View source for Organization:University of Toronto

{{Short description|University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=April 2021}}
<!-- This article is about the largest of the three University of Toronto campuses (also known as St. George or downtown campus) of the University of Toronto and the university's central administration. Information that is specific to the two suburban campuses of the University's tri-campus system and their affairs can be found in the respective articles of University of Toronto Mississauga and University of Toronto Scarborough. -->
{{Infobox university
 | name                   = University of Toronto
 | image                  = Utoronto coa.svg
 | logo                   = 
 | image_upright          = 1
 | caption                = Coat of arms
 | latin_name             = Universitas Torontonensis<!--This name is used during convocations and in Latin literature-->
 | motto                  = {{native name|la|Velut arbor ævo}}
 | mottoeng               = "As a tree through the ages"<ref>Originates from Horace ''Odes'', book I, ode 12, line 45: "''crescit occulto velut arbor ævo fama Marcelli''{{-"}} ("The fame of Marcellus grows like a tree over time unseen").</ref>
 | established            = {{Start date and age|1827|03|15|p=yes|br=yes}}
 | type                   = Public research university
 | former_name            = King's College<br />(1827–1849)
 | endowment              = {{Plain list|
* {{Circa|C$3.27}} billion (excl. colleges)<ref name=endowmentreport>Endowment figure does not include separate endowment funds maintained by individual colleges, which amount to C$555.7 million for Victoria University, C$83.7 million for Trinity College, and C$88.5 million for the University of St. Michael’s College in their respective most recent financial reports (2020-2023) {{Cite book |title=Financial Report - 2023 |publisher=Financial Services Department, University of Toronto |year=2023 |url=https://finance.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023f.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830084244/https://finance.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023f.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Cite book |title=Financial Statements of Trinity College - 2022 |publisher=KPMG LLP |year=2022 |url=https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-22-Audited-Financial-Statements.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2023 }} {{Cite book |title=Financial Statements - 2023 |publisher=Financial Services Department, Victoria University |year=2023 |url=https://vicu.utoronto.ca/assets/PDFs/Finance-/Victoria-University-2023.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2023 }} {{Cite book |title=Financial Statements of the University of St. Michael's College - 2020 |publisher=KPMG LLP |year=2020 |url=https://stmikes.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-04-30-University-of-St-Michaels-College-24360-AUD-DSsign.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2023 }}</ref>
* {{Circa|C$3.99}} billion (incl. colleges)<ref name=endowmentreport/>}}
 | city                   = Toronto
 | province               = Ontario
 | country                = Canada
 | coor                   = {{coord|43|39|42|N|79|23|42|W|region:CA-ON_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
 | faculty                = 3,246<ref name="financial2021">{{Cite book |title=Financial Report - 2021 |publisher=Financial Services Department, University of Toronto |year=2021 |url=https://finance.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021f.pdf |access-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-date=July 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708191621/https://finance.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021f.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Operating academic staff, excluding hospitals -->
 | administrative_staff   = 7,462<ref name="financial2021"/><!-- Operating non-academic staff, excluding hospitals -->
 | chancellor             = Rose M. Patten<ref name="admin">{{cite web |url=http://www.chancellor.utoronto.ca/ |title=About The Chancellor |access-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225947/http://www.chancellor.utoronto.ca/ |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | president              = Meric Gertler<ref name="admin"/>
 | provost                = Cheryl Regehr
<!-- Before modifying enrolment figures, please be aware that this article is about the downtown campus (also known as St. George) of the University of Toronto. Respective information on the other campuses can be found in the articles of University of Toronto Mississauga and University of Toronto Scarborough. --> | students               = <!-- Please read the note above before modifying -->64,218{{efn|name=utsg|The following figure is for the St. George campus, the university's largest campus in downtown Toronto. For data on the two other University of Toronto campuses, the Scarborough and Mississauga, refer to the respective articles.}}<ref name="quickfacts">{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/about-u-of-t/quick-facts |title=Quick Facts |publisher=University of Toronto |access-date=February 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155323/https://www.utoronto.ca/about-u-of-t/quick-facts |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | undergrad              = <!-- Please read the note above before modifying -->44,763{{efn|name=utsg}}<ref name="quickfacts" />
 | postgrad               = <!-- Please read the note above before modifying -->19,455{{efn|name=utsg}}<ref name="quickfacts" />
 | campus                 = <!-- Please read the note above before modifying -->St. George; Urban, {{convert|71|ha|acre}}{{efn|name=utsg}}<ref name=factsandfigures >{{Cite book |last1=Pask-Aubé |first1=Corinne |title=University of Toronto Facts and Figures |publisher=Office of Government, Institutional and Community Relations |year=2012|url= https://www.utoronto.ca/about-uoft/quickfacts |access-date=February 23, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160430021717/http://www.utoronto.ca/about-uoft/quickfacts |archive-date=April 30, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | colours                = {{scarf|start}}
{{cell|#002A5C}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{scarf|end}}
 | mascot                 = True Blue (the Beaver)
 | nickname               = Varsity Blues
 | sporting_affiliations  = U Sports – OUA, CUFLA
 | academic_affiliation   = AAU, ACU, Universities Canada, URA, U15
 | website                = {{URL|https://www.utoronto.ca|utoronto.ca}}<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS WEBSITE TO http://www.toronto.edu or https://www.toronto.edu as the University of Toronto no longer uses it as their web address and redirects it to https://www.utoronto.ca . As well, the University of Toronto UTORid system, the main university online identification system, no longer issues @toronto.edu e-mail addresses as they now issue @utoronto.ca e-mail addresses instead. -->
}}

The '''University of Toronto''' ('''UToronto'''<!-- Do not add Toronto U because it would refer to Toronto University, which is an incorrect name (and can be confused with Toronto Metropolitan University) --> or '''U of T'''<!-- Do not add UT since it is used as a part of longer abbreviations, such as UTM, UTSC, and UTSU, but not as a standalone abbreviation -->) is a public<!-- Public universities are public-assisted in nature --> research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as '''King's College''', the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution. As a collegiate university, it comprises 11 [[Organization:College|college]]s each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history. The university maintains three campuses, the oldest of which is St. George, located in downtown Toronto. The other two satellite campuses are located in Scarborough and Mississauga.

The University of Toronto offers over 700 undergraduate and 200 graduate programs. The university receives the most annual [[Funding of science|scientific research funding]] and [[Finance:Financial endowment|endowment]] of any Canadian university. It is also one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, alongside McGill University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Association of American Universities|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114071434/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5474|archive-date=January 14, 2013|access-date=November 5, 2012|publisher=Aau.edu}}</ref> Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in [[Philosophy:Literary criticism|literary criticism]] and [[Social:Communication theory|communication theory]], known collectively as the [[Philosophy:Toronto School of communication theory|Toronto School]].

The university was the birthplace of [[Biology:Insulin|insulin]] and [[Biology:Stem cell|stem cell]] research, the first [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|artificial cardiac pacemaker]],<ref name="pearce_2005" /> and the site of the first successful [[Medicine:Lung transplantation|lung transplant]] and [[Biology:Nerve|nerve]] transplant. The university was also home to the first [[Engineering:Electron microscope|electron microscope]], the development of [[Deep learning|deep learning]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Werbos, Paul J. (Paul John) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/77001455 |title=Beyond regression : new tools for prediction and analysis in the behavioral sciences |oclc=77001455}}</ref> [[Neural network|neural network]], multi-touch technology, the identification of the first [[Astronomy:Black hole|black hole]] [[Astronomy:Cygnus X-1|Cygnus X-1]], and the development of the theory of [[NP-completeness]]. The University of Toronto is the recipient of both the single largest philanthropic gift in Canadian history, a $250 million donation from James and Louise Temerty in 2020, and the largest ever research grant in Canada, a $200 million grant from the Government of Canada in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 24, 2020 |title=University of Toronto receives single largest gift in Canadian history from James and Louise Temerty to support advances in human health and health care |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/university-toronto-receives-single-largest-gift-canadian-history-james-and-louise-temerty |access-date=November 4, 2023 |publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Accelerating Progress |url=https://magazine.utoronto.ca/campus/accelerating-progress/ |access-date=November 4, 2023 |publisher=University of Toronto Magazine}}</ref>

The Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, primarily within U Sports, with ties to gridiron football, rowing and ice hockey. The earliest recorded instance of gridiron football occurred at University of Toronto's University College in November 1861.<ref name="Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession - Mark F. Bernstein - Google Books">{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Mark F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3i4KOu7MiEC|title=Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession|date=September 19, 2001|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3627-9|language=en}}</ref><!--Do not remove as it's explained later in the Athletics section of the article with reliable references--> The university's Hart House is an early example of the North American student centre, simultaneously serving cultural, intellectual, and recreational interests within its large Gothic-revival complex.

University of Toronto alumni include five Prime Ministers of Canada (including William Lyon Mackenzie King and [[Biography:Lester B. Pearson|Lester B. Pearson]]), three Governors Generals of Canada, nine foreign leaders, and 17 justices of the Supreme Court of Canada.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://higheredstrategy.com/canadian-pms-higher-education-experiences/ | title=Canadian PMs' Higher Education Experiences| publisher=Higher Education Strategy Associates | date=November 30, 2015 | access-date=November 2, 2008}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, <!--The vast majority of university lists the affiliation-->12<!--The vast majority of university lists the affiliation--> Nobel laureates, six Turing Award winners, 94 Rhodes Scholars, and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the university.

==History==
===Early history===
The founding of a colonial college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada and founder of York, the colonial capital.<ref name="simcoeBiography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2659&interval=20&&PHPSESSID=0rumfq1oqmk0k2d7nt51qeh9s0 |title=Simcoe, John Graves |access-date=November 2, 2008 |work=Volume V |publisher=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |year=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017090831/http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2659&interval=20&&PHPSESSID=0rumfq1oqmk0k2d7nt51qeh9s0 |archive-date=October 17, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="historyQA_simcoe"/> As an [[Organization:University of Oxford|Oxford]]-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, Simcoe believed a college was needed to counter the spread of [[Philosophy:Republicanism|republicanism]] from the {{wipe|United States}}.<ref name="historyQA_simcoe">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history1.asp |title=Who was an early advocate for higher education in Upper Canada? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200539/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history1.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 that a college be established in York.<ref name="historyQA_simcoe"/>
[[File:King's College royal charter 1827 leaf1.jpg|thumb|Charter granted by King George IV in 1827, establishing King's College.]]
On March 15, 1827, a royal charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming "from this time one College, with the style and privileges of a University ... for the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, and for their instruction in the various branches of Science and Literature ... to continue for ever, to be called King's College."<ref name="charterStory"/> The granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the college's first president.<ref name="charterStory">{{cite web |url=http://content.library.utoronto.ca/utarms/researchers/Charter/Charter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190101/http://content.library.utoronto.ca/utarms/researchers/Charter/Charter |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 10, 2012 |title=The story of the University of Toronto's original charter |access-date=November 2, 2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services }}</ref><ref name="friedland_2002"/> The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queen's Park.<ref name="historyQA_kingsCollege">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history11.asp |title=What university was founded 175 years ago? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200539/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history11.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Portrait_kingsCollege">{{citation |title=University College, A Portrait 1853–1953 |editor-last=Bissell |editor-first=Claude T. |publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1953}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Peppiatt|first1=Liam|title=Chapter 17: Universities Old and New|url=http://www.landmarksoftoronto.com/universities-old-and-new|website=Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited|access-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630103136/http://www.landmarksoftoronto.com/universities-old-and-new|archive-date=June 30, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Under Strachan's stewardship, King's College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact.<ref name="strachanBiography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4729 |title=Strachan, John |access-date=November 2, 2008 |work=Volume IX |publisher=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online |year=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526080647/http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4729 |archive-date=May 26, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reformist politicians opposed the clergy's control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college [[Philosophy:Secularization|secularized]].<ref name="historyQA_secularization">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history13.asp |title=How does history remember the 1849 conversion of King's College to the University of Toronto? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200548/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history13.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1849, after a lengthy and heated debate, the newly elected responsible government of the Province of Canada voted to rename King's College as the University of Toronto and severed the school's ties with the church.<ref name="friedland_2002">{{cite book |title=The University of Toronto: A History |last=Friedland |first=Martin L. |year=2002 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-4429-7 |pages=4, 31, 143, 156, 313, 376, 593–96}}</ref> Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary.<ref name="bfaught">{{Cite news |last=Faught |first=Brad |title=The Cast of Presidents |newspaper=University of Toronto Magazine |issue=Summer 2000 |year=2000 |url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/00summer/presidents.asp |access-date=November 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218084731/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/00summer/presidents.asp |archive-date=February 18, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. During the American Civil War, the threat of Union blockade on British North America  prompted the creation of the University Rifle Corps, which saw battle in resisting the Fenian raids on the Niagara border in 1866.<ref name="historyQA_rifleCorps">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history22.asp |title=In what battle did the University Rifle Corps first see action? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410082153/http://greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history22.asp |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Corps was part of the Reserve Militia led by professor Henry Croft.<ref name="historyQA_rifleCorps" />
[[File:UniversityCollegeUofT 1800s.jpg|thumb|Painting of University College, 1859.]]
Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was the precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, which has been nicknamed ''Skule'' since its earliest days.<ref name="historyQA_skule">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history15.asp |title=In 1878, what disciplines were launched in the University of Toronto's "Little Red Skulehouse"? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200611/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history15.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887 when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine.<ref name="historyQA_medicine"/> Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees.<ref name="historyQA_medicine">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history40.asp |title=What medical school was recognized as among the "best on the continent" within 20 years of its opening? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200543/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history40.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>  The university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888 when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate.<ref name="friedland_2002"/> Women were first admitted to the university in 1884.<ref name="historyQA_women">{{cite web|url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history36.asp|title=What was front page news in the inaugural issue of the student paper The Varsity in 1880?|work=History Q & A|publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs|access-date=April 20, 2019|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200541/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history36.asp|archive-date=April 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

