View source for Organization:University of Oxford

{{Short description|Collegiate university in Oxford, England}}
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{{Infobox university
 | name                   = University of Oxford
 | type                   = Public research university
 | other_name             = The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-as-a-charity|title=The University as a charity|website=University of Oxford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112004332/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-as-a-charity|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | image                  = Oxford University Coat Of Arms.svg<!--Official university crests belong here. If you doubt it, look at Cambridge, Yale, Harvard, etc. The 'logo' used more often belongs on the bottom, hence the 'Logo' label.-->
 | image_size             = 135px
 | image_upright          = .6
 | caption                = Coat of arms
 | latin_name             = Universitas Oxoniensis
 | motto                  = {{lang-la|Dominus illuminatio mea}}
 | mottoeng               = The Lord is my light
 | established            = {{circa|{{start date and age|df=yes|1096}}}}<ref name="OxHist">{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history |title=Introduction and History |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020082611/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=live|website=ox.ac.uk}}</ref>
 | endowment              = £8.12 billion (2022; including colleges){{refn|Colleges £6,418.4M,<ref name=OxColl2022>{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/aggregated.pdf|title=Aggregated Statement of Financial Activities For the year ended 31 July 2022|access-date=5 May 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051018/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/aggregated.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> University (consolidated) £1,701.7M<ref name=OxUni2022>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Oxford%20University%20Financial%20Statements%202021-22.pdf|title=Financial Statements 2021/22|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=5 May 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151001/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Oxford%20University%20Financial%20Statements%202021-22.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
 | budget                 = £2.924&nbsp;billion (2022/23)<ref name=OxUni2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Oxford%20University%20Financial%20Statements%202022-23.pdf|title=Financial Statements 2022/23|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
 | chancellor             = The Lord Patten of Barnes
 | vice_chancellor        = Irene Tracey<ref name="VCapproval">{{cite news|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-officers/vice-chancellor|title=Professor Irene Tracey, CBE, FMedSci|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119083222/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-officers/vice-chancellor|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | students               = 26,497 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/AtaGlance?:embed=y&:display_count=yes&:showVizHome=no|title=University of Oxford – Student Statistics|website=Tableau Software|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115131132/https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/AtaGlance?:embed=y&:display_count=yes&:showVizHome=no|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Student Numbers">{{cite web|title=Student Numbers|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|website=University of Oxford|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915101523/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | undergrad              = 12,580
 | postgrad               = 13,445
 | other                  = 430
 | city                   = Oxford
 | country                = England
 | coordinates            = {{Coord|51|45|18|N|01|15|18|W|type:edu|display=title,inline}}
 | campus_type            = University town
 | logo_size              = 250px
 | website                = {{official URL}}
 | logo                   = University of Oxford.svg
 | colours                = {{color box|#002147}} [[Oxford Blue (colour)|Oxford Blue]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/branding_toolkit/the_brand_colours/ |title=The brand colour – Oxford blue |publisher=Ox.ac.uk |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524062108/http://www.ox.ac.uk/branding_toolkit/the_brand_colours/ |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | faculty                = 6,945 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he |title=Who's working in HE? |publisher=HESA |access-date=24 February 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729033636/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he }}</ref>
| affiliations           = {{hlist|ACU|EUA|Europaeum|IARU|LERU|Russell Group|SES|[[Organization:Universities UK|Universities UK]]}}|
}}
<!--The organisation of the lead is as follows: #1 History #2 Organisation & administration #3 Academic profile #4 Notable people (as to stick to the flow of the article).-->

The '''University of Oxford''' is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096,<ref name="OxHist" /> making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation.<ref name="OxHist" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Sager, Peter|year=2005|title=Oxford and Cambridge: An Uncommon History|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/top-50-universities-reputation|title=The top 50 universities by reputation|date=3 November 2020|website=Times Higher Education |access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172157/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/top-50-universities-reputation|url-status=live}}</ref> It grew rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the [[Organization:University of Paris|University of Paris]].<ref name="OxHist" /> After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Early records">{{cite web|url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records|title=Early records|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=28 January 2013|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011174430/http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The two English [[History:Ancient university|ancient universities]] share many common features and are jointly referred to as ''Oxbridge''.<ref>{{cite web| title=Oxbridge|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/135559 | website=oed.com|publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|edition = 3rd |year=2005}}</ref>

The University of Oxford is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, four permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/divisions/index.html|title=Oxford divisions|access-date=26 November 2013|publisher=University of Oxford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020114217/http://www.ox.ac.uk/divisions/index.html|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Each college is a self-governing institution within the university, controlling its own membership and having its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college.<ref name=CollegesandHalls /> It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. [[Social:Postgraduate education|Postgraduate teaching]] is provided in a predominantly centralised fashion.

Oxford operates the Ashmolean Museum, the world's oldest university museum; [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], the largest university press in the world; and the largest academic library system nationwide.<ref name=uls /> In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2023, the university had a total consolidated income of £2.92&nbsp;billion, of which £789&nbsp;million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name=OxUni2023/>

Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 30 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world.<ref name="Famous" /> {{As of|October 2022|post=,}} 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have matriculated, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals.<ref name=olympics>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/Oxford-at-the-Olympics|title=Oxford at the Olympics|access-date=26 August 2018|publisher=University of Oxford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526023454/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/Oxford-at-the-Olympics|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Note this list is incomplete and does not include e.g. rowers Caryn Davies and Storm Uru who both graduated. --> Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes.

== History ==
[[File:Mob Quad from Chapel Tower.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Merton College's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed between 1288 and 1378]]
[[File:John Speed's map of Oxford, 1605..jpg|thumb|In 1605, Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map).]]

=== Founding ===
[[File:Oxford - Balliol College - geograph.org.uk - 1329613.jpg|thumb|Balliol College, one of the university's oldest constituent colleges]]
The University of Oxford's foundation date is unknown.<ref name="Preface">{{Cite web |title=Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University |url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/375-092.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205409/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/375-092.shtml |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=4 January 2014 |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> It is known that teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when the university came into being.<ref name="OxHist"/> Scholar Theobald of Étampes lectured at Oxford in the early 1100s.

It grew quickly from 1167 when English students returned from the [[Organization:University of Paris|University of Paris]].<ref name="OxHist"/><!-- Note it is unclear whether the King ordered them to leave, or if Paris expelled foreigners. Some dispute that such an event even happened, or if it did, suggest it didn't affect much. Better analysis and citation of this is needed.--> The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of [[Social:Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a ''universitas'' or corporation in 1231.<ref name="OxHist"/><ref name="Early schools">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC |title=The History of the University of Oxford |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-19-951011-5 |editor-last=Catto, J. I. |volume=I: The Early Oxford Schools |page=49 |chapter=2 The University as a Corporate Body |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195431/https://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC |archive-date=27 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ballard |first1=Adolphus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Qc2l3vpLagC&pg=PA222 |title=British Borough Charters 1216–1307 |last2=Tait |first2=James |date=2010-10-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01034-4 |page=222 |language=la |access-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161615/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Qc2l3vpLagC&pg=PA222 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Please try to find a better reference than this. -->

After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Early records"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Mark |date=4 November 2010 |title='To lick a Lord and thrash a cad': Oxford 'Town & Gown' |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9158000/9158705.stm |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104002457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9158000/9158705.stm |archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref>

The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two '[[Social:Nation (university)|nations]]', representing the North (''northerners'' or ''Boreales'', who included the English people from north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (''southerners'' or ''Australes'', who included English people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh).<ref name="British History">{{Cite book |title=A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford |date=1954 |publisher=Victoria County History |editor-last=Salter |editor-first=H. E. |location=London |pages=1–38 |chapter=The University of Oxford |access-date=15 January 2014 |editor-last2=Lobel |editor-first2=Mary D. |chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp1-38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132507/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63862 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rashdall |first=H. |title=Universities of Europe |pages=iii, 55–60}}</ref> In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. In addition, members of many [[Religion:Religious order|religious order]]s, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvp|Brooke|Highfield|1988}}</ref> At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed [[Organization:University College, Oxford|University College]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; [[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] bears his name.<ref name="British History"/> Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Percival |first=Edward France |title=The Foundation Statutes of Merton College, Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Henry Julian |title=Merton College, Oxford |date=1906}}</ref> [[Organization:Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]] thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Martin |first1=G. H. |title=A history of Merton College, Oxford |last2=Highfield |first2=J. R. L. |date=1997}}</ref> as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 1333–1334, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new [[Organization:Stamford University (England)|university at Stamford, Lincolnshire]], was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKisack |first=May |title=The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399 |date=1963 |series=Oxford History of England |page=501}}</ref> Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in large western European countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boorstin |first=Daniel J. |url=http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/learn/99AHLstuff.htm/Assignments.htm |title=The Americans; the Colonial Experience |date=1958 |publisher=Vintage |pages=[http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/learn/99AHLstuff.htm/Boorstin.htm 171–184] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624022409/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/learn/99AHLstuff.htm/Boorstin.htm |archive-date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Brooke|Highfield|1988|page=56}}</ref>

=== Renaissance period ===
[[File:ChristChurchOxfordEngraving1742.jpg|thumb|An engraving of Christ Church, Oxford, 1742]]
The new learning of the [[Philosophy:Renaissance|Renaissance]] greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of [[Social:Greek language|Greek language]] studies,<ref>{{cite web |title=William Grocyn {{!}} English educator |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Grocyn |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111022954/https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Grocyn |url-status=live }}</ref> and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Colet {{!}} English theologian and educator |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Colet |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111022954/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Colet |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the [[Religion:English Reformation|English Reformation]] and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the University of Douai.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Moody|editor-first1=Theodore William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8M1p3ySwI4C&pg=PA618|title=Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691|editor-last2=Martin|editor-first2=Francis Xavier|editor-last3=Byrne|editor-first3=Francis John|date=1991|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-820242-4|language=en |page=618}}</ref> The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval [[Philosophy:Scholasticism|scholastic method]] to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. As a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxford's reputation declined in the [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]]; enrolments fell and teaching was neglected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford University {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/colleges-international/oxford-university |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807121833/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/colleges-international/oxford-university |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1636,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20Statutes%20August%202012%20-%20July%202013.pdf|title=Statutes of the University of Oxford, 2012–13|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222164356/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20Statutes%20August%202012%20-%20July%202013.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> William Laud, the chancellor and [[Religion:Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishop of Canterbury]], codified the university's statutes. These, to a large extent, remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the [[Organization:Oxford University Press|University Press]], and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university. From the beginnings of the Church of England as the established church until 1866, membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from the university and "dissenters" were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universities Tests Act 1871 |publisher=UK Parliament |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/34-35/26 |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193831/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/34-35/26 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War (1642–1649), while the town favoured the opposing Parliamentarian cause.<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil War: Surrender of Oxford|url=http://oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/civil_war.html|work=Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Scheme|publisher=Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board|year=2013|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530010654/http://www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/civil_war.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 
[[File:Templeofrosycross.png|alt=Emblem of the 17th-century English Invisible College|thumb|Emblem of the 17th-century English Invisible College]]
Wadham College, founded in 1610, was the undergraduate college of Sir Christopher Wren.

Wren was part of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included [[Biography:Robert Boyle|Robert Boyle]] and Robert Hooke. This group, which has at times been linked with Boyle's "Invisible College" held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the college's Warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus that went on to found the Royal Society.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Invisible College (act. 1646–1647) |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95474 |access-date=2023-02-21 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/95474}}</ref>

=== Modern period ===
==== Students ====
Before reforms in the early 19th century, the curriculum at Oxford was notoriously narrow and impractical. Sir Spencer Walpole, a historian of contemporary Britain and a senior government official, had not attended any university. He said, "Few medical men, few solicitors, few persons intended for commerce or trade, ever dreamed of passing through a university career." He quoted the Oxford University Commissioners in 1852 stating: "The education imparted at Oxford was not such as to conduce to the advancement in life of many persons, except those intended for the ministry."<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Spencer Walpole|title=History of Twenty-Five Years: vol 4: 1870–1875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA137|year=1903|pages=136–37|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304050530/https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA137|archive-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, Walpole argued:
{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100%; | Among the many deficiencies attending a university education there was, however, one good thing about it, and that was the education which the undergraduates gave themselves. It was impossible to collect some thousand or twelve hundred of the best young men in England, to give them the opportunity of making acquaintance with one another, and full liberty to live their lives in their own way, without evolving in the best among them, some admirable qualities of loyalty, independence, and self-control. If the average undergraduate carried from University little or no learning, which was of any service to him, he carried from it a knowledge of men and respect for his fellows and himself, a reverence for the past, a code of honour for the present, which could not but be serviceable. He had enjoyed opportunities... of intercourse with men, some of whom were certain to rise to the highest places in the Senate, in the Church, or at the Bar. He might have mixed with them in his sports, in his studies, and perhaps in his debating society; and any associations which he had this formed had been useful to him at the time, and might be a source of satisfaction to him in after life.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Walpole|first1=Spencer|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924088010115|title=The history of twenty-five years|editor-last1=Lyall|editor-first1=Alfred Comyn|date=1904|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|volume=3: 1870–1875 |page=140}}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

Out of the students who matriculated in 1840, 65% were sons of professionals (34% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (59% as Anglican clergy). Out of the students who matriculated in 1870, 59% were sons of professionals (25% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (42% as Anglican clergy).<ref>William D. Rubinstein, "The social origins and career patterns of Oxford and Cambridge matriculants, 1840–1900." ''Historical Research'' 82.218 (2009): 715–730, data on pages 719 and 724.</ref><ref>For more details see Mark C. Curthoys, "Origins and Destinations: the social mobility of Oxford men and women" in Michael G. Brock and Mark C. Curthoys, eds. ''The History of the University of Oxford Volume 7: Nineteenth-Century'' (2000) part 2, pp 571–95.</ref>

M.&nbsp;C. Curthoys and H.&nbsp;S. Jones argue that the rise of organised sport was one of the most remarkable and distinctive features of the history of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was carried over from the athleticism prevalent at the public schools such as [[Organization:Eton College|Eton]], [[Organization:Winchester College|Winchester]], Shrewsbury, and Harrow.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/0046760950240403|title = Oxford athleticism, 1850-1914: A reappraisal|journal = History of Education|volume = 24|issue = 4|pages = 305–317|year = 1995|last1 = Curthoys|first1 = M. C.|last2 = Jones|first2 = H. S.}}</ref>

