View source for Organization:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

{{Short description|International organisation}}
{{Pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Copy edit|for=grammar|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
| conventional_long_name = Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
| native_name            = {{native name|ar|منظمة التعاون الإسلامي}}<br />{{native name|fr|Organisation de la coopération islamique}}
| common_name            = OIC
| linking_name           = the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
| image_flag             = OIC_Logo_since_2011.svg
| image_coat             = 
| alt_coat               = Logo of the OIC
| motto                  = "''To safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well-being of Muslims''"
| image_map              = OIC vector map.svg
| map_width              = 275px
| map_caption            = <div style="padding-left:9.0em;text-align:left;font-size:100%;">{{legend|#41A317|Member states}}{{legend|darkblue|Observer states}}{{legend|#FF0000|Suspended states}}</div>
| org_type               = [[Social:Intergovernmental organization|Intergovernmental organization]]
| membership_type        = Membership
| membership             = 57 member states
| admin_center_type      = Administrative centre (Headquarters)
| admin_center           = {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} Jeddah, Saudi Arabia}}
| languages_type         = Official languages
| languages              = {{hlist |[[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[Social:English language|English]]|[[Social:French language|French]]}}
| leader_title1          = Secretary General
| leader_name1           = Hissein Brahim Taha
| established_event1     = Charter signed
| established_date1      = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969|9|25}}
| established_event2     = 
| established_date2      = 
| official_website       = {{URL|https://www.oic-oci.org/|oic-oci.org}}
| population_estimate    = 1.81 billion
| population_estimate_year = 2018
| GDP_PPP                = $27.949 trillion
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2019
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = $19,451
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 
| GDP_nominal            = $9.904 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2019
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,361
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 
| Gini_year              = 
| Gini_change            = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini                   = <!--number only-->
| Gini_ref               = 
| HDI_year               = 2018
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI                    = 0.672
| HDI_ref                = 
| population_census_rank = 1st
| HDI_rank               = 122nd
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| today                  = 
}}
[[File:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Jeddah.jpg|thumb|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Head-office Building, Jeddah]]
The '''Organisation of Islamic Cooperation''' ('''OIC'''; {{lang-ar|منظمة التعاون الإسلامي|Munaẓẓama at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmiyy}}; {{lang-fr|Organisation de la coopération islamique}}), formerly the '''Organisation of the Islamic Conference''', is an [[Social:Intergovernmental organization|intergovernmental organization]] founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, with 48 being Muslim-majority countries.<ref name="auto">The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. December 2012. "[https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |date=23 March 2018 }}." DC: Pew Research Center. [https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926222120/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ |date=26 September 2018 }}.</ref> The organisation states that it is "the collective voice of the [[Religion:Muslim world|Muslim world]]" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony".<ref name="EIMW"/>

The OIC has permanent delegations to the {{wipe|United Nations}} and the [[Social:European Union|European Union]]. The official languages of the OIC are Arabic, English, and French. It maintains various [[Organization:List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation organizations|affiliated, specialized, and subsidiary organs]] within the framework of OIC Charter. The member states had a collective population of over 1.8 billion as of 2015,<ref name="auto"/> accounting for just under a quarter of the world's population. The collective area is 31.66 m km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Worlddata.info 1969">{{cite web | title=Members of the OIC—Organization of Islamic Cooperation | website=Worlddata.info | date=1969-09-25 | url=https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/oic-islamic-cooperation.php | access-date=2022-02-08 | archive-date=8 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208054754/https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/oic-islamic-cooperation.php | url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
On 21 August 1969, a fire was started in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini, the former Mufti of Jerusalem, called the arson a "Jewish crime" and called for all Muslim heads of state to convene a summit.<ref name="ECSWWII">{{cite book|editor1-last=Ciment|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Hill|editor2-first=Kenneth|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|pages=185–6|isbn=9781136596148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uox4CAAAQBAJ&q=oic+1969+fire+jerusalem&pg=PA185|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122227/https://books.google.com/books?id=uox4CAAAQBAJ&q=oic+1969+fire+jerusalem&pg=PA185|url-status=live}}</ref> The fire, which "destroyed part of the old wooden roof and an 800-year-old pulpit"<ref name="LIEBER-2017">{{cite web|last1=LIEBER|first1=DOV|title=PA, Hamas [allege] Jews planned 1969 burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/pa-hamas-rehash-lie-that-jews-planned-1969-burning-of-al-aqsa-mosque/|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=17 November 2017|date=22 August 2017|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118225728/https://www.timesofisrael.com/pa-hamas-rehash-lie-that-jews-planned-1969-burning-of-al-aqsa-mosque/|url-status=live}}</ref> was blamed on the mental illness of the perpetrator—Australian Christian fundamentalist Denis Michael Rohan—by Israel, and on Zionists and Zionism in general by the Islamic conference.<ref name="elibrary"/>

On 25 September 1969, an Islamic Conference, a summit of representatives of 24 Muslim majority countries (most of the representatives being heads of state), was held in [[Place:Rabat|Rabat]], Morocco.<ref name="ECSWWII"/><ref name=EIMW>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131030064136/http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/page/?p_id=52&p_ref=26&lan=en About OIC]. Oic-oci.org. Retrieved 7 November 2014.</ref> A resolution was passed stating that

<blockquote>Muslim governments would consult with a view to promoting among themselves close cooperation and mutual assistance in the economic, scientific, cultural and spiritual fields, inspired by the immortal teachings of Islam.<ref name="ECSWWII"/></blockquote>

Six months later in March 1970, the First Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers was held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.<ref name="elibrary">{{cite web|title=The organization 'Islamic Conference' (OIC)|url=http://ebrary.net/1069/economics/organization_islamic_conference|website=elibrary|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103234029/http://ebrary.net/1069/economics/organization_islamic_conference|archive-date=3 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1972, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) was founded.<ref name=esposito-1998-164>Esposito, 1998, p.164.</ref>

While the al-Aqsa fire is regarded as one of the catalysts for the formation of the OIC, many [[Religion:Muslims|Muslims]] have aspired to a pan-Islamic institution that would serve the common political, economic, and social interests of the ''[[Religion:Ummah|ummah]]'' (Muslim community) since the 19th century. In particular, the collapse of the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Religion:Caliphate|Caliphate]] after [[Social:World War I|World War I]] left a vacuum.{{citation needed|date= November 2022}}

According to its charter, the OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education, particularly in the fields of science and technology.<ref name = EIMW/>

The emblem of the OIC contains three main elements that reflect its vision and mission as incorporated in its new Charter. These elements are: the [[Religion:Kaaba|Kaaba]], the Globe, and the Crescent.{{citation needed|date= November 2022}}

