View source for Organization:Harvard University

{{Short description|Private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
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{{Infobox university
 | name                   = Harvard University
 | image                  = Harvard University coat of arms.svg
 | image_upright          = 0.7
 | caption                = Coat of arms
 | latin_name             = Universitas Harvardiana
 | motto                  = {{lang|la|[[Philosophy:Veritas#Mottos|Veritas]]}} ([[Social:Latin|Latin]])<ref name=veritas>{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Founding of Harvard College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|year=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-31450-4|page=329|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154250/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | mottoeng               = "Truth"
 | free_label             = Newspaper
 | free                   = ''The Harvard Crimson''
 | established            = {{start date and age|1636}}<ref name=founding>An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, {{cite book|first=Josiah|last=Quincy|title=History of Harvard University|url=https://archive.org/details/historyharvardu00quingoog|year=1860|publisher=Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co.|location=Washington Street, Boston|isbn=9780405100161}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=RA1-PA586 p. 586] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024126/https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11636583&id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=RA1-PA586&lpg=RA1-PA586 |date=September 6, 2015 }}, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: {{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,756722,00.html|date=September 28, 1936|access-date=September 8, 2006|magazine=Time|title=Cambridge Birthday|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205054221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0%2C8816%2C756722%2C00.html|archive-date=December 5, 2012}}: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: {{cite web|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html|publisher=Harvard University|title=Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History|date=September 2, 2003|access-date=September 15, 2006|author=Marvin Hightower|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908144409/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html|archive-date=September 8, 2006}}, "Sept. 8, 1836 – Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: ''The New York Times'', September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."</ref>
 | founder                = Massachusetts General Court
 | former_names           = Harvard College
 | type                   = Private research university
 | accreditation          = [[Organization:New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
 | endowment              = $50.7 billion (2023)<ref name=BGendow>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/|title=Harvard posts investment gain in fiscal 2023, endowment stands at $50.7 billion|website=Reuters.com|date=October 20, 2023|access-date=October 20, 2023|archive-date=October 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020010333/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=HFRendow>{{cite report|url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf|title=Financial Report Fiscal Year 2023|publisher=Harvard University|page=7|date=October 19, 2023|access-date=October 23, 2023|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231023205617/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | president              = Alan Garber (interim)
 | provost                = Alan Garber
 | students               = 21,613 (Fall 2022)<ref name=CDS-B>{{cite web |title=Common Data Set 2022–2023 |url=https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2023/06/harvard_cds_2022-2023.pdf |website=Office of Institutional Research |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720173229/https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2023/06/harvard_cds_2022-2023.pdf }}</ref>
 | undergrad              = 7,240 (Fall 2022)<ref name=CDS-B/>
 | postgrad               = 14,373 (Fall 2022)<ref name=CDS-B/>
 | academic_staff         = ~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)<ref name = glance>{{cite web |title=Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf |date=July 14, 2017 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035117/https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | city                   = Cambridge
 | state                  = {{wipe|Massachusetts}}
 | country                = United States
 | coordinates            = {{Coord|42|22|28|N|71|07|01|W|region:US_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
 | campus                 = Midsize city<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|title=IPEDS – Harvard University|access-date=October 28, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028192553/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | campus_size            = {{Convert|209|acre|ha}}
 | sporting_affiliations  = {{hlist|NCAA Division I FCS – Ivy League|ECAC Hockey|NEISA|CWPA|IRA|EAWRC|EARC|EISA}}
 | sports_nickname        = Crimson
 | mascot                 = John Harvard
 | colors                 = {{college color list|team=Harvard Crimson}}
 | academic_affiliations  = {{hlist|AAU|AICUM|COFHE|NAICU|[[Organization:University of the Arctic|UArctic]]|URA|[[Organization:National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]}}
 | website                = {{official URL}}
 | logo                   = Harvard University logo.svg
 | logo_alt               = Logotype of Harvard University
}}

'''Harvard University''' is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.
Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.<!-- see [https://en.wikipedia.org/?oldid=591304650#Use_of_the_word_prestigious] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Harvard_University/Archive_3#RfC%3A_Is_%22Prestigious%22_an_acceptable_term_to_use_in_the_Lead] for extensive, prior discussions and RfCs on the mention of prestige --><ref>Examples include:
#{{cite book|title=Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University|url=https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell|url-access=registration|last1=Keller|first1=Morton|last2=Keller|first2=Phyllis|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-514457-0|quote=Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463 463]–481}}
#{{Cite book|title=How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire|quote=... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...|chapter=Sexual Shakedown|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326 326–336]|year=1989|publisher=South End Press|isbn=0-89608-284-9|editor1-first=John|last=Spaulding|first=Christina|editor-last=Trumpbour|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326}}
#{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html|title=Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports|author=David Altaner|publisher=Bloomberg|date=March 9, 2011|access-date=March 1, 2012|archive-date=March 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314002025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html|url-status=live}}
#{{cite book|title=Collier's Encyclopedia|publisher=Macmillan Educational Co. |year=1986|quote=Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.}}
#{{cite web|last=Newport|first=Frank|title=Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place|date=August 26, 2003|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx|publisher=Gallup|access-date=October 9, 2013|archive-date=September 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172644/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx|url-status=live}}
#{{Cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |title=Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins? |date=September 17, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated. |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |url-status=live }}
#{{cite book |last1=Hoerr |first1=John |title=We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer |url-access=registration |publisher=Temple University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3 3] |isbn=9781566395359 }}
#{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/ |title=At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige |magazine=The Atlantic |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=September 11, 2018 |quote=Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads. |access-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harvard's founding was authorized by the Massachusetts colonial legislature, "dreading to leave an illiterate [[Religion:Minister (Christianity)|ministry]] to the churches", though never formally affiliated with any denomination, in its early years Harvard College primarily trained Congregational clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston elite.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94|s2cid=147208647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> Following the American Civil War, under President Charles William Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909), the college developed multiple affiliated professional schools that transformed the college into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the Association of American Universities.<ref name="AAU">{{cite web |title=Member Institutions and years of Admission |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=aau.edu |publisher=Association of American Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Biography:James B. Conant|James B. Conant]] led the university through the [[Finance:Great Depression|Great Depression]] and [[Social:World War II|World War II]], and liberalized admissions after the war.

