View source for Organization:Los Alamos National Laboratory

{{short description|Laboratory near Santa Fe, New Mexico}}
{{Infobox laboratory
|name             = Los Alamos National Laboratory
|other_name       = {{hlist|LANL}}
|logo             = LANL Logo.png
|image            = Los Alamos aerial view.jpeg
|caption          = Aerial view
|established      = {{Start date|1943}}
|type             = <!-- Research type, e.g., basic/applied, classified/unclassified -->
|budget           = $3.92 billion<ref name="Facts, Figures">{{cite web|title=Facts, Figures|url=https://www.lanl.gov/about/facts-figures/index.php|access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref>
|research_field   = {{Plainlist|
* [[Social:National security|National security]]
* Fundamental science
}}
|director         = Thomas Mason 
|faculty          = 
|staff            = 12,752<ref name="Facts, Figures"/>
|students         = 1,613<ref name="Facts, Figures"/>
|alumni           = 
|city             = Los Alamos
|state            = New Mexico
|country          = {{wipe|United States}}
|coor             = {{Coord|35|52|32|N|106|19|27|W|display=inline,title}}
|affiliations     = {{Plainlist|
* [[Organization:University of California|University of California]]
* {{nowrap|[[Organization:Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle Memorial Institute]]}}
* Texas A&M University
}}
|operating_agency = Triad National Security LLC
|nobel_laureates  = <!-- No. of Nobel Laureates for work done in lab -->
|website          = {{#property:P856}}
|module           = {{Infobox NRHP
|name = Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
|embed = yes
|nrhp_type = hd  | nocat = yes
|nrhp_type2 = nhld
|image = 
|caption = 
|location = Central Ave., Los Alamos, New Mexico
|coordinates = {{coord|35|52|54|N|106|17|54|W|display=inline}}
|locmapin = New Mexico
|area = {{convert|22200|acre}}<ref name="LANL Location and Infrastructure">{{cite web|title=LANL Location and Infrastructure|url=https://www.lanl.gov/about/facts-figures/location.php|access-date=Oct 20, 2019}}</ref>
|built = {{Start date|1943}}
|architecture = Bungalow/Craftsman, Modern Movement, Ranch
|added = October 15, 1966
|designated_nrhp_type2 = December 21, 1965<ref name=nhlsum>{{cite web|title=National Historic Landmarks Survey, New Mexico|url=https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/nm/NM.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/nm/NM.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=December 29, 2016}}</ref>
|refnum = 66000893<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a|dateform=mdy}}</ref>
}}<!-- end Infobox NRHP -->
}}<!-- end Infobox -->

'''Los Alamos National Laboratory''' (often shortened as '''Los Alamos''' and '''LANL''') is one of the sixteen [[Research and development|research and development]] laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the American southwest. Best known for its central role in helping develop the first atomic bomb, LANL is one of the world's largest and most advanced scientific institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) {{!}} UCOP |url=https://www.ucop.edu/laboratory-management/about-the-labs/overview-lanl.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=ucop.edu}}</ref>

Los Alamos was established in 1943 as Project Y, a top-secret site for designing [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapon]]s under the [[Physics:Manhattan Project|Manhattan Project]] during [[Social:World War II|World War II]].<ref group="note">The site was variously called Los Alamos Laboratory and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.</ref> Chosen for its remote yet relatively accessible location, it served as the main hub for conducting and coordinating nuclear research,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110420213027/http://www.lanl.gov/history/road/school-arsenal.shtml 50th Anniversary Article: Oppenheimer's Better Idea: Ranch School Becomes Arsenal of Democracy]". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from [http://www.lanl.gov/history/road/school-arsenal.shtml the original] on 20 April 2011.</ref> bringing together some of the world's most famous scientists, among them numerous Nobel Prize winners.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanl.gov/about/history-innovation/|title=Our History|last=Energy|first=Los Alamos National Laboratory, Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U. S. Department of|website=lanl.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/location/los-alamos-nm|title=Los Alamos, NM|website=Atomic Heritage Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> The town of Los Alamos, directly north of the lab, grew extensively through this period.