A devastating fire in 1890 gutted the interior of University College and destroyed 33,000 volumes from the library,<ref name="historyQA_fire">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history6.asp |title=What was so heartbreaking about Valentine's Day, 1890? |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |access-date=April 20, 2019 |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200546/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history6.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the university restored the building and replenished its library within two years.<ref name="historyQA_fire"/> Over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachan's Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991 and the Royal Ontario Museum from 1912 to 1968; both still retain close ties with the university as independent institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Museum Makers: the Story of the Royal Ontario Museum |last=Dickson |first=Lovat |year=1986 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-7441-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=There's Music in These Walls: A History of the Royal Conservatory of Music |last=Schabas |first=Ezra |year=2005 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=978-1-55002-540-8}}</ref> The University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canada's first academic publishing house.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Parker|first=George L.|year=2009|title=University Presses|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university-presses|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818205824/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university-presses|archive-date=August 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Faculty of Forestry, founded in 1907 with Bernhard Fernow as dean, was Canada's first university faculty devoted to forest science. In 1910, the Faculty of Education opened its laboratory school, the University of Toronto Schools.

===World wars and post-war years===
[[File:AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg|thumb|A [[Engineering:Sopwith Camel|Sopwith Camel]] aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918.]]
The [[Social:World War I|First]] and [[Social:World War II|Second World Wars]] curtailed some university activities as undergraduate and graduate men eagerly enlisted.<ref name="historyQA_WWI">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history31.asp |title=In 1914, why were students marching in the University of Toronto's Hart House under the command of a chemistry professor? |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |access-date=April 20, 2019 |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200540/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history31.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="historyQA_WWII"/> Intercollegiate athletic competitions and the Hart House Debates were suspended, although exhibition and interfaculty games were still held.<ref name="historyQA_WWII">{{cite web|url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history37.asp|title=How many University of Toronto students and alumni served in the Canadian Armed Forces during the Second World War?|work=History Q & A|publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs|access-date=April 19, 2019|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200612/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history37.asp|archive-date=April 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The David Dunlap Observatory in Richmond Hill opened in 1935, followed by the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies in 1949.<ref name="friedland_2002"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Russel |first=C.H. |date=February 1999 |title=The Legacy Continues:C. A. Chant and the David Dunlap Observatory |journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada |volume=93 |issue=1|pages=11 |bibcode=1999JRASC..93...11R }}</ref>

By the 1961–62 academic year, the university had a total enrolment of 14,302 students, including 1,531 graduate students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macdonald |first=John B. |date=1962 |title=Higher education in British Columbia and a plan for the future |url=https://www.bccat.ca/Media/NEWBCCAT/pubs/HighEdBCPlan.pdf |access-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216093548/https://www.bccat.ca/Media/NEWBCCAT/pubs/HighEdBCPlan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The university opened suburban campuses in Scarborough in 1964 and in Mississauga in 1967. The university's former affiliated schools at the Ontario Agricultural College and Glendon Hall became fully independent of the University of Toronto and became part of University of Guelph in 1964 and York University in 1965, respectively. Beginning in the 1980s, reductions in government funding prompted more rigorous fundraising efforts.<ref name="friedland_2002"/>

===Since 2000===
In 2000, geophysicist Kin-Yip Chun was reinstated as a professor of the university, after he launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against the university alleging racial discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/u-of-t-reinstates-researcher/article1042381/|title=U of T reinstates researcher|date=September 9, 2000|access-date=September 7, 2019|work=The Globe and Mail|publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc.|archive-date=February 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208065627/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/u-of-t-reinstates-researcher/article1042381/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, a human rights application was filed against the University by one of its students for allegedly delaying the investigation of sexual assault and being dismissive of their concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/04/05/student-alleges-university-of-toronto-mishandled-sex-assault-complaint.html|title=Student alleges University of Toronto mishandled sex assault complaint|work=The Toronto Star|access-date=September 7, 2019|date=April 5, 2017|last=Siekierska|first=Alicja|publisher=Torstar Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922151131/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/04/05/student-alleges-university-of-toronto-mishandled-sex-assault-complaint.html|archive-date=September 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the university cleared one of its professors of allegations of discrimination and antisemitism in an internal investigation, after a complaint was filed by one of its students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/university-of-toronto-clears-professor-following-dispute-with-jewish-student|title=University of Toronto clears professor following dispute with Jewish student|date=September 13, 2018|last=Csillag|first=Ron|work=CJN News|publisher=Canadian Jewish News|access-date=September 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922151131/https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/university-of-toronto-clears-professor-following-dispute-with-jewish-student|archive-date=September 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://torontosun.com/news/local-news/levy-prof-didnt-discriminate-against-jewish-student-u-of-t |title=Levy - Prof. didn't discriminate against Jewish student: U of T |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209114716/https://torontosun.com/news/local-news/levy-prof-didnt-discriminate-against-jewish-student-u-of-t |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The University of Toronto was the first Canadian university to amass a [[Finance:Financial endowment|financial endowment]] greater than one billion dollars in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian university endowment funds skyrocket |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=fcabcfec-0d12-49b5-938b-7a4e565bb74f&k=27206 |work=Ottawa Citizen |publisher=CanWest Global |date=October 26, 2007 |access-date=March 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027074817/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=fcabcfec-0d12-49b5-938b-7a4e565bb74f&k=27206 |archive-date=October 27, 2007 }}</ref> From 2011 to 2018, the university embarked on the ''Boundless'' fundraising campaign, which concluded in 2018 at $2.641 billion raised, setting a new all-time fundraising record in Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boundless.utoronto.ca/the-campaign/ | title=Boundless: The Campaign for the University of Toronto | access-date=November 5, 2023 | publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref>

On September 24, 2020, the university announced the single largest donation in Canadian history, a $250 million gift to the Faculty of Medicine from Toronto-based philanthropists James and Louise Temerty.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Toronto receives single largest gift in Canadian history from James and Louise Temerty to support advances in human health and health care |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/university-toronto-receives-single-largest-gift-canadian-history-james-and-louise-temerty |website=University of Toronto News |access-date=September 25, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929173637/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/university-toronto-receives-single-largest-gift-canadian-history-james-and-louise-temerty |url-status=live }}</ref> This broke the previous record for the school set in 2019 when Gerry Schwartz and Heather Reisman jointly donated $100 million for the creation of a {{convert|750000|sqft|adj=on|order=flip}} innovation and artificial intelligence centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landmark $100-million gift to the University of Toronto from Gerald Schwartz and Heather Reisman will power Canadian innovation and help researchers explore the intersection of technology and society |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/landmark-100-million-gift-university-toronto-gerald-schwartz-and-heather-reisman-will-power |website=University of Toronto News |access-date=September 25, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926064600/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/landmark-100-million-gift-university-toronto-gerald-schwartz-and-heather-reisman-will-power |url-status=live }}</ref> The Faculty of Medicine has been renamed the Temerty Faculty of Medicine in their honour.

In December 2021, the University of Toronto announced the launch of the ''Defy Gravity'' campaign, the largest fundraising campaign in Canadian history, with a goal of raising $4 billion for the university.<ref>{{cite web | title=Defy Gravity: Campaign for U of T offers vision of inclusive excellence with global impact | url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/defy-gravity-campaign-u-t-offers-vision-inclusive-excellence-global-impact | publisher=University of Toronto | date=December 14, 2021 | access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref>

==Grounds==
[[File:WWTower-in-university-of-toronto cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Soldiers' Tower, a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars, contains a 51-bell carillon.]]
The university grounds lie about {{convert|2|km|mi}} north of the Financial District in Downtown Toronto, immediately north of Chinatown and the [[Place:Discovery District|Discovery District]], and immediately south of the neighbourhoods of Yorkville and The Annex. The site encompasses {{convert|71|ha|acre}} bounded mostly by Bay Street to the east, Bloor Street to the north, Spadina Avenue to the west and College Street to the south.<ref name=factsandfigures /> An enclave surrounded by university grounds, Queen's Park, contains the Ontario Legislative Building and several historic monuments. With its green spaces and many interlocking courtyards, the university forms a distinct region of urban parkland in the city's downtown core.<ref name="openSpace"/> The namesake University Avenue is a ceremonial boulevard and arterial thoroughfare that runs through downtown between Queen's Park and Front Street. The {{stl|TTC|Spadina}}, {{stl|TTC|St. George}}, {{stl|TTC|Museum}}, {{stl|TTC|Queen's Park}}, and {{stl|TTC|St. Patrick}} stations of the Toronto subway system are nearby.