On 5 August 1990, 45 foreign ministers of the OIC adopted the [[Philosophy:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam|Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]] to serve as a guidance for the member states in the matters of human rights in as much as they are compatible with the [[Religion:Sharia|Sharia]], or Quranic Law.<ref name = CDHRII>{{cite web|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html|title=Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 5 August 1990, U.N. GAOR, World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993) [English translation]|publisher=University of Minnesota|date=5 August 1990|access-date=25 March 2011|archive-date=3 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603093031/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2008, the OIC conducted a formal revision of its charter.  The revised charter set out to promote human rights, fundamental freedoms, and good governance in all member states. The revisions also removed any mention of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.  Within the revised charter, the OIC has chosen to support the Charter of the United Nations and international law, without mentioning the [[Philosophy:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=OIC Charter|url=http://www.oicun.org/2/24/20140324031549266.html|access-date=8 December 2015|location=Ch 1, Art 1, Sect 7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911151816/http://www.oicun.org/2/24/20140324031549266.html|archive-date=11 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 28 June 2011, during the 38th Council of Foreign Ministers meeting (CFM) in Astana, Kazakhstan, the organisation changed its name from '''Organisation of the Islamic Conference''' ({{lang-ar|منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي}}; {{lang-fr|Organisation de la Conférence Islamique}}) to its current name.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=100388|title=OIC RIGHTLY CHANGES ITS NAME|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023092323/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=100388 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |newspaper= Pakistan Observer}}</ref> The OIC also changed its logo at this time.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Refugees===
According to the UNHCR, OIC countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. Since then OIC members have absorbed refugees from other conflicts, including the uprising in Syria. In May 2012, the OIC addressed these concerns at the "Refugees in the Muslim World" conference in [[Place:Ashgabat|Ashgabat]], Turkmenistan.<ref>{{cite news|title=OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-278419-oic-to-hold-conference-on-refugees-in-muslim-world-in-turkmenistan.html|work=Zaman|date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503181729/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-278419-oic-to-hold-conference-on-refugees-in-muslim-world-in-turkmenistan.html|archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref>

==Member states==

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has 57 members, 56 of which are also member states of the United Nations, the exception being [[Place:State of Palestine|Palestine]]. Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Thailand, {{wipe|Russia}}, and [[Place:Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]] (under the name "Turkish Cypriot State") are observer states, and other organisations and groups also participate as observers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=179&p_ref=60&lan=en |title=Observers |publisher=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909014619/https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=179&p_ref=60&lan=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Africa===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*{{flag|Algeria}}
*{{flag|Benin}}
*{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
*{{flag|Cameroon}}
*{{flag|Chad}}
*{{flag|Comoros}}
*{{flag|Djibouti}}
*{{flag|Egypt}}
*{{flag|Gabon}}
*{{flag|Gambia}}
*{{flag|Guinea}}
*{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
*{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
*{{flag|Libya}}
*{{flag|Mali}}
*{{flag|Mauritania}}
*{{flag|Morocco}}
*{{flag|Mozambique}}
*{{flag|Niger}}
*{{flag|Nigeria}}
*{{flag|Senegal}}
*{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
*{{flag|Somalia}}
*{{flag|Sudan}}
*{{flag|Togo}}
*{{flag|Tunisia}}
*{{flag|Uganda}}
}}

===Asia===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*{{flagicon|Afghanistan|2013}}/{{flag|Afghanistan}}
*{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
*{{flag|Bahrain}}
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}
*{{flag|Brunei}}
*{{flag|Indonesia}}
*{{flag|Iran}}
*{{flag|Iraq}}
*{{flag|Jordan}}
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
*{{flag|Kuwait}}
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
*{{flag|Lebanon}}
*{{flag|Malaysia}}
*{{flag|Maldives}}
*{{flag|Oman}}
*{{flag|Pakistan}}
*{{flag|Palestine}}
*{{flag|Qatar}}
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
*{{flag|Syria}} (Suspended)<ref name="Alsharif 2012">{{cite web | last=Alsharif | first=Asma | title=Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria | website=U.S. | date=16 August 2012 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-islamic-summit-idUSBRE87E19F20120816 | access-date=16 February 2019 | archive-date=17 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142230/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-islamic-summit-idUSBRE87E19F20120816 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Tajikistan}}
*{{flag|Turkey}}
*{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
*{{flag|Yemen}}
}}

===Europe===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*{{flag|Albania}}
}}

===Americas===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*{{flag|Guyana}}
*{{flag|Suriname}}
}}

==Positions==
The Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUOICM) was established in [[Religion:Iran|Iran]] in 1999, and its head office is situated in [[Place:Tehran|Tehran]]. Only OIC members are entitled to membership in the union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0702153662195331.htm|title=وب سایتهای ایرنا - Irna|access-date=23 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217191642/http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0702153662195331.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>

On 27 June 2007, then-United States President George W. Bush announced that the United States would establish an envoy to the OIC. Bush said of the envoy, "Our special envoy will listen to and learn from representatives from Muslim states, and will share with them America's views and values."<ref>{{cite news|title=Bush to Name Envoy to Islamic Conference|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6740455,00.html|date=2 June 2007|first=Ben|last=Feller|work=The Guardian|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202125420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0%2C%2C-6740455%2C00.html|archive-date=2 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|June 2015}}, Arsalan Suleman is acting special envoy. He was appointed on 13 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/237813.htm |title=Arsalan Suleman |publisher=US Department of State |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121114442/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/237813.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In an investigation of the accuracy of a series of chain emails, [[Philosophy:Snopes.com|Snopes.com]] reported that during the October 2003{{spaced ndash}}April 2004 session of the General Assembly, 17 individual members of the OIC voted against the United States 88% of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/outrage/unvote.asp|title=United Condemnations|website=Snopes|date=3 December 2007|access-date=18 July 2012|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122212/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/united-condemnations/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The OIC, on 28 March 2008, joined the criticism of the film ''Fitna'' by Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders, which features disturbing images of violent acts juxtaposed with alleged verses from the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/28/islam.film/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Muslims condemn Dutch lawmaker's film|access-date=20 May 2010|archive-date=29 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029191253/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/28/islam.film/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2015, the OIC announced its support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/723946|agency=Arab News|title=OIC supports military action in Yemen|date=27 March 2015|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232525/http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/723946|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Israeli–Palestinian conflict===
The OIC supports a [[Two-state solution|two-state solution]] to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=OIC calls for two-state solution despite cease-fire announcement |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1862496/middle-east |website=Arabnews.com |date=21 May 2021 |publisher=Arab News |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>

The OIC has called for boycott of Israeli products in effort to pressure Israel into ending the occupation of the [[Place:Palestinian territories|Palestinian territories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/07/oic-calls-ban-israeli-products.html|title=OIC calls for ban on Israeli products|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103121346/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/07/oic-calls-ban-israeli-products.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/subweb/cfm/41/cfm/en/docs/final/RES-IBO.pdf|title=islamic office for the boycott of israel|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005225104/http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/subweb/cfm/41/cfm/en/docs/final/RES-IBO.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>