After the war ended in 1945, Project Y's existence was made public, and it became known universally as Los Alamos. In 1952, the Atomic Energy Commission formed a second design lab under the direction of the [[Organization:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]], which became the [[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.llnl.gov/about/history|title=History|date=2013-10-09|website=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> The two labs competed on a wide variety of bomb designs, but with the end of the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]], have focused increasingly on civilian missions. Today, Los Alamos conducts multidisciplinary research in fields such as [[Social:National security|national security]], [[Astronomy:Space exploration|space exploration]], [[Physics:Nuclear fusion|nuclear fusion]], [[Engineering:Renewable energy|renewable energy]],<ref>
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.chem.info/News/Feeds/2011/03/topics-software-the-drive-toward-hydrogen-vehicles-just-got-shorte/ 
 |publisher=Chem.info 
 |title=The Drive Toward Hydrogen Vehicles Just Got Shorter 
 |date=March 21, 2011 
 |access-date=December 18, 2012 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321185406/http://www.chem.info/News/Feeds/2011/03/topics-software-the-drive-toward-hydrogen-vehicles-just-got-shorte/ 
 |archive-date=March 21, 2012 
}}</ref> [[Medicine:Medicine|medicine]], [[Engineering:Nanotechnology|nanotechnology]], and supercomputing.

While owned by the federal government, LANL is privately managed and operated by Triad National Security, [[Social:Limited liability company|LLC]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanl.gov/about/leadership-governance/index.php|title=Leadership, Governance|last=Energy|first=Los Alamos National Laboratory, Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U. S. Department of|website=lanl.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref>

==History==

===The Manhattan Project===
The laboratory was founded during [[Social:World War II|World War II]] as a secret, centralized facility to coordinate the scientific research of the [[Physics:Manhattan Project|Manhattan Project]], the Allied project to develop the first [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>Force V: The history of Britain's airborne deterrent, by Andrew Brookes. Jane's Publishing Co Ltd; First Edition 1 Jan. 1982, {{ISBN|0710602383}}, p.2.</ref> In September 1942, the difficulties encountered in conducting preliminary studies on [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapon]]s at universities scattered across the country indicated the need for a laboratory dedicated solely to that purpose.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}

General [[Biography:Leslie Groves|Leslie Groves]] wanted a central laboratory at an isolated location for safety, and to keep the scientists away from the populace. It should be at least 200 miles from international boundaries and west of the Mississippi. Major John Dudley suggested Oak City, Utah, or Jemez Springs, New Mexico, but both were rejected. Jemez Springs was only a short distance from the current site. Project Y director [[Biography:J. Robert Oppenheimer|J. Robert Oppenheimer]] had spent much time in his youth in the New Mexico area and suggested the Los Alamos Ranch School on the [[Earth:Mesa|mesa]]. Dudley had rejected the school as not meeting Groves' criteria, but as soon as Groves saw it he said in effect "This is the place".<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Rhodes
|first=Richard
|title=The making of the Atomic Bomb
|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod
|url-access=registration
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod/page/449 449–451]
|year=1995
|publisher=Simon & Schuster
|location=London
|isbn=0-671-44133-7
}}</ref> Oppenheimer became the laboratory's first director; from 19 October 1942.

During the Manhattan Project, Los Alamos hosted thousands of employees, including many Nobel Prize-winning scientists. The location was a total secret. Its only mailing address was a post office box, number 1663, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Eventually two other post office boxes were used, 180 and 1539, also in Santa Fe.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal=Modern Postal History Journal
|issue=26
|year=1989
|pages=5–8
}}</ref> Though its contract with the [[Organization:University of California|University of California]] was initially intended to be temporary,{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} the relationship was maintained long after the war. Until the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, {{wipe|Japan}}, University of California president Robert Sproul did not know what the purpose of the laboratory was and thought it might be producing a "[[Unsolved:Death ray|death ray]]".<ref>[http://cstms.berkeley.edu/archive/oppenheimer/exhibit/chapter3.html Cstms.berkeley.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071050/http://cstms.berkeley.edu/archive/oppenheimer/exhibit/chapter3.html |date=October 19, 2013 }}</ref> The only member of the UC administration who knew its true purpose—indeed, the only one who knew its exact physical location—was the Secretary-Treasurer Robert Underhill, who was in charge of wartime contracts and liabilities.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

[[File:Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg|left|thumb|The first stages of the explosion of the Trinity nuclear test]]
The work of the laboratory culminated in several atomic devices, one of which was used in the first nuclear test near Alamogordo, New Mexico, codenamed "Trinity", on July 16, 1945. The other two were weapons, "Little Boy" and "Fat Man", which were used in the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Laboratory received the Army-Navy "E" Award for Excellence in production on October 16, 1945.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}

===Post-war===
After the war, Oppenheimer retired from the directorship, and it was taken over by [[Biography:Norris Bradbury|Norris Bradbury]], whose initial mission was to make the previously hand-assembled atomic bombs "G.I. proof" so that they could be mass-produced and used without the assistance of highly trained scientists. Other founding members of Los Alamos left the laboratory and became outspoken opponents to the further development of nuclear weapons.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}

