View source for Organization:EUMETSAT

{{Short description|European intergovernmental organisation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = European Organisation<br />for the Exploitation of<br />Meteorological Satellites
| logo                = EUMETSAT logo 2020.svg
| logo_size           = 250px
| logo_caption        = Logo since 2020
| image               = EUMETSAT Headquarters Germany.png
| image_size          = 270px
| caption             = Headquarters
| map                 = EUMETSAT member states.svg
| map_size            = 270px
| mcaption            = {{legend|#006ba8|Member states}}{{legend|#6ec961|Cooperating states}}
| headquarters        = Darmstadt, {{wipe|Germany}}
| coords              = {{coord|49|51|54|N|8|37|37|E|region:DE-HE_type:landmark|display=title}}
| membership          = 30 member states
| language            = [[Social:English language|English]], [[Social:German language|German]] and [[Social:French language|French]]
| leader_title        = Alain Ratier
| leader_name         = 
| leader_title2       = 
| leader_name2        = 
| formation           = 1986
| website             = {{URL|http://www.eumetsat.int/}}
}}

The '''European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites''' ('''EUMETSAT''') is an intergovernmental organisation created through an international convention agreed by a current total of 30 European Member States.

EUMETSAT's primary objective is to establish, maintain and exploit European systems of operational meteorological [[Astronomy:Satellite|satellite]]s. EUMETSAT is responsible for the launch and operation of the [[Astronomy:Satellite|satellite]]s and for delivering satellite data to end-users as well as contributing to the operational monitoring of [[Earth:Climate|climate]] and the detection of global climate changes.

The activities of EUMETSAT contribute to a global meteorological satellite observing system coordinated with other space-faring states.

Satellite observations are an essential input to numerical [[Earth:Weather prediction|weather prediction]] systems and also assist the human forecaster in the diagnosis of potentially hazardous weather developments. Of growing importance is the capacity of weather satellites to gather long-term measurements from space in support of climate change studies.

EUMETSAT is not an institution or agency of the [[Social:European Union|European Union]], although the majority of its members are EU member states. The organisation became a signatory to the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters in 2012, thus providing for the global charitable use of its space assets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disasterscharter.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=23109&folderId=172718&name=DLFE-4704.pdf|title=The International Charter : Space & Major Disasters|website=Disasterscharter.org|access-date=2017-08-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231659/http://www.disasterscharter.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=23109&folderId=172718&name=DLFE-4704.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-11}}</ref>