All students, regardless of their chosen area of study, were required to spend (at least) their first year preparing for a first-year examination that was heavily focused on classical languages. Science students found this particularly burdensome and supported a separate science degree with [[Social:Greek language|Greek language]] study removed from their required courses. This concept of a Bachelor of Science had been adopted at other European universities (London University had implemented it in 1860) but an 1880 proposal at Oxford to replace the classical requirement with a modern language (like German or French) was unsuccessful. After considerable internal wrangling over the structure of the arts curriculum, in 1886 the "natural science preliminary" was recognised as a qualifying part of the first year examination.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Brock|editor-first1=Michael G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bDAWHbXgi4C&pg=PA355|title=The History of the University of Oxford: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Volumes 6–7|editor-last2=Curthoys|editor-first2=Mark C.|date=1997|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-951016-0|language=en|page=355|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195459/https://books.google.com/books?id=3bDAWHbXgi4C&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the start of 1914, the university housed about 3,000 undergraduates and about 100 postgraduate students. During the First World War, many undergraduates and fellows joined the armed forces. By 1918 virtually all fellows were in uniform, and the student population in residence was reduced to 12 per cent of the pre-war total.<ref name="Harrison-1994">{{cite book|title=History of the University of Oxford: Volume VIII: The Twentieth Century – Oxford Scholarship|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229742.001.0001|year=1994|isbn=978-0-19-822974-2|last1=Harrison|first1=Brian|last2=Aston|first2=Trevor Henry}}</ref> The University Roll of Service records that, in total, 14,792 members of the university served in the war, with 2,716 (18.36%) killed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oxford university roll of service: University of Oxford: Free Download & Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforduniversity00univuoft|website=Internet Archive|access-date=10 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311003438/https://archive.org/details/oxforduniversity00univuoft|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Not all the members of the university who served in the Great War were on the Allied side; there is a remarkable memorial to members of New College who served in the German armed forces, bearing the inscription, 'In memory of the men of this college who coming from a foreign land entered into the inheritance of this place and returning fought and died for their country in the war 1914–1918'. During the war years the university buildings became hospitals, cadet schools and military training camps.<ref name="Harrison-1994" />

==== Reforms ====
Two parliamentary commissions in 1852 issued recommendations for Oxford and Cambridge. Archibald Campbell Tait, former headmaster of Rugby School, was a key member of the Oxford Commission; he wanted Oxford to follow the German and Scottish model in which the professorship was paramount. The commission's report envisioned a centralised university run predominantly by professors and faculties, with a much stronger emphasis on research. The professional staff should be strengthened and better paid. For students, restrictions on entry should be dropped, and more opportunities given to poorer families. It called for an enlargement of the curriculum, with honours to be awarded in many new fields. Undergraduate scholarships should be open to all Britons. Graduate fellowships should be opened up to all members of the university. It recommended that fellows be released from an obligation for ordination. Students were to be allowed to save money by boarding in the city, instead of in a college.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Spencer Walpole|title=History of Twenty-Five Years: vol 4: 1870–1875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA151|year=1903|pages=145–51|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305090139/https://books.google.com/books?id=dmQ4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA151|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4127167|title = Oxford and the Idea of a University in Nineteenth-Century Britain|journal = Oxford Review of Education|volume = 30|issue = 4|pages = 575–592|last1 = Goldman|first1 = Lawrence|year = 2004}}</ref>

The system of separate honour schools for different subjects began in 1802, with Mathematics and Literae Humaniores.<ref name="boase" /> Schools of "Natural Sciences" and "Law, and Modern History" were added in 1853.<ref name="boase">{{cite book |pages=208–209 |last=Boase |first=Charles William |year=1887 |title=Oxford |edition=2nd |url=http://purl.ox.ac.uk/uuid/743404c6bb6c4b16880e9dfce4000622 |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195935/http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/N12449022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1872, the last of these had split into "Jurisprudence" and "Modern History". Theology became the sixth honour school.<ref>{{Citation| title = The New Examination Statues | publisher = Clarendon Press | place = Oxford | year = 1872 | url = http://purl.ox.ac.uk/uuid/4a66e363bf9544a8b81e48fe1335e4f6| access-date =4 February 2013 }}</ref> In addition to these B.A. Honours degrees, the postgraduate [[Social:Bachelor of Civil Law|Bachelor of Civil Law (B.C.L.)]] was, and still is, offered.<ref>{{Citation| title = The New Examination Statues | publisher = Clarendon Press | place = Oxford | year = 1873 | url = http://purl.ox.ac.uk/uuid/0ccd63bb36204432baafdcd706508ea4| access-date =4 February 2013 }}</ref>

The mid-19th century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement (1833–1845), led among others by the future Cardinal [[Biography:John Henry Newman|John Henry Newman]]. 

Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for [[Religion:English Dissenters|religious dissent]], and the establishment of four women's colleges. Privy Council decisions in the 20th century (e.g. the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius Professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of colleges' theological bequests to other purposes) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Furthermore, although the university's emphasis had historically been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded during the 19th century to include scientific and medical studies.

The University of Oxford began to award doctorates for research in the first third of the 20th century. The first Oxford DPhil in mathematics was awarded in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|first=John |last=Aldrich |url=http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |title=The Maths PhD in the UK: Notes on its History – Economics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103452/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. As of October 2022, 73 Nobel laureates and more than 50 world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.<ref name="Famous" />

=== Women's education ===
{{multiple image
| title = First two women's colleges
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Lady Margaret Hall (6148510434).jpg
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = Lady Margaret Hall, founded in 1878
| image2 = Somerville College, Oxford - Main quad, summer.JPG
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = Somerville College, founded in 1879
}}
The university passed a statute in 1875 allowing examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level;<ref name="Lannon">{{cite magazine|author=Frances Lannon|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/404111.article|title=Her Oxford|magazine=Times Higher Education|date=30 October 2008|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191641/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/404111.article|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> for a brief period in the early 1900s, this allowed the "steamboat ladies" to receive ''ad eundem'' degrees from the University of Dublin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trinitynews.ie/trinity-halls-steamboat-ladies/|title=Trinity Hall's Steamboat Ladies|publisher=Trinity news|date=14 March 2012|access-date=9 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212042531/http://trinitynews.ie/trinity-halls-steamboat-ladies/|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 1878, the ''Association for the Education of Women'' (AEW) was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford. Some of the more prominent members of the association were George Granville Bradley, [[Biography:T. H. Green|T. H. Green]] and Edward Stuart Talbot. Talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties eventually split, and Talbot's group founded Lady Margaret Hall in 1878, while T. H. Green founded the non-denominational Somerville College in 1879.<ref>''Alden's Oxford Guide''. Oxford: Alden & Co., 1958; pp. 120–21</ref> Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville opened their doors to their first 21 students (12 from Somerville, 9 from Lady Margaret Hall) in 1879, who attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop.<ref name="Lannon" /> There were also 25 women students living at home or with friends in 1879, a group which evolved into the Society of Oxford Home-Students and in 1952 into St Anne's College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history |title=St Anne's History |publisher=St Anne's College, University of Oxford |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428063923/http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history |archive-date=28 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="VCH St Anne's">{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp351-353|title=St. Anne's College|publisher=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180544/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp351-353|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

These first three societies for women were followed by St Hugh's (1886)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/about-sthughs/history-of-the-college|title=History of the College|publisher=St Hugh's College, University of Oxford|access-date=14 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618060830/http://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/about-sthughs/history-of-the-college|archive-date=18 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and St Hilda's (1893).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/index.php/history/histconst.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094628/http://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/index.php/history/histconst.html |archive-date=23 April 2012 |title=Constitutional History |publisher=St Hilda's College |access-date=25 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> All of these colleges later became coeducational, starting with Lady Margaret Hall and St Anne's in 1979,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/about-lmh/history-and-archives/college-timeline|title=College Timeline {{!}} Lady Margaret Hall|website=Lady Margaret Hall|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827215801/http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/about-lmh/history-and-archives/college-timeline|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history|title=St Anne's College, Oxford&nbsp;>&nbsp;About the College&nbsp;>&nbsp;Our History|website=st-annes.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428063923/http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/about/history|archive-date=28 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and finishing with St Hilda's, which began to accept male students in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford|title=Women at Oxford {{!}} University of Oxford|website=ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507034832/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford|archive-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 20th century, Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of [[Social:Male privilege|male privilege]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Joyce S. Pedersen|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=453|title=Book review (No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities, 1870–1939)|publisher=H-Albion|date=May 1996|access-date=14 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917151721/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=453|archive-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> however the integration of women into Oxford moved forward during the First World War. In 1916 women were admitted as medical students on a par with men, and in 1917 the university accepted financial responsibility for women's examinations.<ref name="Harrison-1994" />

On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.<ref>{{cite book|year=1965|title=Handbook to the University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|page=43}}</ref> In 1927 the university's dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men, a ruling which was not abolished until 1957.<ref name="Lannon" /> However, during this period Oxford colleges were single sex, so the number of women was also limited by the capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.<ref name="St Anne's History">{{cite web|url=http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/St._Annes_History_Brochure_David_Smith.pdf|title=St Anne's History Brochure|publisher=st-annes.ox.ac.uk|access-date=2 October 2018|quote="Only in 1959 did the five women's colleges acquire full collegiate status so that their councils became governing bodies and they were, like the men's colleges, fully self-governing."|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113020614/http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/St._Annes_History_Brochure_David_Smith.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1974, Brasenose, Jesus, Wadham, [[Organization:Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford]] and St Catherine's became the first previously all-male colleges to admit women.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/290799/news/story_3.htm|title = Colleges mark anniversary of 'going mixed'|date = 29 July 1999|publisher = Oxford University Gazette|access-date = 12 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130428103218/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/290799/news/story_3.htm|archive-date = 28 April 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Women_at_Oxford">{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/women_at_oxford/index.html |title=Women at Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304201310/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/women_at_oxford/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of men's colleges accepted their first female students in 1979,<ref name="Women_at_Oxford" /> with Christ Church following in 1980,<ref>{{cite book |last=Brockliss |first=Laurence |date=2016 |title=The University of Oxford: A History |page=573}}</ref> and [[Organization:Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel]] becoming the last men's college to admit women in 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/about-college/college-history|title=College History {{!}} Oriel College|date=26 November 2015|work=Oriel College|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413053243/http://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/about-college/college-history|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of Oxford's graduate colleges were founded as coeducational establishments in the 20th century, with the exception of St Antony's, which was founded as a men's college in 1950 and began to accept women only in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/about-st-antonys/history|title=History {{!}} St Antony's College|website=sant.ox.ac.uk|date=3 December 2014 |language=en|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031441/https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/about-st-antonys/history|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jenifer Hart|title=Women at Oxford since the Advent of Mixed Colleges|journal=Oxford Review of Education|volume=15|issue=3|pages=217–219|year=1989|doi=10.1080/0305498890150302 |jstor=1050413}}</ref> in 2016, 45% of the student population, and 47% of undergraduate students, were female.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/DetailTable?:embed=y&:display_count=yes&:showTabs=y&:showVizHome=no|title=University of Oxford Student Statistics: Detail Table|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205183306/https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/DetailTable?:embed=y&:display_count=yes&:showTabs=y&:showVizHome=no|archive-date=5 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|title=Student numbers|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915101523/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/student-numbers?wssl=1|archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>

In June 2017, Oxford announced that starting the following academic year, history students may choose to sit a take-home exam in some courses, with the intention that this will equalise rates of firsts awarded to women and men at Oxford.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sian Griffiths|last2=Julie Henry|title=Oxford 'takeaway' exam to help women get firsts|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/oxford-takeaway-exam-to-help-women-get-firsts-0v0056k8l|access-date=13 June 2017|work=The Times|quote=History students will be able to sit a paper at home in an effort to close the gap with the number of men getting top degrees|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611171840/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/oxford-takeaway-exam-to-help-women-get-firsts-0v0056k8l|archive-date=11 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> That same summer, maths and computer science tests were extended by 15 minutes, in a bid to see if female student scores would improve.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diver|first1=Tony|title=Oxford University gives women more time to pass exams|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/01/22/oxford-university-gives-women-time-pass-exams/|access-date=24 January 2018|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 January 2018|quote=Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that "female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123231746/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/01/22/oxford-university-gives-women-time-pass-exams/|archive-date=23 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://qz.com/1188135/oxford-gave-female-students-more-time-to-take-tests-it-didnt-work/ |title=Oxford gave female students more time to take tests. It didn't work |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124220255/https://qz.com/1188135/oxford-gave-female-students-more-time-to-take-tests-it-didnt-work/ |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The detective novel ''Gaudy Night'' by [[Biography:Dorothy L. Sayers|Dorothy L. Sayers]], herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford, is largely set in the all-female Shrewsbury College, Oxford (based on Sayers' own Somerville College<ref>[http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/3606/Dorothy-L-Sayers.html Somerville Stories – Dorothy L Sayers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002943/http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/3606/Dorothy-L-Sayers.html |date=5 October 2013 }}, Somerville College, University of Oxford, UK.</ref>), and the issue of women's education is central to its plot. Social historian and Somerville College alumna Jane Robinson's book ''Bluestockings: A Remarkable History of the First Women to Fight for an Education'' gives a very detailed and immersive account of this history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blue-stocking.org.uk/2017/03/09/a-conversation-with-jane-robinson-on-bluestockings/|title=A Conversation with Jane Robinson on Bluestockings|date=9 March 2017|work=Bluestocking Oxford|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225627/https://blue-stocking.org.uk/2017/03/09/a-conversation-with-jane-robinson-on-bluestockings/|archive-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Buildings and sites ==
{{Panorama|image = 1 oxford aerial panorama 2016.jpg|height= 300px|caption = ''Scrollable image''. Aerial 2016 panorama of the university}}

=== Map ===
{{Clear}}

=== Main sites ===
[[File:Chemistry Research Laboratory Atrium.JPG|thumb|Atrium of the Chemistry Research Laboratory; the university has invested heavily in new facilities at the laboratory in recent years.]]
[[File:Sheldonian Theatre Oxford.jpg|thumb|Sheldonian Theatre, built by Christopher Wren between 1664 and 1668, hosts the university's Congregation and its concerts and degree ceremonies.]]
The university is a "city university" in that it does not have a main campus; instead, colleges, departments, accommodation, and other facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. The Science Area, in which most science departments are located, is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus. The ten-acre (4-hectare) Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in the northwest of the city is currently under development.

Iconic university buildings include the Radcliffe Camera, the Sheldonian Theatre used for music concerts, lectures, and university ceremonies, and the Examination Schools, where examinations and some lectures take place. The University Church of St Mary the Virgin was used for university ceremonies before the construction of the Sheldonian.

In 2012–2013, the university built the controversial one-hectare (400&nbsp;m × 25&nbsp;m) Castle Mill development of 4–5-storey blocks of student flats overlooking Cripley Meadow and the historic Port Meadow, blocking views of the spires in the city centre.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/universities-and-colleges/9912968/Philip-Pullman-campaigns-for-demolition-of-brutal-new-Oxford-University-buildings.html | title=Philip Pullman condemns Port Meadow buildings | first=Gordon | last=Rayner | date=6 March 2013 | work=Daily Telegraph | access-date=18 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309121431/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/universities-and-colleges/9912968/Philip-Pullman-campaigns-for-demolition-of-brutal-new-Oxford-University-buildings.html | archive-date=9 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The development has been likened to building a "skyscraper beside [[Unsolved:Stonehenge|Stonehenge]]".<ref>{{cite news| title=Historian takes university to task over 'visual disaster' of Port Meadow flats |first=Reg | last=Little | work=The Oxford Times| page=3 | date=7 February 2013 }}</ref>

=== Parks ===
[[File:Oxford Botanic Garden, Magdalen Tower.jpg|thumb|Summer in the Botanic Garden]]
The University Parks are a 70-acre (28&nbsp;ha) parkland area in the northeast of the city, near Keble College, Somerville College and Lady Margaret Hall. It is open to the public during daylight hours. 