The architecture is epitomized by a combination of Romanesque and Gothic Revival buildings spread across the eastern and central portions of campus, most dating between 1858 and 1929. The traditional heart of the university, known as Front Campus, is near the campus centre in an oval lawn enclosed by King's College Circle.<ref name="openSpace">{{cite journal |author=Allsop, Robert |title=Investing in the Landscape |publisher=The Open Space Steering Committee, University of Toronto |year=1999 |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/openspace/ |access-date=January 11, 2009 |display-authors=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728080833/http://www.utoronto.ca/openspace/ |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The centrepiece is the main building of University College, built in 1857 with an eclectic blend of Richardsonian Romanesque and Norman architectural elements.<ref>{{cite book |title=Illustrated Toronto, Past and Present |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedtoron00timp_0 |last=Timperlake |first=J. |year=1877 |publisher=Peter A. Gross |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedtoron00timp_0/page/n286 209]}}</ref> The dramatic effect of this blended design by architect Frederick William Cumberland drew praise from European visitors of the time: "Until I reached Toronto," remarked Lord Dufferin during his visit in 1872, "I confess I was not aware that so magnificent a specimen of architecture existed upon the American continent."<ref>{{cite book |title=Fred Cumberland: Building the Victorian Dream |last=Simmins |first=Geoffrey |year=1997 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-0679-0 |page=92}}</ref> The building was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1968.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Minutes of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada |publisher=National Historic Sites Directorate |year=1968 |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/visit-visite/com-ful_e.aspx?id=9520 |id=Fed/Prov/Terr identifier 558 |access-date=January 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224033009/http://www.historicplaces.ca/visit-visite/com-ful_e.aspx?id=9520 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Built in 1907, Convocation Hall is recognizable for its domed roof and Ionic-pillared rotunda. Although its foremost function is hosting the annual convocation ceremonies, the building is a venue for academic and social events throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite journal |url= http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/02spring/snowflake.asp |title= As Canadian as a Snowflake |journal= University of Toronto Magazine |year= 2002 |issue= Spring 2002 |author= Duffy, Dennis |access-date= January 11, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118054113/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/02spring/snowflake.asp |archive-date= January 18, 2008 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The sandstone buildings of Knox College epitomizes the North American collegiate Gothic design, with its characteristic cloisters surrounding a secluded courtyard.<ref name="fraser1995"/>
[[File:UofTConvocationHall.jpg|thumb|The neoclassical Convocation Hall is characterized by its domed roof and Ionic-pillared rotunda.]]
A lawn at the northeast is anchored by Hart House, a Gothic-revival student centre complex. Among its many common rooms, the building's Great Hall is noted for large stained-glass windows and a long quotation from [[Biography:John Milton|John Milton]]'s ''[[Philosophy:Areopagitica|Areopagitica]]'' inscribed around the walls.<ref name="kilgour_1999">{{cite book |title=A Strange Elation: Hart House, The First Eighty Years |last=Kilgour |first=David |year=1999 |publisher=Hart House |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-7727-0649-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/strangeelationha0000unse |access-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111015329/https://archive.org/details/strangeelationha0000unse |archive-date=January 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Canadian Literary Landmarks |last=Colombo |first=John Robert |year=1984 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=978-0-88882-073-0 |page=194}}</ref> The adjacent Soldiers' Tower stands {{convert|143|ft|m|0}} tall as the most prominent structure in the vicinity, its stone arches etched with the names of university members lost to the battlefields of the two World Wars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alumni.utoronto.ca/s/731/index.aspx?sid=731&gid=9&pgid=61 |title=Soldiers' Tower Committee Information |access-date=March 15, 2009 |publisher=Soldiers' Tower Committee, University of Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224092028/http://alumni.utoronto.ca/s/731/index.aspx?sid=731&gid=9&pgid=61&cid=160 |archive-date=February 24, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tower houses a 51-bell [[Biology:Carillon|carillon]] played on special occasions such as Remembrance Day and convocation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leeper |first=Muriel |year=1998 |title=Ringing the bells – Carillon demonstration by musician Gerald Martindale at the Soldiers' Tower Carillon at the University of Toronto in Canada |journal=Performing Arts & Entertainment in Canada |volume=32 |issue=1 |issn=1185-3433 }}</ref>  North of University College, the main building of Trinity College displays Jacobethan Tudor architecture, while its chapel was built in the Perpendicular Gothic style of Giles Gilbert Scott.<ref>{{cite book |title=Toronto, No Mean City |title-link=Toronto, No Mean City |last=Arthur |first=Eric Ross |author2=Otto, Stephen A. |year=1986 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-6587-2 |page=130}}</ref> The chapel features exterior walls of [[Earth:Sandstone|sandstone]] and interiors of Indiana Limestone and was built by Italian stonemasons using ancient building methods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/About_Trinity/Chapel/default.htm |title=Trinity College Chapel |publisher=University of Trinity College |access-date=November 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021003633/http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/About_Trinity/Chapel/default.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Philosopher's Walk is a scenic footpath that follows a meandering, wooded [[Earth:Ravine|ravine]], the buried Taddle Creek, linking with Trinity College, Varsity Arena and the Faculty of Law. Victoria College is on the eastern side of Queen's Park, centred on a Romanesque main building made of contrasting red sandstone and grey limestone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/about/history/One_Hundred_Years_of_Architecture.htm |title=One Hundred Years of Architecture |last=Houghton |first=Sarah |access-date=March 15, 2009 |work=The Strand |date=March 12, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915165824/http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/about/history/One_Hundred_Years_of_Architecture.htm |archive-date=September 15, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Developed after the [[Social:World War II|Second World War]], the western section of the campus consists mainly of modernist and internationalist structures that house laboratories and faculty offices.<ref name="openSpace"/> The most significant example of Brutalist architecture is the massive Robarts Library complex, built in 1972 and opened a year later in 1973. It features raised podia, extensive use of triangular geometric designs and a towering 14-storey concrete structure that cantilevers above a field of open space and mature trees.<ref name="mcClelland_2007">{{cite book |title=Concrete Toronto: A Guidebook to Concrete Architecture from the Fifties to the Seventies |last=McClelland |first=Michael |author2=Stewart, Graeme |author3=E.R.A. Architects |year=2007 |publisher=Coach House Books |isbn=978-1-55245-193-9 |pages=34, 164, 173}}</ref> Sidney Smith Hall is the home to the Faculty of Arts and Science, as well as a few departments within the faculty. The Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building, completed in 2006, exhibits the high-tech architectural style of glass and steel by British architect Norman Foster.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKeough |first=Tim |year=2007 |title=The Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building, Toronto |journal=Architectural Record |issue=May 2007 |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/lighting/archives/0705leslie.asp |access-date=March 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006223352/http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/lighting/archives/0705leslie.asp |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{wide image|Robarts.jpg|952px|The north-central portion of the university grounds is seen from Robarts Library, with the skyline of Downtown Toronto in the background.}}

==Governance and colleges==
[[File:The Old Vic, Toronto.jpg|thumb|Old Vic, the main building of Victoria College, typifies the Richardsonian Romanesque style.]]
The University of Toronto has traditionally been a [[Social:Decentralization|decentralized]] institution, with governing authority shared among its central administration, academic faculties and colleges.<ref name="ross1972">{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Murray G. |date=April 1972 |title=The dilution of academic power in Canada: The University of Toronto Act |journal=Minerva |publisher=Springer Netherlands |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=242–258 |doi=10.1007/BF01682420 |s2cid=143134795 }}</ref> The Governing Council is the unicameral legislative organ of the central administration, overseeing general academic, business and institutional affairs.<ref name="uoftAct">{{Cite canlaw |short title= The University of Toronto Act |abbr=S.O. |year=1971 |chapter=56 |section=2, 10, 12 |link=http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Policies/uoftact.pdf |amended1=S.O. 1978 c. 88}}</ref> Before 1971, the university was governed under a [[Social:Bicameralism|bicameral]] system composed of the board of governors and the university senate.<ref name="ross1972"/> The chancellor, usually a former governor general, lieutenant governor, premier or diplomat, is the ceremonial head of the university. The president is appointed by the council as the chief executive.<ref name="uoftAct"/>

Unlike most North American institutions, the University of Toronto is a collegiate university with a model that resembles those of the [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] and the [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] in Britain.<ref name="alexander1906">{{cite book |title=The University of Toronto and Its Colleges, 1827–1906 |last=Alexander |first=William John |year=1906 |publisher=H. H. Langton, The University Library |location=Toronto}}</ref> The colleges hold substantial autonomy over admissions, scholarships, programs and other academic and financial affairs, in addition to the housing and social duties of typical residential colleges.<ref name="uoftAct"/><ref name="alexander1906"/> The system emerged in the 19th century, as ecclesiastical colleges considered various forms of union with the University of Toronto to ensure their viability. The desire to preserve religious traditions in a secular institution resulted in the federative collegiate model that came to characterize the university.<ref name="alexander1906"/>

University College was the founding nondenominational college, created in 1853 after the university was secularized. Knox College, a [[Religion:Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] institution, and Wycliffe College, a [[Religion:Low church|low church]] seminary, both encouraged their students to study for non-divinity degrees at University College.<ref name="torontoBaptistCollege">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history30.asp |title=What theological college bucked the federation trend with the University of Toronto in 1888? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200540/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history30.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1885, they entered a formal affiliation with the University of Toronto, and became federated schools in 1890.<ref name="fraser1995">{{cite book |title=Church, College, and Clergy: A History of Theological Education at Knox College, Toronto, 1844–1994 |last=Fraser |first=Brian J. |year=1995 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |page=126 |isbn=978-0-7735-1351-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wycliffecollege.ca/section.php?aid=4&sid=8 |title=History & Mission |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Wycliffe College |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228001411/http://www.wycliffecollege.ca/section.php?aid=4&sid=8 |archive-date=December 28, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The idea of federation initially met strong opposition at Victoria University, a [[Religion:Methodism|Methodist]] school in Cobourg, but a financial incentive in 1890 convinced the school to join.<ref name="historyQA_victoriaCollege">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history20.asp |title=What small town fought to keep its college from moving to Toronto and federating with U of T? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200538/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history20.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Decades after the death of John Strachan, the Anglican seminary Trinity College entered federation in 1904,<ref name="trinityHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/About_Trinity/History/ |title=Historical Background |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=University of Trinity College |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129223627/http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/About_Trinity/History/ |archive-date=January 29, 2009 }}</ref> followed in 1910 by St. Michael's College, a [[Organization:Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] college founded by the Basilian Fathers.<ref name="stMichaelsHistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/stmikes/about/history.html |title=About St Mike's: Our History |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=St. Michael's College |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226012204/http://www.utoronto.ca/stmikes/about/history.html |archive-date=February 26, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the institutions that had considered federation but ultimately remained independent were McMaster University, a [[Religion:Baptism|Baptist]] school that later moved to Hamilton,<ref name="torontoBaptistCollege"/> and Queen's College, a [[Religion:Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] school in Kingston that later became Queen's University.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/History/genhist.html |title=History: Campus & People |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Queen's University |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202130/http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/History/genhist.html |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref>

{|  style="float:right; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:5px; width:33%;"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Colleges of the University of Toronto'''
|-  style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"
| style="width:50%;"|
'''Constituent colleges'''
*Innis College
*New College
*University College
*Woodsworth College
'''Theological colleges'''
*Knox College
*Regis College
*Wycliffe College
| 
'''Federated colleges'''
*St. Michael's College
**Loretto College
*Trinity College
**St. Hilda's College
*Victoria University
**Emmanuel College
'''Postgraduate college'''
*Massey College
|}