There was a meeting in [[Place:Conakry|Conakry]], Guinea, in 2013. Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said that foreign ministers would discuss the possibility of cutting ties with any state that recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel or that moves its embassy to its environs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/8453-oic-proposes-severing-ties-with-countries-that-recognise-jerusalem-as-israels-capital#sthash.Pjw7pAyh.dpuf|work=Middle East Monitor|title=OIC proposes severing ties with countries that recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital|date=10 February 2014|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124002510/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/8453-oic-proposes-severing-ties-with-countries-that-recognise-jerusalem-as-israels-capital#sthash.Pjw7pAyh.dpuf|archive-date=24 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2017, the extraordinary meeting held to response Donald Trump's decision on recognizing Jerusalem, resulting "Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for Al Quds."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/oic-extraordinary-summit-istanbul-declaration-on-freedom-for-al-quds.pdf |title=Istanbul Declaration On "Freedom For Al Quds" Extraordinary Islamic Summit Conf (OIC/EX-CFM/2017/PAL/Declaration) |date=13 December 2017 |website=www.mfa.gov.tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216210742/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/oic-extraordinary-summit-istanbul-declaration-on-freedom-for-al-quds.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, the OIC condemned Benjamin Netanyahu's plans to [[Earth:Annexation|annex]] the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN condemns Israeli PM's West Bank annexation plans |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/saudi-arabia-israel-west-bank-jordan-valley-1.5278863 |publisher=CBC News |date=11 September 2019 |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911210919/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/saudi-arabia-israel-west-bank-jordan-valley-1.5278863 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2024, the OIC expressed support for South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Genocide case against Israel: Where does the rest of the world stand on the momentous allegations? |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/515627.aspx |work=Al-Ahram |date=13 January 2024}}</ref>

===Relationship with India===
[[Religion:Islam|Islam]] is the second-largest religion in India after [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]], with over 200 million [[Religion:Muslims|Muslims]] making up approximately 15% of the country's total population;<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Muslim-population-growth-slows/article10336665.ece|title=Muslim population growth slows|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 July 2017|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107231443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Muslim-population-growth-slows/article10336665.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html|title=India has 72.8% Hindus, 18 to 20% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion|date=26 August 2017|work=Firstpost|access-date=28 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502175602/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{wipe|India}} has the largest Muslim population outside of [[Religion:Muslim world|Muslim-majority or Islamic states]]. However, India's relationship with Pakistan, the latter being an [[Religion:Islamic state|Islamic state]], has been riddled with hostilities and armed conflict since the 1947 Partition of India. The poor relationship between the two states has had a direct impact on India–OIC relations due to {{wipe|Pakistan}}'s status as a founding member of the organization. India has pushed for the OIC to accept it as a member state, arguing that Indian Muslims comprise 11% of the world's total Muslim population; Pakistan has staunchly opposed the entry of India into the organization.<ref name=ArabNews20110630/><ref>{{cite web|first=Raymond|last=Chickrie|url=http://www.caribbeanmuslims.com/blogs/116/Eight-Countries-Seek-OIC-Membership.html|title=Eight Countries Seek OIC Membership|publisher=Caribbean Muslims|date=23 January 2011|access-date=29 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118195555/http://www.caribbeanmuslims.com/blogs/116/Eight-Countries-Seek-OIC-Membership.html|archive-date=18 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/73763/|title={{-'}}Pak will match India weapons{{'-}}|work=The Indian Express|date=3 July 2005|access-date=29 November 2011|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122157/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/pak-will-match-india-weapons/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pakistan has cited its conflict with India over the Kashmir region as the reason for its opposition, and frequently accuses India of perpetrating widespread human rights abuses against Kashmiris in the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir, which has witnessed an ongoing militant uprising since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orakzai|first= S. |date=April 2010 |title=Organisation of The Islamic Conference and Conflict Resolution: Case Study of the Kashmir Dispute |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=63 |issue=2: Security Concerns in South and West Asia |pages= 83–94 |jstor=24711087}}</ref> The OIC has been urged to press India on the Kashmir dispute, and has faced pushback from Indian officials for occasional references to Jammu and Kashmir as territory that is [[Social:Military occupation|militarily occupied]] by India.<ref name=ArabNews20110630>{{cite web |last=Wahab|first=Siraj|url=http://arabnews.com/world/article464642.ece |title=OIC urged to press India on Kashmir issue|work=Arab News|date=30 June 2011|access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726132323/http://arabnews.com/world/article464642.ece |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> Historically, the Muslim world has largely lent its support to Pakistan over India during any armed conflicts between the two states. Despite these issues, the first OIC summit held in 1969 in [[Place:Rabat|Rabat]] did not address the Kashmir dispute, and granting India membership in the organization was discussed nonetheless. The head of the Indian delegation, the then ambassador to Morocco, also addressed the gathering at the summit. The erstwhile President of Pakistan, Yahya Khan, reportedly expressed mixed views towards the induction of India into the OIC as a full member. The Indian delegation, led by the then Indian President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad, was scheduled to arrive at the summit but ultimately was not allowed in due to threats by Pakistan to boycott the event, leading to controversy. Differences between the two states led Pakistan to keep India out for the final session of the 1969 conference and all OIC summits thereafter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.khaleejtimes.com/editorials-columns/why-not-india-in-oic|title=Why not India in OIC|work=Kjaleej Times|date=10 October 2009|access-date=1 March 2019|first=Abdulaziz|last=Sager|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122206/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/editorials-columns/why-not-india-in-oic|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2019 Pulwama attack and India–Pakistan standoff ====
On 14 February 2019, a suicide-bombing attack by a Muslim militant in Jammu and Kashmir killed over 40 Indian soldiers, and was claimed by Jaish-e-Mohammed, a Pakistan-based terrorist group. In March 2019, India conducted airstrikes in Pakistani territory, which subsequently led to the 2019 India–Pakistan military standoff.

After these events, Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj was invited to participate in an OIC summit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-global-stature-and-islamic-component-help-it-get-oic-invite/articleshow/68145827.cms|title=India's 'global stature' and 'islamic component' help it get OIC invite|date=25 February 2019|access-date=1 March 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122215/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-global-stature-and-islamic-component-help-it-get-oic-invite/articleshow/68145827.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Pakistan protested this development and demanded that India be blocked from the event, accusing the latter of an unprovoked violation of Pakistani airspace while Indian officials claimed that the strike was carried out on terrorist-training camps within Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/defence-establishment-has-evidence-of-air-strikes-in-balakot-in-terms-of-sar-imagery-363053.html|title=Indian Airforce Force official statement|last=Gupta|first=Kriti|date=2 March 2019|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305035327/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/defence-establishment-has-evidence-of-air-strikes-in-balakot-in-terms-of-sar-imagery-363053.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orakzai|first=Saira Bano|date=2010|title=Organisation of The Islamic Conference and Conflict Resolution: Case Study of the Kashmir Dispute |journal=Pakistan Horizon|volume=63|issue=2|pages=83–94|jstor=24711087|issn=0030-980X}}</ref> Following requests by Pakistan shortly after the 14 February attack, the OIC held an emergency meeting on 26 February to discuss the Kashmir dispute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1465810|title=OIC calls emergency meeting of Kashmir contact group on Pakistan's request|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=25 February 2019|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225054120/https://www.dawn.com/news/1465810|url-status=live}}</ref> The organization subsequently condemned India's military response to the attack and advised both sides to exercise restraint.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/oic-slams-strikes-advises-india-and-pakistan-restraint/articleshow/68177136.cms|title=OIC slams strikes, advises India and Pakistan restraint|date=27 February 2019|access-date=1 March 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/oic-slams-strikes-advises-india-and-pakistan-restraint/articleshow/68177136.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the first time in five decades, the [[Place:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] invited India as a "guest of honour" to attend the inaugural plenary 46th meeting of OIC foreign ministers in [[Place:Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]] on 1 and 2 March 2019, overruling protests by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/india-invited-as-guest-of-honour-to-oic-meet-sushma-swaraj-to-attend-1550913750935.html|title=India invited as 'guest of honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend|newspaper=Live Mint|date=24 February 2019|access-date=1 March 2019|first=Elizabeth|last=Roche|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228151158/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/india-invited-as-guest-of-honour-to-oic-meet-sushma-swaraj-to-attend-1550913750935.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, Pakistan boycotted the meeting objecting to the invitation of India. Indian Foreign Minister Swaraj served as the head for the Indian delegation and attended the summit.