The Botanic Garden on the High Street is the oldest [[Biology:Botanical garden|botanic garden]] in the UK. It contains over 8,000 different plant species on {{convert|1.8|ha|acre|frac=2|abbr=on}}. It is one of the most diverse yet compact major collections of plants in the world and includes representatives of over 90% of the higher plant families. The Harcourt Arboretum is a {{convert|130|acre|ha|adj=on}} site {{convert|6|mi|km|spell=in}} south of the city that includes native woodland and {{convert|67|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of meadow. The {{convert|1000|acre|km2|adj=on}} Wytham Woods are owned by the university and used for research in [[Biology:Zoology|zoology]] and [[Earth:Climate change|climate change]].<ref>[https://www.wythamwoods.ox.ac.uk/research-woods "Wytham Woods: Research"], wythamwoods.ox.ac.uk, accessed 17 October 2023</ref>

There are also various college-owned open spaces open to the public, including Bagley Wood and most notably Christ Church Meadow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/395-732/Biological-Sciences-.html |title=Biological Sciences – St John's College Oxford |publisher=Sjc.ox.ac.uk |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018072117/http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/395-732/Biological-Sciences-.html |archive-date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Organisation== <!-- "s" spelling per talk page consensus on 20 April 2009 -->

=== Central governance ===
[[File:Wellington Square Oxford 1.jpg|thumb|Wellington Square has become synonymous with the university's central administration.]]
The university's formal head is the Chancellor{{anchor|Chancellor of the University of Oxford}}, currently Lord Patten of Barnes, though as at most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular figurehead and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The Chancellor is elected by the members of [[Social:Convocation|Convocation]], a body comprising all graduates of the university, and holds office until death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7kUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA24|title=The Oxford University Calendar 1817|date=24 June 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The Vice-Chancellor, currently Irene Tracey,<ref name="VCapproval" /> is the ''de facto'' head of the university. Five pro-vice-chancellors have specific responsibilities for education; research; planning and resources; development and external affairs; and personnel and equal opportunities. 

Two university proctors, elected annually on a rotating basis from any two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student discipline and complaints, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.proctors.ox.ac.uk/ |title=The Proctors' Office |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=University of Oxford |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223203211/https://www.proctors.ox.ac.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The university's professors are collectively referred to as the Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford. They are particularly influential in the running of the university's graduate programmes. Examples of statutory professors are the Chichele Professorships and the Drummond Professor of Political Economy. 

The University of Oxford is only a "public university" in the sense that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a "private university" in the sense that it is entirely self-governing and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.<ref name="OXCHEPS39">{{cite web | url = http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/MainSite%20pages/Resources/OxCHEPS_OP39.pdf | title = OFFA and £6000–9000 tuition fees | access-date = 20 March 2011 | last1 = Dennis | first1 = Farrington | first2 = David | last2 = Palfreyman | date = 21 February 2011 | work = OxCHEPS Occasional Paper No. 39 | publisher = Oxford Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies | quote = Note, however, that any university which does not want funding from HEFCE can, as a private corporation, charge whatever tuition fees it likes (exactly as does, say, the University of Buckingham or BPP University College). Under existing legislation and outside of the influence of the HEFCE-funding mechanism upon universities, Government can no more control university tuition fees than it can dictate the price of socks in Marks & Spencer. Universities are not part of the State and they are not part of the public sector; Government has no reserve powers of intervention even in a failing institution. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721195554/http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/MainSite%20pages/Resources/OxCHEPS_OP39.pdf | archive-date = 21 July 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Colleges ===
[[File:Tom Quad, Christ Church, Oxford.jpg|thumb|Tom Quad, Christ Church]]
[[File:UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester College 02.jpg|thumb|Main Quad, Worcester College]]
To be a member of the university, all students, and most academic staff, must also be a member of a college or hall. There are thirty-nine colleges of the University of Oxford and four permanent private halls (PPHs), each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.<ref name=CollegesandHalls>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/graduate/colleges/introducing-colleges|title=What is an Oxford college?|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316233819/https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/graduate/colleges/introducing-colleges|archive-date=16 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Not all colleges offer all courses, but they generally cover a broad range of subjects.

The colleges are:
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* [[Organization:All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]]
* [[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
* Brasenose College
* Christ Church
* Corpus Christi College
* [[Organization:Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]
* Green Templeton College
* Harris Manchester College
* [[Organization:Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]]
* Jesus College
* Keble College
* Kellogg College
* Lady Margaret Hall
* Linacre College
* [[Organization:Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]]
* [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]
* Mansfield College
* [[Organization:Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]
* [[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
* Nuffield College
* [[Organization:Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]]
* Pembroke College
* [[Organization:The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]
* Reuben College
* St Anne's College
* St Antony's College
* St Catherine's College
* St Cross College
* [[Organization:St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]]
* St Hilda's College
* St Hugh's College
* St John's College
* St Peter's College
* Somerville College
* Trinity College
* [[Organization:University College, Oxford|University College]]
* Wadham College
* Wolfson College
* Worcester College
}}

The permanent private halls were founded by different Christian denominations. One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the fellows of the college, the governance of a PPH resides, at least in part, with the corresponding Christian denomination. The four current PPHs are:
* Blackfriars Hall
* Campion Hall
* Regent's Park College
* Wycliffe Hall

The PPHs and colleges join as the Conference of Colleges, which represents the common concerns of the several colleges of the university, to discuss matters of shared interest and to act collectively when necessary, such as in dealings with the central university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.confcoll.ox.ac.uk/ |title=Conference of Colleges |publisher=Confcoll.ox.ac.uk |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913052216/http://www.confcoll.ox.ac.uk/ |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/test1-conf-coll/Public%20Documents/conf_coll_leaflet_web%20final.pdf |title=Who we are, what we do – The Conference of Colleges |publisher=Oxford University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022010939/https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/test1-conf-coll/Public%20Documents/conf_coll_leaflet_web%20final.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Conference of Colleges was established as a recommendation of the [[Biography:Oliver Franks, Baron Franks|Franks]] Commission in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/councilsec/gov/gov_expl/ |title=A brief history and overview of the university's governance arrangements (see footnote 1) |publisher=Admin.ox.ac.uk |access-date=16 August 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804172404/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/councilsec/gov/gov_expl/ |archive-date=4 August 2013 }}</ref>

Teaching members of the colleges (i.e. fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as dons, although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members. Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the departments. 

=== Finances ===
[[File:1 christ church hall 2012.jpg|thumb|Dining hall at Christ Church; the hall is an important feature of the typical Oxford college, providing a place to dine and socialise.]]
In 2017–18, the university had an income of £2,237m; key sources were research grants (£579.1m) and academic fees (£332.5m).<ref name=OxUni2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20of%20Oxford%2C%20Financial%20Statements%202017-2018.pdf|title=Financial Statements 2017/18|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223034837/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/University%20of%20Oxford%2C%20Financial%20Statements%202017-2018.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The colleges had a total income of £492.9m.<ref name=OxColl2018>{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1718/aggregated.pdf|title=Oxford University Colleges Financial Statements 2018|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411222529/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1718/aggregated.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the university has a larger annual income and operating budget, the colleges have a larger aggregate endowment: over £6.4bn compared to the university's £1.2bn.<ref name=OxUni2022/> The central University's endowment, along with some of the colleges', is managed by the university's wholly-owned endowment management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=New investment committee at Oxford University |work=University of Oxford |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/070213.html |date=13 February 2007 |access-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202183035/https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/070213.html |archive-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref> The university used to maintain substantial investments in fossil fuel companies.<ref>{{Citation | title = Oxford University urged to purge its £3.3bn fund of fossil fuel investments | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/02/oxford-university-fund-fossil-fuel-climate-crisis | work = The Guardian | date = 2 June 2014 | access-date = 13 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172615/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/02/oxford-university-fund-fossil-fuel-climate-crisis | archive-date = 27 March 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> However, in April 2020, the university committed to divest from direct investments in fossil fuel companies and to require indirect investments in fossil fuel companies be subjected to the Oxford Martin Principles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford University and fossil fuel divestment {{!}} University of Oxford|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/fossil-fuel-divestment|access-date=2 November 2021|website=www.ox.ac.uk|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102221741/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/fossil-fuel-divestment|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 2020|title=Oxford University bans investment in fossil fuels after student campaigns|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/oxford-university-fossil-fuels-net-zero-student-campaigns-investment-a9478431.html|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102221731/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/oxford-university-fossil-fuels-net-zero-student-campaigns-investment-a9478431.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The total assets of the colleges of £6.3&nbsp;billion also exceed total university assets of £4.1&nbsp;billion.<ref name=OxColl2018 /><ref name=OxUni2018 /> The college figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries.<ref name="Guardian May 2018">{{cite news|title=Oxford and Cambridge university colleges hold £21bn in riches|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603202132/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The university was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign, the Campaign for Oxford. The current campaign, its second, was launched in May 2008 and is entitled "Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/ |title=Oxford Thinking |publisher=Campaign.ox.ac.uk |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192443/http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/ |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is looking to support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and buildings and infrastructure;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/campaign/the_campaign/index.html|title=The Campaign – University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=13 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724043847/http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/campaign/the_campaign/index.html|archive-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> having passed its original target of £1.25&nbsp;billion in March 2012, the target was raised to £3&nbsp;billion.<ref name=OxUni2015>{{Citation | year = 2015 | title = 2014/15 Financial Statements | publisher = University of Oxford | location = Oxford | url = http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/Financial_Statements2014_15.pdf | access-date = 22 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222221204/http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/Financial_Statements2014_15.pdf | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref> The campaign had raised a total of £2.8&nbsp;billion by July 2018.<ref name=OxUni2018 />

==== Funding criticisms ====
The university has faced criticism for some of its sources of donations and funding. In 2017, attention was drawn to historical donations including All Souls College receiving £10,000 from slave trader Christopher Codrington in 1710,<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2017|title=Oxford college to launch scholarship in attempt to address slavery legacy|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/nov/10/oxford-all-souls-college-scholarship-slavery-legacy-caribbean-christopher-codrington|access-date=8 November 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109043043/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/nov/10/oxford-all-souls-college-scholarship-slavery-legacy-caribbean-christopher-codrington|url-status=live}}</ref> and Oriel College having receiving taken £100,000 from the will of the imperialist Cecil Rhodes in 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902) |url=https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/cecil-john-rhodes-1853-1902 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=Oriel College |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101225215/https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/cecil-john-rhodes-1853-1902 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peltier |first=Elian |date=10 June 2021 |title=Scholars at Oxford University Refuse to Teach Under Statue of Colonialist |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/cecil-rhodes-statue-oxford.html  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/cecil-rhodes-statue-oxford.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=2 November 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1996 a donation of £20 million was received from Wafic Saïd who was involved in the [[Finance:Al-Yamamah arms deal|Al-Yammah arms deal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demonstration mars opening of Said school |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6606632.demonstration-mars-opening-said-school/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=Oxford Mail |date=5 November 2001 |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108234021/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6606632.demonstration-mars-opening-said-school/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2001 |title=When worlds collide |first1=Jonathan |last1=Glancey |url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/dec/10/highereducation.mbas |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109162949/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/dec/10/highereducation.mbas |url-status=live }}</ref> and taking £150 million from the US billionaire businessman Stephen A. Schwarzman in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Alayna|last2=Horowitch|first2=Rose|last3=Tucker|first3=Olivia |title=Schwarzman donation to Oxford draws criticism|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2019/10/01/schwarzman-donation-to-oxford-draws-criticism/|access-date=26 January 2021|website=Yale Daily News |date=1 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121214045/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2019/10/01/schwarzman-donation-to-oxford-draws-criticism/|url-status=live}}</ref> The university has defended its decisions saying it "takes legal, ethical and reputational issues into consideration".

The university has also faced criticism, as noted above, over its decision to accept donations from fossil fuel companies having received £21.8 million from the fossil fuel industry between 2010 and 2015<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2015|title=Top universities including Oxford and Cambridge take millions from BP and Shell, fossil fuel giants|url=https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2015/10/23/data-top-universities-take-134m-from-fossil-fuel-giants-despite-divestment-drive/ |first1=Maeve |last1=McClenaghan |access-date=2 November 2021|website=Unearthed|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102221732/https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2015/10/23/data-top-universities-take-134m-from-fossil-fuel-giants-despite-divestment-drive/|url-status=live}}</ref> and £18.8 million between 2015 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Tett|first1=Gillian|last2=Nauman|first2=Billy|last3=Temple-West|first3=Patrick|last4=Talman|first4=Kristen|date=28 July 2021|title=TPG and Brookfield haul in $12bn for climate funds|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/904d4f91-172d-428c-94ee-bcc6f36c83c0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/904d4f91-172d-428c-94ee-bcc6f36c83c0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Shocking' findings about Oxford University's ties with 'big oil'|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19475235.shocking-findings-oxford-universitys-ties-big-oil/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=Oxford Mail|date=29 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102221733/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19475235.shocking-findings-oxford-universitys-ties-big-oil/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The university accepted £6 million from The Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust in 2021. Former racing driver Max Mosley said he set up the trust "to house the fortune he inherited" from his father,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-59232955|title=Oxford Mosley donation needs explanation, say Jewish students|date=10 November 2021|access-date=10 November 2021|website=BBC News|last=Shearing|first=Hazel|url-status=live|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110153956/https://www.bbc.com/news/education-59232955}}</ref> Oswald Mosley, who was founder of two far right groups: Union Movement and the British Union of Fascists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/nov/07/oxford-university-alexander-mosley-charitable-trust|title=Universities have lost moral compass over Mosley donations, says Oxford don|date=10 November 2021|access-date=10 November 2021|website={{wipe|The Guardian}}|last=Brown|first=Mark|url-status=live|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110191840/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/nov/07/oxford-university-alexander-mosley-charitable-trust}}</ref>

=== Affiliations ===
Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led [[Organization:Universities in the United Kingdom|British universities]], the G5, the League of European Research Universities, and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It is also a core member of the Europaeum and forms part of the "golden triangle" of highly research intensive and elite English universities.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html|title=Golden opportunities|access-date=19 October 2010|journal=Nature|date=6 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117163616/http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html|archive-date=17 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Academic profile ==
=== Admission ===<!-- there is much more to say about the graduate admission -->
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
|+ Undergraduate admission statistics
! 
! 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Admissions Statistical Report May 2023 |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/AnnualAdmissionsStatisticalReport2023.pdf |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601093612/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/AnnualAdmissionsStatisticalReport2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Admissions Statistical Report May 2022|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/AnnualAdmissionsStatisticalReport2022.pdf|website=University of Oxford|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626110025/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/AnnualAdmissionsStatisticalReport2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Admissions Statistical Report May 2021|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/AnnualAdmissionsStatisticalReport2021.pdf|website=University of Oxford|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325093931/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/AnnualAdmissionsStatisticalReport2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Admissions Statistical Report May 2020|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Annual%20Admissions%20Statistical%20Report%202020.pdf|website=University of Oxford|access-date=3 February 2021|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312145003/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Annual%20Admissions%20Statistical%20Report%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Admissions Statistical Report May 2019 |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Admissions%20Report%202019.pdf |website=University of Oxford |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310031754/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Admissions%20Report%202019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| '''Applications'''
|23,819
|24,338
|23,414
|23,020
|21,515
|-
| '''Offer Rate (%)'''
|15.3
|14.6
|16.8
|16.9
|17.8
|-
| '''Enrols'''
|3,271
|3,298
|3,695
|3,280
|3,309
|-
| '''Yield (%)'''
|89.7
|92.8
|94.0
|84.3
|86.2
|-
| '''Applicant/Enrolled Ratio'''
|7.28
|7.38
|6.34
|7.02
|6.50
|-
| '''Average Entry Tariff'''<ref name="CUG Entry">{{Cite web | url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards | title=University League Tables entry standards 2024 | work=The Complete University Guide | access-date=7 June 2023 | archive-date=25 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125195135/https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards | url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|205
|201
|200
|205
|}
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"; style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap" |HESA Student Body Composition (2022)
|-
!Domicile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider|title=Where do HE students study?: Students by HE provider|work=HESA|at=HE student enrolments by HE provider|access-date=8 February 2023|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104163711/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider|url-status=live}}</ref> and Ethnicity<ref name="HESA ethnicity">{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he/characteristics|title=Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics|date=31 January 2023|publisher=HESA|access-date=8 February 2023|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210004129/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he/characteristics|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
|British White
|align=right| {{bartable|50|%|2||background:red}}
|-
|British Ethnic Minorities{{efn|Includes those who indicate that they identify as Asian, Black, Mixed Heritage, Arab or any other ethnicity except White.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|16|%|2||background:green}}
|-
|[[Social:European Union|International EU]]
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:blue}}
|-
|International Non-EU
|align=right| {{bartable|25|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |Undergraduate [[Social:Widening participation|Widening Participation]] Indicators<ref>{{cite web |title=Widening participation: UK Performance Indicators: Table T2a – Participation of under-represented groups in higher education |url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/performance-indicators/widening-participation |website=Higher Education Statistics Authority |publisher=hesa.ac.uk |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206041422/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/performance-indicators/widening-participation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Times23">{{cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Good University Guide: Social Inclusion Ranking |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/good-university-guide-in-full-tp6dzs7wn |work=The Times |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222124044/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/good-university-guide-in-full-tp6dzs7wn |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Female
|align=right| {{bartable|54|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
|Private Schools
|align=right| {{bartable|31|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
|Low Participation Areas{{efn|Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|6|%|2||background:black}}
|}