The name officially changed to the '''Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory''' ('''LASL''') on January 1, 1947. By this time, [[Organization:Argonne National Laboratory|Argonne]] had already been made the first National Laboratory the previous year. Los Alamos would not become a National Laboratory in name until 1981.<ref>{{cite book |title= Plans and Practices for Groundwater Protection at the Los Alamos National Laboratory |publisher= National Research Council |page=5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=smObAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|isbn= 9780309106191 |date= October 18, 2007 }}</ref>

In the years since the 1940s, Los Alamos was responsible for the development of the hydrogen bomb, and many other variants of nuclear weapons. In 1952, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was founded to act as Los Alamos' "competitor", with the hope that two laboratories for the design of nuclear weapons would spur innovation. Los Alamos and Livermore served as the primary classified laboratories in the U.S. national laboratory system, designing all the country's nuclear arsenal. Additional work included basic scientific research, [[Physics:Particle accelerator|particle accelerator]] development, health physics, and fusion power research as part of [[Physics:Project Sherwood|Project Sherwood]]. Many nuclear tests were undertaken in the Marshall Islands and at the Nevada Test Site. During the late-1950s, a number of scientists including [[Biography:John Robert Beyster|Dr. J. Robert "Bob" Beyster]] left Los Alamos to work for General Atomics (GA) in San Diego.<ref>
{{cite book
|first1=Robert J, Dr
|last1=Beyster
|first2=Peter
|last2=Economy
|title=The SAIC Solution: How We Built an $8 Billion Employee-Owned Technology Company
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kekRLBk7sN4C&pg=PP1
|year=2007
|page=[https://archive.org/details/saicsolutionhoww00beys/page/192 192]
|isbn=9780470139318
}}</ref>

Three major nuclear-related accidents have occurred at LANL. [[Physics:Criticality accident|Criticality accident]]s occurred in August 1945 and May 1946, and a third accident occurred during an annual physical inventory in December 1958.<ref name=unsc>{{cite web |url=http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_C.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_C.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation – 2008 Report to the General Assembly |volume=II Scientific Annexes C, D, and E – Annex C: Radiation exposures in accidents |website=United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |pages=2–3 |year=2011}}</ref>

Several buildings associated with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{cite web |url={{NHLS url|id=66000893}} |format=pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form / Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory |date=January 14, 1974 |first=Richard |last=Greenwood |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=June 21, 2009}}<br />{{cite web |url={{NHLS url|id=66000893|photos=y}} |title=Accompanying photos |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

===Post-Cold War===
At the end of the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]], both labs went through a process of intense scientific diversification in their research programs to adapt to the changing political conditions that no longer required as much research towards developing new nuclear weapons and has led the lab to increase research for "non-war" science and technology. Los Alamos' nuclear work is currently thought to relate primarily to computer simulations and stockpile stewardship. The development of the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility will allow complex simulations of nuclear tests to take place without full explosive yields.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

The laboratory contributed to the early development of the [[Biology:Flow cytometry|flow cytometry]] technology. In the 1950s, researcher Mack Fulwyler developed a technique for sorting erythrocytes that combined the Coulter Principle of [[Engineering:Coulter counter|Coulter counter]] technologies, which measures the presence of cells and their size, with ink jet technology, which produces a laminar flow of liquid that breaks up into separate, fine drops. In 1969, Los Alamos reported the first fluorescence detector apparatus, which accurately measured the number and size of ovarian cells and blood cells.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYZuiy4BbvUC&q=flow+cytometry+principles&pg=PR7 | title=Flow Cytometry First Principles | first = Alice | last = Givan |page=6| isbn=9780471459118 | date=April 5, 2004 }}</ref>

As of 2017, other research performed at the lab included developing cheaper, cleaner biofuels and advancing scientific understanding around renewable energy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/science-innovation/science-programs/applied-energy-programs/index.php|title=Applied Energy Program|website=Los Alamos National Laboratory|access-date=January 31, 2017}}</ref>

Non-nuclear [[Social:National security|national security]] and defense development is also a priority at the lab. This includes preventing outbreaks of deadly diseases by improving detection tools and the monitoring the effectiveness of the United States' [[Biology:Vaccine|vaccine]] distribution infrastructure. Additional advancements include the ASPECT airplane that can detect bio threats from the sky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanl.gov/|title=Los Alamos National Lab: National Security Science|website=www.lanl.gov|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref>