On 18 April 2020, the OIC had issued a statement, urging the [[Social:Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi administration]] of India to take urgent steps to "stop the growing tide of [[Religion:Islamophobia|Islamophobia]]", citing attacks by [[Religion:Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] against Indian Muslims and the allegation against Muslims of spreading [[Medicine:COVID-19|COVID-19]] in the country (see Violence against Muslims in India).<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Arabs are speaking out against Islamophobia in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/arabs-speaking-islamophobia-india-200423112102197.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502123240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/arabs-speaking-islamophobia-india-200423112102197.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cartoons of Muhammad===
{{main|Religion:Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy}}
Cartoons of Muhammad, published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, were found offensive by a number of Muslims. Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference in December 2005 condemned publication of the cartoons, resulting in broader coverage of the issue by news media in Muslim countries. Subsequently, violent demonstrations throughout the Islamic world resulted in several deaths.<ref>{{cite news|title=How a meeting of leaders in Mecca set off the cartoon wars around the world|work=The Independent|date=10 February 2006|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article344482.ece|location=London|first1=Daniel|last1=Howden|first2=David|last2=Hardaker|first3=Stephen|last3=Castle|access-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708204534/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article344482.ece|archive-date=8 July 2008}}</ref>

===Human rights===
OIC created the [[Philosophy:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam|Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]].<ref name="CDHRII"/> While proponents claim it is not an alternative to the [[Philosophy:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|UDHR]], but rather complementary to it, Article 24 states that "all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Shari'ah" and Article 25 follows with "the Islamic Shari'ah is the only source of reference for the explanation or clarification of any of the articles of this Declaration." Attempts to have it adopted by the United Nations Human Rights Council have met increasing criticism, because of its contradiction of the UDHR, including from liberal Muslim groups.<ref>[http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/16/1unupdate.pdf?rd=1 "Human Rights Brief" United Nations Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325023127/https://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/16/1unupdate.pdf?rd=1 |date=25 March 2009 }} Accessed 10 March 2009.</ref> Critics of the CDHR state bluntly that it is "manipulation and hypocrisy," "designed to dilute, if not altogether eliminate, civil and political rights protected by international law" and attempts to "circumvent these principles [of freedom and equality]."<ref>Fatema Mernissi: ''Islam and Democracy'', Cambridge 2002, Perseus Books, p. 67.</ref><ref>Ann Mayer, "An Assessment of Human Rights Schemes," in ''Islam and Human Rights'', p. 175. Westview 1999, Westview Press.</ref><ref>Robert Carle: "Revealing and Concealing: Islamist Discourse on Human Rights," ''Human rights review'', vol:6, No 3 April–June 2005.</ref>

Human Rights Watch says that OIC has "fought doggedly" and successfully within the United Nations Human Rights Council to shield states from criticism, except when it comes to criticism of Israel. For example, when independent experts reported violations of human rights in the 2006 Lebanon War, "state after state from the OIC took the floor to denounce the experts for daring to look beyond Israeli violations to discuss Hezbollah's as well." OIC demands that the council "should work cooperatively with abusive governments rather than condemn them." HRW responds that this works with those who are willing to cooperate; others exploit the passivity.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/11/02/how-put-un-rights-council-back-track How to Put U.N. Rights Council Back on Track] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624110228/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/11/02/how-put-un-rights-council-back-track |date=24 June 2011 }} Human Rights Watch, 2 November 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/07/25/un-human-rights-council The UN Human Rights Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195211/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/07/25/un-human-rights-council |date=4 April 2014 }} Human Rights Watch Testimony Delivered to the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 25 July 2007.</ref>

The OIC has been criticised for failing to discuss the treatment of ethnic minorities within member countries, such as the oppression of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey, the Ahwaz in [[Religion:Iran|Iran]], the Hazaras in Afghanistan, the 'Al-Akhdam' in Yemen, or the Berbers in Algeria.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalody00kyml_1 |url-access=registration |title=Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-928040-7 |year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalody00kyml_1/page/308 308]|first=Will|last=Kymlicka|access-date=25 March 2011}}</ref>

Along with the revisions of the OIC's charter in 2008, the member states created the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC). The IPHRC is an advisory body, independent from the OIC, composed of eighteen individuals from a variety of educational and professional backgrounds. The IPHRC has the power to monitor human rights within the member states and facilitates the integration of human rights into all OIC mandates.  The IPHRC also aids in the promotion of political, civil, and economic rights in all member states.<ref>{{cite journal|last=CISMAS|first= I. |year=2011|title= Statute of the OIC independent permanent human rights commission, introductory note. International Legal Materials, 50(6)|journal= International Legal Materials |volume= 50 |issue= 6 |pages= 1148–1160|doi= 10.5305/intelegamate.50.6.1148 |jstor=10.5305/intelegamate.50.6.1148|hdl= 1893/21712 |s2cid= 153014795 |hdl-access= free}}</ref>

In September 2017, the Independent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) of the OIC strongly condemned the human rights violations against the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1155966/saudi-arabia|title=OIC condemns abuses against Rohingya in Myanmar|website=Arab News|date=5 September 2017|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024750/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1155966/saudi-arabia|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2018, the OIC tentatively raised the issue of China's [[Religion:Xinjiang re-education camps|Xinjiang re-education camps]] and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority.<ref>{{cite news |title=A wall of silence around China's oppression of its Muslim minority is starting to crumble |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/muslim-countries-standing-up-to-china-over-uighur-muslim-oppression-2018-12 |work=Business Insider |date=2 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302183009/https://www.businessinsider.com/muslim-countries-standing-up-to-china-over-uighur-muslim-oppression-2018-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The OIC reversed its position after a visit to Xinjiang, and in March 2019, the OIC issued a report on human rights for Muslim minorities that praised China for "providing care to its Muslim citizens" and looked forward to greater cooperation with the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=8 April 2019 |title=With Pressure and Persuasion, China Deflects Criticism of Its Camps for Muslims |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/08/world/asia/china-muslims-camps.html?module=inline |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219131622/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/08/world/asia/china-muslims-camps.html?module=inline |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=4447&refID=1250| title = RESOLUTIONS ON MUSLIM COMMUNITIES AND MUSLIM MINORITIES IN THE NON-OIC MEMBER STATES| access-date = 6 November 2019| archive-date = 12 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191112170913/https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=4447&refID=1250| url-status = live}}</ref>
In December 2020 a coalition of American Muslim groups criticized the Organization of Islamic Cooperation for failing to speak up to prevent the [[Religion:Uyghur genocide|abuse of the Uyghurs]] and accused member states of being influenced by Chinese power. The groups included the Council on American-Islamic Relations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=AFP |title=US Muslim groups accuse OIC of abetting China's Uighur 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/18/us-muslims-press-organization-of-islamic-cooperation-on-china |website=www.aljazeera.com |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430040639/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/18/us-muslims-press-organization-of-islamic-cooperation-on-china |url-status=live }}</ref>