[[File:Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge<ref>{{cite web |url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00616/SN00616.pdf |title=Oxbridge 'Elitism' |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043908/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00616/SN00616.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030605/text/30605w03.htm#30605w03_sbhd2 |title=Acceptances to Oxford and Cambridge Universities by previous educational establishment |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081811/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030605/text/30605w03.htm#30605w03_sbhd2 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In common with most British universities, prospective undergraduate students apply through the UCAS application system, but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford, along with those for medicine, dentistry, and [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] applicants, must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October.<ref>{{cite web|title=UCAS Students: Important dates for your diary |quote=15 October 2009 Last date for receipt of applications to Oxford University, [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] and courses in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science or veterinary medicine. |url=http://www.ucas.com/students/importantdates |access-date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201114118/http://ucas.com/students/importantdates |archive-date=1 February 2009 }}</ref>  The Sutton Trust maintains that Oxford University and Cambridge University recruit undergraduates disproportionately from 8 schools which accounted for 1,310 Oxbridge places during three years, contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-07|title=Oxbridge 'over-recruits from eight schools'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-46470838|access-date=2023-01-22|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122190704/https://www.bbc.com/news/education-46470838|url-status=live}}</ref>

To allow a more personalised judgement of students, who might otherwise apply for both, undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year. The only exceptions are applicants for organ scholarships<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/assets/files/Chor_Org_Downloads/OrgAwards2009.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822114305/http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/assets/files/Chor_Org_Downloads/OrgAwards2009.pdf | archive-date=22 August 2012 |quote=It is possible for a candidate to enter the comparable competition at Cambridge which is scheduled at the same time of year. |title=Organ Awards Information for Prospective Candidates|publisher=Faculty of Music, University of Oxford |access-date=22 March 2009}}</ref> and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.<ref>{{cite web|title=UCAS Students FAQs: Oxford or Cambridge |quote=Is it possible to apply to both Oxford University and the University of Cambridge? |url=http://www.ucas.com/students/applying/faqs/eligibility/faq1 |access-date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001013817/http://www.ucas.com/students/applying/faqs/eligibility/faq1 |archive-date=1 October 2009 }}</ref>
Oxford has the lowest offer rate of all Russell Group universities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/10/19/which-elite-universities-have-the-highest-offer-rates/ |title=Which elite universities have the highest offer rates? |work=The Telegraph |date=19 October 2016 |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021201613/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/10/19/which-elite-universities-have-the-highest-offer-rates/ |archive-date=21 October 2016 |url-status=live |last1=Gurney-Read |first1=Josie }}</ref>

Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges. For undergraduates, these colleges work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the university regardless of their college preferences. For postgraduates, all applicants who receive an offer from the university are guaranteed a college place, even if they do not receive a place at their chosen college.<ref>{{cite web|title=How do I choose a college? – Will I be interviewed only at my chosen college?|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/colleges/how_do_i_choose_a_college/index.html|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=23 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110064825/http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/colleges/how_do_i_choose_a_college/index.html|archive-date=10 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Undergraduate shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results, school references, and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. Approximately 60% of applicants are shortlisted, although this varies by subject. If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college, then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under-subscribed colleges for the subject. The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, where they are provided with food and accommodation for around three days in December. Most undergraduate applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college. In 2020 interviews were moved online,<ref>{{cite news |title=Oxford University will interview prospective candidates online |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-53242810 |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=BBC News |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> and they will remain online until at least 2027.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hedström-Blake |first1=Alexandra |title=Oxford admissions interviews to stay online |url=https://cherwell.org/2023/05/20/oxford-interviews-stay-online/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=Cherwell |date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

Undergraduate offers are sent out in early January, with each offer usually being from a specific college. One in four successful candidates receives an offer from a college that they did not apply to. Some courses may make "open offers" to some candidates, who are not assigned to a particular college until A Level results day in August.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Offer Scheme |url=http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/aspsite/index.asp?pageid=462 |publisher=Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford |access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606054422/http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/aspsite/index.asp?pageid=462 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Open Offer Scheme |url=http://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/study-here/undergraduates/faqs/faq-admissions |publisher=Department of Physics, University of Oxford |access-date=27 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707214158/http://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/study-here/undergraduates/faqs/faq-admissions |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The university has come under criticism for the number of students it accepts from private schools;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/dec/12/oxford-cambridge-state-school-admissions-failure |title=Oxford and Cambridge condemned over failure to improve state school access |website=TheGuardian.com |date=12 December 2015 |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164546/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/dec/12/oxford-cambridge-state-school-admissions-failure |archive-date=2 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> for instance, Laura Spence's rejection from the university in 2000 led to widespread debate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Oxbridge elitist? |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/764767.stm |date=31 May 2000 |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531132009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/764767.stm |archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, the University of Oxford gave 59% of offers to UK students to students from state schools, while about 93% of all UK pupils and 86% of post-16 UK pupils are educated in state schools.<ref name="BBC state" /><ref name="OU Facts">{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/admissions-statistics/undergraduate-students/current/school-type?wssl=1 |title=School type |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916090455/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/admissions-statistics/undergraduate-students/current/school-type?wssl=1 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Post16Ind">{{cite news |last=Garner |first=Richard |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/number-of-pupils-attending-independent-schools-in-britain-on-the-rise-figures-show-10215959.html |title=Number of pupils attending independent schools in Britain on the rise, figures show |work=The Independent |date=1 May 2015 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160530/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/number-of-pupils-attending-independent-schools-in-britain-on-the-rise-figures-show-10215959.html |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, 64% of UK applicants were from state schools and the university notes that state school students apply disproportionately to oversubscribed subjects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.tableau.com/views/UoO_UG_Admissions/SchoolType?%3Aembed=y&%3Adisplay_count=yes&%3AshowTabs=y&%3AshowVizHome=no|title=University of Oxford UG Application Statistics 2016 entry Applications by School Type|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225409/https://public.tableau.com/views/UoO_UG_Admissions/SchoolType?%3Aembed=y&%3Adisplay_count=yes&%3AshowTabs=y&%3AshowVizHome=no|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The proportion of students coming from state schools has been increasing. From 2015 to 2019, the state proportion of total UK students admitted each year was: 55.6%, 58.0%, 58.2%, 60.5% and 62.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Annual Admissions Statistical Report: May 2020 |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Annual%20Admissions%20Statistical%20Report%202020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312145003/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/Annual%20Admissions%20Statistical%20Report%202020.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=University of Oxford (ox.ac.uk) }}</ref> Oxford University spends over £6&nbsp;million per year on outreach programs to encourage applicants from underrepresented demographics.<ref name="BBC state">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37250916|title=Oxford University to have 'most state school students for decades'|work=BBC|last=Coughlon|first=Sean|date=2 September 2016|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315114119/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37250916|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018 the university's annual admissions report revealed that eight of Oxford's colleges had accepted fewer than three black applicants in the past three years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44221469|title=Oxford failing on diversity says Lammy|date=23 May 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523093208/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44221469|archive-date=23 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Labour MP David Lammy said, "This is social apartheid and it is utterly unrepresentative of life in modern Britain."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-19|first1=Richard |last1=Adams |first2=Helena |last2=Bengtsson |title=Oxford accused of 'social apartheid' as colleges admit no black students|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/oct/19/oxford-accused-of-social-apartheid-as-colleges-admit-no-black-students|access-date=2023-01-22|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115013546/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/oct/19/oxford-accused-of-social-apartheid-as-colleges-admit-no-black-students|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Oxford had increased its proportion of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students to record levels.<ref name="Yeomans">{{Cite news|last=Yeomans|first=Emma|date=|title=Oxford University accepts over 100 black students|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/oxford-university-accepts-over-100-black-students-cngl73kpw|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2021|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205024035/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/oxford-university-accepts-over-100-black-students-cngl73kpw}}</ref><ref name="inews.co.uk-2021">{{Cite web|date=4 February 2021|title=Proportion of black and minority ethnic students going to Oxford rises to record high in 2020|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/education/oxford-university-black-minority-ethnic-students-record-high-858051|access-date=5 February 2021|website=inews.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140054/https://inews.co.uk/news/education/oxford-university-black-minority-ethnic-students-record-high-858051|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of BAME undergraduates accepted to the university in 2020 rose to 684 students, or 23.6% of the UK intake, up from 558 or 22% in 2019; the number of Black students was 106 (3.7% of the intake), up from 80 students (3.2%).<ref name="inews.co.uk-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dunne|first=John|date=4 February 2021|title=Oxford University accepts record number of ethnic minority students|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/oxford-university-ethnic-minority-students-b918678.html|access-date=5 February 2021|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204185038/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/oxford-university-ethnic-minority-students-b918678.html|url-status=live}}</ref> UCAS data also showed that Oxford is more likely than comparable institutions to make offers to ethnic minority and socially disadvantaged pupils.<ref name="Yeomans" />

===Teaching and degrees=== <!-- there is much more to say about research than is currently stated-->
Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial, where 1–4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week's work, usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical, physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical, physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees. Undergraduate teaching takes place during three eight-week academic terms: [[Social:Michaelmas term|Michaelmas]], Hilary and [[Social:Trinity term|Trinity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Regulations on the number and length of terms |work=University of Oxford |url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/examregs/03-00_REGULATIONS_ON_THE_NUMBER_AND_LENGTH_OF_TERMS.shtml |access-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527150600/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/examregs/03-00_REGULATIONS_ON_THE_NUMBER_AND_LENGTH_OF_TERMS.shtml |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> (These are officially known as 'Full Term': 'Term' is a lengthier period with little practical significance.) Internally, the weeks in a term begin on Sundays, and are referred to numerically, with the initial week known as "first week", the last as "eighth week" and with the numbering extended to refer to weeks before and after term (for example "noughth week" precedes term).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://staff.admin.ox.ac.uk/working-at-oxford/new-to-the-university/university-year-and-events |title=University Year and Events |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Staff Gateway |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=22 April 2021 |quote= |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422071736/https://staff.admin.ox.ac.uk/working-at-oxford/new-to-the-university/university-year-and-events |url-status=live }}</ref> Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week. These teaching terms are shorter than those of most other British universities,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hepi.ac.uk/files/33TheacademicexperienceofstudentsinEnglishuniversities2007.pdf |title=The Academic Experience of Students in English Universities (2007 report) |publisher=Higher Education Policy Institute |last1=Sastry |first1=Tom |last2=Bekhradnia |first2=Bahram |date=25 September 2007 |pages=footnote 14 |access-date=4 November 2007 |quote=Even within Russell Group institutions, it is remarkable how consistently Oxford and Cambridge appear to require more effort of their students than other universities. On the other hand, they have fewer weeks in the academic year than other universities, so the extent to which this is so may be exaggerated by these results. |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709220145/http://www.hepi.ac.uk/files/33TheacademicexperienceofstudentsinEnglishuniversities2007.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2013 }}</ref> and their total duration amounts to less than half the year. However, undergraduates are also expected to do some academic work during the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacations).

Research degrees at the master's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Scholarships and financial support ===
[[File:Rhodes House Oxford 20040909.jpg|right|thumb|Rhodes House is home to the awarding body for Rhodes Scholarships, often considered the world's most prestigious scholarship.]]
There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries, introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available to any British undergraduate, with a total possible grant of £10,235 over a 3-year degree. In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships attached to the university, available to students from all sorts of backgrounds, from Rhodes Scholarships to the relatively new Weidenfeld Scholarships.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oxford targets bright young things of eastern Europe |work=The Guardian |location=UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/mar/22/highereducation.internationaleducationnews |date=22 March 2007 |access-date=9 October 2007 |first=Jessica |last=Shepherd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414051743/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/mar/22/highereducation.internationaleducationnews |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Oxford also offers the Clarendon Scholarship which is open to graduate applicants of all nationalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/informationforapplicants/eligibility/ |title=Eligibility criteria, Clarendon Fund Scholarships |publisher=Clarendon.ox.ac.uk |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150702/http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/informationforapplicants/eligibility/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Clarendon Scholarship is principally funded by [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] in association with colleges and other partnership awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/history/ |title=History of the Clarendon Fund, Clarendon Fund Scholarships |publisher=Clarendon.ox.ac.uk |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150925/http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/history/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/partnership/ |title=Partnership awards, Clarendon Fund Scholarships |publisher=Clarendon.ox.ac.uk |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150734/http://www.clarendon.ox.ac.uk/about/partnership/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Oxford University announced that it is to run its first free online economics course as part of a "[[Engineering:Massive open online course|massive open online course]]" (Mooc) scheme, in partnership with a US online university network.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37975359 |title=Oxford University to launch first online 'Mooc' course |work=BBC News |date=15 November 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121081125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37975359 |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The course available is called 'From Poverty to Prosperity: Understanding Economic Development'.

Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and [[Social:Exhibition (scholarship)|exhibitions]], normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although since the introduction of tuition fees the amounts of money available are purely nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; "commoners" (originally those who had to pay for their "commons", or food and lodging) are restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term "scholar" in relation to Oxford therefore has a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In previous times, there were "noblemen commoners" and "gentlemen commoners", but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. "Closed" scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools, were abolished in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Crook">{{cite book |last=Crook |first=J Mordaunt |year=2008 |title=Brasenose: The Biography of an Oxford College |page=413 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954486-8}}</ref>

=== Libraries ===
[[File:Clarendon Building, Oxford, England - May 2010.jpg|thumb|Clarendon Building, home to many senior Bodleian Library staff, previously housed the university's own central administration.]]
The university maintains the largest university library system in the UK,<ref name="uls">{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/research/libraries/index.html |title=Libraries |publisher=University of Oxford |archive-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125090133/http://www.ox.ac.uk/research/libraries/index.html |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref> and, with over 11&nbsp;million volumes housed on {{convert|120|mi|km}} of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the British Library. The Bodleian is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.<ref>{{cite web|title=A University Library for the Twenty-first Century |work=University of Oxford |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2005-6/supps/1_4743.htm |date=22 September 2005 |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902222824/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2005-6/supps/1_4743.htm |archive-date=2 September 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The buildings referred to as the university's main research library, The Bodleian, consist of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1598 and opened in 1602,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Thomas Bodley and his Library |work=Oxford Today |url=http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/2001-02/v14n2/03.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009055336/http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/2001-02/v14n2/03.shtml |archive-date=9 October 2006 |year=2002 |access-date=23 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the Radcliffe Camera, the Clarendon Building, and the Weston Library. A tunnel underneath Broad Street connects these buildings, with the Gladstone Link, which opened to readers in 2011, connecting the Old Bodleian and Radcliffe Camera.

The Bodleian Libraries group was formed in 2000, bringing the Bodleian Library and some of the subject libraries together.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/113853/BodLibs-TIMELINE-2000-2012.pdf|title=Timeline of Bodleian Libraries Events from 2000|access-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123105538/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/113853/BodLibs-TIMELINE-2000-2012.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> It now comprises 28<ref name="Bodleian_Libraries_list">{{cite web|url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/libraries/libraries/bodleian |title=Bodleian Libraries |publisher=Bodleian Library |archive-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123095722/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/libraries/libraries/bodleian |url-status=dead}}</ref> libraries, a number of which have been created by bringing previously separate collections together, including the Sackler Library, Law Library, Social Science Library and Radcliffe Science Library.<ref name="timeline" /> Another major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system, OLIS ('''O'''xford '''L'''ibraries '''I'''nformation '''S'''ystem),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bdlss/olis-ils |title=Bodleian Digital Library Systems and Services &#124; OLIS (Integrated Library System) |publisher=Bodleian.ox.ac.uk |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827200924/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bdlss/olis-ils |archive-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and its public interface, '''SOLO''' ('''S'''earch '''O'''xford '''L'''ibraries '''O'''nline), which provides an electronic catalogue covering all member libraries, as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries, which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/solo|title=Contents – SOLO – Search Oxford Libraries Online|publisher=Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford|access-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618121121/http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/solo|archive-date=18 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Duke Humfrey's Library Interior 5, Bodleian Library, Oxford, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|Duke Humfrey's Library in the  Bodleian Library]]
A new book depository opened in South Marston, Swindon, in October 2010,<ref>{{Cite news |title = Swindon's £26m Bodleian book store opens |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9062000/9062875.stm |date = 6 October 2010 |access-date = 10 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120520041325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9062000/9062875.stm |archive-date = 20 May 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> and recent building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building, which was renamed the Weston Library when it reopened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | title = New Bodleian: The Weston Library | work = University of Oxford | url = http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2009_mar_13 | date = 13 March 2009 | access-date = 27 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130323144008/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2009_mar_13 | archive-date = 23 March 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Weston Library Open">{{cite web |url=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/weston/news/2016/may-11 |title=HRH The Duke of Cambridge formally opens the Bodleian's Weston Library |publisher=University of Oxford |date=11 May 2016 |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917183144/https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/weston/news/2016/may-11 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The renovation is designed to better showcase the library's various treasures (which include a Shakespeare First Folio and a Gutenberg Bible) as well as temporary exhibitions.

The Bodleian engaged in a mass-digitisation project with Google in 2004.<ref>{{cite web | title = Oxford-Google Digitization Programme | work = Bodleian Library | url = http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/dbooks | access-date = 9 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111129044607/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/dbooks/ | archive-date = 29 November 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Library Partners | url = https://www.google.com/intl/en/googlebooks/library/partners.html | access-date = 9 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130305125240/http://www.google.com/intl/en/googlebooks/library/partners.html | archive-date = 5 March 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Notable electronic resources hosted by the Bodleian Group include the ''Electronic Enlightenment Project'', which was awarded the 2010 Digital Prize by the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2010/2010_jan_20|title=Bodleian Libraries {{!}} Electronic Enlightenment awarded digital prize|website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027063121/https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2010/2010_jan_20|archive-date=27 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Museums ===
[[File:Interior of Pitt Rivers Museum 2015.JPG|thumb|Interior of the Pitt Rivers Museum]]
Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries, open for free to the public. The Ashmolean Museum, founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Support Us |work=The Ashmolean |url=http://www.ashmolean.org/support/corporatesupport/about/ |access-date=10 October 2007 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503032502/http://www.ashmolean.org/support/corporatesupport/about/ |archive-date=3 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, [[Biography:Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]], Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oxford hosts UK's biggest Stradivarius exhibition |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-22526768 |access-date=7 March 2023 |work=BBC News |date=14 May 2013 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307095917/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-22526768 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/|title=Oxford University Museum of Natural History Homepage|publisher=Oxford University Museum of Natural History|access-date=4 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027090448/http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/visitors_friends/maps_and_directions/#qmuseums_libraries_and_places_of_interest|title=Map of Museums, Libraries and Places of Interest|year=2006|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=4 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027080434/http://www.ox.ac.uk/visitors_friends/maps_and_directions/#qmuseums_libraries_and_places_of_interest|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Among its collection are the skeletons of a ''[[Biology:Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' and ''[[Biology:Triceratops|Triceratops]]'', and the most complete remains of a [[Biology:Dodo|dodo]] found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the [[Biography:Charles Simonyi|Simonyi]] Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by [[Biography:Marcus du Sautoy|Marcus du Sautoy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Oxford Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science |url=https://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/about-marcus/the-oxford-simonyi-professor-for-the-public-understanding-of-science/ |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102756/https://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/about-marcus/the-oxford-simonyi-professor-for-the-public-understanding-of-science/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Keuren |first1=David K. |title=Museums and Ideology: Augustus Pitt-Rivers, Anthropological Museums, and Social Change in Later Victorian Britain |journal=[[History:Victorian Studies|Victorian Studies]] |date=1984 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=171–189 |jstor=3826763 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3826763 |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307100546/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3826763 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=About the Museum
 |work=Museum of the History of Science
 |url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/about/index.htm?text
 |access-date=9 October 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911135646/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/about/index.htm?text
 |archive-date=11 September 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the [[History:History of science|history of science]]. In the Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a large collection of old master paintings and drawings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Katz |first1=Brigit |title=Thieves Steal Three Precious Artworks From Oxford Gallery |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/three-precious-artworks-swiped-oxford-gallery-180974434/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |work=Smithsonian |date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307094948/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/three-precious-artworks-swiped-oxford-gallery-180974434/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Publishing ===
{{Main|Organization:Oxford University Press}}
The Oxford University Press is the world's second oldest and currently the largest university press by the number of publications.<ref name="publishing">{{cite news |last=Balter |first=Michael |date=16 February 1994 |title=400 Years Later, Oxford Press Thrives |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/16/news/16iht-presseduc.html |url-status=dead |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924191930/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/16/news/16iht-presseduc.html |archive-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> More than 6,000 new books are published annually,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.oup.com/about/way_we_work/|title=The Way We Work|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195938/https://global.oup.com/about/way_we_work/?cc=us|url-status=live}}</ref> including many reference, professional, and academic works (such as the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the ''Concise Oxford English Dictionary'', the ''Oxford World's Classics'', the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', and the ''Concise Dictionary of National Biography'').

=== Rankings and reputation ===
{{Infobox UK university rankings
| ARWU_W = 7
| QS_W = 3
| THE_W = 1
| USNWR_W = 5
| LINE_1 = 0
| Complete = 2
| The_Guardian = 2
| Times/Sunday_Times = 2
| LINE_2 = 0
| TEF = Gold
| REF = 7
|LEIDEN_W=20}}
[[File:Oxford 10 Years.png|thumb|upright=1.2|University of Oxford's [[Organization:Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|national league table]] performance over the past ten years]]
Oxford is regularly ranked within the top five universities in the world in the ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World University Rankings|date=26 September 2018|work=Times Higher Education |access-date=28 September 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021113908/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2018/09/26/an-expert-list-of-the-worlds-best-universities/#1a4003fe4f02|title=An Expert List of the World's Best Universities|last=Adams|first=Susan|work=Forbes|access-date=28 September 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928105708/https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2018/09/26/an-expert-list-of-the-worlds-best-universities/#1a4003fe4f02|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the {{wipe|Forbes}}'s World University Rankings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www3.forbes.com/leadership/the-worlds-top-universities-2016/?kwp_0=245103|title=The World's Top Universities 2016|last=Strauss|first=Karsten|date=23 September 2016|work=Forbes|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730132011/http://www3.forbes.com/leadership/the-worlds-top-universities-2016/?kwp_0=245103|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It held the number one position in the ''Times Good University Guide'' for eleven consecutive years,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120614_2.html |title=Oxford tops Times Good University Guide for 11th year |date=14 June 2012 |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425184449/https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120614_2.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref> and the medical school has also maintained first place in the "Clinical, Pre-Clinical & Health" table of the ''Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings'' for the past seven consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Times Higher Education Clinical, Pre-Clinical & Health|date=14 September 2017|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/subject-ranking/clinical-pre-clinical-health#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005124/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/subject-ranking/clinical-pre-clinical-health#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, it ranked sixth among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher+educ.&country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2021 – Overall Rank|website=scimagoir.com|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=all|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''THE'' has also recognised Oxford as one of the world's "six super brands" on its ''World Reputation Rankings'', along with [[Organization:University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[Organization:University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and [[Organization:Stanford University|Stanford]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Morgan|first=John|title=Top Six Universities Dominate THE World Reputation Rankings|date=January 1990 |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011/reputation-ranking/analysis|quote="The rankings suggest that the top six-...Stanford University and the University of Oxford – form a group of globally recognised "super brands".|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404153936/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011/reputation-ranking/analysis|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The university is fifth worldwide on the ''US News'' ranking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings?int=a27a09|title=Best Global Universities|website=US News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113052748/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings?int=a27a09|archive-date=13 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its Saïd Business School came 13th in the world in ''Financial Times'' ''Global MBA Ranking''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2019 |work=[[Social:Financial Times|Financial Times]] |title=Global MBA Ranking 2019 |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912040109/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2019 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Oxford was ranked 13th in the world in 2022 by the Nature Index, which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.<ref name="Nature Index 2016">{{cite web |title=Ten institutions that dominated science in 2022 |url=https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/generate/all/global/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214155457/https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/generate/all/global/all |archive-date=14 December 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Nature Index FAQs">{{cite web|url=https://www.natureindex.com/faq#introduction1|title=Introduction to the Nature Index|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401154037/https://www.natureindex.com/faq#introduction1|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It is ranked fifth best university worldwide and first in Britain for forming [[Social:Chief executive officer|CEOs]] according to the ''Professional Ranking World Universities'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boivigny.com/Classement-2011-des-universites-par-l-Ecole-des-Mines-le-french-ranking-par-excellence_a781.html |title=Classement 2011 des universités par l Ecole des Mines le french ranking par excellence |last=Mines ParisTech Professional Ranking World Universities |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925221025/http://www.boivigny.com/Classement-2011-des-universites-par-l-Ecole-des-Mines-le-french-ranking-par-excellence_a781.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref> and first in the UK for the quality of its graduates as chosen by the recruiters of the UK's major companies.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/best-uk-universities-chosen-major-employers | location=London | work=Times Higher Education | title=The best UK universities chosen by major employers | date=12 November 2015 | access-date=16 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044555/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/best-uk-universities-chosen-major-employers | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 2018 Complete University Guide, all 38 subjects offered by Oxford rank within the top 10 nationally meaning Oxford was one of only two multi-faculty universities (along with [[Organization:University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]) in the UK to have 100% of their subjects in the top 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/who's-who-in-the-subject-league-tables/ |title=Who's Who in the Subject League Tables |publisher=Complete University Guide |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707084348/https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/who%27s-who-in-the-subject-league-tables/ |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Computer Science, Medicine, Philosophy, Politics and Psychology were ranked first in the UK by the guide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/oxford/performance |title=University of Oxford |publisher=Complete University Guide |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707134428/https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/oxford/performance |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject, the University of Oxford also ranks as number one in the world for four Humanities disciplines: English Language and Literature, Modern Languages, [[Earth:Geography|Geography]], and History. It also ranks second globally for Anthropology, Archaeology, Law, Medicine, Politics & International Studies, and Psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Oxford|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-oxford|website=Top Universities|publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds|access-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914081837/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-oxford|archive-date=14 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Student life ==

=== Traditions ===
[[File:Toby Virno sub fusc.JPG|thumb|upright|An undergraduate student at the University of Oxford in subfusc for matriculation]]

Academic dress is required for examinations, matriculation, disciplinary hearings, and when visiting university officers. A referendum held among the Oxford student body in 2015 showed 76% against making it voluntary in examinations – 8,671 students voted, with the 40.2% turnout the highest ever for a UK student union referendum.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Doody and Robinson|title=Students vote overwhelmingly to retain subfusc|url=http://www.cherwell.org/news/topstories/2015/05/22/students-vote-overwhelmingly-to-retain-subfusc|website=Cherwell|date=22 May 2015|publisher=OSPL|access-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523132145/http://www.cherwell.org/news/topstories/2015/05/22/students-vote-overwhelmingly-to-retain-subfusc|archive-date=23 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> This was widely interpreted by students as being a vote not so much on making subfusc voluntary, but rather, in effect, on abolishing it by default, in that if a minority of people came to exams without subfusc, the rest would soon follow.<ref>See, for instance, {{cite web|url=http://oxfordstudent.com/ht2006wk1/News/end_of_an_era%3A_subfusc_could_be_sent_down |title=End of an era: subfusc could be sent down – oxfordstudent.com |access-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308222153/http://oxfordstudent.com/ht2006wk1/News/end_of_an_era%3A_subfusc_could_be_sent_down |archive-date=8 March 2006 }}</ref> In July 2012 the regulations regarding academic dress were modified to be more inclusive to transgender people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtoday.co.uk/education/40-higher-education/12099-support-for-transgender-students-taking-oxford-university-exams |title=Support for transgender students taking Oxford University exams |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910005933/http://www.govtoday.co.uk/education/40-higher-education/12099-support-for-transgender-students-taking-oxford-university-exams |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref>

'Trashing' is a tradition of spraying those who just finished their last examination of the year with alcohol, flour and confetti. The sprayed student stays in the academic dress worn to the exam. The custom began in the 1970s when friends of students taking their finals waited outside Oxford's Examination Schools where exams for most degrees are taken.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clement |first=Mia |date=2021-05-14 |title=Who are we really trashing? |url=https://www.cherwell.org/2021/05/14/who-are-we-really-trashing/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Cherwell |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418141730/https://www.cherwell.org/2021/05/14/who-are-we-really-trashing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other traditions and customs vary by college. For example, some colleges have formal hall six times a week, but in others this only happens occasionally, or even not at all. 

''Balls'' are major events held by colleges; the largest, held triennially in ninth week of Trinity Term, are called commemoration balls; the dress code is usually white tie. Many other colleges hold smaller events during the year that they call summer balls or parties. <!-- Ought here to explain Matriculation, make reference to May Morning, and briefly mention Merton's time ceremony, Corpus' tortoise race, etc -->

=== Clubs and societies ===
[[File:UnionBuildingsDebateChamber.jpg|thumb|The Oxford Union's debating chamber]]
[[File:Eights 2005.JPG|thumb|Rowing at Eights Week, an annual intercollegiate bumps race]]
The Oxford Union (not to be confused with the Oxford University Student Union) is an independent debating society which hosts weekly debates and high-profile speakers.