The university is composed of ten academic faculties plus the [[Organization:Harvard Radcliffe Institute|Harvard Radcliffe Institute]]. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [[Academic discipline|academic discipline]]s, and other faculties offer only graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three main campuses:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref>
the {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's [[Medicine:Longwood Medical and Academic Area|Longwood Medical Area]].<ref name="Campus">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000940/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> Harvard's endowment is valued at $50.7&nbsp;billion, making it the wealthiest academic institution in the world.<ref name=BGendow /><ref name=HFRendow/>  Endowment income enables the undergraduate college to admit students regardless of financial need and provide financial aid with no loans. According to the American Library Association, Harvard University has the fourth largest library by volumes held in the United States.

Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included 188 living billionaires, 8 U.S. presidents, numerous heads of state, founders of notable companies, Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, members of Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Turing Award Recipients, Pulitzer Prize winners, and Fulbright Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard ranks among the top globally in each of these categories.<ref group="Notes" name="laureates">Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.<br>The [https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ '''official''' Harvard count (which is '''49''')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |date=March 22, 2023 }} only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to '''some 160 Nobel affiliates''', the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.
* {{cite web |title=50 (US) Universities with the Most Nobel Prize Winners |url=https://www.bestmastersprograms.org/most-nobel-prize-winners/ |website=www.bestmastersprograms.org |date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012053840/https://www.bestmastersprograms.org/most-nobel-prize-winners/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web|author=Rachel Sugar|date=May 29, 2015|title=Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5|access-date=November 5, 2020|website=businessinsider.com|language=en|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112191545/https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/|title=Top Producers|website=us.fulbrightonline.org|access-date=November 4, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121132/https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|title=Statistics|website=www.marshallscholarship.org|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/|title=US Rhodes Scholars Over Time|website=www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress|access-date=November 12, 2020|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125611/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=The complete list of Fields Medal winners|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|work=areppim AG|date=2014|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards and 110 Olympic medals (46 gold).

== History ==

===Colonial era===
[[File:Harvard College Seal.png|thumb|The Harvard Corporation seal found on Harvard diplomas. ''Christo et Ecclesiae'' (Latin: "For Christ and Church") is one of Harvard's several early mottoes.<ref name="Morison1968">{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Founding of Harvard College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA330|year=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-31450-4|page=330|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=December 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215172750/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA330|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:A Westerly View of the Colledges in Cambridge New England by Paul Revere.jpeg|thumb|Engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere, 1767]]
Harvard was founded in 1636 during the colonial, pre-[[History:American Revolution|Revolutionary era]] by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Its first headmaster, Nathaniel Eaton, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired British North America's first known printing press.<ref name="FirstPrintingPress">{{cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=March 8, 2012 |title=The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard's-first-impressions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002714/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%27s-first-impressions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref><ref name="UHullMHSC">{{cite web |title=Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press |url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=hull.ac.uk |publisher=Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull}}</ref>

In 1639, it was named Harvard College after John Harvard, an English clergyman who had died soon after immigrating to Massachusetts, bequeathing it £780 and his library of some 320 volumes.<ref name="JH facts">{{cite web |last=Harvard |first=John |title=John Harvard Facts, Information. |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715230532/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2009 |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008 |language=en-US |quote=He bequeathed £780 (half his estate) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge, Mass., which was named in his honor.}}</ref> The charter creating Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.

A 1643 publication defined the college's purpose: "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Louis B. |title=The Cultural Life of the American Colonies |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-486-42223-7 |edition=1st |publication-date=May 3, 2002 |page=116 |language=en-US}}</ref> The college trained many [[Religion:Puritans|Puritan]] ministers in its early years<ref name="GriggMancall2008">{{cite book|last1=Grigg|first1=John A.|last2=Mancall|first2=Peter C.|title=British Colonial America: People and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-025-4|page=47|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]{{mdashb}}conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard never affiliated with any particular denomination.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|title=Harvard guide intro|publisher=Harvard University|date=July 26, 2007|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726133429/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref>

Increase Mather served as Harvard College's president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman.<ref>[http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php John Leverett – History – Office of the President] {{webarchive | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612033858/http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php | date=June 12, 2010}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
[[File:John Harvard statue at Harvard University.jpg|thumb|John Harvard statue on Harvard Yard]] <!-- please resist temptation to mention that it's not really a likeness of JH. Many statues are modeled after someone other than the nominal subject because, as with JH, no one knows what the subject looked like. This is adequately treated at Harvard Yard and need not be pointed out in the caption for every photo of the statue -->

In the 19th century, [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideas of reason and free will were widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.<ref name=Dorrien>{{Cite book|last=Dorrien|first=Gary J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L50mveyi6WoC|title=The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805–1900|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22354-0|language=en|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030528/https://books.google.com/books?id=L50mveyi6WoC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|1–4}} When [[Finance:Hollis Professor of Divinity|Hollis Professor of Divinity]] David Tappan died in 1803 and President Joseph Willard died a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected Hollis chair in 1805, and liberal Samuel Webber was appointed president two years later, signaling a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to liberal, [[Religion:Arminianism|Arminian]] ideas.<ref name=Dorrien />{{rp|4–5}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Peter S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXHbEWJacwwC|title=Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Making of a Democratic Intellectual|date=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8843-2|language=en|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021119/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXHbEWJacwwC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|24}}

Charles William Eliot, Harvard president from 1869 to 1909, decreased the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated more by [[Philosophy:Transcendentalism|Transcendentalist]] [[Religion:Unitarianism|Unitarian]] convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing, [[Biography:Ralph Waldo Emerson|Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and others of the time, than by secularism.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Stephen P.|last=Shoemaker|title=The Theological Roots of Charles W. Eliot's Educational Reforms|journal=Journal of Unitarian Universalist History|year=2006–2007|volume=31|pages=30–45}}</ref>

In 1816, Harvard launched new programs in the study of French and Spanish with George Ticknor as first professor for these language programs.