====LGBT rights====

In March 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Council held its first discussion of discrimination based on [[Social:Sexual orientation|sexual orientation]] and gender identity, following the 2011 passage of a resolution supporting LGBT rights proposed by the Republic of South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/PanelDiscussionsHRC19.pdf|title=List of Panel Discussions to take place during 19th session|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323215259/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/PanelDiscussionsHRC19.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan's representative addressed the session on behalf of the OIC, denouncing the discussion and questioning the concept of sexual orientation, which he said was being used to promote "licentious behaviour&nbsp;... against the fundamental teachings of various religions, including Islam". He stated that the council should not discuss the topic again. Most Arab countries and some African ones later walked out of the session.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic states, Africans walk out on UN gay panel|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE82702T20120308?sp=true|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022151231/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE82702T20120308?sp=true|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|date=8 March 2012 |first=Robert |last=Evans |work=Reuters|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Historic UN Session on Gay Rights Marked By Arab Walkout |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/arab_states_leave_un_gay-rights_debate/24508579.html |date=7 March 2012 |first=Richard |last=Solash |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718062200/http://www.rferl.org/content/arab_states_leave_un_gay-rights_debate/24508579.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-09-sa-leads-un-on-gay-rights South Africa leads United Nations on gay rights  | National | Mail & Guardian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424072939/http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-09-sa-leads-un-on-gay-rights |date=24 April 2013 }}. Mg.co.za (9 March 2012). Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref>

Nonetheless, OIC members Albania, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau,  Suriname and Sierra Leone have signed a UN Declaration supporting LGBT rights in the General Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/documents/ior40/024/2008/es/ |title=Documento |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072231/https://www.amnesty.org/es/documents/ior40/024/2008/es/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://geneva.usmission.gov/2011/03/22/lgbtrights/ Over 80 Nations Support Statement at Human Rights Council on LGBT Rights » US Mission Geneva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119125711/https://geneva.usmission.gov/2011/03/22/lgbtrights/ |date=19 January 2022 }}. Geneva.usmission.gov. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref> Whilst Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan and [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]] had legalized homosexuality.

In May 2016, 57 countries including [[Place:Egypt|Egypt]], [[Religion:Iran|Iran]], {{wipe|Pakistan}}, Saudi Arabia and the [[Place:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] from the Organization of Islamic Cooperation requested the removal of LGBT associations from 2016 High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS, sparking protests by the {{wipe|United States}}, {{wipe|Canada}}, the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] and [[Social:LGBT community|LGBT communities]].<ref>{{cite news|author=James Rothwell |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/18/muslim-countries-ban-gay-and-transgender-reps-from-united-nation/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/18/muslim-countries-ban-gay-and-transgender-reps-from-united-nation/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Muslim countries ban gay and transgender reps from United Nations meeting on Aids |work=The Telegraph|date=18 May 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-lgbt-aids-idUSKCN0Y827F |title=Muslim states block gay groups from U.N. AIDS meeting; U.S. protests |work=Reuters |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=18 May 2016 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830163354/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-lgbt-aids-idUSKCN0Y827F |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Science and technology===

====Astana Declaration====
The Astana Declaration is a policy guidance adopted by OIC members at the Astana Summit. The Astana Declaration commits members to increase investment in science and technology, education, eradicate extreme poverty, and implement UN Sustainable Development Goals.<ref name="oicdeclaration">{{cite web|title=ASTANA DECLARATION|url=http://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=1604&refID=1067|publisher=OIC|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916052837/http://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=1604&refID=1067|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Non-state terrorism===
In 1999, OIC adopted the OIC Convention on Combatting International Terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oicun.org/articles/55/1/OIC-Convention-on-Combating-International-Terrorism/1.html|title=OIC Convention on Combating International Terrorism|publisher=OICUN|access-date=25 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718212122/http://www.oicun.org/articles/55/1/OIC-Convention-on-Combating-International-Terrorism/1.html|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Human Rights Watch has noted that the definition of terrorism in article 1 describes "any act or threat of violence carried out with the aim of, among other things, imperiling people’s honour, occupying or seizing public or private property, or threatening the stability, territorial integrity, political unity or sovereignty of a state." HRW views this as vague, ill-defined and including much that is outside the generally accepted understandings of the concept of terrorism. In HRW's view, it labels, or could easily be used to label, as terrorist actions, acts of peaceful expression, association, and assembly.<ref name=terrorism>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/03/10/letter-secretary-general-organisation-islamic-conference Organisation of the Islamic Conference: Improve and Strengthen the 1999 OIC Convention on Combating International Terrorism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502034627/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/03/10/letter-secretary-general-organisation-islamic-conference |date=2 May 2015 }} Human Rights Watch 11 March 2008.</ref>

Legal scholar Ben Saul of University of Sydney argues that the definition is subjective and ambiguous and concludes that there is "serious danger of the abusive use of terrorist prosecutions against political opponents" and others.<ref>Ben Saul: [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1292164 Branding Enemies: Regional Legal Responses to Terrorism in Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122216/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1292164 |date=20 February 2023 }} ‘'Asia-Pacific Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2008'’ Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08/127, October 2008.</ref>

Furthermore, HRW is concerned by OIC's apparent unwillingness to recognise as terrorism acts that serve causes endorsed by their member states. Article 2 reads: "Peoples' struggle including armed struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism, and hegemony, aimed at liberation and self-determination." HRW has suggested to OIC that they embrace "longstanding and universally recognised international human rights standards",<ref name=terrorism/> a request that has as yet not led to any results.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

During a meeting in Malaysia in April 2002, delegates discussed terrorism but failed to reach a definition of it. They rejected, however, any description of the Palestinian fight with Israel as terrorism. Their declaration was explicit: "We reject any attempt to link terrorism to the struggle of the Palestinian people in the exercise of their inalienable right to establish their independent state with Al-Quds Al-Shrif ([[Place:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]) as its capital." In fact, at the outset of the meeting, the OIC countries signed a statement praising the Palestinians and their "blessed intifada." The word terrorism was restricted to describe Israel, whom they condemned for "[[Social:State terrorism|state terrorism]]" in their war with the Palestinian people.<ref>[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20020409a1.html The OIC's blind eye to terror] ''The Japan Times'' 9 April 2002. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

At the 34th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (ICFM), an OIC section, in May 2007, the foreign ministers termed [[Religion:Islamophobia|Islamophobia]] "the worst form of terrorism".<ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=96276&d=17&m=5&y=2007 ‘Islamophobia Worst Form of Terrorism’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927045612/http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=96276&d=17&m=5&y=2007 |date=27 September 2008 }} ''Arab News'' 17 May 2007.</ref>

===Dispute with Thailand===
Thailand has responded to OIC criticism of human rights abuses in the Muslim majority provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat in the south of the country. In a statement issued on 18 October 2005, secretary-general Ihsanoglu vocalised concern over the continuing conflict in the south that "claimed the lives of innocent people and forced the migration of local people out of their places".<ref name="patanipost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.patanipost.com/090418OIC.html |title=Ihsanoglu urges OIC Member States to accord greater attention to Muslim minority issues |publisher=Patanipost.com |access-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051741/http://www.patanipost.com/090418OIC.html |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref> He also stressed that the Thai government's security approach to the crisis would aggravate the situation and lead to continued violence.