There are two weekly student newspapers: the independent ''Cherwell'' and OUSU's ''The Oxford Student''. Other publications include the ''Isis'' magazine, the satirical ''Oxymoron'', the graduate ''Oxonian Review'', the ''Oxford Political Review'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.socsci.ox.ac.uk/article/call-for-submissions | title=Call for submissions | access-date=7 October 2022 | archive-date=7 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007085440/https://www.socsci.ox.ac.uk/article/call-for-submissions | url-status=live }}</ref> and the online only newspaper ''The Oxford Blue''. The student radio station is Oxide Radio.


Party political groups include Oxford University Conservative Association and Oxford University Labour Club.

Music, drama, and other arts societies exist both at the collegiate level and as university-wide groups, such as the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Oxford Revue. Most colleges have chapel choirs. The Oxford Imps, a comedy improvisation troupe, perform weekly at The Jericho Tavern during term time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordimps.com/shows |title=Shows and Workshops |publisher=The Oxford Imps |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref>

Most academic areas have student societies of some form, for example the Scientific Society. 

Private members' clubs for students include Vincent's Club (primarily for sportspeople)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-11 |title='Once a member, always a member' |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4789606.once-member-always-member/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Oxford Mail |language=en}}</ref> and The Gridiron Club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-27 |title=A GQ student guide to Oxford University |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/insiders-guide-to-oxford-university |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB}}</ref>  A number of invitation-only student dining clubs also exist, including the Bullingdon Club.

=== Student union and common rooms ===

The Oxford University Student Union, formerly better known by its acronym OUSU and now rebranded as Oxford SU,<ref name="OxfordSU">{{cite news |url=http://cherwell.org/2017/08/17/dnp-ousu-is-dead-long-live-the-oxford-su/ |title="Oxford SU" to replace OUSU brand |work=Cherwell |date=2017-08-17 |access-date=2018-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222839/http://cherwell.org/2017/08/17/dnp-ousu-is-dead-long-live-the-oxford-su/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> exists to represent students in the university's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, OUSU is both an association of Oxford's more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms, and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students. 

The importance of collegiate life is such that for many students their college JCR (Junior Common Room, for undergraduates) or MCR (Middle Common Room, for graduates) is seen as more important than OUSU. JCRs and MCRs each have a committee, with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities. Additionally, they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish (money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student-run bars). (JCR and MCR are terms that are used to refer to rooms for use by members, as well as the student bodies.) 

== Notable alumni ==
Throughout its history, a sizeable number of Oxford alumni, known as Oxonians, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. A total of 70 Nobel prize-winners have studied or taught at Oxford, with prizes won in all six categories.<ref name="Famous" />
More information on notable members of the university can be found in the individual college articles. An individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate and/or member of staff.

=== Politics ===
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 400
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| header            = British Prime Ministers who attended Oxford University
| image1            = Clement Attlee.jpg
| caption1          = Clement Attlee, [[Organization:University College, Oxford|University College]]
| image2            = Margaret Thatcher.png
| caption2          = Margaret Thatcher, Somerville College
| image3            = Rishi Sunak 2023.jpg
| caption3          = Rishi Sunak, [[Organization:Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]]
}}

Thirty British prime ministers have attended Oxford, including William Gladstone, H. H. Asquith, Clement Attlee, Harold Macmillan, Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, David Cameron, Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak. Of all the post-war prime ministers, only Gordon Brown was educated at a university other than Oxford (the [[Organization:University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh]]), while Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and John Major never attended a university.<ref name="ebp" />

Over 100 Oxford alumni were elected to the House of Commons in 2010.<ref name=ebp>{{Cite report|date=May 2010 |title=The Educational Backgrounds of Members of Parliament in 2010 |url=http://www.suttontrust.com/public/documents/2MPs_educational_backgrounds_2010_A.pdf |publisher=The Sutton Trust |page=2 |access-date=12 June 2014 |quote=Oxford has produced 102 MPs serving in the 2010 Parliament. |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030125500/https://www.suttontrust.com/public/documents/2MPs_educational_backgrounds_2010_A.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> This includes former Leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband, and numerous members of the cabinet and shadow cabinet. Additionally, over 140 Oxonians sit in the House of Lords.<ref name="Famous" />

{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = International leaders who attended Oxford University
| image1    = Remise du Prix Sakharov à Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg
| caption1  = [[Biography:Aung San Suu Kyi|Aung San Suu Kyi]], St Hugh's College
| image2    = Indira Gandhi 1977.jpg
| caption2  = Indira Gandhi, Somerville College
| image3    = Bill Clinton.jpg
| caption3  = Bill Clinton, [[Organization:University College, Oxford|University College]]
}}
At least 30 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.<ref name="Famous">{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|title=Famous Oxonians|publisher=University of Oxford|date=30 October 2007|access-date=13 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607051053/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|archive-date=7 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This number includes Harald V of Norway,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=28731 |title=Norwegian Royal Family website |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511090259/http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=28731 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abdullah II of Jordan,<ref name="Famous" /> William II of the Netherlands, five Prime Ministers of Australia (John Gorton, Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott, and Malcolm Turnbull),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/fastfacts.asp?pmSelectName=19 |title=National Archives of Australia – John Gorton |access-date=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607041209/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/fastfacts.asp?pmSelectName=19 |archive-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/fraser/fast-facts.aspx |title=National Archives of Australia – Malcolm Fraser |access-date=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912201046/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/fraser/fast-facts.aspx |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=University News (Appointment to Honorary Fellowship) |url=http://infotrac.galegroup.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/itw/infomark/949/202/8859513w19/purl%3Drc2_TTDA_2_%22bob+hawke%22+and+%22university+college%22+and+oxford%26dyn%3Dsig%2123?sw_aep=tou |work=The Times |location=UK |page=14 |date=8 February 1984 |access-date=12 July 2007 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195943/https://msds.open.ac.uk/signon/SAMS001_CDC.aspx?URL=https://libraryauth.open.ac.uk/ezproxy/ezproxy_generate_ticket.php?url=ezp.2aHR0cDovL2luZm90cmFjLmdhbGVncm91cC5jb20vaXR3L2luZm9tYXJrLzk0OS8yMDIvODg1OTUxM3cxOS9wdXJsJTNEcmMyX1RUREFfMl8lMjJib2IraGF3a2UlMjIrYW5kKyUyMnVuaXZlcnNpdHkrY29sbGVnZSUyMithbmQrb3hmb3JkJTI2ZHluJTNEc2lnITIzP3N3X2FlcD10b3U- |url-status=live }}</ref> six Prime Ministers of Pakistan (Liaquat Ali Khan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sir Feroz Khan Noon, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto and Imran Khan),<ref name="Famous" /> two Prime Ministers of Canada ([[Biography:Lester B. Pearson|Lester B. Pearson]] and John Turner),<ref name="Famous" /><ref>''True Grit'', by John Allemang, ''The Globe and Mail'', 6 June 2009.</ref> two Prime Ministers of India (Manmohan Singh and Indira Gandhi, though the latter did not finish her degree),<ref name="Famous" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://infotrac.galegroup.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/itw/infomark/840/396/4587225w17/purl%3Drc1_TTDA_0_CS117673825%26dyn%3D33%21xrn_6_0_CS117673825%26hst_1?sw_aep=tou |title=Mrs Indira Gandhi: strong-willed ruler of India (Obituary) |work=The Times |page=7 |date=1 November 1984 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200034/https://msds.open.ac.uk/signon/SAMS001_CDC.aspx?URL=https://libraryauth.open.ac.uk/ezproxy/ezproxy_generate_ticket.php?url=ezp.2aHR0cDovL2luZm90cmFjLmdhbGVncm91cC5jb20vaXR3L2luZm9tYXJrLzg0MC8zOTYvNDU4NzIyNXcxNy9wdXJsJTNEcmMxX1RUREFfMF9DUzExNzY3MzgyNSUyNmR5biUzRDMzIXhybl82XzBfQ1MxMTc2NzM4MjUlMjZoc3RfMT9zd19hZXA9dG91 |url-status=live }}</ref> S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike (Prime Minister of Ceylon), Eric Williams (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), Abhisit Vejjajiva (Prime Minister of Thailand), Norman Manley ([[Social:Premier|Premier]] of Jamaica),<ref>{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34849 |title=Manley, Norman Washington (1893–1969) |last=Sealy |first=T. E |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34849 |access-date=14 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005851/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34849 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (Sultan of Oman),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1611351/middle-east|title=Haitham bin Tariq appointed new ruler of Oman|website=Arab News|date=11 January 2020|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113223453/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1611351/middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (President of Peru). Bill Clinton is the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a Rhodes Scholar.<ref name="Famous" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1441248.stm |title=Chelsea Clinton heads for Oxford |publisher=BBC News website |date=16 July 2001 |access-date=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526123036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1441248.stm |archive-date=26 May 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Arthur Mutambara (Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe), was a Rhodes Scholar in 1991. Seretse Khama, first president of Botswana, spent a year at [[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]. Festus Mogae (former president of Botswana) was a student at [[Organization:University College, Oxford|University College]]. The Burmese democracy activist and Nobel laureate, [[Biography:Aung San Suu Kyi|Aung San Suu Kyi]], was a student of St Hugh's College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio.html|title=Biography, Nobel Prize website|access-date=11 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027035904/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio.html|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the current reigning Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) of Bhutan, was a member of [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]].<ref>{{cite web|title=His Royal Highness Crown Prince Dasho Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck|publisher=RAOnline|url=http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/pol/bt_polpenlop01.html|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=30 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430102351/http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/pol/bt_polpenlop01.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  The world's youngest Nobel Prize laureate, [[Biography:Malala Yousafzai|Malala Yousafzai]], completed a BA in [[Finance:Philosophy, politics and economics|philosophy, politics and economics]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Malala Yousafzai graduates from Oxford University |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-53107764 |publisher=BBC News |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716215947/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-53107764 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Law ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = Lawyers who attended Oxford University
| image1    = 1 David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury 2016.jpg
| caption1  = David Neuberger, Christ Church
| image2    = Ronald Dworkin at the Brooklyn Book Festival.jpg
| caption2  = [[Biography:Ronald Dworkin|Ronald Dworkin]], [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]
| image3    = Elena Kagan Official SCOTUS Portrait (2013).jpg
| caption3  = Elena Kagan, Worcester College
}}Oxford has produced a large number of distinguished [[Social:Jurist|jurist]]s, judges and lawyers around the world. Lords Bingham and Denning, commonly recognised as two of the most influential English judges in the history of the common law,<ref name="Sands-2010">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/sep/11/lord-bingham-of-cornhill-obituary|title=Lord Bingham of Cornhill obituary|last=Sands|first=Philippe|date=11 September 2010|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307063441/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/sep/11/lord-bingham-of-cornhill-obituary|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17035933|title=Lord Bingham|date=16 September 2010|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021001220/http://www.economist.com/node/17035933|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/06/claredyer1|title=Lord Denning, controversial 'people's judge', dies aged 100|last1=Dyer|first1=Clare|date=5 March 1999|last2=Correspondent|first2=Legal|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816164935/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/06/claredyer1|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/290996.stm|title=Denning: A life of law|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123064114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/290996.stm|archive-date=23 November 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> both studied at Oxford. Within the United Kingdom, three of the current justices of the Supreme Court are Oxford-educated: Robert Reed (Deputy President of the Supreme Court), Nicholas Wilson, and Michael Briggs;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/biographies-of-the-justices.html|title=Biographies of the Justices – The Supreme Court|last=Court|first=The Supreme|website=supremecourt.uk|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522153902/https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/biographies-of-the-justices.html|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> retired Justices include David Neuberger (President of the Supreme Court 2012–2017), Jonathan Mance (Deputy President of the Supreme Court 2017–2018), Alan Rodger, Jonathan Sumption, Mark Saville, John Dyson, and Simon Brown. The twelve Lord Chancellors and nine Lord Chief Justices that have been educated at Oxford include Stanley Buckmaster, [[Biography:Thomas More|Thomas More]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Life of Thomas More|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|year=1999|publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0-7493-8640-5}}</ref> Thomas Wolsey,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|title=Famous Oxonians {{!}} University of Oxford|website=ox.ac.uk|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011195537/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/famous-oxonians|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Gavin Simonds.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31687|title=Gavin Simonds|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31687|access-date=18 October 2016|last1=Rubin|first1=G. R.}}</ref> The twenty-two Law Lords count amongst them Lennie Hoffmann, Kenneth Diplock, Richard Wilberforce, James Atkin, Nick Browne-Wilkinson, Robert Goff, Brian Hutton, Jonathan Mance, Alan Rodger, Mark Saville, Leslie Scarman, Johan Steyn;<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/89469|title=Richard Wilberforce|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/89469|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124542/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/89469|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Master of the Rolls Wilfrid Greene;<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" /> Lord Justices of Appeal include John Laws, Brian Leveson and John Mummery. The British Government's Attorneys General have included Dominic Grieve, Nicholas Lyell, Patrick Mayhew, John Hobson, Reginald Manningham-Buller, Lionel Heald, Frank Soskice, David Maxwell Fyfe, Donald Somervell, William Jowitt; Directors of Public Prosecutions include Sir Thomas Hetherington QC, Dame Barbara Mills QC and Sir Keir Starmer KC.

In the United States, three of the nine incumbent Justices of the Supreme Court are Oxonians, namely Stephen Breyer,<ref>{{Citation|last=MaryDMACC|title=60th Anniversary Marshall Alumni Lecture – Justice Breyer- 8 April 2015|date=14 May 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=14&v=Uo8kof3-zRw|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101112028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=14&v=Uo8kof3-zRw|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Elena Kagan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyprincetonian.com/2008/12/12/22450/|title=The Daily Princetonian|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122054851/http://dailyprincetonian.com/2008/12/12/22450/|archive-date=22 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and Neil Gorsuch;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx#NGorsuch|title=Biographies of Current Justices of the Supreme Court|website=supremecourt.gov|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063602/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx#NGorsuch|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> retired Justices include John Marshall Harlan II,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/harlan_john.html|title=Harlan, John Marshall|website=etcweb.princeton.edu|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427075959/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/harlan_john.html|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> David Souter<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/member-of-staff/david-souter/|title=Justice David H Souter {{!}} Magdalen College Oxford|website=magd.ox.ac.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012843/http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/member-of-staff/david-souter/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and Byron White.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/byron-r-white-36984|title=Byron R. White Biography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103194445/http://www.biography.com/people/byron-r-white-36984|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Internationally, Oxonians Sir Humphrey Waldock<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/18/obituaries/sir-humphrey-waldock-77-head-of-international-court.html|title=Sir Humphrey Waldock, 77; Head of International Court|last=Ap|date=18 August 1981|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021011202/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/18/obituaries/sir-humphrey-waldock-77-head-of-international-court.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> served in the International Court of Justice; Akua Kuenyehia, sat in the International Criminal Court; Sir Nicolas Bratza<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/CV_Bratza_ENG.pdf|title=Sir Nicolas Bratza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317130206/http://echr.coe.int/Documents/CV_Bratza_ENG.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and Paul Mahoney sat in the European Court of Human Rights; Kenneth Hayne,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/ouclj/patrons-journal|title=Patrons of the Journal|date=15 October 2015|work=Oxford Law Faculty|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012058/https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/ouclj/patrons-journal|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dyson Heydon, as well as Patrick Keane sat in the High Court of Australia; both Kailas Nath Wanchoo, A. N. Ray served as Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of India; Cornelia Sorabji, Oxford's first female law student, was India's first female advocate; in Hong Kong, Aarif Barma, Thomas Au and Doreen Le Pichon<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hon Mrs Justice Doreen Le Pichon GBS JA – Law, 1965|url=https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/hon-mrs-justice-doreen-le-pichon-gbs-ja-law-1965|date=29 January 2016|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113826/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/hon-mrs-justice-doreen-le-pichon-gbs-ja-law-1965|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> currently serve in the Court of Appeal (Hong Kong), while Charles Ching and Henry Litton both served as Permanent Judges of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/node/273.html|title=Law/Law with Law Studies in Europe|website=exeter.ox.ac.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012714/http://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/node/273.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Laurie Ackermann<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Laurie Ackermann |url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/former-judges/11-former-judges/59-justice-laurie-ackermann |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.concourt.org.za |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705065229/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/former-judges/11-former-judges/59-justice-laurie-ackermann |url-status=live }}</ref> and Edwin Cameron<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Cameron |url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/former-judges/13-current-judges/179-justice-cameron-2 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.concourt.org.za |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705061705/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/former-judges/13-current-judges/179-justice-cameron-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> served on South Africa's Constitutional Court; six Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada and a chief justice of the now defunct Federal Court of Canada were also educated at Oxford.