The post-war era saw the creation of New College in 1962, Innis College in 1964 and Woodsworth College in 1974, all of them nondenominational.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcollege.utoronto.ca/aboutnew/intro.htm |title=Introduction to New College |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=New College, University of Toronto |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221183737/http://www.newcollege.utoronto.ca/aboutnew/intro.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }} {{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/innis/about.htm |title=About Innis College |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Innis College, University of Toronto |year=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210103929/http://www.utoronto.ca/innis/about.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |url=http://www.wdw.utoronto.ca/index.php/about_wdw/mission_history/ |title=Mission and History |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Woodsworth College, University of Toronto |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192321/http://www.wdw.utoronto.ca/index.php/about_wdw/mission_history/ |archive-date=January 24, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with University College, they comprise the university's constituent colleges, which are established and funded by the central administration and are therefore financially dependent.<ref name=finances>{{Cite book |last1=Riggall |first1=Catherine |title=University of Toronto Financial Report |publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Business Affairs |year=2010 |url=http://www.finance.utoronto.ca/Assets/Finance+Digital+Assets/reports/financial/2010.pdf |access-date=October 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706222109/http://www.finance.utoronto.ca/Assets/Finance+Digital+Assets/reports/financial/2010.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref name="1974memorandum">{{cite web|title=Funding for the Federated Universities: Policy and Procedures |format=Memorandum |orig-year=1974 |year=1998 |publisher=University of Toronto |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/govcncl/pap/policies/federate.html |access-date=December 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802021935/http://www.utoronto.ca/govcncl/pap/policies/federate.html |archive-date=August 2, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Massey College was established in 1963 by the Massey Foundation as a college exclusively for graduate students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/massey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990219124627/http://www.utoronto.ca/massey/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 19, 1999 |title=Massey College |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Massey College |year=2007 }}</ref> Regis College, a Jesuit seminary, entered federation with the university in 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://regiscollege.ca/regis/history |title=History of Regis College |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Regis College |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206074946/http://www.regiscollege.ca/regis/history |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In contrast with the constituent colleges, the colleges of Knox, Massey, Regis, St. Michael's, Trinity, Victoria and Wycliffe continue to exist as legally distinct entities, each possessing a separate [[Finance:Financial endowment|financial endowment]]. While St. Michael's, Trinity and Victoria continue to recognize their religious affiliations and heritage, they have since adopted secular policies of enrolment and teaching in non-divinity subjects.<ref name="1974memorandum"/> Some colleges have, or once had, collegiate structures of their own: Emmanuel College is a college of Victoria and St. Hilda's College is part of Trinity;<ref name="trinityHistory"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/Assets/Emmanuel/The+History+of+Victory+University+and+Emmanuel+College.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205103145/http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/Assets/Emmanuel/The+History+of+Victory+University+and+Emmanuel+College.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |title=The History of Victoria University and Emmanuel College |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Victoria University |year=2004}}</ref> St. Joseph's College had existed as a college within St. Michael's until it was dissolved in 2006.<ref name="stMichaelsHistory"/> Ewart College existed as an affiliated college until 1991, when it was merged into Knox College.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/knox/pages/About%20Knox/history.htm |title=History |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Knox College, University of Toronto |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209080017/http://www.utoronto.ca/knox/pages/About%20Knox/history.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2008 }}</ref> Postgraduate theology degrees are conferred by the colleges of Knox, Regis and Wycliffe, along with the divinity faculties within Emmanuel, St. Michael's and Trinity, including joint degrees with the university through the Toronto School of Theology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tst.edu/aboutus/members.asp |title=TST Member and Affiliate Schools with Location Information |access-date=December 27, 2008 |publisher=Toronto School of Theology |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011033454/http://tst.edu/aboutus/members.asp |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:Sandford Fleming Building 2011 Toronto.jpg|thumb|The Sandford Fleming Building contains offices of the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering.]]
The Faculty of Arts and Science is the university's main undergraduate faculty, and administers most of the courses in the college system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/main/faculty/arts-science-at-a-glance |title=A&S at a Glance |access-date=November 8, 2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617171639/http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/main/faculty/arts-science-at-a-glance |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While the colleges are not entirely responsible for teaching duties, most of them house specialized academic programs and lecture series. Among other subjects, Trinity College is associated with programs in international relations, as are University College with Canadian studies, Victoria College with [[History:Renaissance studies|Renaissance studies]], Innis College with [[Social:Film studies|film studies]] and [[Engineering:Urban studies|urban studies]], New College with [[Gender studies|gender studies]], Woodsworth College with [[Finance:Industrial relations|industrial relations]] and St. Michael's College with Medievalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/Academics/Programs/IR/ |title=International Relations |work=Trinity College Programs |publisher=University of Trinity College |access-date=March 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102230655/http://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/Academics/Programs/IR/ |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.uc.utoronto.ca/content/view/107/163/ |title=Canadian Studies home |publisher=University College |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403205937/http://www.uc.utoronto.ca/content/view/107/163/ |archive-date=April 3, 2009 }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/vic/renaissance.htm |title=The Renaissance Studies Program |publisher=Victoria College |access-date=March 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307002748/http://www.vicu.utoronto.ca/vic/renaissance.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2009 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/innis/programs.htm |title=Innis Programs |publisher=Innis College |year=2005 |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203172113/http://www.utoronto.ca/innis/programs.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.newcollege.utoronto.ca/programs/wgsprogram.htm |title=Women and Gender Studies |publisher=New College |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226085957/http://www.newcollege.utoronto.ca/programs/wgsprogram.htm |archive-date=February 26, 2009 }}; {{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/stmikes/med/index.html |title=Mediaeval Studies |work=Undergraduate Studies |publisher=University of St. Michael's College |year=2008 |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324101759/http://www.utoronto.ca/stmikes/med/index.html |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The faculty teaches undergraduate commerce in collaboration with the Rotman School of Management. The Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering is the other major direct-entry undergraduate faculty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prospective.utoronto.ca/Viewbook.htm |title=University of Toronto 2009–2010 Viewbook |access-date=January 12, 2009 |publisher=University of Toronto |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110072311/http://www.prospective.utoronto.ca/Viewbook.htm |archive-date=January 10, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The University of Toronto is the birthplace of an influential school of thought on [[Social:Communication theory|communication theory]] and [[Philosophy:Literary criticism|literary criticism]] known as the [[Philosophy:Toronto School of communication theory|Toronto School]].<ref name="alphabetEffect">{{cite book |title=The Alphabet Effect |url=https://archive.org/details/alphabeteffectim00loga |url-access=registration |last=Logan |first=Robert K. |year=1986 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-00993-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alphabeteffectim00loga/page/22 22]}}</ref><ref name="worldOnPaper">{{cite book |title=The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading |last=Olson |first=David R. |year=1994 |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-57558-4 |page=15}}</ref><ref name="wordIsMightierThanThePen">{{cite journal |last=Murray |first=Oswyn |title=The Word is Mightier than the Pen |journal=The Times Literary Supplement |volume=4 |issue=498 |page=655}}</ref> Described as "the theory of the primacy of communication in the structuring of human cultures and the structuring of the human mind",<ref name="wordIsMightierThanThePen"/> the school is rooted in the works of Eric A. Havelock and [[Biography:Harold Innis|Harold Innis]] and the subsequent contributions of Edmund Snow Carpenter, [[Biography:Northrop Frye|Northrop Frye]] and [[Biography:Marshall McLuhan|Marshall McLuhan]]. Since 1963, the [[Engineering:McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology|McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology]] of the Faculty of Information has carried the mandate for teaching and advancing the Toronto School.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Mandate |access-date=November 15, 2008 |publisher=[[Engineering:McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology|McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology]] |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/mcluhan/about_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030921091951/http://www.utoronto.ca/mcluhan/about_history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 21, 2003 }}</ref>

Several notable works in arts and humanities are based at the university, including the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' since 1959 and the ''Collected Works of [[Biography:Erasmus|Erasmus]]'' since 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/dcb-dbc/dcba/index2.htm |title=Outline of the Project |access-date=January 19, 2009 |work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |year=2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310122320/http://www.utoronto.ca/dcb-dbc/dcba/index2.htm |archive-date=March 10, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Collected works of Erasmus: Vol. 1 – 78 | author=Desiderius Erasmus |year=1969 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto| author-link=Erasmus }}</ref> The ''[[Records of Early English Drama]]'' collects and edits the surviving documentary evidence of dramatic arts in pre-[[Religion:Puritans|Puritan]] England,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reed.utoronto.ca/ |title=What is REED? |access-date=January 19, 2009 |work=Records of Early English Drama |publisher=Centre for Research in Early English Drama, University of Toronto |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331102102/http://www.reed.utoronto.ca/ |archive-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the ''Dictionary of Old English'' compiles the early vocabulary of the English language from the Anglo-Saxon period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doe.utoronto.ca/ |title=About the Dictionary of Old English |access-date=January 19, 2009 |work=Dictionary of Old English |publisher=Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724221903/https://doe.utoronto.ca/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Munk Centre for International Studies.JPG|thumb|The Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy encompasses programs and research institutes for international relations and public policy.]]
The Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy encompasses the university's various programs and curricula in international affairs, foreign policy, and [[Social:Public policy|public policy]]. As the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]] heightened, Toronto's [[Social:Slavic studies|Slavic studies]] program evolved into an important institution on Soviet politics and economics, financed by the Rockefeller, Ford and [[Organization:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation|Mellon]] foundations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history47.asp |title=What helped launch Slavic studies as a growth discipline at the University of Toronto? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200542/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history47.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>  The Munk School is also home to the [[Organization:G20 Research Group|G20 Research Group]], which conducts independent monitoring and analysis on the [[Organization:G20|Group of Twenty]], and the Citizen Lab, which conducts research on [[Social:Internet censorship|Internet censorship]] as a joint founder of the OpenNet Initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citizenlab.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Archive&file=index&req=listarticles&se |title=Advanced Research Projects |access-date=November 20, 2008 |publisher=Citizen Lab |year=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603215153/http://www.citizenlab.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Archive&file=index&req=listarticles&secid=1 |archive-date=June 3, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://psiphon.ca/ |title=Welcome to Psiphon |access-date=November 20, 2008 |publisher=Citizen Lab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072137/http://psiphon.ca/ |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university operates international offices in Berlin, Hong Kong and Siena.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universityrelations.utoronto.ca/ir/relatedWebsites.htm |title=University of Toronto International Centres |access-date=September 1, 2010 |publisher=University of Toronto |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701025957/http://www.universityrelations.utoronto.ca/ir/relatedWebsites.htm |archive-date=July 1, 2010 }}</ref>

The Dalla Lana School of Public Health is a Faculty of the University of Toronto that began as one of the Schools of Hygiene begun by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1927. The School went through a dramatic renaissance after the 2003 [[Medicine:SARS|SARS]] crisis, and it is now Canada's largest public health school, with more than 750 faculty, 800 students, and research and training partnerships with institutions throughout Toronto and the world. With more than $39 million in research funding per year, the School supports discovery in global health, tobacco impacts on health, occupational disease and disability, air pollution, inner city, circumpolar health, and many other pressing issues in population health.
[[File:Naylor Building, University of Toronto, Canada.jpg|thumb|The Naylor Building contains offices for the university's Department of Medicine.]]
The Temerty Faculty of Medicine is affiliated with a network of ten teaching hospitals, providing medical treatment, research and advisory services to patients and clients from Canada and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/hospitals/ |title=Hospital Partners |access-date=March 15, 2009 |work=Experience Research |publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research, University of Toronto |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217100535/http://www.research.utoronto.ca/hospitals/ |archive-date=February 17, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A core member of the network is University Health Network, itself a specialized federation of Toronto General Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, and Toronto Rehabilitation Institute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhn.ca/TGH/ |title=Toronto General Hospital |access-date=November 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005191431/http://www.uhn.ca/tgh/ |archive-date=October 5, 2006 }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.uhn.ca/PMH/ |title=Princess Margaret Hospital |access-date=November 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004160423/http://www.uhn.ca/pmh/ |archive-date=October 4, 2006 }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.uhn.ca/TWH/ |title=Toronto Western Hospital |access-date=November 30, 2008 |publisher=University Health Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004160954/http://www.uhn.ca/twh/ |archive-date=October 4, 2006 }}</ref> Physicians in the medical institutes have cross-appointments to faculty and supervisory positions in university departments. The Rotman School of Management developed the discipline and methodology of [[Integrative thinking|integrative thinking]], upon which the school bases its curriculum.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rethinking the MBA: Business Education at a Crossroads |author1=Srikant M. Datar |author2=David A. Garvin |author3=Patrick G. Cullen |year=2010 |publisher=Harvard Business Press |location=Boston |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingmbabus0000data/page/131 131–136] |isbn=978-1-4221-3164-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingmbabus0000data/page/131 }}</ref> Founded in 1887, the Faculty of Law's emphasis on formal teachings of liberal arts and legal theory was then considered unconventional, but gradually helped shift the country's legal education system away from the apprenticeship model that prevailed until the mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Law Society of Upper Canada and Ontario's lawyers, 1797–1997 |last=Moore |first=Christopher |year=1997 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |pages=237–262 |isbn=978-0-8020-4127-2}}</ref> The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education is the teachers college of the university, affiliated with its two laboratory schools, the Institute of Child Study and the University of Toronto Schools (a private high school run by the university).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ro.oise.utoronto.ca/BulPage6.htm |title=History and Function of OISE |access-date=March 15, 2009 |work=Graduate Studies in Education Bulletin |publisher=Ontario Institute for Studies in Education |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730050719/http://ro.oise.utoronto.ca/BulPage6.htm |archive-date=July 30, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Autonomous institutes at the university include the [[Organization:Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics|Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics]], the [[History:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies|Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies]] and the [[Organization:Fields Institute|Fields Institute]].