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Rummell, Richard Harvard University.jpg|thumb|A 1906 watercolor painting of the campus, facing northeast<ref name="http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html">{{Cite web|title=An Iconic College View: Harvard University, circa 1900. Richard Rummell (1848–1924)|url=http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=An Iconic College View|archive-date=April 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163107/http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During [[Social:World War II|World War II]], students at Radcliffe College (which, since its 1879 founding, had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwager |first=Sally |title=Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |isbn=1-4039-6098-4 |editor=Laurel Thatcher Ulrich |edition=1st |location=New York |page=115 |language=en-US |chapter=Taking up the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe}}</ref> In 1945, women were first admitted to the medical school.<ref name="First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School, 1945">{{cite report |title=First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School, 1945 |publisher=Countway Repository, Harvard University Library |url=http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |date= |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623235357/http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Since 1971, Harvard had controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.<ref>{{cite report |title=Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard |access-date=May 6, 2016 |date= |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031437/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with the university. The university's rapid enrollment growth also was a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the undergraduate college. Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities.<ref name="AAU" />

The student body in its first decades of the 20th century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, [[Religion:Congregational church|Congregationalists]], and [[Religion:Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]]", according to sociologist and author Jerome Karabel.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jerome Karabel|title=The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23|year=2006|page=23|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-77355-8|access-date=November 5, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1923, a year after the percentage of Jewish students at Harvard reached 20%, President A. Lawrence Lowell supported a policy change that would have capped the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. But Lowell's idea was rejected. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's freshman dormitories, writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."<ref>[https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/ "Compelled to coexist: A history of the desegregation of Harvard's freshman housing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928084627/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/ |date=September 28, 2022 }}, ''Harvard Crimson'', November 4, 2021</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steinberg|first1=Stephen|title=How Jewish Quotas Began|journal=Commentary|date=September 1, 1971|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/how-jewish-quotas-began/|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071351/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/how-jewish-quotas-began/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Dirk|title=Yale's Limit on Jewish Enrollment Lasted Until Early 1960's Book Says|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/nyregion/yale-s-limit-on-jewish-enrollment-lasted-until-early-1960-s-book-says.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 4, 1986|access-date=December 3, 2017|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923074453/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/nyregion/yale-s-limit-on-jewish-enrollment-lasted-until-early-1960-s-book-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lowell Tells Jews Limits at Colleges Might Help Them|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/06/17/109843455.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 17, 1922|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323102413/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/06/17/109843455.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

President [[Biography:James B. Conant|James B. Conant]] led the university from 1933 to 1953; Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy. As such, he devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. An influential 268-page report issued by Harvard faculty in 1945 under Conant's leadership, ''General Education in a Free Society'', remains one of the most important works in [[Curriculum studies|curriculum studies]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Kridel |editor-first1=Craig |chapter=General Education in a Free Society (Harvard Redbook) |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GgMyFqxsXWoC&pg=PA400 400]–402 |title=Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies |date=2010 |volume=1 |language=en |isbn=978-1-4129-5883-7 |publisher=SAGE  }}</ref>

Between 1945 and 1960, admissions standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students; for example, after [[Social:World War II|World War II]], special exams were developed so  veterans could be considered for admission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Class of 1950 {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/6/5/the-class-of-1950-pin-a/ |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329172148/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/6/5/the-class-of-1950-pin-a/ |url-status=live }}</ref> No longer drawing mostly from select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but still few Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians versus the representation of these groups in the general population.<ref>Malka A. Older. (1996). [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=217911 Preparatory schools and the admissions process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911160531/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=217911 |date=September 11, 2009 }}. The Harvard Crimson, January 24, 1996</ref> Throughout the latter half of the 20th century, Harvard incrementally became vastly more diverse.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Powell|first1=Alvin|title=An update on Harvard's diversity, inclusion efforts|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/an-update-on-harvards-diversity-and-inclusion-efforts/|newspaper=The Harvard Gazette|date=October 1, 2018|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814075610/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/an-update-on-harvards-diversity-and-inclusion-efforts/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
Drew Gilpin Faust, who was dean of [[Organization:Harvard Radcliffe Institute|Harvard Radcliffe Institute]], became Harvard's first female president on July 1, 2007.<ref>{{cite journal|agency=Associated Press|title=Harvard Board Names First Woman President|date=February 11, 2007|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17103390/ns/us_news-education/t/harvard-board-names-first-woman-president/|access-date=August 8, 2015|journal=NBC News|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17103390/ns/us_news-education/t/harvard-board-names-first-woman-president/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of [[Company:Goldman Sachs|Goldman Sachs]]. On July 1, 2018, Lawrence Bacow was appointed Harvard's 29th president.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 11, 2018 |title=Harvard University names Lawrence Bacow its 29th president |language=en-US |work=Fox News |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/11/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215084210/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/11/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president.html |archive-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref> Bacow retired in 2023.

In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Ryan |title=Harvard Postdocs, Other Non-Tenure-Track Trying to Unionize |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |website=www.insidehighered.com |publisher=Inside Higher Education |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208233548/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 1, 2023, [[Biography:Claudine Gay|Claudine Gay]], a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, succeeded Bacow as the university's 30th president. In January 2024, Provost Alan Garber succeeded Gay as interim president following after Gay resigned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HARVARD PRESIDENT CLAUDINE GAY RESIGNS, SHORTEST TENURE IN UNIVERSITY HISTORY {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102223704/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Campuses ==
[[File:Sanders theater 2009y.JPG|thumb|Memorial Hall]]

=== Cambridge ===
Harvard's {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} main campus is centered on Harvard Yard ("the Yard") in Cambridge, about {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. The Yard contains administrative offices such as University Hall and Massachusetts Hall; libraries such as Widener, Pusey, Houghton, and Lamont; and Memorial Church.

The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including the college, such as Sever Hall and Harvard Hall.[[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|Memorial Church]]Freshman dormitories are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve residential houses{{snd}}nine south of the Yard near the Charles River, the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Radcliffe Quadrangle (which formerly housed Radcliffe College students). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity (theology), Engineering and Applied Science, Design (architecture), Education, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension schools, as well as the [[Organization:Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] in Radcliffe Yard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022734/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ }}</ref>
Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|title=Institutional Ownership Map – Cambridge Massachusetts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-date=October 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022201633/https://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tartakoff |first=Joseph M. |date=January 7, 2005 |title=Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building – News – The Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920021640/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=www.thecrimson.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Allston ===
Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in Allston,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Logan|date=April 13, 2016|title=Harvard continues its march into Allston, with science complex|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518165423/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
a Boston neighborhood just across the Charles River from the Cambridge campus. The John W. Weeks Bridge, a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses.