====Medical work====
In 2008, development for a safer, more comfortable and accurate test for [[Medicine:Breast cancer|breast cancer]] was ongoing by scientists Lianjie Huang and Kenneth M. Hanson and collaborators. The new technique, called ultrasound-computed tomography (ultrasound CT), uses sound waves to accurately detect small tumors that traditional mammography cannot.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Huang|first1=Lianjie|last2=Hanson|first2=Kenneth M.|last3=Quan|first3=Youli|last4=Li|first4=Cuiping|last5=Duric|first5=Neb|editor2-first=Jan|editor2-last=d'Hooge|editor1-first=Stephen A|editor1-last=McAleavey|chapter=Globally optimized Fourier finite-difference method for ultrasound breast imaging|title=Medical Imaging 2008: Ultrasonic Imaging and Signal Processing |series=Proceedings of SPIE|volume=692007|pages=692007|doi=10.1117/12.771024|year=2008|s2cid=14509019}}</ref>

The lab has made intense efforts for humanitarian causes through its scientific research in medicine. In 2010, three vaccines for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus were being tested by lab scientist [[Biography:Bette Korber|Bette Korber]] and her team. "These vaccines might finally deal a lethal blow to the [[Biology:HIV|AIDS virus]]", says Chang-Shung Tung, leader of the Lab's Theoretical Biology and Biophysics group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/hiv_vaccine_strategy_expands_immune_responses_news_release.html |title=HIV Vaccine Strategy Expands Immune Responses |first=Bette |last=Korber |date=March 3, 2010 |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |access-date=January 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021050027/http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/hiv_vaccine_strategy_expands_immune_responses_news_release.html |archive-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref>

====Negative publicity====
The laboratory has attracted negative publicity from a number of events. In 1999, Los Alamos scientist Wen Ho Lee was accused of 59 counts of mishandling classified information by downloading nuclear secrets—"weapons codes" used for computer simulations of nuclear weapons tests—to data tapes and removing them from the lab. After ten months in jail, Lee pleaded guilty to a single count and the other 58 were dismissed with an apology from U.S. District Judge James Parker for his incarceration.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://web.mit.edu/jmorzins/www/lee_parker_opinion.html
|title=United States of America vs. Wen Ho Lee transcript of Proceedings
|date=September 13, 2000
|access-date=December 18, 2012
}}</ref> Lee had been suspected for having shared U.S. nuclear secrets with {{wipe|China}}, but investigators were never able to establish what Lee did with the downloaded data.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/wenholee.htm
|title=Wen Ho Lee
|first=Edward Jay
|last=Epstein
|work=Wall Street Journal
|date=January 16, 2002
|access-date=December 18, 2012
}}</ref> In 2000, two computer hard drives containing classified data were announced to have gone missing from a secure area within the laboratory, but were later found behind a photocopier.<ref>{{cite news |last=Risen |first=James |date=17 June 2000 |title=Missing Nuclear Data Found Behind a Los Alamos Copier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/17/us/missing-nuclear-data-found-behind-a-los-alamos-copier.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York City |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>

== Science mission ==
Los Alamos National Laboratory's mission is to "solve national security challenges through simultaneous excellence".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.lanl.gov/mission/index.php | title = Los Alamos National Laboratory {{!}} Mission | author = Communications & Public Affairs | date = n.d. | website = Los Alamos National Laboratory | language = en-US | access-date = 2022-06-30 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220621065233/https://www.lanl.gov/mission/index.php | archive-date = 2022-06-21 | quote = Los Alamos National Laboratory's mission is to solve national security challenges through simultaneous excellence. | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The laboratory's strategic plan reflects U.S. priorities spanning nuclear security, intelligence, defense, emergency response, nonproliferation, counterterrorism, energy security, emerging threats, and environmental management. This strategy is aligned with priorities set by the Department of Energy (DOE), the [[Physics:National Nuclear Security Administration|National Nuclear Security Administration]] (NNSA), and national strategy guidance documents, such as the Nuclear Posture Review, the National Security Strategy, and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160815011713/https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/blueprint-secure-energy-future Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future]

Los Alamos is the senior laboratory in the DOE system, and executes work in all areas of the DOE mission: national security, science, energy, and environmental management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/mission|title=Mission {{!}} Department of Energy|website=United States Department of Energy|access-date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> The laboratory also performs work for the Department of Defense (DoD), Intelligence Community (IC), and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), among others. The laboratory's multidisciplinary scientific capabilities and activities are organized into six Capability Pillars:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.lanl.gov/science-innovation/pillars/index.php | title = Los Alamos National Laboratory {{!}} Capability Pillars | author = Science, Technology and Engineering Office | date = n.d. | website = Los Alamos National Laboratory | language = en-US | access-date = 2022-06-30 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220619170522/https://www.lanl.gov/science-innovation/pillars/index.php | archive-date = 2022-06-19 | quote =  | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* '''Information, Science and Technology (IS&amp;T)'''
* '''Materials for the Future''' seeks to optimize materials for national security applications by predicting and controlling their performance and functionality through discovery science and engineering.
* '''Nuclear and Particle Futures''' integrates nuclear experiments, theory, and simulation to understand and engineer complex nuclear phenomena.
* '''Science of Signatures (SoS)''' applies science and technology to intransigent problems of system identification and characterization in areas of global security, nuclear defense, energy, and health.
* '''Complex Natural and Engineered Systems (CNES)'''
* '''Weapons Systems (WS)'''