On 18–19 April 2009, the exiled Patani leader Abu Yasir Fikri (see Patani United Liberation Organisation) was invited to the OIC to speak about the conflict and present a solution to end the violence between the Thai government and the ethnically Malay Muslims living in the socioeconomically neglected south, that has been struggling against Thai assimilation policy and for self governance since it became annexed by Thailand in 1902. Fikri presented a six-point solution at the conference in Jiddah that included obtaining the same basic rights as other groups when it came to right of language, religion, and culture. He also suggested that Thailand give up its discriminatory policies against the Patani people and allow Patani to at least be allowed the same self-governing rights as other regions in Thailand already have, citing that this does not go against the Thai constitution since it has been done in other parts of Thailand and that it is a matter of political will.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.patanipost.com/OIC090419.html |title=Welcome to Patani Post! PULO President invited to speak at OIC meeting 18–19 April 2009 |work=Patani Post|access-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316105054/http://www.patanipost.com/OIC090419.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 }}</ref> He also criticised the Thai government's escalation of violence by arming and creating Buddhist militia groups and questioned their intentions. He added Thai policies of not investigating corruption, murder, and human rights violations perpetrated by Bangkok-led administration and military personnel against the Malay Muslim population was an obstacle for achieving peace and healing the deep wounds of being treated as third-class citizens.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="amnesty.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/thailand|title=Thailand|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=25 March 2011|archive-date=14 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314112008/https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/thailand|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Thailand responded to this criticism over its policies. The Thai foreign minister, Kantathi Suphamongkhon, said: "We have made it clear to the OIC several times that the violence in the deep South is not caused by religious conflict and the government grants protection to all of our citizens no matter what religion they embrace." The Foreign Ministry issued a statement dismissing the OIC's criticism and accusing it of disseminating misperceptions and misinformation about the situation in the southern provinces. "If the OIC secretariat really wants to promote the cause of peace and harmony in the three southern provinces of Thailand, the responsibility falls on the OIC secretariat to strongly condemn the militants, who are perpetrating these acts of violence against both Thai Muslims and Thai Buddhists."<ref name="patanipost.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-10/20/article08.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823154242/http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-10/20/article08.shtml|url-status=unfit|title=Thailand Rebuffs OIC Criticism Over South Crisis|archivedate=23 August 2008|website=IslamOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patanipost.com/OicResolution.html |title=OIC Resolution |work=Patani Post|access-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051807/http://www.patanipost.com/OicResolution.html |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref> HRW<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/asia/thailand |title=Thailand |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325040448/http://www.hrw.org/asia/thailand |url-status=live }}</ref> and Amnesty International<ref name="amnesty.org"/> have echoed the same concerns as OIC, rebuffing Thailand's attempts to dismiss the issue.

== Notable meetings ==

A number of OIC meetings have attracted global attention.

===Ninth meeting of PUOICM===
The ninth meeting of Parliamentary Union of the OIC member states (PUOICM) was held on 15 and 16 February 2007 in [[Place:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=February2007&file=Local_News2007021523026.xml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016074912/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=February2007&file=Local_News2007021523026.xml|url-status=unfit|title=Nation News In Brief: Permission needed to take GCC vehicles out of region|archivedate=16 October 2015|website=The Peninsula Newspaper}}</ref> The speaker of Malaysia's House of Representatives, Ramli bin Ngah Talib, delivered a speech at the beginning of the inaugural ceremony. OIC secretary-general Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said prior to the meeting that one main agenda item was stopping Israel from continuing its excavation at the Western Wall of the Temple Mount / Masjid Al-Aqsa, Islam's third holiest site.<ref name=mnna>{{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=247167 |title=Malaysian National News Agency |agency=Bernama |access-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090226/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=247167 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> The OIC also discussed how it might send peacekeeping troops to Muslim states, as well as the possibility of a change in the name of the body and its charter.<ref name=mnna/> Additionally, return of the sovereignty right to the Iraqi people along with withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq was another one of the main issues on the agenda.<ref>[http://www.indianmuslims.info/comment/reply/17638] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906005234/http://www.indianmuslims.info/comment/reply/17638|date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri told reporters on 14 February 2007 that the secretary general of OIC and foreign ministers of seven "like-minded Muslim countries" would meet in [[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]] on 25 February 2007 following meetings of President Musharraf with heads of key Muslim countries to discuss "a new initiative" for the resolution of the [[Religion:Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. Kasuri said this would be a meeting of foreign ministers of key Muslim countries to discuss and prepare for a summit in [[Place:Mecca|Makkah Al Mukarramah]] to seek the resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict.<ref>[http://www.pakistanlink.com/Headlines/Feb07/15/05.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007071428/http://www.pakistanlink.com/Headlines/Feb07/15/05.htm|date=7 October 2008}}</ref>

===IPHRC Trip to Washington DC===
In December 2012, the IPHRC met in [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]] for the first time. The IPHRC held meetings at the National Press Club, Capitol Hill, and [[Organization:Freedom House|Freedom House]] discussing the issues of human rights defense in the OIC member states. During their roundtable discussion with Freedom House, the IPHRC emphasised the adoption of the [[Philosophy:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and the rejection of the [[Philosophy:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam|Cairo Declaration]] by the OIC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/event/upcoming-event-roundtable-discussion-oics-human-rights-commission|title=Upcoming Event: Roundtable Discussion with the OIC's Human Rights Commission|publisher=Freedom House|date=13 December 2012|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223114852/http://www.freedomhouse.org/event/upcoming-event-roundtable-discussion-oics-human-rights-commission|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Observer Status dispute===
The September 2014's high-level Summit of the OIC, in {{wipe|New York City}}, ended without adopting any resolutions or conclusions, for the first time in several years in the modern history of the organization, due to a dispute regarding the status of one of its Observer states. [[Place:Egypt|Egypt]], [[Religion:Iran|Iran]] and the [[Place:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] have demanded that the OIC remove the term 'Turkish Cypriot State' in reference to the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which has observer status within the organization. Egypt's president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi insisted that any reference to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus or Turkish Cypriot State" was unacceptable and was ultimately the reason for the OIC not adopting any resolutions or conclusions in the 2014 summit.<ref>[http://www.worldbulletin.net/headlines/145743/egypts-sisi-demands-turkish-cypriots-removed-from-oic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013023934/http://www.worldbulletin.net/headlines/145743/egypts-sisi-demands-turkish-cypriots-removed-from-oic |date=13 October 2014 }} The World Bulletin news: Egypt's Sisi demands Turkish Cypriots removed from OIC</ref><ref>[http://sheikyermami.com/egypt-sisi-tells-turks-to-get-out-of-cyprus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012082714/http://sheikyermami.com/egypt-sisi-tells-turks-to-get-out-of-cyprus/|date=12 October 2014}} Egypt's Sisi tells Turks to get out of Cyprus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141012144555/http://www.newsit.com.cy/default.php?pname=Article&art_id=152107&catid=7] OIC says «NO» to «Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus»</ref>