The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President |url=http://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133917/https://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2016 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref>
Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayliss |first=Svea Herbst |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Harvard unveils big campus expansion |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences expanded into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Brigid |title=SEAS moves opening of Science and Engineering Complex to spring semester '21 |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |website=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515230512/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Campus |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222706/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref>

=== Longwood ===
[[File:Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg|thumb|Harvard Medical School]]
The schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Public Health are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} south of the Cambridge campus.<ref name="Campus" />
Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the [[Organization:Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, most notably Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area.

=== Other ===
Harvard owns the [[History:Dumbarton Oaks|Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] in Washington, D.C., Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,<ref>{{cite web|website=mcz.harvard.edu|url=http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|title=Concord Field Station|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=March 4, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183455/http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
the Villa I Tatti research center in [[Place:Florence|Florence]], Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itatti.it/|title=Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies|publisher=Itatti.it|access-date=June 30, 2010|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702154341/http://www.itatti.it/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,<ref>{{cite web|website=Harvard.edu|title=Shanghai Center|url=http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|access-date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232815/http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
and the Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.

== Organization and administration ==
=== Governance ===
{|class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''School''' || '''Founded'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Harvard College || 1636
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Medicine || 1782
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Divinity || 1816
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Law || 1817
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Engineering and Applied Sciences || 1847
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Dental Medicine || 1867
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Arts and Sciences || 1872
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Business || 1908
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Extension || 1910
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Design || 1936
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Education || 1920
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Public Health || 1913
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Government|| 1936
|}
[[File:USA-Harvard University.jpg|thumb|University seal]]
Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University.<ref name="BethellHunt2009p">{{cite book |last1=Bethell |first1=John T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |title=Harvard A to Z |last2=Hunt |first2=Richard M. |last3=Shenton |first3=Robert |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-02089-4 |pages=166– |language=en-US |access-date=May 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102142607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<ref>Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page 11B, ""Harvard to cut 275 jobs" Associated Press</ref>
including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research|title=Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010|year=2009|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162517/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011}} ("Faculty")</ref>

The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the [[Organization:Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]].

Joint programs with the [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, the [[Organization:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]], [[Finance:The Observatory of Economic Complexity|The Observatory of Economic Complexity]], and [[EdX|edX]].

=== Endowment ===

Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $50.7&nbsp;billion as of 2023.<ref name=BGendow/><ref name=HFRendow/>
During the recession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref>
The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}}|first=John|last=Hechinger|title=Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges|page=A1|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref name="vanity">{{cite magazine|last=Munk|first=Nina|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true&currentPage=all|title=Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 2009|access-date=August 29, 2010|archive-date=August 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829115742/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true&currentPage=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ForbesUndEnd">{{cite news|author=Andrew M. Rosenfield |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319001438/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 19, 2009|title=Understanding Endowments, Part I|work=Forbes|date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref>

About $2&nbsp;billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref name = "about endowment">{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|title=Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225022732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Financial Report |url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181152/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref>

==== Divestment ====
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated [[Finance:Divestment|divesting]] Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in apartheid South Africa, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and the tobacco, fossil fuel, and [[Finance:Private prison|private prison]] industries.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alli |last=Welton|title=Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support for Fossil Fuel Divestment|magazine=The Nation|date=November 20, 2012|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725011546/http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Alexandra A.|last=Chaidez|title=Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign Delivers Report to Mass. Hall|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=October 22, 2019|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306152230/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, during the divestment from South Africa movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012">{{cite news|first1=Michael C.|last1=George|first2=David W.|last2=Kaufman|title=Students Protest Investment in Apartheid South Africa|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=May 23, 2012|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anjali|last=Cadambi|title=Harvard University community campaigns for divestment from apartheid South Africa, 1977–1989|website=Global Nonviolent Action Database|date=September 19, 2010|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918195125/http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|url-status=live}}</ref>
The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230&nbsp;million (out of $400&nbsp;million) in response to the pressure.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012" /><ref name="Waters2009">{{cite book|author=Robert Anthony Waters Jr.|title=Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6291-3|page=77|access-date=October 14, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Academics ==
=== Teaching and learning ===
[[File:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University.JPG|thumb|Massachusetts Hall (1720), Harvard's oldest building<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|title=A Brief History of Harvard College|author=Harvard College|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=July 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424033857/http://college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|archive-date=April 24, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|Harvard Yard]]
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163149/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=iu.edu |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |language=en-US}}</ref>
offering 50 undergraduate majors,<ref name="liberal">{{cite web |title=Liberal Arts & Sciences |url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022949/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref>
134 graduate degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|title=Degree Programs|work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook|pages=28–30|access-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232153/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref>
and 32 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees" />
During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees">{{cite web |title=Degrees Awarded |url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204157/https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University |language=en-US}}</ref>

Harvard College, the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a liberal arts and sciences focus.<ref name="Carnegie" /><ref name = "liberal"/>
To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees |url=https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214304/https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 8, 2019 |website=college.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref>
In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref>
Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.<ref>{{cite web |title=How large are classes? |url=https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135247/https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref>
<!--ESTEEMED FELLOW EDITORS: here let's something on GSAS/FAS and something on each professional school -- possibly a paragraph each, possibly a subsection each -->

=== Research ===
Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |title=Member Institutions and Years of Admission |publisher=Association of American Universities |access-date=September 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028050512/http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.<ref name="Carnegie" />