Los Alamos operates three main user facilities:
# The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies: The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies is a DOE/Office of Science National User Facility operated jointly by Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories with facilities at both Laboratories. CINT is dedicated to establishing the scientific principles that govern the design, performance, and integration of nanoscale materials into microscale and macroscale systems and devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://science.energy.gov/bes/suf/user-facilities/nanoscale-science-research-centers/cint/|title=Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT) {{!}} U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC)|website=science.energy.gov|access-date=June 30, 2016}}</ref>
# [[Physics:Los Alamos Neutron Science Center|Los Alamos Neutron Science Center]] (LANSCE): The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center is one of the world's most powerful linear accelerators. LANSCE provides the scientific community with intense sources of neutrons with the capability of performing experiments supporting civilian and national security research. This facility is sponsored by the Department of Energy, the National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Science and Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology.
# The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Pulsed Field Facility: The Pulsed Field Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, is one of three campuses of the [[Organization:National High Magnetic Field Laboratory|National High Magnetic Field Laboratory]] (NHMFL), the other two being at [[Organization:Florida State University|Florida State University]], Tallahassee and the [[Organization:University of Florida|University of Florida]]'''.''' The Pulsed Field Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory operates an international user program for research in high magnetic fields.
As of 2017, the Los Alamos National Laboratory is using data and [[Algorithm|algorithm]]s to possibly protect public health by tracking the growth of [[Medicine:Infection|infectious diseases]]. Digital [[Social:Epidemiology|epidemiologists]] at the lab's Information Systems and Modeling group are using clinical surveillance data, [[Company:Google|Google]] search queries, census data, [[Wikipedia]], and even [[Company:Twitter|tweets]] to create a system that could predict epidemics. The team is using data from Brazil as its model; Brazil was notably threatened by the [[Medicine:Zika virus|Zika virus]] as it prepared to host the Summer Olympics in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/24541-los-alamos-national-laboratory-reveals-potential-tracking-disease-spread-real-time/|title=Los Alamos National Laboratory reveals potential in tracking disease spread in real time|last=Galford|first=Chris|date=October 4, 2017|work=Homeland Preparedness News|access-date=October 11, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Laboratory management and operations==
Within LANL's 43-square-mile property are approximately 2,000 dumpsites which have contaminated the environment. It also contributed to thousands of dumpsites at 108 locations in 29 US states.<ref name=sf>{{cite news|author1=Staci Matlock|title=TRINITY: 70 YEARS LATER 'Los Alamos will never be clean'|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/los-alamos-will-never-be-clean/article_a3cc7ce1-8af0-5113-8f38-5d4aa673fd7a.html|access-date=July 18, 2015|work=The Santa Fe New Mexican|date=July 13, 2015}}</ref>

===Contract changes===
Continuing efforts to make the laboratory more efficient led the Department of Energy to open its contract with the University of California to bids from other vendors in 2003. Though the university and the laboratory had difficult relations many times since their first World War II contract, this was the first time that the university ever had to compete for management of the laboratory. The University of California decided to create a private company with the Bechtel Corporation, Washington Group International, and the [[Company:BWX Technologies|BWX Technologies]] to bid on the contract to operate the laboratory. The UC/Bechtel led corporation—Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS)—was pitted against a team formed by the [[Organization:University of Texas System|University of Texas System]] partnered with Lockheed-Martin. In December 2005, the Department of Energy announced that LANS had won the next seven-year contract to manage and operate the laboratory.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

On June 1, 2006, the University of California ended its sixty years of direct involvement in operating Los Alamos National Laboratory, and management control of the laboratory was taken over by Los Alamos National Security, LLC with effect October 1, 2007. Approximately 95% of the former 10,000 plus UC employees at LANL were rehired by LANS to continue working at LANL. Other than UC appointing three members to the eleven member board of directors that oversees LANS, UC now has virtually no responsibility or direct involvement in LANL. UC policies and regulations that apply to UC campuses and its two national laboratories in California ([[Organization:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|Lawrence Berkeley]] and [[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore]]) no longer apply to LANL, and the LANL director no longer reports to the UC Regents or UC Office of the President.