===Emergency meeting on Hamas-Israeli war===
On November 11, 2023 the group and the Arab League met in Riyadh for a special summit on the Gaza humanitarian situation created by the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.<ref>Al Arabiya reporters. (11 November 2023). "Arab, Muslim leaders slam Israel at Saudi-hosted summit on Gaza
". [https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2023/11/11/Extraordinary-joint-Islamic-Arab-summit-on-Gaza-conflict-kicks-off-in-Saudi-Arabia Al Arabiya English] Retrieved 24 November 2023.</ref>

==Structure and organisation==
{{Further|Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States}}<!-- Probably more of this section should be moved to Parliamentary Union of the OIC, but not sure when to quit! -->
 <!-- Lists of subsidiaries and affiliates have only one reference. -->
[[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|350px|Session of the Islamic Summit Conference in Istanbul, Turkey, April 2016]]

The organisation was previously known as Organization of the Islamic Conference. The 2011 38th session of the OIC council of foreign ministers adopted a resolution for consensus on adopting new logo and name.<ref name="iqna.ir 2011">{{cite web | title=OIC Logo and Name Changed | website=iqna.ir | date=2011-06-28 | url=https://iqna.ir/en/news/2146351 | access-date=2022-02-07 | archive-date=20 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122242/https://iqna.ir/en/news/2146351/oic-logo-and-name-changed | url-status=live }}</ref> The OIC is headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia<ref name="Arab News 2021">{{cite web | title=OIC meeting to discuss global Muslim rights issues | website=Arab News | date=2021-11-23 | url=https://arab.news/9hg6x | access-date=2022-02-07 | archive-date=20 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122216/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1973286/saudi-arabia | url-status=live }}</ref> with regional offices in New York, Geneva, Brussels, Iraq, [[Place:Kabul|Kabul]], and Indonesia.<ref name="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 2021hq">{{cite web | title=Offices | website=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation | date=2021-12-07 | url=https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=289&p_ref=100&lan=en | access-date=2022-02-07 | archive-date=7 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207145824/https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=289&p_ref=100&lan=en | url-status=live }}</ref>

The OIC sponspors four universities: the Islamic University of Technology, which is a subsidiary organ; the Islamic University in Uganda, which is an affiliated institution; the [[Organization:Islamic University of Niger|Islamic University of Niger]], which is an affiliated institution; and the International Islamic University Malaysia, which is also an affiliated institution.<ref name="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 2021edu">{{cite web | title=Islamic Universities | website=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation | date=2021-12-07 | url=https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=238&p_ref=80&lan=en | access-date=2022-02-08 | archive-date=2 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202122915/https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=238&p_ref=80&lan=en | url-status=live }}</ref>

The OIC system consists of:

===Islamic Summit===
The largest meeting, attended by the [[Social:Head of state|heads of state]] and [[Social:Head of government|government]] of the member states, convenes every three years.{{Clarify|the last one took place when?|date=July 2011}}  The Islamic Summit takes policy decisions and provide guidance on all issues pertaining to the realisation of the objectives as provided for in the Charter and consider other issues of concern to the Member States and the Ummah.<ref>[http://www.oic-oci.org/page_detail.asp?p_id=53 Welcome to Organisation of Islamic Cooperation official website]. Oic-oci.org. Retrieved 27 September 2013. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers===
{{Main|Organization:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers}}
Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers meets once a year to examine a progress report on the implementation of its decisions taken within the framework of the policy defined by the Islamic Summit.

===Secretary General===
The Secretary General is elected by the Council of Foreign Ministers for a period of five years, renewable once. The Secretary-General is elected from among nationals of the Member States in accordance with the principles of equitable geographical distribution, rotation and equal opportunity for all Member States with due consideration to competence, integrity and experience.<ref>[http://www.oic-oci.org/page_detail.asp?p_id=38 Welcome to Organisation of Islamic Cooperation official website]. Oic-oci.org. Retrieved 27 September 2013. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Permanent Secretariat===
The Permanent Secretariat is the executive organ of the Organisation, entrusted with the implementation of the decisions of the two preceding bodies, and is located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is Dr. Yousef A. Al-Othaimeen.  He received his office on, Tuesday, 29 November 2016

===Subsidiary organisations===
[[File:Five Fundamentals Gate, Islamic University of Technology.jpg|thumb|The Islamic University of Technology was set up by the OIC in Bangladesh]]

* The Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries, in [[Place:Ankara|Ankara]], [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]]
* The Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA), located in Istanbul, [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]]
* The Islamic University of Technology, located in [[Place:Dhaka|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
* The Islamic Centre for the Development of Trade, located in [[Place:Casablanca|Casablanca]], Morocco
* The Islamic Fiqh Academy, located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
* The Islamsate Islamic Network, located at [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia
* The Executive Bureau of the Islamic Solidarity Fund and its [[Religion:Waqf|Waqf]], located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
* The Islamic University in Niger, located in Say, Niger.
* The Islamic University in Uganda, located in Mbale, Uganda.
* The [[Organization:Tabriz Islamic Arts University|Tabriz Islamic Arts University]], located in [[Place:Tabriz|Tabriz]], [[Religion:Iran|Iran]].

===Specialised institutions===
* The Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (ISESCO), located in [[Place:Rabat|Rabat]], Morocco.
* The Islamic States Broadcasting Organisation (ISBO) and the International Islamic News Agency (IINA), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

===Affiliated institutions===
* Islamabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry (ICCI), located in [[Place:Karachi|Karachi]], Pakistan.
* World Islamic Economic Forum (WIEF), located in [[Place:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.
* Organisation of Islamic Capitals and Cities (OICC), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
* Sports Federation of Islamic Solidarity Games, located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
* Islamic Committee of the International Crescent (ICIC), located in Benghazi, [[Place:Libya|Libya]].
* Islamic Shipowners Association (ISA), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
* World Federation of International Arab-Islamic Schools, located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
* International Association of Islamic Banks (IAIB), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
* Islamic Conference Youth Forum for Dialogue and Cooperation (ICYF-DC), located in Istanbul, Turkey.
* General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI), located in [[Place:Manama|Manama]], Bahrain.
* [[Organization:Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries|Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries]] (SMIIC), located in Istanbul, Turkey.<ref>[http://www.smiic.org/ "About SMIIC"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210062952/http://www.smiic.org/ |date=10 February 2014 }}. Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</ref>

== Criticism ==

OIC has been criticised by many Muslims for its lack of real engagement and solutions for Muslim countries in crisis.<ref name="aljazeera1aug18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/general/2009/10/200910261043188533.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801041646/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/general/2009/10/200910261043188533.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2018|title=OIC: 40 Years of Frustrations {{!}} {{!}} Al Jazeera|date=1 August 2018|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> It is said to have made progress in social and academic terms but not politically.<ref name="aljazeera1aug18" />