With the medical school consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Best Medical Schools: Research |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=usnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716110736/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |url-status=live }}</ref> biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research at Harvard Medical School |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006113655/https://hms.harvard.edu/research |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |website=hms.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard Medical School |language=en-US}}</ref> The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65&nbsp;billion in competitive research grants from the [[Organization:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Which schools get the most research money? |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=March 30, 2020 |website=U.S. News & World Report |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Libraries and museums ===
[[File:Widener Library.jpg|thumb|Widener Library anchors the Harvard Library system.]]
[[File:Henry Moore sculpture, Harvard University.jpg|thumb|Henry Moore's sculpture ''Large Four Piece Reclining Figure'', near Lamont Library]]
The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4&nbsp;million items.<ref name="hlar">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Harvard Library Annual Report FY 2013 |url=http://library.harvard.edu/annual-report-fy-2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609122009/http://library.harvard.edu/annual-report-fy-2013 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2015 |publisher=Harvard University Library}}</ref><ref name="largestlibs">{{cite web |date=May 2009 |title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829014120/http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2009 |publisher=American Library Association}}</ref><ref name="Harvard Media Relations">{{cite web |author=Harvard Media Relations |title=Quick Facts |url=https://www.harvard.edu/media-relations/media-resources/quick-facts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414094945/https://www.harvard.edu/media-relations/media-resources/quick-facts |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |access-date=December 12, 2019}}</ref> According to the American Library Association, it is the 4th largest library by volumes held in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Library |first=A. L. A. |title=LibGuides: Library Statistics and Figures: The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing by Volumes Held |url=https://libguides.ala.org/librarystatistics/volumesheld |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=libguides.ala.org |language=en |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623131206/https://libguides.ala.org/librarystatistics/volumesheld |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = glance/>

Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of [[Place:East Asia|East-Asian]] language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.

The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art, the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museums of Science and Culture are made up of the Harvard Museum of Natural History, which itself includes the Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the [[Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka|Blaschka]] [[Biology:Glass Flowers|Glass Flowers]] exhibit, and the [[Biology:Museum of Comparative Zoology|Museum of Comparative Zoology]]; the [[Engineering:Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments|Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments]], found in the Harvard Science Center; the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East; and the [[History:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology|Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]], specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the film archive; the Warren Anatomical Museum, found at Harvard Medical School's Center for the History of Medicine; and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research.

===Reputation and rankings===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| Forbes = 9
| USNWR_NU = 3
| Wamo_NU = 1
| THE_WSJ = 6
| ARWU_W = 1
| QS_W = 4
| ARWU_NU = 1
| THES_W = 4
| USNWR_W = 1
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed floatright" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Harvard Crimson|color=white}}" |National Graduate Rankings<ref>{{cite web |title=Harvard University's Graduate School Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/harvard-university-166027/overall-rankings |website=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007064449/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/harvard-university-166027/overall-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Biological Sciences || 4
|-
| Business || 6
|-
| Chemistry || 2
|-
| Clinical Psychology || 10
|-
| Computer Science || 16
|-
| Earth Sciences || 8
|-
| Economics || 1
|-
| Education || 1
|-
| Engineering || 22
|-
| English || 8
|-
| History || 4
|-
| Law || 3
|-
| Mathematics || 2
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care || 10
|-
| Medicine: Research || 1
|-
| Physics || 3
|-
| Political Science || 1
|-
| Psychology || 3
|-
| Public Affairs || 3
|-
| Public Health || 2
|-
| Sociology || 1
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed floatright" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Harvard Crimson|color=white}}" |Global Subject Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=Harvard University – U.S. News Global University Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=April 27, 2020|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/harvard-university-166027|archive-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207163458/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/harvard-university-166027|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Agricultural Sciences || 22
|-
| Arts & Humanities || 2
|-
| Biology & Biochemistry || 1
|-
| Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems || 1
|-
| Chemistry || 15
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 1
|-
| Computer Science || 47
|-
| Economics & Business || 1
|-
| Electrical & Electronic Engineering || 136
|-
| Engineering || 27
|-
| Environment/Ecology || 5
|-
| Geosciences || 7
|-
| Immunology || 1
|-
| Materials Science || 7
|-
| Mathematics || 12
|-
| Microbiology || 1
|-
| Molecular Biology & Genetics || 1
|-
| Neuroscience & Behavior || 1
|-
| Oncology || 1
|-
| Pharmacology & Toxicology || 1
|-
| Physics || 4
|-
| Plant & Animal Science || 13
|-
| Psychiatry/Psychology || 1
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 1
|-
| Space Science || 2
|-
| Surgery || 1
|}

When ''QS'' and ''Times Higher Education'' collaborated to publish the ''Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings'' from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every year and continued to hold first place on ''THE World Reputation Rankings'' ever since it was released in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|magazine=Times Higher Education|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|url-status=live}}</ref>
It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lombardi|first1=John V.|last2=Abbey|first2=Craig W.|last3=Craig|first3=Diane D. |first4=Lynne N. |last4=Collis |date=2021 |title=The Top American Research Universities: 2023 Annual Report|url=https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf|access-date=Nov 23, 2023|website=mup.umass.edu|archive-date=Jan 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121030323/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harvard University is accredited by the [[Organization:New England Commission of Higher Education|New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Massachusetts Institutions |publisher=[[Organization:New England Commission of Higher Education|New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817130729/https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019–2020) and ''Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities'' (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in ''Fortune'' Global 500 companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking |url=https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |website=University Ranking by Academic Performance |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218074911/https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States, both for students and parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=College Hopes & Worries Press Release|agency=PR Newswire|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919064436/http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|title=Princeton Review's 2012 "College Hopes & Worries Survey" Reports on 10,650 Students' & Parents' Top 10 "Dream Colleges" and Application Perspectives|agency=PR Newswire|year=2012|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172634/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2019 |title=2019 College Hopes & Worries Press Release |language=en-US |url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007224857/https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |archive-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref> Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering school in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by ''Times Higher Education''.<ref>{{cite news |last=contact |first=Press |date=February 11, 2019 |title=Harvard is #3 in World University Engineering Rankings |language=en-US |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213722/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings |archive-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref>