On June 8, 2018, the NNSA announced that Triad National Security, LLC, a joint venture between [[Organization:Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle Memorial Institute]], the University of California, and Texas A&M University, would assume operation and management of LANL beginning November 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |author=National Nuclear Security Administration |date=2018-06-08 |title=NNSA awards Los Alamos National Laboratory Management & Operating Contract |url=https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/nnsa-awards-los-alamos-national-laboratory-management-operating-contract |location=Washington, D.C |access-date=2018-07-29 }}
</ref>

===Safety management===

In August 2011, the close placement of eight plutonium rods for a photo nearly led to a criticality incident. The photo shoot, which was directed by the laboratory's management, was one of several factors relating to unsafe management practices that led to the departure of 12 of the lab's 14 safety staff.<ref>The Center for Public Integrity, Patrick Malone: [https://www.science.org/content/article/near-disaster-federal-nuclear-weapons-laboratory-takes-hidden-toll-america-s-arsenal ''Repeated safety lapses hobble Los Alamos National Laboratory's work on the cores of U.S. nuclear warheads'']. Science 356, 2017, doi:10.1126/science.aan7026.</ref> The criticality incident was one of several that led the Department of Energy to seek alternative bids to manage the laboratory after the 2018 expiration of the LANS contract.<ref name=sciencemag-20180119/>

The lab was penalized with a $57&nbsp;million reduction in its 2014 budget over the February 14, 2014, accident at the [[Physics:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant|Waste Isolation Pilot Plant]] for which it was partly responsible.<ref>W.J. Hennigan and Ralph Vartabedian: [http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-los-alamos-fine-20150111-story.html ''Los Alamos lab contractor loses $57 million over nuclear waste accident'']. Los Angeles Times, January 11, 2015.</ref>

In August 2017, the improper storage of plutonium metal could have triggered a [[Physics:Criticality accident|criticality accident]], and subsequently staff failed to declare the failure as required by procedure.<ref name=sciencemag-20180119>{{cite news |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/after-safety-breaches-new-los-alamos-director-pushes-accountability-nuclear-weapons-lab |title=After safety breaches, new Los Alamos director pushes for accountability at nuclear weapons lab |last=Reese |first=April |newspaper=Science |date=January 19, 2018 |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name=abqjournal-20170922>{{cite news |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1067835/report-criticality-event-occured-at-lanl-plutonium-facility.html |title='Criticality safety event' occurred at LANL's plutonium facility |last=Oswald |first=Mark |newspaper=Albuquerque Journal |date=September 22, 2017 |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref>

==Extended operations==
With support of the [[Organization:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]], LANL operates one of the three National High Magnetic Field Laboratories in conjunction with and located at two other sites [[Organization:Florida State University|Florida State University]] in Tallahassee, Florida, and [[Organization:University of Florida|University of Florida]] in Gainesville, Florida.

Los Alamos National Laboratory is a partner in the [[Organization:Joint Genome Institute|Joint Genome Institute]] (JGI) located in Walnut Creek, California. JGI was founded in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in [[Biology:Genome project|genome mapping]], [[Biology:DNA sequencing|DNA sequencing]], technology development, and information sciences pioneered at the three [[Biology:Genome|genome]] centers at University of California's [[Organization:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and LANL.

The '''Integrated Computing Network''' (ICN) is a multi-security level network at the LANL integrating large host supercomputers, a file server, a batch server, a printer and graphics output server and numerous other general purpose and specialized systems. [[IBM Roadrunner]], which was part of this network, was the first supercomputer to hit petaflop speeds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUKN0947487420080610 |title=Energy Dept says new computer world's fastest |last=Fox |first=Maggie |work={{wipe|Reuters}} |date=June 9, 2008 |access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

Until 1999, The Los Alamos National Laboratory hosted the [[ArXiv|arXiv]] e-print archive.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/ginsparg.html|title=Los Alamos loses physics archive as preprint pioneer heads east.|date=June 5, 2001 |access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> The arXiv is currently operated and funded by [[Organization:Cornell University|Cornell University]].

The [[Software:Coreboot|coreboot]] project was initially developed at LANL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coreboot.org/FAQ#Who_is_working_on_coreboot.3F|title=FAQ - coreboot|website=www.coreboot.org}}</ref>

In the recent years, the Laboratory has developed a major research program in systems biology modeling, known at LANL under the name q-bio.