== Member and cooperating states ==
The national mandatory contributions of member states are proportional to their [[Finance:Gross national income|gross national income]]. However, the cooperating countries contribute only half of the fee they would pay for full membership. The convention establishing EUMETSAT was opened for signature in 1983 and entered into force on 19 June 1986.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="clear:both"
|-
!State!!Status!!Since (signing of convention)!!Funding<br />contribution 2013!!Representative organization from national meteorological services<br />(official national names, links point to names for official use in English)!!Official website
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{GER}}||Member||March 1986|| align="right" |19.20%||Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)||<small>[http://www.dwd.de/ www.dwd.de]</small>
|-
|{{GBR}}||Member||May 1985|| align="right" |15.62%||[[Company:Met Office|Met Office]]||<small>{{URL|https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{FRA}}||Member||February 1985|| align="right" |14.70%||Météo-France||<small>{{URL|https://meteofrance.com/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{ITA}}||Member||June 1986|| align="right" |12.04%||Ufficio Generale Spazio Aereo e Meteorologia (USAM) – Reparto Meteorologia||<small>{{URL|https://www.meteoam.it/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{ESP}}||Member||February 1985|| align="right" |7.56%||Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET)||<small>{{URL|https://www.aemet.es/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{NLD}}||Member||March 1984|| align="right" |4.38%||Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI)||<small>{{URL|https://www.knmi.nl/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|EFTA}}{{CHE}}||Member||July 1985|| align="right" |2.75%||MeteoSchweiz / MétéoSuisse / MeteoSvizzera||<small>{{URL|https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{BEL}}||Member||October 1985|| align="right" |2.57%||Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique (IRM) / Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut van België (KMI)||<small>{{URL|https://www.meteo.be/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{SWE}}||Member||January 1984|| align="right" |2.53%||[[Organization:Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute|Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut (SMHI)]]||<small>{{URL|https://www.smhi.se/}}</small>
|-
|{{TUR}}||Member||August 1984|| align="right" |2.27%||Remote Sensing Division, Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (DMİGM)||<small>{{URL|https://mgm.gov.tr/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{AUT}}||Member||December 1993|| align="right" |2.05%||Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG)||<small>{{URL|https://www.zamg.ac.at/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|EFTA}}{{NOR}}||Member||April 1985|| align="right" |2.03%||Meteorologisk institutt (met.no)||<small>{{URL|https://www.met.no/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{POL}}||Member||June 2009|| align="right" |1.95%||Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej (IMGW)||<small>{{URL|https://imgw.pl/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{DEN}}||Member||January 1984|| align="right" |1.78%||Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut (DMI)||<small>{{URL|https://www.dmi.dk/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{GRE}}||Member||June 1988|| align="right" |1.65%||Εθνική Μετεωρολογική Υπηρεσία (HNMS)||<small>{{URL|http://www.emy.gr/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{FIN}}||Member||December 1984|| align="right" |1.35%||[[Organization:Finnish Meteorological Institute|Ilmatieteen laitos / Meteorologiska institutet (FMI)]]||<small>{{URL|https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{POR}}||Member||May 1989|| align="right" |1.23%||Instituto de Meteorologia (IM)||<small>{{URL|https://www.ipma.pt/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{IRL}}||Member||June 1985|| align="right" |1.17%||Met Éireann||<small>{{URL|https://www.met.ie/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{CZE}}||Member||May 2010|| align="right" |0.80%||[[Organization:Czech Hydrometeorological Institute|Český hydrometeorologický ústav (CHMI), Družicové Oddělení]]||<small>{{URL|https://www.chmi.cz/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{HUN}}||Member||October 2008|| align="right" |0.69%||Országos Meteorológiai Szolgálat (OMSZ)||<small>{{URL|https://www.met.hu/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{ROM}}||Member||November 2010|| align="right" |0.57%||National Meteorological Administration of Romania||<small>{{URL|https://www.meteoromania.ro/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{SVK}}||Member||January 2006|| align="right" |0.32%||Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav (SHMU)||<small>{{URL|https://www.shmu.sk/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{CRO}}||Member||December 2006|| align="right" |0.25%||Državni hidrometeorološki zavod (DHMZ)||<small>{{URL|http://meteo.hr/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{SLO}}||Member||February 2008|| align="right" |0.23%||Agencija Republike Slovenije za Okolje (ARSO)||<small>{{URL|http://www.arso.gov.si/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{LUX}}||Member||July 2002|| align="right" |0.21%||Administration de la navigation aérienne||<small>{{URL|https://www.meteolux.lu/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{LAT}}||Member||May 2009|| align="right" |0.10%||Latvijas Vides, ģeoloģijas un meteoroloģijas aģentūra (LVGMA)||<small>{{URL|https://videscentrs.lvgmc.lv/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{LTU}}||Member||January 2014|| align="right" |0.16%||Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos tarnyba (LHMT), prie Aplinkos ministerijos||<small>{{URL|http://www.meteo.lt/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|EFTA}}{{ISL}}||Member||January 2014|| align="right" |0.10%||Veðurstofa Íslands||<small>{{URL|https://vedur.is/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{EST}}||Member||June 2013|| align="right" |0.09% ||Estonian Weather Service||<small>{{URL|https://www.ilmateenistus.ee/}}</small>
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{BUL}}||Member||April 2014|| align="right" |0.18%||Национален институт по метеорология и хидрология (INMH)||<small>{{URL|http://meteo.bg/}}</small>
|-
|colspan="6" align="center"|<small>'' Last update published 2014''</small>
|}

== Satellite programmes ==
[[File:EUMETSAT Meteosat model.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Model of a first generation Meteosat geostationary satellite. EUMETSAT site, Darmstadt, Germany, 2006.]]
[[File:EUMETSAT MSG model.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Model of a second generation Meteosat geostationary satellite. EUMETSAT site, Darmstadt, Germany, 2006.]]
[[File:EUMETSAT METOP model.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Model of a MetOp polar satellite (MetOp refers to the Meteorological Operational Satellite Program of Europe, bottom up). EUMETSAT site, Darmstadt, Germany, 2006.]]