In international relations, ''Foreign Policy'' magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best International Relations Schools in the World |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129011647/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! School
! Founded
! Enrollment 
! U.S. News & World Report
|-
| align="left" |Harvard University
|1636
|31,345<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard University Campus Information, Costs and Details |url=https://www.collegeraptor.com/colleges/Harvard-University-MA--166027 |access-date=November 14, 2022 |website=www.collegeraptor.com |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114042127/https://www.collegeraptor.com/colleges/Harvard-University-MA--166027 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|3<ref>{{Cite web |title=US News National University Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223062922/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |Medicine
|1782
|660
|1<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 31, 2021|title=2022 Best Graduate Schools|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings|access-date=August 31, 2021|website=U.S. News & World Report|archive-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320005653/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |Divinity
|1816
|377
|N/A
|-
| align="left" |Law
|1817
|1,990
|4<ref>{{Cite web |title=US News Law School Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=March 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320195829/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |Dental Medicine
|1867
|280
|N/A
|-
| align="left" |Arts and Sciences
|1872
|4,824
|N/A
|-
| align="left" |Business
|1908
|2,011
|5<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=August 31, 2021|title=2022 Best Graduate Schools|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-education-schools/edu-rankings|access-date=August 31, 2021|website=U.S. News & World Report|archive-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006210141/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-education-schools/edu-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |Extension
|1910
|3,428
|N/A
|-
| align="left" |Design
|1914
|878
|N/A
|-
| align="left" |Education
|1920
|876
|2<ref>{{Cite web |title=US News Best Education Programs |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-education-schools/edu-rankings |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006210141/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-education-schools/edu-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |Public Health
|1922
|1,412
|3<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| align="left" |Government
|1936
|1,100
|6<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 31, 2021|title=2022 Best Graduate Schools|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/public-policy-analysis-rankings|access-date=September 13, 2021|website=U.S. News & World Report|archive-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006210159/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/public-policy-analysis-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |Engineering
|2007
|1,750
|21<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 31, 2021|title=2022 Best Graduate Schools|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools|access-date=August 31, 2021|website=U.S. News & World Report|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007032325/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Student life ==
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
|-
! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web|title=College Scorecard: Harvard University|url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?166027-Harvard-University|publisher=United States Department of Education|access-date=May 8, 2022|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224104/https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?166027-Harvard-University|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Social:Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
|align=right| {{bartable|36|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| Asian
|align=right| {{bartable|21|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| Hispanic
|align=right| {{bartable|12|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| Foreign national
|align=right| {{bartable|11|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
| Black
|align=right| {{bartable|11|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| Other<ref group="Notes">Other consists of Multiracial Americans and those who prefer to not say.</ref>
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:brown}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |[[Social:Economic diversity|Economic diversity]]
|-
| Low-income<ref group="Notes">The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.</ref>
|align=right| {{bartable|18|%|2||background:red}}
|-
| Affluent<ref group="Notes">The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.</ref>
|align=right| {{bartable|82|%|2||background:black}}
|}

=== Student government ===

The Undergraduate Council represents College students. The Graduate Council represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.<ref>a) Law School Student Government [https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/studentgovernment/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200415/https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/studentgovernment/|date=June 24, 2021}}
<br />b) School of Education Student Council [https://osa.gse.harvard.edu/student-council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035057/https://osa.gse.harvard.edu/student-council|date=July 19, 2022}}
<br />c) Kennedy School Student Government [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/student-life/student-government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621184139/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/student-life/student-government|date=June 21, 2021}}
<br />d) Design School Student Forum [https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/resources/student-forum/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614171548/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/resources/student-forum/|date=June 14, 2021}}
<br />e) Student Council of Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Dental Medicine [https://www.hmshsdmstuco.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610235703/https://www.hmshsdmstuco.com/|date=June 10, 2021}}</ref>

=== Athletics ===

Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools have intramural sports programs.

Harvard College competes in the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |title=Harvard : Women's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University |publisher=Gocrimson.com |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092318/http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team|url=http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|publisher=Yale University Athletics|access-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022655/http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer [[Social:Athletic scholarship|athletic scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|title=The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard|publisher=Harvard University|date=September 2, 2006|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|archive-date=September 2, 2006}}</ref> The school color is crimson.

Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracken |first=Chris |date=November 17, 2017 |title=A game unlike any other |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215707/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2020 |website=yaledailynews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== ''Harvard University Gazette'' ==
The ''Harvard Gazette'', also called the '''''Harvard University Gazette''''', is the official press organ of Harvard University. Formerly a print publication, it is now a web site. It publicizes research, faculty, teaching and events at the university. Initiated in 1906, it was originally a weekly calendar of news and events. In 1968 it became a weekly newspaper.

When the ''Gazette'' was a print publication, it was considered a good way of keeping up with Harvard news: "If weekly reading suits you best, the most comprehensive and authoritative medium is the ''Harvard University Gazette''".

In 2010, the ''Gazette'' "shifted from a print-first to a digital-first and mobile-first" publication, and reduced its publication calendar to biweekly, while keeping the same number of reporters, including some who had previously worked for the ''Boston Globe'', ''Miami Herald'', and the Associated Press.

== Notable people ==
=== Alumni ===
Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs.