Several serials are published by LANL:<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.lanl.gov/discover/publications/index.php |title = Publications}}</ref>
* ''National Security Science''
* ''1663''
* ''Community Connections''
* ''Actinide Research Quarterly''
* ''@theBradbury''
* ''Physical Sciences Vistas''
LANL also published ''Los Alamos Science'' from 1980 to 2005, as well as the ''Nuclear Weapons Journal'', which was replaced by ''National Security Science'' after two issues in 2009.

==Controversy and criticism==
In 2005, Congress held new hearings on lingering security issues at Los Alamos National Weapons Laboratory in New Mexico; documented problems continued to be ignored.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Attkisson
|date=March 21, 2005
|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/congress-eyes-los-alamos/
|title=Congress Eyes Los Alamos
|work=CBS News
|access-date=April 14, 2014
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|author= noahmax
|date=March 20, 2005
|url=http://defensetech.org/2005/03/20/more-los-alamos-shenanigans/
|title=MORE LOS ALAMOS SHENANIGANS
|work=defensetech.org
|access-date=April 14, 2014
}}</ref>

In November 2008 a drum containing nuclear waste was ruptured due to a '[[Physics:Deflagration|deflagration]]' according to an inspector general report of the Dept. of Energy, which due to lab mistakes, also occurred in 2014 at the Carlsbad plant with significant disruptions and costs across the industry.<ref>Wald, Matthew L. (October 29, 2014). "In U.S. Cleanup Efforts, Accident at Nuclear Site Points to Cost of Lapses ". [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/us/in-us-cleanup-efforts-accident-at-nuclear-site-points-to-cost-of-lapses.html?_r=0 NY Times website] Retrieved January 27, 2017.</ref>

In 2009, 69 computers which did not contain classified information were lost.<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Reichbach
|first=Matthew
|date=February 12, 2009
|url=http://newmexicoindependent.com/18263/69-computers-missing-at-lanl
|title=69 Computers Missing at LANL
|work=The New Mexico Independent
|access-date=December 18, 2012
}}</ref> The same year also saw a scare in which 1&nbsp;kg (2.2&nbsp;lb) of missing plutonium prompted a Department of Energy investigation into the laboratory. The investigation found that the "missing plutonium" was a result of miscalculation by LANL's statisticians and did not actually exist; but the investigation did lead to heavy criticism of the laboratory by the DOE for security flaws and weaknesses that the DOE claimed to have found.<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Vartabedian
|first=Ralph
|date=March 26, 2009
|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/26/nation/na-nuke26
|title=Los Alamos' Security Flaws Exposed
|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}
|access-date=December 18, 2012
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|last=Webb
|first=Greg
|date=February 27, 2009
|url=http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/ts_20090227_5921.php
|title=New Security Lapse at Los Alamos Triggers Angry Response from Energy Department
|work=Global Security Newswire
|publisher=NTI
|access-date=December 18, 2012
}}</ref>

==Institutional statistics==
LANL is northern New Mexico's largest institution and the largest employer with approximately 8,762 direct employees, 277 guard force, 505 contractors, 1,613 students, 1,143 unionized craft workers, and 452 post-doctoral researchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanl.gov/about/facts-figures/index.php|title=Facts, Figures |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212033847/http://www.lanl.gov/organization/ |archive-date=December 12, 2010 }}</ref> Additionally, there are roughly 120 DOE employees stationed at the laboratory to provide federal oversight of LANL's work and operations. Approximately one-third of the laboratory's technical staff members are [[Physicist|physicist]]s, one-quarter are [[Engineering:Engineer|engineer]]s, one-sixth are [[Chemist|chemist]]s and [[Physics:Materials science|materials scientists]], and the remainder work in [[Mathematics|mathematics]] and computational science, [[Biology:Biology|biology]], geoscience, and other disciplines. Professional scientists and students also come to Los Alamos as visitors to participate in scientific projects. The staff collaborates with universities and industry in both basic and applied research to develop resources for the future. The annual budget is approximately {{wipe|United States dollar}}2.2 billion.