Within the Faculty of Arts and Science, notable departments include the Department of Mathematics.
{{clear}}
<!-- Please do not add new entries to this list. This is a minimal spanning set that should include only the highest-level subdivisions. -->
{|  style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Faculties of the University of Toronto'''
|-  style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
| 
*Faculty of Arts and Science
*Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering
*John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design
*Faculty of Music
*Faculty of Information
*Temerty Faculty of Medicine
|
*Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing
*Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy
*Faculty of Dentistry
*Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education
*Dalla Lana School of Public Health
|
*Faculty of Law
*Rotman School of Management
*Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
*Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work
*Toronto School of Theology
<!-- Please do not add new entries to this list. This is a minimal spanning set that should include only the highest-level subdivisions. -->
|}

===Library and collections===
[[File:Robarts_Research_Library,_Toronto.jpg|thumb|Robarts Library, a Brutalist structure, houses the university's main collection for humanities and social sciences.]]
The University of Toronto Libraries is the third-largest academic library system in North America, following those of Harvard and Yale, measured by number of volumes held.<ref name="arl2010-11">{{Cite book |last1=Kyrillidou |first1=Martha |last2=Morris |first2=Shaneka |last3=Roebuck |first3=Gary |title=ARL Statistics 2010–11 |publisher=Association of Research Libraries |place=Washington, D.C. |year=2012 |url=http://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2010-2011 |access-date=October 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230700/http://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2010-2011 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its collections include more than 12 million print books, 1.9 million digital books, over 160,000 journal titles, and close to 30,000 metres of archival materials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onesearch.library.utoronto.ca/annualreport/2015|title=Annual Report 2015|date=December 9, 2015|website=onesearch.library.utoronto.ca|language=en|access-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102004611/https://onesearch.library.utoronto.ca/annualreport/2015|archive-date=January 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest of the libraries, Robarts Library, holds about five million bound volumes that form the main collection for [[Social:Humanities|humanities]] and [[Social:Social science|social science]]s. The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library constitutes one of the largest repositories of publicly accessible rare books and manuscripts. Its collections range from ancient Egyptian [[Engineering:Papyrus|papyri]] to incunabula and libretti;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/manuscript-holdings.html |title=Index to Collections, Manuscript Collections |access-date=November 15, 2008 |publisher=Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012175121/http://library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/manuscript-holdings.html |archive-date=October 12, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> the subjects of focus include British, Western and Canadian literature, [[Biography:Aristotle|Aristotle]], [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Darwin]], the Spanish Civil War, the [[History:History of science|history of science]] and medicine, Canadiana and the history of books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/book-collections.html |title=Book Collections |access-date=November 15, 2008 |publisher=Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422022246/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/book-collections.html |archive-date=April 22, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library has a rare 40,000-volume Chinese collection from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) that was originally held by scholar Mu Xuexun (1880–1929).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://east.library.utoronto.ca/about/history|title=East Asian Library History {{!}} Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library|website=east.library.utoronto.ca|access-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703153056/https://east.library.utoronto.ca/about/history|archive-date=July 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ealuoft.blogspot.com/2010/02/upcoming-exhibition-leaves-of.html|title=Upcoming Exhibition -- Leaves of enchantment, Bones of inspiration: The dawn of Chinese studies in Canada|last=Library|first=Cheng Yu Tung East Asian|date=February 3, 2010|website=Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library|access-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703153047/http://ealuoft.blogspot.com/2010/02/upcoming-exhibition-leaves-of.html|archive-date=July 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library has the largest research collection for [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and Canada–Hong Kong studies outside of Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hongkong.library.utoronto.ca/about-library|title=About the Library {{!}} Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library|website=hongkong.library.utoronto.ca|access-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704195129/https://hongkong.library.utoronto.ca/about-library|archive-date=July 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The rest of the library collections are dispersed at departmental and faculty libraries in addition to about 1.3 million bound volumes the colleges hold.<ref name="libraryStatistics">{{Cite book|url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/library/aboutlibraries/annualreport/2007/complete-report06-07.pdf|title=Annual Statistics: 2006–07|author=Statistics Commission; presented to Parliament by the Financial Secretary to the Treasury by Command of Her Majesty, July 2007.|publisher=University of Toronto Libraries|year=2007|isbn=978-0-10-171382-5|access-date=November 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217205154/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/library/aboutlibraries/annualreport/2007/complete-report06-07.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The university has collaborated with the [[Internet Archive]] since 2005 to [[Digitization|digitize]] some of its library holdings.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kesmodel |first=David |author2=Vara, Vauhini |title=Building an Online Library, One Volume at a Time |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 9, 2005 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113111987803688478 |access-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809131348/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113111987803688478 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Housed within University College, the University of Toronto Art Centre contains three major art collections. The Malcove Collection is primarily represented by [[Religion:Early Christianity|Early Christian]]<!--Don't bypass redirect per WP:NOTBROKEN--> and [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] sculptures, bronzeware, furniture, icons and liturgical items.<ref name="malcove">{{cite web |url=http://www.utac.utoronto.ca/images/Documents/Malcove%20Collection_Object%20List.pdf |title=Malcove Collection Objects List |access-date=December 13, 2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Art Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020043631/http://www.utac.utoronto.ca/images/Documents/Malcove%20Collection_Object%20List.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also includes glassware and stone reliefs from the [[History:Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] period, and the painting ''Adam and Eve'' by Lucas Cranach the Elder, dated from 1538.<ref name="malcove" /> The University of Toronto Collection features Canadian contemporary art,<ref name="uoft-ucCollection">{{cite web |url=http://www.utac.utoronto.ca/images/ut%20and%20uc%20collections%20for%20web.pdf |title=University of Toronto and University College Collections |access-date=December 13, 2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Art Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020043442/http://www.utac.utoronto.ca/images/ut%20and%20uc%20collections%20for%20web.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the University College Art Collection holds significant works by the Group of Seven and 19th century landscape artists.<ref name="uoft-ucCollection" />

===Rankings and reputation===
{{Canadian university rankings
| UniName = University of Toronto
| ARWU_W = 22
| ARWU_CAN = 1
| QS_W = 21
| QS_N = 1
| THES_W = 18
| THES_N = 1
| MAC_med = 2
| USNWR_GU = 18
| USNWR_N=1
}}

In the 2022 ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'' (also known as the Shanghai Ranking), the university ranked 22nd in the world and first in Canada.<ref name="USUnivRankings_ARWU_W" /> The 2023 ''QS World University Rankings'' ranked the university 21st in the world, and first in Canada.<ref name=QS /> In 2019, it ranked 11th among the universities around the world by ''SCImago Institutions Rankings''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings - Higher Education - All Regions and Countries - 2019 - Overall Rank|website=www.scimagoir.com|access-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=all|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2023 ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' ranked the university 18th in the world, and first in Canada.<ref name="USUnivRankings_THES_W"/> In the Times' 2020 reputational ranking, the publication placed the university 19th in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=U of T rises to 19th globally in Times Higher Education world reputation rankings |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-rises-19th-globally-times-higher-education-world-reputation-rankings |website=University of Toronto |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817003432/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-rises-19th-globally-times-higher-education-world-reputation-rankings |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2022–23 ''U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking'', the university ranked 18th in the world, and first in Canada.<ref name="USNWR Best Global Universities"/> The Canadian-based ''Maclean's'' magazine ranked the University of Toronto second in their 2022–2023 Medical Doctoral university category.<ref name="Macdoc" /> ''Maclean's'' 2023 university rankings also ranked the University of Toronto first in its reputation survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.macleans.ca/education/canadas-best-universities-by-reputation-rankings-2023/|publisher=Rogers Media|work=Maclean's|date=October 7, 2022|access-date=October 17, 2022|title=Canada's best universities by reputation: Rankings 2023|archive-date=October 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018003753/https://education.macleans.ca/education/canadas-best-universities-by-reputation-rankings-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref> The university was ranked in spite of having opted out—along with several other universities in Canada—of participating in ''Maclean's'' graduate survey since 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/11-universities-bail-out-of-maclean-s-survey-1.570771|title=11 universities bail out of Maclean's survey|access-date=March 12, 2019|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=April 14, 2006|work=CBC News|archive-date=October 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030152021/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/11-universities-bail-out-of-maclean-s-survey-1.570771|url-status=live}}</ref>

The university's research performance has been noted in several [[Bibliometrics|bibliometric]] university rankings, which use [[Citation analysis|citation analysis]] to evaluate the [[Impact factor|impact]] a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked the university fourth in the world, and first in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/ranking/ByCountry/2019/CA|title=World University Rankings By 2019|publisher=NTU Rankings|year=2019|access-date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708041729/http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/ranking/ByCountry/2019/CA|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The University Ranking by Academic Performance 2019–2020 rankings placed the university second in the world, and first in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urapcenter.org/2018/country.php?ccode=CA|title=2018–2019 RANKING BY COUNTRY|publisher=Informatics Institute of Middle East Technical University|year=2018|access-date=November 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050258/http://www.urapcenter.org/2018/country.php?ccode=CA|archive-date=November 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Along with academic and research-based rankings, the university has also been ranked by publications that evaluate the employment prospects of its graduates. In the ''Times Higher Education's'' 2022 global employability ranking, the university ranked 11th in the world, and first in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 24, 2022|title=Best universities for graduate jobs: Global University Employability Ranking 2022|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-graduate-jobs-global-university-employability-ranking|access-date=June 23, 2022|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|archive-date=October 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011155810/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-graduate-jobs-global-university-employability-ranking|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''QS's'' 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 21st in the world, and first in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/employability-rankings/2022|title=Graduate Employability Ranking 2022|access-date=June 23, 2022|work=QS Top Universities|publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited|year=2022|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005000519/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/employability-rankings/2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2013 employment survey conducted by the ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'', the University of Toronto was ranked 14th in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/10/28/education/28iht-educlede28-graphic.html|title=Ready for the Job Market?|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|date=October 28, 2013|access-date=October 31, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031001520/http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2013/10/28/education/28iht-educlede28-graphic.html|archive-date=October 31, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, the University of Toronto Entrepreneurship was ranked the fourth best university-based [[Organization:Business incubator|incubator]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelley |first1=Lauren |title=Ryerson, U of T, York startup launchpads ranked among top university business incubators, accelerators |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/incubator-rankings-1.4550499 |website=CBC |access-date=February 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227220421/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/incubator-rankings-1.4550499 |archive-date=February 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the world by UBI Global<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Andrew |title=REVEALED! The World's Top University-linked Business Incubators & Accelerators 17/18 |url=http://ubi-global.com/revealed-worlds-top-university-linked-business-incubators-accelerators-17-18/ |website=UBI Global |access-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124701/http://ubi-global.com/revealed-worlds-top-university-linked-business-incubators-accelerators-17-18/ |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the "World Top Business Incubator – Managed by a University" category.