In 2020, Pakistan's Minister of Foreign Affairs SM Qureshi criticized OIC for its stand with regards to Kashmir issue, stating with Pakistan might consider to call a meeting of Islamic countries that are ready to stand with them on the issue. This comment invited immediate retaliation from Saudi Arabia, where the latter forced Pakistan to repay 1 Billion dollars from the 3 Billion dollars loan it had taken in 2018 and by also ending its oil supply credit.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Harsha Kakar |title=Pakistan isolated on Kashmir |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/pakistan-isolated-kashmir-1502915906.html |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=The Statesman |date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821114823/https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/pakistan-isolated-kashmir-1502915906.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== List of Summits ==

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
! Number
! Date
! Country
! Place
|-
| 1st
| 22–25 September 1969
| {{flagcountry|Morocco}}
| [[Place:Rabat|Rabat]]
|-
| 2nd<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Islamic summit conference|url=http://formun.fccsocieties.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Islamic_Summit_1974_FORMUN_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626060300/http://formun.fccsocieties.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Islamic_Summit_1974_FORMUN_2013.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2013|publisher=Formun|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> 
| 22–24 February 1974
| {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| Lahore
|-
| 3rd<ref name=jang>{{cite web|title=Mecca Declaration|url=http://jang.com.pk/important_events/oic2003/3rd.htm|publisher=JANG|access-date=25 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326164447/http://jang.com.pk/important_events/oic2003/3rd.htm|archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>
| 25–29 January 1981
| {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Place:Mecca|Mecca]] & Ta’if
|-
| 4th
| 16–19 January 1984
| {{flagcountry|Morocco}}
| Casablanca
|-
| 5th<ref>{{cite web|title=Resolution of the Fifth Islamic Summit Conference|url=http://www.ircica.org/content/irc529.aspx|publisher=IRCICA|access-date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326163640/http://www.ircica.org/content/irc529.aspx|archive-date=26 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
| 26–29 January 1987
| {{flagcountry|Kuwait}}
| [[Place:Kuwait City|Kuwait City]]
|-
| 6th<ref name=ifrc>{{cite web|title=Dakar Declaration|url=http://www.ifrc.org/docs/idrl/I643EN.pdf|publisher=IFRC|access-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326163852/http://www.ifrc.org/docs/idrl/I643EN.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 
| 9–11 December 1991
| {{flagcountry|Senegal}}
| [[Place:Dakar|Dakar]]
|-
| 7th
| 13–15 December 1994
| {{flagcountry|Morocco}}
| [[Place:Casablanca|Casablanca]]
|-
| 1st Extraordinary
| 23–24 March 1997
| {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| [[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]]
|-
| 8th
| 9–11 December 1997
| {{flagcountry|Iran}}
| [[Place:Tehran|Tehran]]
|-
| 9th
| 12–13 November 2000
| {{flagcountry|Qatar}}
| [[Place:Doha|Doha]]
|-
| 2nd Extraordinary<ref name=dar1apr>{{cite news|last=Darwish|first=Adel|title=OIC meet in Doha: mudslinging dominated the OIC conference in Qatar|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/OIC+meet+in+Doha%3a+mudslinging+dominated+the+OIC+conference+in+Qatar.-a099818587|access-date=1 April 2013|date=1 April 2003|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180700/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/OIC+meet+in+Doha%3a+mudslinging+dominated+the+OIC+conference+in+Qatar.-a099818587|url-status=live}}</ref> || 4–5 March 2003
| {{flagcountry|Qatar}}
| [[Place:Doha|Doha]]
|-
| 10th
| 16–17 October 2003
| {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| [[Place:Putrajaya|Putrajaya]]
|-
| 3rd Extraordinary
| 7–8 December 2005
| {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Place:Mecca|Mecca]]
|-
| 11th<ref>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=S. Mudassir Ali|title=Karzai flies to Senegal for 11th OIC summit|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Karzai+flies+to+Senegal+for+11th+OIC+summit.-a0217315651|access-date=1 April 2013|newspaper=Pajhwok Afghan News|date=12 March 2008|location=Kabul|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180811/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Karzai+flies+to+Senegal+for+11th+OIC+summit.-a0217315651|url-status=live}}</ref> 
| 13–14 March 2008
| {{flagcountry|Senegal}}
| [[Place:Dakar|Dakar]]
|-
| 4th Extraordinary<ref name=dw>{{cite news|last=Knipp|first=Kersten|title=Islamic group hopes to limit Syrian conflict|url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16166602,00.html|access-date=15 August 2012|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=15 August 2012|archive-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815091306/http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16166602,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 14–15 August 2012
| {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Place:Mecca|Mecca]]
|-
| 12th<ref name=arrott>{{cite news|last=Arrott|first=Elizabeth|title=Islamic Summit Leaders Urge Action on Mali, Syria|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/leaders-expected-to-address-syria-mali-at-oic-summit/1598070.html|access-date=6 February 2013|publisher=Voice of America|date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209193950/http://www.voanews.com/content/leaders-expected-to-address-syria-mali-at-oic-summit/1598070.html|archive-date=9 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
| 6–7 February 2013
| {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| [[Place:Cairo|Cairo]]
|-
| 5th Extraordinary<ref>{{cite news|last=Karensa|first=Edo|title=OIC Extraordinary Summit on Palestine Kicks Off in Jakarta|url=http://www.jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/oic-extraordinary-summit-palestine-kicks-off-jakarta/|access-date=6 March 2016|newspaper=Jakarta Globe|date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307001855/http://www.jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/oic-extraordinary-summit-palestine-kicks-off-jakarta/|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 6–7 March 2016
| {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
| [[Place:Jakarta|Jakarta]]
|-
| 13th<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oic2016istanbulsummit.org/ |title=Oic 2016 Istanbul Summit |access-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512174948/https://oic2016istanbulsummit.org/ |archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> 
| 14–15 April 2016
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| Istanbul
|-
| 6th Extraordinary
| 13 December 2017
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| Istanbul
|-
| 7th Extraordinary
| 18 May 2018
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| Istanbul
|-
| 14th<ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques chairs the 14th ordinary Islamic Summit |url=https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/ampg.asp?t_id=20906&t_ref=11824&lan=en |date=19 May 2019 |publisher=Organization of Islamic Cooperation |access-date=17 June 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231113057/https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/ampg.asp?t_id=20906&t_ref=11824&lan=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 31 May 2019
| {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Place:Mecca|Mecca]]
|-
|8th Extraordinary
|19 December 2021
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
|[[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]]
|-
| 48th session of Council of Foreign Ministers
|22 March 2022
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
|[[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]]
|-
|9th Extraordinary
|18 October 2023
|{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
|Jeddah
|}

== See also ==
* Azerbaijan–OIC relations
* [[Philosophy:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam|Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]]
* [[Organization:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation|D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation]]
* Flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
* [[Organization:Islamic Reporting Initiative|Islamic Reporting Initiative]]
* Islamic University of Technology
* List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries
* Demographics of the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Al-Huda, Qamar. "Organisation of the Islamic Conference". ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''. Edited by Martin, Richard C. Macmillan Reference, 2004. Vol. 1. p.&nbsp;394, 20 April 2008.
* Ankerl, Guy. ''Coexisting Contemporary Civilisations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western''. Geneva, INUPress, 2000, {{ISBN|2-88155-004-5}}.

==External links==


[[Category:International political organizations]]

{{Sourceattribution|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}}