Shelton|first3 = Kaanita|last3 = Iyer|first4 = JiMin|last4 = Lee|first5 = Ariella|last5 = Phillips|first6 = Kenneth|last6 = Uzquiano|first7 = Christopher|last7 = Hickey}}

== External links ==
'''Written opinions'''
* {{caselaw source| case = ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''| cornell = https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/19-1392| courtlistener = https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6481357/dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-organization/| findlaw = https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/19-1392.html| justia = https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/597/19-1392/}}
'''Texts of the two state laws'''
* {{cite web |first =  |last =  |title = House Bill No. 1510 'Gestational Age Act' as sent to the Governor – Mississippi Legislature Regular Session 2018 |website = Legislature.ms.gov |date =  |url = http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2018/pdf/HB/1500-1599/HB1510SG.pdf |access-date = }}
* {{cite web |first =  |last =  |title = Senate Bill 2116 as sent to the Governor – Mississippi Legislature Regular Session 2019 |website = Legislature.ms.gov |date =  |url = http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2019/html/SB/2100-2199/SB2116SG.htm |access-date = }}
'''Oral arguments'''
* {{cite web |url = https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_4425.pdf |title = Argument transcript for No. 19-1392 |date = December 1, 2021 |publisher = Heritage Reporting Corporation |access-date = }}
* {{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRe4mYcEqBM |title = U.S. Supreme Court Oral Argument: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |publisher = CSPAN |date = December 1, 2021 |access-date =  |via = YouTube }}


[[Category:Anti-abortion movement]]

{{Sourceattribution|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|1}}