==Research==
[[File:AeroVelo Atlas top view.jpg|thumb|The AeroVelo Atlas won the Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition in 2013.]]
Since 1926, the University of Toronto has been a member of the Association of American Universities, a consortium of the leading North American research universities. The university manages by far the largest annual [[Funding of science|research budget]] of any university in Canada with sponsored direct-cost expenditures of $878 million in 2010.<ref name="researchInfosource2012">{{cite journal |title=Canada's Top 50 Research Universities 2012 |publisher=Research Infosource Inc. |year=2011 |url=http://www.researchinfosource.com/media/2011Top50Listsup.pdf |access-date=April 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324020431/http://www.researchinfosource.com/media/2011Top50Listsup.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="researchReport2006">{{cite journal | last=Challis | first=John R. G. | title=2005–2006 Annual Research Report | publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research and Associate Provost, University of Toronto | year=2006 | url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/about/pdf/annualreport_2006.pdf | access-date=November 16, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217205154/http://www.research.utoronto.ca/about/pdf/annualreport_2006.pdf | archive-date=December 17, 2008 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="researchReport2007">{{cite journal | last=Young | first=R. Paul | title=2006–2007 Annual Research Report | publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research and Associate Provost, University of Toronto | year=2007 | url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/investment/ | access-date=November 16, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521211251/http://www.research.utoronto.ca/investment/ | archive-date=May 21, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}{{cite journal | title=By the Numbers | publisher=Office of the Vice-President, Research and Associate Provost, University of Toronto | year=2007 | url=http://www.research.utoronto.ca/about/pdf/annualreport_2007.pdf | access-date=December 19, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221060109/http://www.research.utoronto.ca/about/pdf/annualreport_2007.pdf | archive-date=December 21, 2008 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2021, the University of Toronto was named the top research university in Canada by Research Infosource, with a sponsored research income (external sources of funding) of $1,234.278 million in 2020.<ref name="reinf">{{cite web |year=2021 |title=Canada's Top 50 Research Universities 2021 |url=https://researchinfosource.com/top-50-research-universities/2021/list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127100807/https://researchinfosource.com/top-50-research-universities/2021/list |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |access-date=Jan 2, 2023 |publisher=Research Infosource }}</ref> In the same year, the university's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $446,600, while graduate students averaged a sponsored research income of $61,000.<ref name=reinf/> The federal government was the largest source of funding, with grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council amounting to about one-third of the research budget. About eight per cent of research funding came from corporations, mostly in the healthcare industry.<ref name="researchReport2007" />

The first practical [[Engineering:Electron microscope|electron microscope]] was built by the physics department in 1938.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |title=James Hillier |access-date=November 20, 2008 |work=Inventor of the Week |publisher=[[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808192011/http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Pearce |title=James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 22, 2007 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325113042/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> During World War II, the university developed the [[Physics:G-suit|G-suit]], a life-saving garment worn by Allied fighter plane pilots, later adopted for use by astronauts.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/pdf/osm_aviation.pdf |title=Canada's Aerospace Medicine Pioneers |first=Lydia |last=Dotto |access-date=November 20, 2008 |publisher=[[Organization:Canadian Space Agency|Canadian Space Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217205154/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/pdf/osm_aviation.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Development of the [[Physics:Infrared|infrared]] [[Physics:Chemiluminescence|chemiluminescence]] technique improved analyses of energy behaviours in chemical reactions.<ref>{{cite press release |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/press.html |publisher=Nobel Foundation |date=October 15, 1986 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226064121/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/press.html |archive-date=December 26, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1963, the asteroid [[Astronomy:2104 Toronto|2104 Toronto]] is discovered in the David Dunlap Observatory in Richmond Hill and is named after the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rasc.ca/education/asteroids.shtml |publisher=The Royal Astronomy Society of Canada |title=Canadian Asteroids |date=July 22, 2008 |access-date=January 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061551/http://www.rasc.ca/education/asteroids.shtml |archive-date=February 1, 2009 }}</ref> In 1972, studies on [[Astronomy:Cygnus X-1|Cygnus X-1]] led to the publication of the first observational evidence proving the existence of [[Astronomy:Black hole|black hole]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bolton | first=C.T. | year=1972 | title=Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868 | journal=Nature | volume=235 | issue=2 | pages=271–273 | doi=10.1038/235271b0 | bibcode=1972Natur.235..271B| s2cid=4222070 }}</ref> Toronto astronomers have also discovered the [[Astronomy:Uranus|Uranian]] moons of [[Astronomy:Caliban (moon)|Caliban]] and [[Astronomy:Sycorax (moon)|Sycorax]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/11/971101095629.htm |title=Two New Moons Of Uranus Discovered |access-date=November 20, 2008 |website=ScienceDaily |date=November 1, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217025440/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/11/971101095629.htm |archive-date=December 17, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Astronomy:Dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] of [[Astronomy:Andromeda I|Andromeda I]], [[Astronomy:Andromeda II|II]] and [[Astronomy:Andromeda III|III]], and the [[Astronomy:Supernova|supernova]] [[Astronomy:SN 1987A|SN 1987A]]. A pioneer in computing technology, the university designed and built UTEC, one of the world's first operational computers, and later purchased ''Ferut'', the second commercial computer after UNIVAC I.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Michael R. |year=1994 |title=UTEC and Ferut: The University of Toronto's Computation Centre |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |url=http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~williams/History_web_site/World%20map%20first%20page/Canada/a2004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040713213420/http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~williams/History_web_site/World%20map%20first%20page/Canada/a2004.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2004 |access-date=November 17, 2008 |doi=10.1109/85.279226 |page=4 |s2cid=6578557 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Multi-touch technology was developed at Toronto, with applications ranging from [[Engineering:Mobile device|handheld devices]] to high-end [[Graphics tablet#Embedded LCD tablets|drawing monitors]] to [[Engineering:Multi-Touch Collaboration Wall|collaboration walls]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mehta | first=Nimish | title=A Flexible Machine Interface | publisher=Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Toronto | type=thesis | year=1982}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billbuxton.com/multitouchOverview.html |title=Multi-Touch Systems that I Have Known and Loved |access-date=November 18, 2008 |last=Buxton |first=Bill |date=August 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612204008/http://www.billbuxton.com/multitouchOverview.html |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Engineering:AeroVelo Atlas|AeroVelo Atlas]], which won the [[Engineering:Igor I. Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition|Igor I. Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition]] in 2013, was developed by the university's team of students and graduates and was tested in Vaughan.
[[File:Humanstemcell.JPG|thumb|The discovery of stem cells by McCulloch and Till is the basis for all modern stem cell research.]]
The discovery of [[Biology:Insulin|insulin]] at the University of Toronto in 1921 is considered among the most significant events in the history of medicine.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lawrence K. |last=Altman |title=The Tumultuous Discovery of Insulin: Finally, Hidden Story Is Told |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E1D71238F937A2575AC0A964948260&sec=health&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |work=The New York Times |date=September 14, 1982 |access-date=November 23, 2008 |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527150615/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/14/science/the-tumultuous-discovery-of-insulin-finally-hidden-story-is-told.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Diabetes: From Research to Diagnosis and Treatment |chapter=Insulin analogues and the treatment of diabetes |last=Cheng |first=Alice Y.Y. |author2=Zinman, Bernard |year=2002 |publisher=Informa Health Care |isbn=978-1-84184-151-9}}</ref> The [[Biology:Stem cell|stem cell]] was discovered at the university in 1963, forming the basis for [[Biology:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|bone marrow transplantation]] and all subsequent research on [[Biology:Adult stem cell|adult]] and [[Biology:Embryonic stem cell|embryonic stem cell]]s.<ref>{{cite news |first=Evelyn |last=Strauss |title=2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |publisher=Lasker Foundation |year=2005 |access-date=November 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716192333/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |archive-date=July 16, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was the first of many findings at Toronto relating to stem cells, including the identification of pancreatic and [[Biology:Retina|retina]]l stem cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Seaberg |first=Raewyn M.|author2=Smukler, Simon R.|author3=Kieffer, Timothy J.|author4=Enikolopov, Grigori |author5=Asghar, Zeenat |author6=Wheeler, Michael B.|author7=Korbutt, Gregory |author8= van der Kooy, Derek |date=August 22, 2004 |title=Clonal identification of multipotent precursors from adult mouse pancreas that generate neural and pancreatic lineages |journal=[[Engineering:Nature Biotechnology|Nature Biotechnology]] |volume=22 |pages=1115–1124 |doi=10.1038/nbt1004 |pmid=15322557 |issue=9|s2cid=24176019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tropepe |first=V. |author2=Coles, B.L. |author3=Chiasson, B.J. |author4=Horsford, D.J. |author5=Elia, A.J. |author6=McInnes, R.R. |author7= van der Kooy, D. |date=March 2000 |title=Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye |journal=Science |volume=287 |issue=5460 |pages=2032–6 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5460.2032 |pmid=10720333|bibcode = 2000Sci...287.2032T }}</ref> The [[Biology:Cancer stem cell|cancer stem cell]] was first identified in 1997 by Toronto researchers,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Park |first=Alice |date=April 17, 2006 |title=Stem Cells That Kill |magazine={{wipe|Time (magazine)}} |volume=167 |issue=17 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1184084-1,00.html?iid=perma_share |access-date=December 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026115653/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1184084-1,00.html?iid=perma_share |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who have since found stem cell associations in [[Medicine:Leukemia|leukemia]], [[Medicine:Brain tumor|brain tumours]] and [[Medicine:Colorectal cancer|colorectal cancer]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |title=Stem Cells May Be Key to Cancer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/health/21canc.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 21, 2006 |access-date=November 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210023602/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/health/21canc.html |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jessica |last=Berman |title=Researchers Uncover Colon Cancer Stem Cells |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-11/2006-11-27-voa2.cfm?CFID=68598768&CFTOKEN=36606810 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070110135713/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2006-11/2006-11-27-voa2.cfm?renderforprint=1&textonly=1&&CFID=72694834&CFTOKEN=15378993 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 10, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America |date=November 27, 2006 |access-date=November 23, 2008}}</ref> Medical inventions developed at Toronto include the [[Medicine:Glycemic index|glycaemic index]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jenkins |first=D.J. |year=1981 |title=Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=34 |pages=362–366 |issn=0002-9165 |pmid=6259925 |issue=3 |display-authors=0 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/34.3.362 |s2cid=4515906 |doi-access=free }}</ref> the infant cereal Pablum,<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Alan Brown, Pediatrician, 73, One of Developers of Pablum Is Dead |work=The New York Times |date=September 9, 1960 }}</ref> the use of protective [[Physics:Hypothermia|hypothermia]] in open heart surgery<ref name="pearce_2005"/> and the first [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|artificial cardiac pacemaker]].<ref name="pearce_2005">{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Pearce |title=Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow, 91, A Pioneer in Heart Surgery |work=The New York Times |date=March 31, 2005 |access-date=March 21, 2009 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903EFDD133FF932A05750C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313023530/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903EFDD133FF932A05750C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon= |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first successful [[Medicine:Lung transplantation|single-lung transplant]] was performed at Toronto in 1981, followed by the first [[Biology:Nerve|nerve]] transplant in 1988,<ref>{{cite news |first=Lawrence K. |last=Altman |title=New Direction for Transplants Raises Hopes and Questions |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E1DF163CF931A35756C0A96F958260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=6 |work=The New York Times |date=May 2, 1999 |access-date=November 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218051925/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E1DF163CF931A35756C0A96F958260 |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the first double-lung transplant in 1989. Researchers identified the [[Biology:Maturation promoting factor|maturation promoting factor]] that regulates [[Biology:Cell division|cell division]], and discovered the [[Biology:T-cell receptor|T-cell receptor]], which triggers responses of the immune system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the cell cycle |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/1998_masui.pdf |publisher=Lasker Foundation |date=October 1998 |access-date=February 10, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716191858/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/1998_masui.pdf |archive-date=July 16, 2010 }}</ref> The university is credited with isolating the genes that cause [[Medicine:Fanconi anemia|Fanconi anemia]], [[Medicine:Cystic fibrosis|cystic fibrosis]] and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, among numerous other diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |first=C.A. |last =Strathdee |author2=Gavish, H. |author3=Shannon, W. |author4= Buchwald, M. |year=1992 |title=Cloning of cDNAs for Fanconi's anemia by functional complementation |journal=Nature |volume=356 |issue=6372 |pages=763–767 |doi=10.1038/356763a0 |pmid=1574115|bibcode = 1992Natur.356..763S |s2cid =4250632 }}</ref> Between 1914 and 1972, the university operated the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories, now part of the pharmaceutical corporation Sanofi-Aventis. Among the research conducted at the laboratory was the development of [[Biology:Gel electrophoresis|gel electrophoresis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oliver Smithies autobiography |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/smithies-autobio.html |publisher=Nobel Foundation |date=October 8, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208165534/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/smithies-autobio.html |archive-date=December 8, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Doors Unlocked and Open May 2011.jpg|thumb|The Donnelly Centre is part of the Discovery District, one of the world's largest biotechnology research clusters.]]
The University of Toronto is the primary research presence that supports one of the world's largest concentrations of [[Engineering:Biotechnology|biotechnology]] firms.<ref name="kleiner_2008"/> More than 5,000 [[Principal investigator|principal investigator]]s reside within {{convert|2|km|mi}} from the university grounds in Toronto's [[Place:Discovery District|Discovery District]], conducting $1 billion of medical research annually.<ref name="kleiner_2008">{{cite journal |last=Kleiner |first=Kurt |date=May 8, 2008 |title=Toronto Rising |journal=Nature |volume=453 |issue=7192 |pages=252–253 |issn=1476-4687 |url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2008/080508/pdf/nj7192-252a.pdf |access-date=July 6, 2009 |doi=10.1038/nj7192-252a |pmid=18561361 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219142408/http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2008/080508/pdf/nj7192-252a.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> MaRS Discovery District is a research park that serves commercial enterprises and the university's [[Engineering:Technology transfer|technology transfer]] ventures. In 2008, the university disclosed 159 inventions and had 114 active start-up companies.<ref name=factsandfigures /> Its [[Organization:SciNet Consortium|SciNet Consortium]] operates the most powerful [[Supercomputer|supercomputer]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |first=Omar |last=El Akkad |title=Canada's monster computer roars to life |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/canadas-monster-computer-roars-to-life/article1186431/ |work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada |date=June 20, 2009 |access-date=July 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619160637/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/canadas-monster-computer-roars-to-life/article1186431/ |archive-date=June 19, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture and student life==
[[File:Toronto - ON - Hart House.jpg|thumb|Generations of students have attended speeches, debates and concerts at Hart House.]]
In the heart of social, cultural and recreational life at the University of Toronto lies Hart House, the sprawling neo-Gothic student activity centre that was conceived by alumnus-benefactor Vincent Massey and named for his grandfather Hart.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=McGregor |first=Nancy |author2=Wardrop, Patricia |author3=Winters, Kenneth |title=Hart House |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |publisher=Historica Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hart-house-emc |access-date=August 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609040909/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hart-house-emc |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Opened in 1919, the complex established a communitarian spirit in the university and its students, who at the time kept largely within their own colleges under the decentralized collegiate system.<ref name="faught_house">{{cite journal |last=Faught |first=Brad |year=1999 |title=The House Is Where the Heart Is |journal=University of Toronto Magazine |issue=Autumn 1999 |url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/99autumn/f01.htm |access-date=February 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813065609/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/99autumn/f01.htm |archive-date=August 13, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At Hart House, a student can read in the library, dine casually or, formally, have a haircut,<ref name=hair_place_hart_house>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Gord|title=Hart House Hair clips along for 90 years|url=http://thenewspaper.ca/the-inside/item/63-hart-house-hair-clips-along-for-90-years|access-date=November 15, 2012|newspaper=the newspaper|date=November 12, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115131104/http://thenewspaper.ca/the-inside/item/63-hart-house-hair-clips-along-for-90-years|archive-date=January 15, 2013}}</ref> visit the art gallery, watch a play in the theatre, listen to a concert, observe or join in debates, play billiards, or go for a swim and find a place to study, all under the same roof and within the span of a day. The confluence of assorted functions is the result of a deliberate effort to create a holistic educational experience, a goal summarized in the Founders' Prayer.<ref name="faught_house"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harthouse.utoronto.ca/hh/page.php?id=ABT10 |title=The Founders' Prayer |access-date=February 28, 2009 |publisher=Hart House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122045541/http://harthouse.utoronto.ca/hh/page.php?id=ABT10 |archive-date=November 22, 2007 }} "... discover within its walls true education that is to be found within good fellowship, in friendly disputation and debate, in the conversation of wise and earnest men, in music, pictures and the play, in the casual book, in sports and games and the mastery of the body".</ref> The Hart House model was influential in the planning of student centres at other universities, notably [[Organization:Cornell University|Cornell University]]'s Willard Straight Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dos.cornell.edu/dos/straight/ |title=Willard Straight Hall Student Union |access-date=February 28, 2009 |publisher=Office of the Dean of Students, Cornell University |year=2009 |quote=As one of the United States first college unions, this Gothic structure was modeled after Hart House at the University of Toronto. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908020434/http://dos.cornell.edu/dos/straight/ |archive-date=September 8, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=1089694800 |title=Question 9 |access-date=February 28, 2009 |work=Dear Uncle Ezra |publisher=Cornell University |quote=The room itself is modeled after the University of Toronto's Hart House, the student union at U of T. The Memorial Room is a smaller version of the Great Hall in Hart House, which is about 3 times the size of the Straight and includes a large wing devoted to athletics. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623151008/http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=1089694800 |archive-date=June 23, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hart House resembles some traditional aspects of student representation through its financial support of student clubs, and its standing committees and board of stewards that are composed mostly of undergraduate students. However, the main [[Social:Students' union|students' union]]s on administrative and policy issues are the University of Toronto Students' Union, Association of Part-time Undergraduate Students and the Graduate Students' Union. Student representative bodies also exist at the various colleges, academic faculties and departments.