Harvard's affiliates (official counts)<ref group="Notes" name="laureates"></ref> include eight U.S. presidents, 188 living billionaires, 49 Nobel laureates, 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 Rhodes Scholars, 252 Marshall Scholars, and 13 Mitchell Scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siliezar |first=Juan |date=November 23, 2020 |title=2020 Rhodes, Mitchell Scholars named |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124113104/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Communications |first=FAS |date=November 24, 2019 |title=Five Harvard students named Rhodes Scholars |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055252/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=The Harvard Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kathleen Elkins |date=May 18, 2018 |title=More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined |language=en-US |work={{wipe|CNBC}} |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522013005/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |archive-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics |url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=December 1, 2015 |website=www.marshallscholarship.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Harvard students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulitzer Prize Winners |url=https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905090033/https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|title=Companies – Entrepreneurship – Harvard Business School|website=entrepreneurship.hbs.edu|access-date=March 28, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328152958/https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable Harvard alumni include:">
File:US Navy 031029-N-6236G-001 A painting of President John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd president of the United States, by Asher B. Durand (1767-1845)-crop.jpg|2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barzilay |first1=Karen N. |title=The Education of John Adams |url=https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/the-education-of-john-adams-2007-06-01 |publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726202845/https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/the-education-of-john-adams-2007-06-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:John Quincy Adams.jpg|6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)<ref>{{cite web |title=John Quincy Adams |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-quincy-adams/ |publisher=The White House |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005104815/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-quincy-adams/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hogan |first1=Margaret A. |title=John Quincy Adams: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/jqadams/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812123606/https://millercenter.org/president/jqadams/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Ralph Waldo Emerson ca1857 retouched.jpg|Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet [[Biography:Ralph Waldo Emerson|Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (AB, 1821)
File:Benjamin D. Maxham - Henry David Thoreau - Restored - greyscale - straightened.jpg|Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher [[Biography:Henry David Thoreau|Henry David Thoreau]] (AB, 1837)
File:President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg|19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)<ref>{{cite web |title=HLS's first alumnus elected as President—Rutherford B. Hayes |url=https://today.law.harvard.edu/hlss-first-alumnus-elected-as-president-rutherford-b-hayes/ |publisher=Harvard Law Today |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135644/https://today.law.harvard.edu/hlss-first-alumnus-elected-as-president-rutherford-b-hayes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr circa 1930-edit.jpg|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [[Biography:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] (AB, 1861, LLB)
File:Charles Sanders Peirce.jpg|Philosopher, logician, and mathematician [[Biography:Charles Sanders Peirce|Charles Sanders Peirce]] (AB, 1862, SB 1863)
File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Biography:Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt]] (AB, 1880)<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905033556/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:WEB DuBois 1918.jpg|Sociologist and civil rights activist<br />W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895)
File:FRoosevelt.png|32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leuchtenburg |first1=William E. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813025557/https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Helen Keller circa 1920 - restored.jpg|Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)
File:Thomas Stearns Eliot by Lady Ottoline Morrell (1934).jpg|Poet and Nobel laureate in literature [[Biography:T. S. Eliot|T. S. Eliot]] (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)
File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|Physicist and leader of the [[Physics:Manhattan Project|Manhattan Project]] [[Biography:J. Robert Oppenheimer|J. Robert Oppenheimer]] (AB, 1925)
File:Paul Samuelson.jpg|Economist and Nobel laureate in economics [[Biography:Paul Samuelson|Paul Samuelson]] (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)
File:Leonard Bernstein by Jack Mitchell.jpg|Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939)
File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|35th President of the United States [[Biography:John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]] (AB, 1940)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Selverstone |first1=Marc J. |title=John F. Kennedy: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812190501/https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg|Mathematician and domestic terrorist [[Biography:Ted Kaczynski|Ted Kaczynski]] (AB, 1962)
File:Mary Robinson (2014).jpg|7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)
File:Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg|45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Biography:Al Gore|Al Gore]] (AB, 1969)
File:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, April 2010.jpg|24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Biography:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf|Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] (MPA, 1971)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf-bio.html|title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf - Biographical|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=October 14, 2020|archive-date=July 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032807/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Chuck Schumer official photo.jpg|Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (AB, 1971; JD, 1975)
File:Benazir Bhutto.jpg|11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)
File:Ben Bernanke official portrait.jpg|14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics [[Biography:Ben Bernanke|Ben Bernanke]] (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)
File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)<ref>{{cite web |last1=L. Gregg II |first1=Gary |title=George W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812225623/https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Official roberts CJ.jpg|17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
File:Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|Founder of Microsoft and philanthropist [[Biography:Bill Gates|Bill Gates]] (College, 1977;<ref group="a" name="nodegree">Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate</ref> LLD&nbsp;[[Social:Honorary degree|hc]], 2007)
File:Ban Ki-Moon Davos 2011 Cropped.jpg|8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)
File:Elena Kagan Official SCOTUS Portrait (2013).jpg|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Elena Kagan (JD, 1986)
File:Michelle Obama 2013 official portrait.jpg|Former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama (JD, 1988)
File:Professor Jennifer Doudna ForMemRS.jpg|Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry [[Biography:Jennifer Doudna|Jennifer Doudna]] (PhD, 1989)<ref>{{cite web|title=Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/press-release/|website=nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=October 14, 2020|archive-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008001709/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/press-release/|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:President Barack Obama.jpg|44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] (JD, 1991)<ref>{{cite web |title=Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/obama/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812142731/https://millercenter.org/president/obama/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barack H. Obama - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/obama/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414110039/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/obama/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch Official Portrait.jpg|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Neil Gorsuch (JD, 1991)
File:KBJackson.jpg|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB, 1992; JD, 1996)
File:Mark Zuckerberg F8 2019 Keynote (32830578717) (cropped).jpg|Founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg (College, 2004;<ref name="nodegree" group="a" /> LLD&nbsp;[[Social:Honorary degree|hc]], 2017)
</gallery>
{{reflist|group=a}}

=== Faculty ===
<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable present and past Harvard faculty include:">
File:Louis Agassiz H6.jpg|Louis Agassiz
File:Danielle Allen 2017.jpg|Danielle Allen
File:Alan dershowitz 2009 retouched cropped.jpg|Alan Dershowitz
File:Paul_Farmer_2011.jpg|Paul Farmer
File:Jason Furman official portrait.jpg|Jason Furman
File:John Kenneth Galbraith 1982.jpg|John Kenneth Galbraith
File:Henry Louis Gates 2014 (cropped).jpg|Henry Louis Gates Jr.
File:Asa Gray 1870s.jpg|Asa Gray
File:Seamus Heaney Photograph Edit.jpg|Seamus Heaney
File:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr c1879.jpg|Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
File:William James b1842c.jpg|[[Biography:William James|William James]]
File:Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg|[[Biography:Timothy Leary|Timothy Leary]]
File:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, photographed by Julia Margaret Cameron in 1868.jpg|Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
File:James Russell Lowell - 1855.jpg|James Russell Lowell
File:GregoryMankiw.jpg|[[Biography:Greg Mankiw|Greg Mankiw]]
File:102111 Pinker 344.jpg|[[Biography:Steven Pinker|Steven Pinker]]
File:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 1961.jpg|[[Biography:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.]]
File:Amartya Sen.jpg|Amartya Sen
File:B.F. Skinner at Harvard circa 1950 (cropped).jpg|[[Biography:B. F. Skinner|B. F. Skinner]]
File:Lawrence Summers 2012.jpg|Lawrence Summers
File:Cass Sunstein (2008).jpg|Cass Sunstein
File:Elizabeth Warren 2016.jpg|Elizabeth Warren
File:Cornel West by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Biography:Cornel West|Cornel West]]
File:Plos wilson.jpg|[[Biography:E. O. Wilson|E. O. Wilson]]
File:Shing-Tung Yau Screenshot (cropped).png|[[Biography:Shing-Tung Yau|Shing-Tung Yau]]
File:Sec. Robert Reich.jpg|[[Biography:Robert Reich|Robert Reich]]
</gallery>