There are two types of programme, for

* [[Astronomy:Geostationary orbit|geostationary]] satellites, providing a continuous view of the Earth disc from a stationary position in space, and for

* [[Astronomy:Polar orbit|polar-orbiting]] satellites, flying at a much lower altitude, sending back more precise details about atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, although with less frequent global coverage.

=== High-level, stationary in space (Geostationary satellites) ===
{{Main|Astronomy:Meteosat}}
The current provision of geostationary satellite surveillance is enabled by the Meteosat series of satellites  operated by EUMETSAT, generating images of the full Earth disc and data for forecasting.

The first generation of Meteosat, launched in 1977, provided continuous, reliable observations to a large user group. In response to demand for more frequent and comprehensive data, Meteostat Second Generation (MSG) was developed with key improvements in swift recognition and prediction of thunderstorms, fog, and the small depressions which can lead to dangerous wind storms. MSG was launched in 2004. To capture foreseeable user needs up to 2025, a Meteostat Third Generation (MTG) is in active preparation.

=== Low-level orbiting (Polar satellites) ===

==== EUMETSAT Polar System ====

The lack of observational coverage in certain parts of the globe, particularly the [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]] and continents of the southern hemisphere, has led to the increasingly important role for polar-orbiting satellite data in [[Earth:Numerical weather prediction|numerical weather prediction]] and climate monitoring.

EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS) Metop mission consists of three polar orbiting Metop satellites, to be flown successively for more than 14 years. The first, Metop-A, was launched by a {{wipe|Russia}}n Soyuz-2.1a rocket from Baikonur on October 19, 2006, at 22:28 Baikonur time (16:28 UTC). Metop-A was initially controlled by ESOC for the LEOP phase immediately following launch, with control handed over to EUMETSAT 72 hours after lift-off. EUMETSAT's first commands to the satellite were sent at 14:04 UTC on October 22, 2006.

The second EPS satellite, Metop-B, was launched from Baikonur on 17 September 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2027474.html?lang=EN |title=At 18:28 CEST (22:28 Baikonur time), Metop-B was successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on a Soyuz 2.1a rocket.|publisher=EUMETSAT |access-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> and the third, Metop-C, was launched from Centre Spatial Guyanais in Kourou, French Guiana on 7 November 2018 by [[Company:Arianespace|Arianespace]] using a Soyuz ST-B launch vehicle with a Fregat-M upper stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Metop/index.html|publisher=EUMETSAT|title=Metop is a series of three polar orbiting meteorological satellites which form the space segment component of the overall EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS). |access-date=October 31, 2023 |archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022052605/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Metop/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Positioned at approximately {{Cvt|817|km|mi}} above the Earth, special instruments on board Metop-A can deliver far more precise details about atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles than a geostationary satellite.

The satellites also ensure that the more remote regions of the globe, particularly in Northern Europe as well as the oceans in the Southern hemisphere, are fully covered.

The EPS programme is also the European half of a joint program with NOAA, called the International Joint Polar System (IJPS). NOAA has operated a continuous series of low earth orbiting meteorological satellite since April 1960. Many of the instruments on Metop are also operated on NOAA/POES satellites, providing similar data types across the IJPS.

===== Instruments on Metop =====
* A/DCS (Advanced Data Collection System)
* AMSU-A1 and AMSU-A2
* ASCAT Advanced [[Scatterometer]]
* AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)
* [[Engineering:MetOp#GOME-2|GOME-2]] (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment)&nbsp;— instrument to monitor [[Chemistry:Ozone|ozone]] levels
* GRAS  (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding: global navigation satellite systems radio occultation)
* HIRS  (High Resolution [[Physics:Infrared|Infrared]] Sounder)
* IASI ([[Physics:Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer|Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer]])
* MHS ([[Physics:Microwave|Microwave]] [[Physics:Humidity|Humidity]] Sounder)
* SARP-3 and SARR (Search And Rescue Processor and Search And Rescue Repeater)
* SEM (Space Environment Monitor, to measure the intensity of the Earth's [[Astronomy:Van Allen radiation belt|radiation belt]]s and the [[Physics:Proton|proton]]/[[Physics:Electron|electron]] flux.)