The Hart House Debating Club employs a debating style that combines the American emphasis on [[Philosophy:Analysis|analysis]] and the British use of [[Philosophy:Wit|wit]].<ref name="webb_fightingWords">{{cite journal |last=Webb |first=Margaret |year=2003 |title=Fighting Words |journal=University of Toronto Magazine |issue=Summer 2003 |url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/03summer/fighting.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101072908/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/03summer/fighting.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2013 |access-date=February 28, 2009 }}</ref> Smaller debating societies at Trinity, University and Victoria College have served as initial training grounds for debaters who later progress to Hart House.<ref name="webb_fightingWords"/> The club won the World Universities Debating Championship in 1981 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flynn.debating.net/Colmmain_2006.htm |title=Dublin Worlds 2006 |last=Flynn |first=Colm |work=World Debate Website |year=2006 |access-date=September 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927061446/http://flynn.debating.net/Colmmain_2006.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> The North American Model United Nations (NAMUN) hosts an annual Model United Nations conference on campus, while the United Nations Society participates in various North American and international conferences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utmun.org/ |title=UTMUN |access-date=April 28, 2011 |publisher=University of Toronto Model United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728151513/http://www.utmun.org/ |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unsoc.org/ |title=United Nations Society |access-date=March 11, 2010 |publisher=United Nations Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121045808/http://www.unsoc.org/ |archive-date=January 21, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Toronto chess team has captured the top title six times at the Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship. The Formula SAE Racing Team won the Formula Student European Championships in 2003, 2005 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060717-2449.asp |last=Weinstock |first=Ruth |title=U of T Formula SAE team races to international victory |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |date=July 16, 2006 |access-date=September 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922045712/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060717-2449.asp |archive-date=September 22, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Greek life===
The University of Toronto is home to the first collegiate fraternity in Canada, Zeta Psi, whose Toronto chapter has been active since 1879.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zetapsi.org/about/history/1864/ |title=Breaking New Ground |access-date=February 28, 2009 |work=The History of Zeta Psi |publisher=Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930231605/http://www.zetapsi.org/about/history/1864/ |archive-date=September 30, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other fraternity chapters at the University of Toronto include Alpha Delta Phi, Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Sigma Chi, Delta Upsilon, Phi Delta Theta, Phi Kappa Sigma, Phi Gamma Delta, Psi Upsilon, Beta Theta Pi, Phi Kappa Pi, Kappa Sigma, Lambda Phi Epsilon, Sigma Nu, Theta Delta Chi, Alpha Kappa Nu, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi and Lambda Chi Alpha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiangreeks.com/directory/uoft.html |title=Directory of Fraternities and Sororities |access-date=February 28, 2009 |publisher=Canadians Go Greek! |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220180801/http://canadiangreeks.com/directory/uoft.html |archive-date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Greek-letter societies include Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Phi, Alpha Sigma Nu, Delta Phi Nu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deltaphinutoronto.wix.com/blueandtrue|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025746/http://deltaphinutoronto.wix.com/blueandtrue|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 13, 2014|title=Delta Phi Nu Toronto}}</ref> Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Alpha Society, Delta Psi Delta, Gamma Delta Nu, Kappa Phi Xi, Delta Pi, Chi Sigma Xi, Zeta Beta Omega, Kappa Kappa Gamma, and alpha Kappa Delta Phi. A secret society known as ''Episkopon'' has operated from Trinity College since 1858.

===Theatre and music===
[[File:Skule Choir imgp8938.jpg|thumb|Sunlight fills Knox College Chapel during a Christmas concert of the engineering faculty's Skule Choir.]]
Hart House Theatre is the university's student amateur theatre, generally producing four major plays every season. As old as Hart House itself, the theatre is considered a pioneer in Canadian theatre for introducing the Little Theatre Movement from Europe.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre |last=Banham |first=Martin |year=1995 |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} |isbn=978-0-521-43437-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/161 161] |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/161 |access-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111015355/https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/161 |archive-date=January 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The History of North American Theater |last=Londré |first=Felicia Hardison |author2=Watermeier, Daniel J. |year=1998 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8264-1079-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham0000lond/page/353 353] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham0000lond/page/353 }}</ref> It has cultivated numerous performing-arts talents, including Donald Sutherland, Lorne Michaels, Wayne and Shuster and William Hutt. Three members of the Group of Seven painters (Harris, Lismer and MacDonald) have been set designers at the theatre,<ref name="hhtheatre"/> and composer Healey Willan was director of music for 14  productions.<ref name="hhtheatre">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history50.asp |title=What university theatre was the centre of the cultural universe (okay, in Toronto)? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502135742/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history50.asp |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The theatre also hosts annual variety shows run by several student theatrical companies at the colleges and academic faculties, the most prominent of which are ''U.C. Follies'' of University College, ''Skule Nite'' of the Faculty of Engineering, and ''Daffydil'' of the Faculty of Medicine, the latter in its 100th year of production in 2010–2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daffydil.sa.utoronto.ca/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20111015003625/http://daffydil.sa.utoronto.ca/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 15, 2011 |title=Internuts |access-date=February 25, 2009 |work=Daffydil 2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine |year=2009 }}</ref>

The main musical ensembles at Hart House are the orchestra, the chamber strings, the chorus, the jazz choir, the jazz ensemble and the symphonic band. The ''Jazz at Oscar's'' concert series performs big band and vocal jazz on Friday nights at the period lounge and bar of the Hart House Arbor Room.<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 2003 |title=Kicks for free: bargain activities |journal=Toronto Life |publisher=St. Joseph Communications |location=Toronto |issn=0049-4194 }}</ref> ''Open Stage'' is the monthly open mic event featuring singers, comics, poets and storytellers. The Sunday Concert is the oldest musical series at Hart House; since 1922, the series has performed more than 600 classical music concerts in the Great Hall, freely attended by the university community and general audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rupert M. K. Schieder 1915–2008 |work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada |date=September 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harthousemusic.com/viewseries.php?SUN |title=Sunday Concert |access-date=February 25, 2009 |publisher=Hart House Music Committee |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040805/http://www.harthousemusic.com/viewseries.php?SUN |archive-date=January 8, 2009 }}</ref> The public may also screen midday events held at noon, when concerts are recited prior to formal debut.

===Student media===
[[File:Sussex Court.JPG|thumb|upright|21 Sussex Court holds office space for several student organizations, like ''The Varsity'' newspaper.]]
''The Varsity'' is one of Canada's oldest student-run newspapers, in publication since 1880.<ref name="historyQA_women"/> The paper was originally a daily broadsheet, but has since adopted a compact format and is now weekly during the Fall and Winter semesters. It publishes online in the summer. ''Hart House Review'', a literary magazine, publishes prose, poetry, and visual art from emerging Canadian writers and artists. ''The Newspaper'' is an independent student-run community newspaper, published weekly since 1978. CIUT-FM is the university's campus radio station, while the University of Toronto Television broadcasts student-produced content. Students at each college and academic faculty also produce their own set of journals and news publications. University College's ''The Gargoyle'' was an early training ground for such notables as journalist and author [[Biography:Naomi Klein|Naomi Klein]] and musician/comedian Paul Shaffer. Victoria University's ''Acta Victoriana'' is the oldest active literary journal in Canada, and provided first publication credits to such literary figures as Margaret Atwood and [[Biography:Northrop Frye|Northrop Frye]]. ''Juxtaposition Global Health Magazine'' is another peer-reviewed student publication at the campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guides.library.utoronto.ca/student_journals/journal-directory|title=Student Journal Publishing|publisher=University of Toronto|access-date=September 21, 2019|website=utoronto.ca|date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921103839/https://guides.library.utoronto.ca/student_journals/journal-directory|archive-date=September 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine focuses on global health and international development, and is published in association with the university's Centre for International Health.