== Literature and popular culture ==
<!-- This section desperately needs inclusion criteria -->
[[File:Clock Tower University of Puerto Rico-San Marcos-Harvard.jpg|thumb|Tower at the [[Organization:University of Puerto Rico|University of Puerto Rico]], showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of National University of San Marcos, Lima (left), the oldest in the Americas]]
The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman has said.<ref name="thomas">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Sarah |title='Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role |website=Boston.com |date=September 24, 2010 |url=https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html |quote='In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness.... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it's all trust fund babies and ivy-covered walls.' |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232549/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Literature ===
* ''The Sound and the Fury'' (1929) and ''Absalom, Absalom!'' (1936) by [[Biography:William Faulkner|William Faulkner]] both depict Harvard student life.{{primary source inline|date=July 2020}}
* ''Of Time and the River'' (1935) by Thomas Wolfe is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his alter ego's time at Harvard.{{primary source inline|date=July 2020}}
* ''The Late George Apley'' (1937) by John P. Marquand parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;{{primary source inline|date=July 2020}} it won the Pulitzer Prize.
* ''The Second Happiest Day'' (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.{{refn |{{cite book |title=Wrestling with the Angel|last=King|first=Michael|year=2002|page=371|quote=...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class.}} }}{{refn|{{cite news|title=White Shoe and Weak Will|first=Michael J.|last=Halberstam|date= February 18, 1953 |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126180414/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/ |archive-date=26 November 2015 |url-status=live |quote=The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men.}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|last=Yardley|first=Jonathan|title=Second Reading|date=December 23, 2009|url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209173651/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status=live|quote=&thinsp;'...a balanced and impressive novel...' [is] a judgment with which I [agree].|newspaper=The Washington Post}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|title=Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World|last=Du Bois|first=William|work=The New York Times|date=February 1, 1953|page=BR5|quote="exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest"}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|work=Southwest Review|volume=38|page=267|title=John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day|quote=So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right. }} }}

=== Film ===
Harvard permits filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are in fact shot elsewhere.<ref name="HFilm">{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Nathaniel L. |date=September 21, 1999 |title=University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story' |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/9/21/university-hollywood-relationship-not-always-a/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910022326/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/9/21/university-hollywood-relationship-not-always-a/ |archive-date=September 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html|title='Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role|author=Sarah Thomas|date=September 24, 2010|website=boston.com|access-date=February 20, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232549/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html|url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Love Story'' (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey player (Ryan O'Neal) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means (Ali MacGraw): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |title=Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years... |work=Harvard Crimson |date=June 3, 1996 |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717001127/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|{{cite news|title=The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery|first=Thomas | last=Vinciguerra |date=August 20, 2010|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310224906/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=August 21, 2010}} }}{{refn|{{cite news|date=February 8, 1996 |work=Harvard University Gazette |title=A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'. Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define a generation|first=Ken |last=Gewertz}} }}
* ''The Paper Chase'' (1973){{refn|{{cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|title=The Paper Chase at 40|date=October 2, 2012|first=Colleen|last= Walsh|work=Harvard Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203171406/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|archive-date=December 3, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=October 16, 2012}} }}
* ''A Small Circle of Friends'' (1980)<ref name="HFilm"/>

== See also ==
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description WP:SEEALSO -->
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=no}}
* 2012 Harvard cheating scandal
* Academic regalia of Harvard University
* Gore Hall
* Harvard College social clubs
* Harvard University Police Department
* Harvard University Press
* Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society
* I, Too, Am Harvard
* List of Harvard University named chairs
* List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University
* List of oldest universities in continuous operation
* [[Organization:Outline of Harvard University|Outline of Harvard University]]
* [[Social:Secret Court of 1920|Secret Court of 1920]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
<references group="Notes"/>
{{Notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Divcol}}
* Abelmann, Walter H., ed. ''The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970–1995'' (2004). 346 pp.
* Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. ''Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years'' (1977). 569 pp.
* Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. ''The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries'' (2d ed.1982). 499 pp.
* Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. ''Harvard A to Z'' (2004). 396 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674012887 excerpt and text search]
* Bethell, John T. ''Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century'', Harvard University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-674-37733-8}}
* Bunting, Bainbridge. ''Harvard: An Architectural History'' (1985). 350 pp.
* Carpenter, Kenneth E. ''The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition'' (1986). 216 pp.
* Cuno, James et al. ''Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting'' (1996). 364 pp.
* Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. ''Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives'' (1992). 380 pp.
* Hall, Max. ''Harvard University Press: A History'' (1986). 257 pp.
* Hay, Ida. ''Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum'' (1995). 349 pp.
* Hoerr, John, ''We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard;'' Temple University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|1-56639-535-6}}
* Howells, Dorothy Elia. ''A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979'' (1978). 152 pp.
* Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. ''Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University'' (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 [https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3a%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702220422/https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3a%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University |date=July 2, 2012 }}
* [[Biography:Harry R. Lewis|Lewis, Harry R.]] ''Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education'' (2006) {{ISBN|1-58648-393-5}}
* Morison, Samuel Eliot. ''Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936'' (1986) 512pp; [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUUf7ssp1u4C excerpt and text search]
* Powell, Arthur G. ''The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority'' (1980). 341 pp.
* Reid, Robert. ''Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School'' (1994). 331 pp.
* Rosovsky, Henry. ''The University: An Owner's Manual'' (1991). 312 pp.
* Rosovsky, Nitza. ''The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe'' (1986). 108 pp.
* Seligman, Joel. ''The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School'' (1978). 262 pp.
* Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. ''Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe'' (1993). 548 pp.
* <span id="Trumpbour">Trumpbour, John, ed.</span>, ''How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire'', Boston: South End Press, 1989, {{ISBN|0-89608-283-0}}
* Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., ''[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4662764 Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History]'', New York: [[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan]], 2004. 337 pp.
* Winsor, Mary P. ''Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum'' (1991). 324 pp.
* Wright, Conrad Edick. ''Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence'' (2005). 298 pp.

== External links ==
* {{College-navigator|166027}}

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