==Directors==
* [[Biography:J. Robert Oppenheimer|J. Robert Oppenheimer]] (1942–1945)
* [[Biography:Norris Bradbury|Norris Bradbury]] (1945–1970)
* [[Biography:Harold Agnew|Harold Agnew]] (1970–1979)
* Donald Kerr (1979–1986)
* Siegfried S. Hecker (1986–1997)
* John C. Browne (1997–2003)
* George Peter Nanos (2003–2005)
* Robert W. Kuckuck (2005–2006)
* [[Biography:Michael R. Anastasio|Michael R. Anastasio]] (2006–2011)
* [[Biography:Charles F. McMillan|Charles F. McMillan]] (2011–2017)
* Terry Wallace (2018)
* Thomas Mason (2018–present)

==Notable scientists==
* [[Biography:Stirling Colgate|Stirling Colgate]] (1925–2013)
* [[Biography:George Cowan|George Cowan]] (1920–2012), American [[Chemistry:Physical chemistry|physical chemist]], businessman, and philanthropist
* [[Biography:Mitchell Feigenbaum|Mitchell Feigenbaum]] (1944–2019)
* [[Biography:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman]] (1918–1988)
* [[Biography:Bette Korber|Bette Korber]]
* [[Biography:Maria Goeppert Mayer|Maria Goeppert Mayer]] (1906–1972)
* Howard O. McMahon (1914–1990), Canadian-born American [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineer]], inventor of the [[Physics:Cryocooler#GM-refrigerators|Gifford-McMahon cryocooler]], and the Science Director, Vice President, Head of the Research and Development Division, and then President of Arthur D. Little, Inc; lived and worked partially in Los Alamos during development of the first Hydrogen bomb
* [[Biography:Emily Willbanks|Emily Willbanks]] (1930–2007)

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
* [[Organization:Association of Los Alamos Scientists|Association of Los Alamos Scientists]]
* Bradbury Science Museum
* [[Organization:Chalk River Laboratories|Chalk River Laboratories]]
* [[Organization:Federation of American Scientists|Federation of American Scientists]]
* [[Biography:Clarence Max Fowler|Clarence Max Fowler]]
* [[Biography:David Greenglass|David Greenglass]]
* Ed Grothus
* [[Biography:Theodore Hall|Theodore Hall]]
* History of nuclear weapons
* [[Engineering:Hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module|Hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module]]
* National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Alamos County, New Mexico
* Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
* Timeline of Cox Report controversy
* [[Engineering:Timeline of nuclear weapons development|Timeline of nuclear weapons development]]
* Venona project
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Hoddeson |first1=Lillian|first2=Paul W. |last2=Henriksen |first3=Roger A. |last3=Meade |first4=Catherine L. |last4=Westfall|author4-link= Catherine Westfall |title=Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBBu7lTJc4EC&pg=PP1 |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-44132-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Los Alamos National Laboratory}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071027051957/http://www.scribd.com/doc/14229/Chapter-2-Overview-of-Historical-Operations-at-Los-Alamos Los Alamos{{spaced ndash}}Overview of Historical Operations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207040146/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=places%2FLos+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico Annotated bibliography on Los Alamos from the Alsos Digital Library]
* [https://ucop.edu/laboratory-management/ University of California Office of Laboratory Management] (official website)
* [https://lansce.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos Neutron Science Center "LANSCE"]
* [http://www.weather.lanl.gov Los Alamos Weather Machine]
* [http://lanl-the-real-story.blogspot.com/ ''LANL: The Real Story'' (LANL community blog)]
* [http://lanl-the-corporate-story.blogspot.com/ ''LANL: The Corporate Story'' (follow-up blog to "LANL: The Real Story)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020414070511/http://www.nanomaterialscompany.com/ ''LANL: Technology Transfer, an example'']
* [http://lanl-the-rest-of-the-story.blogspot.com/ ''LANL: The Rest of the Story'' (ongoing blog for LANL employees)]
* [https://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1701249.html ''Protecting the Nation's Nuclear Materials''. Government Calls Arms Complexes Secure; Critics Disagree] NPR.
* [http://www.lasg.org Los Alamos Study Group{{spaced ndash}}an Albuquerque-based group opposed to nuclear weapons]
* [http://www.atomicarchive.com/Maps/LosAlamos.shtml Site Y: Los Alamos] A map of Manhattan Project Era Site Y: Los Alamos, New Mexico.
* [http://www.lasg.org/maps/pages/contents/TA-HazCatmap.htm Los Alamos National Laboratory Nuclear Facilities, 1997]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312043005/http://web.mac.com/dnelson/iWeb/GeorgeHackbarthLosAlamos/Introduction.html Machinists who assembled the atomic bomb.]

=== Archival collections ===

* [https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=L68D635166398.12977&profile=rev-all&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!43334~!0&ri=2&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=LOS+ALAMOS+UNIVERSITY+NOTEBOOKS,+1945-1946&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=2 Los Alamos University notebooks, 1945-1946, Niels Bohr Library & Archives]
{{Manhattan Project}}
{{U.S. National Labs}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}


[[Category:United States Department of Energy national laboratories]]
[[Category:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers]]
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes]]
[[Category:Supercomputer sites]]

{{Sourceattribution|Los Alamos National Laboratory}}