The list of noted legal scholars includes [[Biography:H. L. A. Hart|H. L. A. Hart]],<ref name="Hodgson">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/feb/14/ronald-dworkin|title=Ronald Dworkin obituary|last=Hodgson|first=Godfrey|date=14 February 2013|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103113937/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/feb/14/ronald-dworkin|archive-date=3 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Biography:Ronald Dworkin|Ronald Dworkin]],<ref name="Hodgson" /> Andrew Burrows, Sir Guenter Treitel, [[Biography:Jeremy Waldron|Jeremy Waldron]], A. V. Dicey, William Blackstone, [[Biography:John Gardner (legal philosopher)|John Gardner]], Robert A. Gorman, [[Biography:Timothy Endicott|Timothy Endicott]], Peter Birks, [[Biography:John Finnis|John Finnis]], Andrew Ashworth, [[Biography:Joseph Raz|Joseph Raz]], Paul Craig, [[Biography:Leslie Green (philosopher)|Leslie Green]], [[Biography:Tony Honoré|Tony Honoré]], [[Biography:Neil MacCormick|Neil MacCormick]] and Hugh Collins. Other distinguished practitioners who have attended Oxford include Lord Pannick Qc,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/48|title=All Souls College Oxford|website=asc.ox.ac.uk|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021013825/https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/48|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Geoffrey Robertson QC, Amal Clooney,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tatler.com/news/articles/january-2016/amal-clooney-the-most-wanted-woman-in-britain|title=Amal Clooney – the most wanted woman in Britain|work=Tatler|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021011308/http://www.tatler.com/news/articles/january-2016/amal-clooney-the-most-wanted-woman-in-britain|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Lord Faulks QC, and Dinah Rose QC.

=== Mathematics and sciences ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = Scientists who attended Oxford University
| image1    = Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg
| caption1  = [[Biography:Stephen Hawking|Stephen Hawking]], [[Organization:University College, Oxford|University College]]
| image2    = Tim Berners-Lee CP 2 head crop.jpg
| caption2  = Tim Berners-Lee, [[Organization:The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]
| image3    = Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg
| caption3  = [[Biography:Dorothy Hodgkin|Dorothy Hodgkin]], Somerville College
}}

Four Oxford mathematicians, [[Biography:Michael Atiyah|Michael Atiyah]], [[Biography:Daniel Quillen|Daniel Quillen]], [[Biography:Simon Donaldson|Simon Donaldson]] and James Maynard, have won Fields Medals, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics". [[Biography:Andrew Wiles|Andrew Wiles]], who proved [[Fermat's Last Theorem]], was educated at Oxford and is currently the Regius Professor and Royal Society Research Professor in Mathematics at Oxford.<ref name="Wiles Regius">{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-05-31-sir-andrew-wiles-appointed-first-regius-professor-mathematics-oxford |title=Sir Andrew Wiles appointed first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford |work=News & Events |publisher=University of Oxford |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917123615/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-05-31-sir-andrew-wiles-appointed-first-regius-professor-mathematics-oxford |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Biography:Marcus du Sautoy|Marcus du Sautoy]] and [[Biography:Roger Penrose|Roger Penrose]] are both currently mathematics professors, and [[Biography:Jackie Stedall|Jackie Stedall]] was a professor of the university. [[Biography:Stephen Wolfram|Stephen Wolfram]], chief designer of [[Software:Mathematica|Mathematica]] and [[Physics:Wolfram Alpha|Wolfram Alpha]] studied at the university, along with Tim Berners-Lee,<ref name="Famous" /> inventor of the [[World Wide Web]],<ref>{{cite news | title =Web's inventor gets a knighthood | publisher =BBC | date =31 December 2003 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3357073.stm | access-date =14 May 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071223055131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3357073.stm | archive-date =23 December 2007 | url-status =live }}</ref> [[Biography:Edgar F. Codd|Edgar F. Codd]], inventor of [[Relational model|the relational model of data]],<ref name="ACM Turing">{{cite web | url = http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/codd_1000892.cfm | title = A. M. Turing Award – Edgar F. ("Ted") Codd | author = C.J. Date | publisher = [[Organization:Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] | access-date = 2 September 2013 |  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170919185942/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/codd_1000892.cfm | archive-date = 19 September 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Biography:Tony Hoare|Tony Hoare]], programming languages pioneer and inventor of [[Quicksort]].

The university is associated with eleven winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, six in physics and sixteen in medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/oxford_people/oxonian_award_winners/index.html |title=Nobel Laureates |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102024613/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/oxford_people/oxonian_award_winners/index.html |archive-date=2 January 2013 }}</ref>

Scientists who performed research in Oxford include chemist [[Biography:Dorothy Hodgkin|Dorothy Hodgkin]] who received her Nobel Prize for "determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances",<ref name="nobelDH">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029022238/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin.html|archive-date=29 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Biography:Howard Florey|Howard Florey]] who shared the 1945 Nobel prize "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases", and [[Biography:John B. Goodenough|John B. Goodenough]], who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019 "for the development of lithium-ion batteries".<ref name="nobelHF">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/florey/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028190332/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/florey/facts/|archive-date=28 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>  Both [[Biography:Richard Dawkins|Richard Dawkins]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |publisher=[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College, Oxford]] |year=2007 |access-date=6 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |archive-date=10 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Biography:Frederick Soddy|Frederick Soddy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023430/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> studied at the university and returned for research purposes. Robert Hooke,<ref name="Famous" /> [[Biography:Edwin Hubble|Edwin Hubble]],<ref name="Famous" /> and [[Biography:Stephen Hawking|Stephen Hawking]]<ref name="Famous" /> all studied in Oxford.

[[Biography:Robert Boyle|Robert Boyle]], a founder of modern chemistry, never formally studied or held a post within the university, but resided within the city to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacIntosh |first=J.J. |title=Boyle on Atheism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Do_iKlGo75IC&q=oxford&pg=PA42 |access-date=27 December 2012 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9018-8 |page=42 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195938/https://books.google.com/books?id=Do_iKlGo75IC&q=oxford&pg=PA42#v=snippet&q=oxford&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]]<ref>{{cite news |title=How Einstein fled from the Nazis to an Oxford college |author=Chris Koenig |url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/lifestyle/thisweek/9617968.How_Einstein_fled_from_the_Nazis_to_an_Oxford_college/ |work=The Oxford Times |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516233100/http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/lifestyle/thisweek/9617968.How_Einstein_fled_from_the_Nazis_to_an_Oxford_college/ |archive-date=16 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> developer of [[Physics:General relativity|general theory of relativity]] and the concept of [[Physics:Photon|photon]]s; and [[Biography:Erwin Schrödinger|Erwin Schrödinger]] who formulated the [[Physics:Schrödinger equation|Schrödinger equation]] and the [[Physics:Schrödinger's cat|Schrödinger's cat]] thought experiment. Structural engineer Roma Agrawal, responsible for London's Shard, attributes her love of engineering to a summer placement during her undergraduate physics degree at Oxford.

Economists [[Biography:Adam Smith|Adam Smith]], Alfred Marshall, [[Biography:E. F. Schumacher|E. F. Schumacher]], and Amartya Sen all spent time at Oxford.

=== Literature, music, and drama ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = Literary figures who attended Oxford University
| image1    =Oscar Wilde by Napoleon Sarony. Three-quarter-length photograph, seated.jpg
| caption1  = [[Biography:Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]], [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]
| image2    = Vera Brittain.jpg
| caption2  = Vera Brittain, Somerville College
| image3    = J. R. R. Tolkien, 1940s.jpg
| caption3  = J. R. R. Tolkien, [[Organization:Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]
}}
Writers associated with Oxford include [[Biography:Kingsley Amis|Kingsley]] and [[Biography:Martin Amis|Martin Amis]], Vera Brittain, A. S. Byatt, [[Biography:Lewis Carroll|Lewis Carroll]],<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Morton N.|last=Cohen|title=Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge (Lewis Carroll) (1832–1898)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7749|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7749|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162013/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7749|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Penelope Fitzgerald, John Fowles, Theodor Geisel, [[Biography:Robert Graves|Robert Graves]], Graham Greene,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Michael|last=Shelden|title=Greene, (Henry) Graham (1904–1991)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition January 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40460|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/40460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010329/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40460|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Joseph Heller,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/563390.stm |title=Joseph Heller: Literary giant |date=14 December 1999 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228113403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/563390.stm |archive-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Biography:Christopher Hitchens|Christopher Hitchens]], [[Biography:Aldous Huxley|Aldous Huxley]],<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=David King|last=Dunaway|title=Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894–1963)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34082|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34082|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34082|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Samuel Johnson, Nicole Krauss, [[Biography:C. S. Lewis|C. S. Lewis]],<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=J. A. W.|last=Bennett|title=Lewis, Clive Staples (1898–1963)|last2=Plaskitt|first2=Emma|date=2004|orig-year=online edition October 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34512|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34512|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010430/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34512|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Thomas Middleton, [[Biography:Iris Murdoch|Iris Murdoch]], V. S. Naipaul, [[Biography:Philip Pullman|Philip Pullman]],<ref name="Famous" /> [[Biography:Dorothy L. Sayers|Dorothy L. Sayers]], Vikram Seth,<ref name="Famous" /> J. R. R. Tolkien,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=T. A.|last=Shippey|title=Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition October 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31766|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005851/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Evelyn Waugh,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Martin|last=Stannard|title=Waugh, Evelyn Arthur St John (1903–1966)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition May 2007|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36788|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36788|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413095921/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36788|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Biography:Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]],<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Owen|last=Dudley Edwards|author-link=Owen Dudley Edwards|title=Wilde, Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills (1854–1900)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition October 2007|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29400|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29400|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023403/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29400|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> the poets [[Biography:Percy Bysshe Shelley|Percy Bysshe Shelley]],<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Michael|last=O'Neill|title=Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition May 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25312|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023401/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Biography:John Donne|John Donne]],<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=David|last=Colclough|title=Donne, John (1572–1631)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition October 2007|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7819|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7819|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162023/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7819|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> A. E. Housman,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Norman|last=Page|title=Housman, Alfred Edward (1859–1936)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34013|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34013|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Gerard Manley Hopkins, W. H. Auden,<ref>{{cite ODNB |first=Edward |last=Mendelson |author-link=Edward Mendelson |title=Auden, Wystan Hugh (1907–1973) |date=September 2004 |orig-year=online edition October 2007 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30775 |access-date=5 November 2007 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/30775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121145127/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30775 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Biography:T. S. Eliot|T. S. Eliot]] and Philip Larkin,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Anthony|last=Thwaite|title=Larkin, Philip Arthur (1922–1985)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition October 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31333|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31333|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413093119/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31333|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and seven poets laureate: Thomas Warton,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Hugh|last=Reid|title=Warton, Thomas (1728–1790)|date=September 2004|orig-year=online edition May 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28799|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28799|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413095916/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28799|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Henry James Pye,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=James|last=Sambrook|title=Pye, Henry James (1745–1813)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22918|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/22918|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124191859/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22918|archive-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Robert Southey,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Geoffrey|last=Carnall|title=Southey, Robert (1774–1843)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26056|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26056|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26056|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Robert Bridges,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Catherine|last=Phillips|title=Bridges, Robert Seymour (1844–1930)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32066|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32066|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413035926/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32066|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Cecil Day-Lewis,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Sean|last=Day-Lewis|title=Lewis, Cecil Day- (1904–1972)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31014|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413093130/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31014|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Sir John Betjeman,<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Kingsley|last=Amis|author-link=Kingsley Amis|title=Betjeman, Sir John (1906–1984)|last2=Loughlin-Chow|first2=M. Clare|date=2004|orig-year=online edition October 2005|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30815|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/30815|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30815|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and Andrew Motion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=212|title=Andrew Motion|publisher=The Poetry Archive|year=2005|access-date=5 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180229/http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=212|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

Composers Hubert Parry, George Butterworth, John Taverner, William Walton, James Whitbourn and Andrew Lloyd Webber have all been involved with the university.