==== Jason / Sentinel-6 ====
{{Main|Engineering:Jason satellite series}}

;Jason-2
The Jason-2 programme is an international partnership across multiple organisations, including EUMETSAT, CNES, and the US agencies NASA and NOAA.
Jason-2 was launched successfully from {{wipe|Vandenberg Air Force Base}} aboard a Delta-II rocket on 20 June 2008, 7:46 UTC. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081116195520/http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/What_We_Do/Highlights/SP_1213708779383?l=en EUMETSAT – What We Do – Jason-2 – Launch Description]

Jason-2 reliably delivers detailed oceanographic data vital to our understanding of weather forecasting and climate change monitoring. Jason-2 provides data on the decadal (10-yearly) oscillations in large ocean basins, such as the Atlantic Ocean; mesoscale variability, and surface wind and wave conditions. Jason-2 measurements contribute to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) satellite data assimilation, helping improve global atmosphere and ocean forecasting.

Altimetric data from Jason-2 have also helped create detailed decade-long global observations and analyses of the [[Earth:El Niño|El Niño]] and [[Earth:La Niña|La Niña]] phenomena, opening the way to new discoveries about ocean circulation and its effects on climate, and providing new insights into ocean tides, turbulent ocean eddies and marine gravity.

;[[Earth:Jason-3|Jason-3]]
Jason-3 was Launched on 17 January 2016, Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, on a SpaceX Falcon 9 launcher. It is operational since 14 October 2016.
Jason-3 is on a non-Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit at 66° inclination and 1336&nbsp;km altitude, optimised to eliminate tidal aliasing from sea surface height and mean sea level measurements. Jason-2, flies on the same orbit but at 162°.
It is built on the same cooperation as Jason-2, involving EUMETSAT, NOAA, CNES and NASA, with Copernicus expected to support the European contribution to operations, as part of its HPOA activity, which also covers contributions to the Jason-CS programme.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Jason3/index.html |title=Jason-3 altimeter data is part of the Copernicus programme and is used by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) |website=www.eumetsat.int |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026180507/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Jason3/index.html |archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>

;Sentinel-6/[[Engineering:Jason-CS|Jason-CS]]
The Jason satellites were succeeded by the Sentinel-6 for the radar altimeter mission, part of the [[Social:European Union|European Union]]'s [[Astronomy:Copernicus Programme|Copernicus Programme]] for Earth observation, with the objective of providing an operational service for high-precision measurements of global sea-level. This mission is implemented as a multi-partner cooperation between the European Commission and [[Organization:EUMETSAT|EUMETSAT]], ESA, NOAA and [[Organization:NASA|NASA]], with support from the French space agency, [[Organization:CNES|CNES]].

The mission, implemented through the two Sentinel-6/Jason-CS satellites (Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich and Sentinel-6B), aims to continue high precision ocean altimetry measurements in the 2020–2030 time-frame. A secondary objective is to collect high resolution vertical profiles of temperature, using the GNSS Radio-Occultation sounding technique, to assess temperature changes in the troposphere and stratosphere and to support Numerical Weather Prediction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/FutureSatellites/CopernicusSatellites/Sentinel6/index.html |title=SENTINEL-6 |website=www.eumetsat.int |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121155/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/FutureSatellites/CopernicusSatellites/Sentinel6/index.html |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

The launch of the first satellite – Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich – occurred successfully on 21 November 2020 from Vandenberg AFB in California, USA on a [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]] Falcon-9 launch vehicle. The satellite was named in honour of Michael Freilich (oceanographer), an oceanographer and former director of [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]'s Earth Science Division. Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich succeeded Jason-3 as the reference mission for satellite ocean altimetry in April 2022.

The launch of Sentinel-6B is foreseen for late-2025, also on a [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]] Falcon-9.

== See also ==
*EUMETNET
*the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
*the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
*the US [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), the US equivalent of EUMETSAT
*the US [[Organization:National Aeronautics and Space Administration|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), the US equivalent of the [[Organization:European Space Agency|ESA]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100201214135/http://internationalweatherarchive.org/satellite.aspx EUMETSAT weather satellite viewer] Online EUMETSAT weather satellite viewer with 2 months of archived data.


[[Category:Space organizations]]

{{Sourceattribution|EUMETSAT}}