{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = Actors who attended Oxford University
| image1    = RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg
| caption1  = Rowan Atkinson, [[Organization:The Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College]]
| image2    = Rosamund Pike 2011.jpg
| caption2  = Rosamund Pike, Wadham College
| image3    = Hugh Grant Cannes.jpg
| caption3  = Hugh Grant, [[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
}}

Actors Hugh Grant,<ref name="New College alumni">{{cite web|url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/The_College/A_Brief_History.php |title=A brief history |year=2007 |publisher=New College, Oxford |access-date=6 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824150646/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/The_College/A_Brief_History.php |archive-date=24 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kate Beckinsale,<ref name="New College alumni" /> Rosamund Pike, Felicity Jones, Gemma Chan, Dudley Moore,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/college/famous-alumni|title=Some famous alumni|publisher=[[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College, Oxford]]|year=2007|access-date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024100520/http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/college/famous-alumni|archive-date=24 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Michael Palin,<ref name="Famous" /> Terry Jones,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seh.ox.ac.uk/index.php?section=36|title=Famous graduates|publisher=[[Organization:St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall, Oxford]]|year=2007|access-date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613095515/http://www.seh.ox.ac.uk/index.php?section=36|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Anna Popplewell and Rowan Atkinson were students at the university, as were filmmakers Ken Loach<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/uploads/SPC_Newsletter_Spring_2005.pdf |title=Spring 2005 Newsletter |publisher=St Peter's College, Oxford |date=Spring 2005 |access-date=6 November 2007 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127000004/https://www.spc.ox.ac.uk/uploads/SPC_Newsletter_Spring_2005.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2007 }}</ref> and Richard Curtis.<ref name="Famous" />

=== Religion ===
Oxford has also produced at least 12 [[Religion:Saint|saint]]s, 19 English cardinals, and 20 [[Religion:Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishops of Canterbury]], the most recent Archbishop being Rowan Williams, who studied at Wadham College and was later a Canon Professor at Christ Church.<ref name="Famous" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/about/bio.html |title=Biography |publisher=Archbishop of Canterbury website |access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705202700/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/about/bio.html |archive-date=5 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Biography:Duns Scotus|Duns Scotus]]' teaching is commemorated with a monument in the University Church of St. Mary. Religious reformer [[Biography:John Wycliffe|John Wycliffe]] was an Oxford scholar, for a time Master of [[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]. John Colet, Christian humanist, Dean of St Paul's, and friend of [[Biography:Erasmus|Erasmus]], studied at [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. Several of the Caroline Divines e.g. in particular William Laud as President of St. John's and Chancellor of the university, and the Non-Jurors, e.g. Thomas Ken had close Oxford connections. The founder of [[Religion:Methodism|Methodism]], [[Biography:John Wesley|John Wesley]], studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of [[Organization:Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Henry D.|last=Rack|title=Wesley, John (1703–1791)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29069|access-date=5 November 2007|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29069|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206005850/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29069|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Britain's first woman to be an ordained minister, Constance Coltman, studied at Somerville College. The Oxford Movement (1833–1846) was closely associated with the Oriel fellows [[Biography:John Henry Newman|John Henry Newman]], Edward Bouverie Pusey and John Keble. Other religious figures were Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Shoghi Effendi, one of the appointed leaders of the [[Social:Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí Faith]], and Joseph Cordeiro, the first Pakistani Catholic cardinal.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vaz, JC.|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|page=47|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1997|location=Goa (India)}}</ref>

=== Philosophy ===

{{multiple image
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| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = Philosophers who attended Oxford University
| image1    = John Locke's Kit-cat portrait by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, London.JPG
| caption1  = [[Biography:John Locke|John Locke]], Christ Church
| image2    = Mary Midgley.JPG
| caption2  = [[Biography:Mary Midgley|Mary Midgley]], Somerville College
| image3    = Thomas Hobbes.jpeg
| caption3  = [[Biography:Thomas Hobbes|Thomas Hobbes]], [[Organization:Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]]
}}

Oxford's philosophical tradition started in the medieval era, with [[Biography:Robert Grosseteste|Robert Grosseteste]]<ref name="phil-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/the_faculty/history_of_philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022144359/http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/the_faculty/history_of_philosophy |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead|title=History of Philosophy at Oxford |last1=Mander |first1=W.J. |publisher=Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford |access-date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> and [[Biography:William of Ockham|William of Ockham]],<ref name="phil-history" /> commonly known for [[Occam's razor]], among those teaching at the university. [[Biography:Thomas Hobbes|Thomas Hobbes]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hobbes.html |title=The Galileo Project |publisher=Galileo.rice.edu |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427075808/http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hobbes.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGSytrSTMQwC&q=hobbes+hertford&pg=PT89 |title=Thomas Hobbes: Politics and law |access-date=24 July 2009 |isbn=978-0-415-08083-5 |year=1993 |last1=King |first1=Preston T. |publisher=Routledge |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195939/https://books.google.com/books?id=LGSytrSTMQwC&q=hobbes+hertford&pg=PT89 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Biography:Jeremy Bentham|Jeremy Bentham]] and the [[Philosophy:Empiricism|empiricist]] [[Biography:John Locke|John Locke]] received degrees from Oxford. Though the latter's main works were written after leaving Oxford, Locke was heavily influenced by his twelve years at the university.<ref name="phil-history" />

Oxford philosophers of the 20th century include [[Biography:Richard Swinburne|Richard Swinburne]], a leading philosopher in the tradition of substance dualism; [[Biography:Peter Hacker|Peter Hacker]], philosopher of mind, language, anthropology, and he is also known for his critique of [[Cognitive neuroscience|cognitive neuroscience]]; [[Biography:J. L. Austin|J. L. Austin]], a leading proponent of ordinary-language philosophy; [[Biography:Gilbert Ryle|Gilbert Ryle]],<ref name="phil-history" /> author of ''[[Philosophy:The Concept of Mind|The Concept of Mind]]''; and [[Biography:Derek Parfit|Derek Parfit]], who specialised in personal identity. Other commonly read modern philosophers to have studied at the university include [[Biography:A. J. Ayer|A. J. Ayer]],<ref name="phil-history" /> Elizabeth Anscombe, [[Biography:Paul Grice|Paul Grice]], [[Biography:Mary Midgley|Mary Midgley]], [[Biography:Iris Murdoch|Iris Murdoch]], [[Biography:Thomas Nagel|Thomas Nagel]], [[Biography:Bernard Williams|Bernard Williams]], [[Biography:Robert Nozick|Robert Nozick]], [[Biography:Onora O'Neill|Onora O'Neill]], [[Biography:John Rawls|John Rawls]], [[Biography:Michael Sandel|Michael Sandel]], and [[Biography:Peter Singer|Peter Singer]]. [[Biography:John Searle|John Searle]], presenter of the [[Philosophy:Chinese room|Chinese room]] thought experiment, studied and began his academic career at the university.<ref>{{cite book |last=Faigenbaum |first=Gustavo|title=Conversations with John Searle |year=2001 |publisher=Libros en Red |isbn=978-987-1022-11-3 |pages=29–33}}</ref> Likewise, [[Biography:Philippa Foot|Philippa Foot]], who mentioned the [[Philosophy:Trolley problem|trolley problem]], studied and taught at Somerville College.<ref name="Philippa Foot 1978">Philippa Foot, ''[https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/Readings/FootDoubleEffect.pdf The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808235312/http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/Readings/FootDoubleEffect.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }}'' in ''Virtues and Vices'' (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978) (originally appeared in the ''Oxford Review'', Number 5, 1967.)</ref>

=== Sport ===

{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = People in sports who attended Oxford University
| image1    = Konferenz Pakistan und der Westen Imran Khan edited.jpg
| caption1  = Imran Khan, Keble College
| image2    = Senator Bill Bradley (D-NJ).jpg
| caption2  = Bill Bradley, Worcester College
| image3    = Matthewpinsent.jpg
| caption3  = Matthew Pinsent, St Catherine's College
}}
Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister, who had been at Exeter College and Merton College, ran the first sub-four-minute mile in Oxford.

Some 150 Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including Sir Matthew Pinsent, quadruple gold-medallist rower.<ref name="Famous" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matthewpinsent.com/biography.htm|title=Sir Matthew Pinsent CBE Biography|year=2007|access-date=5 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023052346/http://www.matthewpinsent.com/biography.htm|archive-date=23 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oxford students have also excelled in other sports. 

=== Adventure and exploration ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    = Explorers and adventurers who attended Oxford University
| image1    = BellK 218 Gertrude Bell in Iraq in 1909 age 41.jpg
| caption1  = Gertrude Bell, Lady Margaret Hall
| image2    = With Lawrence in Arabia.jpg
| caption2  = T. E. Lawrence, Jesus College
| image3    = William Segar Sir Walter Raleigh 1598.jpg
| caption3  = Walter Raleigh, [[Organization:Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]]
}}
Three of the most well-known adventurers and explorers who attended Oxford are Walter Raleigh, one of the most notable figures of the [[History:Elizabethan era|Elizabethan era]]; T. E. Lawrence, whose life was the basis of the 1962 film ''Lawrence of Arabia''; and Thomas Coryat. The latter, the author of "Coryat's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &c'" (1611) and court jester of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, is credited with introducing the table fork and umbrella to England and being the first Briton to do a Grand Tour of Europe.<ref>Michael Strachan, "Coryate, Thomas (c. 1577–1617)", in ''Literature of Travel and Exploration: an Encyclopedia'', 2003, Volume 1, pp.285–87</ref>

Other notable figures include Gertrude Bell, an explorer, archaeologist, [[Earth:Cartography|mapper]] and spy who, along with T. E. Lawrence, helped establish the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan and Iraq and played a major role in establishing and administering the modern state of Iraq; Richard Francis Burton, who travelled in disguise to [[Place:Mecca|Mecca]] and journeyed with John Hanning Speke as the first European explorers to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile; anthropologist Katherine Routledge, who carried out the first survey of Easter Island; mountaineer Tom Bourdillon, member of the expedition to make the first ascent of [[Earth:Mount Everest|Mount Everest]]; and Peter Fleming, adventurer and travel writer and elder brother of Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Oxford in literature and other media==<!-- This section is linked from Oxford -->
{{trivia section|date=January 2023}}
The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction.

Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer, in ''Canterbury Tales'', referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford".

By 1989, 533 novels based in Oxford had been identified and the number continues to rise.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford in Fiction: an annotated bibliography|author=Judy G. Batson}}</ref>

Famous literary works range from ''Brideshead Revisited'' by Evelyn Waugh, which in 1981 was adapted as a television serial, to the trilogy ''His Dark Materials'' by [[Biography:Philip Pullman|Philip Pullman]], which features an alternate-reality version of the university and was adapted for film in 2007 and as a BBC television series in 2019.

Other notable examples include:
* ''Zuleika Dobson'' (1911) by Max Beerbohm, a satire about undergraduate life.
* ''Sinister Street'' (1913–1914) by Compton MacKenzie, himself a graduate of [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], a ''Bildungsroman'' about two children born out of wedlock.
* ''Gaudy Night'' (1935) by [[Biography:Dorothy L. Sayers|Dorothy L. Sayers]], herself a graduate of Somerville College, a Lord Peter Wimsey mystery novel.
* The ''Inspector Morse'' detective novels (1975–1999) by Colin Dexter, adapted for television as ''Inspector Morse'' (1987–2000), the spin-off ''Lewis'' (2006–2015), and the prequel ''Endeavour'' (2012–2023).
* ''True Blue'' (1996), a film about the mutiny at the time of the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race of 1987
* ''The History Boys'' (2004) by Alan Bennett, alumnus of [[Organization:Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]], a play about a group of grammar school boys in Sheffield in 1983 applying to read history at Oxford and Cambridge. It premiered at the National Theatre and was adapted for film in 2006.
* ''Posh'' (2010), a play by Laura Wade, and its film adaptation ''The Riot Club'' (2014), about a fictionalised equivalent of the Bullingdon Club.
* ''Testament of Youth'' (2014), a drama film based on the memoir of the same name written by Somerville alumna Vera Brittain.

Notable non-fiction works on Oxford include ''Oxford'' by Jan Morris.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/10/jan-morris-the-greatest-descriptive-writer-of-her-time/# |title=Jan Morris – 'the greatest descriptive writer of her time' |first=Maggie |last=Fergusson |work=The Spectator |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118204511/http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/10/jan-morris-the-greatest-descriptive-writer-of-her-time/ |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The university is parodied in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series with "Unseen University" and "Brazeneck College" (in reference to Brasenose College).

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* Academic scarves of the University of Oxford
* Gaudy celebrations
* [[Organization:List of medieval universities|List of medieval universities]]
* May Morning celebration
* Oxford "-er"
* Oxford bags
* Oxford comma
* Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA)
* Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)
* Oxford University Police
* Town and gown
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em|group="note"}}
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|35em}}

==== Histories ====
* Brock, Michael G., and Mark C. Curthoys, eds. ''The History of the University of Oxford Volumes 6 and 7: Nineteenth-Century'' (Oxford UP, 2000). vol 6 excerpt; [https://www.amazon.com/History-University-Oxford-Nineteenth-Century/dp/0199510172/ vol 7 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113540/https://www.amazon.com/History-University-Oxford-Nineteenth-Century/dp/0199510172 |date=5 March 2017 }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243563.001.0001 |title=The University of Oxford |year=2016 |last1=Brockliss |first1=L.W.B. |isbn=978-0-19-924356-3}}
* {{Cite book |author-link2=Roger Highfield (historian) |last1=Brooke |first1=Christopher |first2=Roger |last2=Highfield |title=Oxford and Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1988 |ol=2381624M |isbn=0521301394}} heavily illustrated
* Catto, Jeremy (ed.), ''The History of the University of Oxford'', (Oxford UP, 1994).
* Clark, Andrew (ed.), ''The colleges of Oxford: their history and traditions'', Methuen & C. (London, 1891).
* Deslandes, Paul R. ''Oxbridge Men: British Masculinity & the Undergraduate Experience, 1850–1920'' (2005), 344pp
* {{cite journal |jstor=4127167 |title=Oxford and the Idea of a University in Nineteenth Century Britain |journal=Oxford Review of Education |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=575–592 |last1=Goldman |first1=Lawrence |year=2004}}
* Harrison, Brian Howard, ed. ''The History of the University of Oxford: Vol 8 The twentieth century'' (Oxford UP 1994).
* Hibbert, Christopher, ''The Encyclopaedia of Oxford'', Macmillan (Basingstoke, 1988).
* McConica, James. ''History of the University of Oxford. Vol. 3: The Collegiate University'' (1986), 775pp.
* Mallet, Charles Edward. ''A history of the University of Oxford: The mediæval university and the colleges founded in the Middle Ages'' (2 vol 1924)
* Midgley, Graham. ''University Life in Eighteenth-Century Oxford'' (1996) 192pp
* Simcock, Anthony V. ''The Ashmolean Museum and Oxford Science, 1683–1983'' (Museum of the History of Science, 1984).
* Sutherland, Lucy Stuart, Leslie G. Mitchell, and T. H. Aston, eds. ''The history of the University of Oxford'' (Clarendon, 1984).

==== Popular studies and collections ====
* Annan, Noel, ''The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses'' HarperCollins (London, 1999)
* Batson, Judy G., ''Oxford in Fiction'', Garland (New York, 1989).
* Betjeman, John, ''An Oxford University Chest'', Miles (London, 1938).
* Casson, Hugh, ''Hugh Casson's Oxford'', Phaidon (London, 1988).
* Dougill, John, ''Oxford in English Literature'', (U of Michigan Press, 1998).
* Feiler, Bruce, ''Looking for Class: Days and Nights at Oxford and Cambridge'', (2004).
* Fraser, Antonia (ed.), ''Oxford and Oxfordshire in Verse'', Penguin (London, 1983).
* R.W. Johnson, ''Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Golden Postwar Age'', Threshold Press (2015).
* Kenny, Anthony & Kenny, Robert, ''Can Oxford be Improved?'', Imprint Academic (Exeter, 2007)
* Knight, William (ed.), ''The Glamour of Oxford'', (Blackwell, 1911).
* Miles, Jebb, ''The Colleges of Oxford'', Constable (London, 1992).
* Morris, Jan, ''The Oxford Book of Oxford'', (Oxford UP 2002).
* Pursglove, G. and A. Ricketts (eds.), ''Oxford in Verse'', Perpetua (Oxford, 1999).
* Seccombe, Thomas and H. Scott (eds.), ''In Praise of Oxford'' (2 vols.), Constable (London, 1912). [https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofoxford00seccuoft v.1]
* Snow, Peter, ''Oxford Observed'', John Murray (London, 1991).

==== Guide books ====
{{Main list|Timeline of Oxford#Further reading
}}
* Tames, Richard, ''A Traveller's History of Oxford'', Interlink (New York, 2002).
* Tyack, Geoffrey, ''Oxford: An Architectural Guide'', [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] (Oxford, 1998).
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63862#n9 'The University of Oxford', A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford (1954), pp. 1–38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132507/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63862#n9 |date=16 January 2014 }}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Oxford University" OR "University of Oxford")}}

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