Members of the student press have contributed to activist causes on several notable occasions. At the height of debate on coeducation in 1880, ''The Varsity'' published an article in its inaugural issue voicing in favour of admitting women.<ref name="historyQA_women"/> In 1895, the university suspended the editor of ''The Varsity'' for breach of collegiality, after he published a letter that harshly criticized the provincial government's dismissal of a professor and involvement in academic affairs. University College students then approved a motion by ''Varsity'' staff member and future Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and boycotted lectures for a week.<ref name="historyQA_king">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history17.asp |title=What made the "blood fairly boil" in U of T student and future prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King in 1895? |access-date=April 20, 2019 |work=History Q & A |publisher=University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200555/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history17.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7908&&PHPSESSID=uhlbmjtm0fc5n5ibvqbk5ipp75 |title=Dale, William |access-date=February 28, 2009 |last=Marshall |first=David B. |work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |year=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914074426/http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7908&&PHPSESSID=uhlbmjtm0fc5n5ibvqbk5ipp75 |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> After Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau decriminalized homosexuality throughout Canada in 1969, a medical research assistant placed an advertisement in ''The Varsity'' seeking volunteers to establish the first university homophile association in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbebout.com/oldbeep/concep.htm |title=Conception & birth |access-date=February 28, 2009 |work=On the Origins of the Body Politic |last=Bébout |first=Rick |date=January 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118200842/http://www.rbebout.com/oldbeep/concep.htm |archive-date=November 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Student social media====
Several [[Company:Facebook|Facebook]] pages that posts [[Philosophy:Meme|meme]]s about student life at the university were created in the 2010s, particularly True {{tooltip|🅱lue|Blue}}<!--The emoji is part of its name-->, and has impacted the student culture of the institution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thevarsity.ca/2019/03/17/the-%F0%9F%85%B1%EF%B8%8Foundless-value-of-u-of-t-memes/ |title=The Boundless Value of U of T Memes |access-date=March 29, 2020 |website=thevarsity.ca |last=Burton Smith |first=Archie |date=March 17, 2019 |publisher=Varsity Publications |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404111925/https://thevarsity.ca/2019/03/17/the-%f0%9f%85%b1%ef%b8%8foundless-value-of-u-of-t-memes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Residences===
[[File:Teefy Hall.JPG|right|thumb|Teefy House, a residence hall of St. Michael's College, is home to female first-year undergraduate students.]]
Each college at the University of Toronto operates its own set of residence halls and dining halls clustered in a different area of the campus. Innis, New, St. Michael's, Trinity, University, Victoria, and Woodsworth colleges reserve most of their dormitories for their undergraduate students within the Faculty of Arts and Science while setting a portion available to students from the professional and postgraduate faculties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engineering, Music, and Phys. Ed. students |url=http://www.housing.utoronto.ca/residence/firstYear-profac.html |publisher=Student Housing Service, University of Toronto |year=2008 |access-date=March 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306222643/http://www.housing.utoronto.ca/residence/firstYear-profac.html |archive-date=March 6, 2009 }}</ref> Massey College is exclusively for graduate students, while Knox and Wycliffe Colleges mainly house graduate theology students. Annesley Hall of Victoria College, a National Historic Site, was the first university residence for women in Canada. After St. Hilda's College became coeducational in 2005, Annesley Hall and Loretto College of St. Michael's College are the last remaining women's halls at the university.

As campus residences accommodate just 6,400 students in all, the university guarantees housing only for undergraduates in their first year of study, while most upper-year and graduate students reside off-campus.<ref name="factsandfigures"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Residence Guarantee |url=http://www.housing.utoronto.ca/residence/firstYear.html |publisher=Student Housing Service, University of Toronto |year=2008 |access-date=March 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805003623/http://housing.utoronto.ca/residence/firstYear.html |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref> Traditionally, the adjacent neighbourhoods of The Annex to the north and Harbord Village are popular settling grounds for University of Toronto students, forming a distinct [[Engineering:Student quarter|student quarter]] enclave,<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City |last=Ley |first=David |year=1996 |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-823292-6 |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Schackner |title=For collegians in Canada, drinking is no big thing |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=March 29, 2009 |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07189/800188-51.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403080654/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07189/800188-51.stm |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> though Chinatown and Kensington Market, both to the south of the university, are increasingly populated by students. In 2004, the university purchased and converted a nearby hotel in the district that would later become Little Japan<!--Don't bypass redirect per WP:NOTBROKEN--> to the south into the Chestnut Residence, which houses students from all colleges and faculties. There are also numerous fraternity houses and student housing cooperatives, where boarders pay reduced rent for assuming housekeeping duties.

===Demographics===
The University of Toronto is known for having a high enrolment of international students. In 2016–17, 19.7 per cent of students were international.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.provost.utoronto.ca/Assets/Provost+Digital+Assets/Enrolment+Report+2016-17+-+Final.pdf |title=Enrolment Report 2016–17|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 8, 2017 |publisher=University of Toronto Planning and Budget Office |access-date=October 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505144129/http://www.provost.utoronto.ca/Assets/Provost+Digital+Assets/Enrolment+Report+2016-17+-+Final.pdf |archive-date=May 5, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The University planned to grow its international enrolment to 20.1 per cent by 2021–22. In 2017, the University of Toronto had more international students enrolled than all other Canadian post-secondary institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/international-students-jump-1.4268786|title=Foreign students flock to Canada as government struggles to get grads to stay|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=September 3, 2017|access-date=March 4, 2018|work=CBCNews|last=Harris|first=Kathleen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301132652/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/international-students-jump-1.4268786|archive-date=March 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/surge-in-foreign-postsecondary-applicants-puts-canadian-schools-balancing-act-to-test/article36415233/|title=Climbing number of foreign students puts B.C. university's cap system to the test|date=September 27, 2017|access-date=March 4, 2018|work=The Globe and Mail|last=Xu|first=Xiao|publisher=The Woodbridge Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111015414/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/surge-in-foreign-postsecondary-applicants-puts-canadian-schools-balancing-act-to-test/article36415233/|archive-date=January 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px" class="wikitable"
|+ Demographics of student body (2019–2020)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2019 Fact & figure from University of Toronto|url=https://data.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Finalized-Factbook-2019.pdf|access-date=|website=|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108194108/https://data.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Finalized-Factbook-2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! !! Undergraduate !! Graduate
|-
! [[Biology:Male|Male]]
| 45.4% ||42.6%
|-
! [[Biology:Female|Female]]
| 54.6% || 57.4%
|-
! Canadian student
| 63.9% || 74.9%
|-
! International student
| 36.1% || 25.1%
|}
In 2011, 78 per cent of incoming first-year students identified as a [[Social:Visible minority|visible minority]].

In 2001–02, the overall gender ratio was about 57.1 per cent female to 42.9 per cent male for enrolled students, or about 15 males for every 20 females.<ref name="uot_facts2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/about/Facts_Figures_2012/UofT_2012_FactFiguresReport4832.pdf |title=Facts & Figures 2012 |author=Xuelun Liang |date=2012 |publisher=University of Toronto |access-date=October 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211231129/https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/about/Facts_Figures_2012/UofT_2012_FactFiguresReport4832.pdf |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> This gender gap has improved slightly in recent years to 55.8 per cent female and 44.2 per cent male, or about 16 males for every 20 females in 2014–15 ([[History:Non-binary gender|non-binary gender]]s were not reported).<ref name="cudo2015">{{cite web |url=http://cudo.utoronto.ca/2015/ |title=Common University Data Ontario 2015 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |publisher=University of Toronto |access-date=October 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108160841/http://cudo.utoronto.ca/2015/ |archive-date=November 8, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This gap is more pronounced for graduation rates, with 59 per cent of degrees conferred on females.<ref name="uot_facts2012" /> Gender ratios also depend on undergraduate versus graduate enrolment, and department.

The overall average of high school grades for first-year students was about 86 per cent for fall 2014.<ref name="cudo2015" /> The retention rate was 92.1 per cent.

In 2011–12, 40.3 per cent of the students were enrolled in the Social Science and Humanities departments, 23.9 per cent were enrolled in Biology, Engineering, and Mathematics & Physical Sciences. General education accounted for 14.7 per cent enrolment (all undergraduates). Health Professions was 12.7 per cent, Education 5.8 per cent, and Fine Arts 2.6 per cent.<ref name="uot_facts2012" />

===Campus suicides===
The University of Toronto has faced significant criticism of its handling of student suicides and [[Mental health in education|
students' mental health problems]].<ref name="Buckley2021">{{cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Charlie |last2=Fiaoni |first2=Giulia |title=Anatomy of a campus mental health crisis |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/03/17/investigations/anatomy-campus-mental-health-crisis |access-date=November 11, 2021 |work=Canada's National Observer |date=March 17, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111192453/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/03/17/investigations/anatomy-campus-mental-health-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lorinc2019">{{cite news |last1=Lorinc |first1=Jacob |title=In wake of campus suicides, U of T students push for easier access to mental-health help |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/09/25/u-of-t-students-push-for-easier-access-to-mental-health-help.html |access-date=November 11, 2021 |work=Toronto Star |date=September 25, 2019 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111192435/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/09/25/u-of-t-students-push-for-easier-access-to-mental-health-help.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mancini2019">{{cite news |last1=Mancini |first1=Melissa |last2=Roumeliotis |first2=Ioanna |title='It's literally life or death': Students say University of Toronto dragging feet on mental health services |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/student-suicides-mental-health-support-1.5363242 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=November 20, 2019 |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527182238/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/student-suicides-mental-health-support-1.5363242 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2017 to 2019, four students committed suicide at the school, three of them in the Bahen Centre for Information Technology.<ref name="Mancini2019"/> Student advocacy groups have said that the university contributed to the suicides by failing to provide mental health resources, with computer science student Shahin Imtiaz saying in an interview that "the university has turned into a pressure-cooker of intense demands, without the resources to meet the student needs to back it up."<ref name="Mancini2019"/> While the university does not generally acknowledge student deaths as suicides,<ref name="Nasser2019">{{cite news |last1=Nasser |first1=Shanifa |title='It doesn't feel human': Students angry U of T not acknowledging campus suicides |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/university-toronto-suicide-campus-1.5061809 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=March 18, 2019 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111192435/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/university-toronto-suicide-campus-1.5061809 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cbc2019">{{cite news |title=U of T open to ideas for better student supports after suicide, president says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/university-of-toronto-meric-gertler-open-suggestions-students-1.5063901 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111192443/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/university-of-toronto-meric-gertler-open-suggestions-students-1.5063901 |url-status=live }}</ref> the university responded to the deaths by adding additional safety barriers to the Bahen Centre<ref name="Thompson2019">{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Nicole |title=U of T installs barriers in building where student died by suicide |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/u-of-t-installs-barriers-in-building-where-student-died-by-suicide-1.4617413 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |work=CP24 |agency=The Canadian Press |date=September 30, 2019 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111192436/https://www.cp24.com/news/u-of-t-installs-barriers-in-building-where-student-died-by-suicide-1.4617413 |url-status=live }}</ref> and by promising additional support, adding close to three million dollars in funding for student wellbeing.<ref name="Lorinc2019"/>

==Athletics==
[[File:Varsity_Centre.JPG|thumb|Varsity Stadium in 2009]]
The 44 sports teams of the Varsity Blues represent the university in intercollegiate competitions. The two main leagues in which the Blues participate are U Sports (formerly known as Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS)) for national competitions and the auxiliary Ontario University Athletics (OUA) conference at the provincial level. The athletic nickname of Varsity Blues was not consistently used until the 1930s; previously, references such as "Varsity", "The Big Blue", "The Blue and White", "The Varsity Blue" and simply "The Blues" also appeared interchangeably.<ref name="footballMediaGuide2008" /> ''The Blue and White'' is commonly played and sung in athletic games as a fight song.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Rebecca Green|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/college-songs-and-songbooks-emc|title=College Songs and Songbooks|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada|date=December 7, 2013|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721190140/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/college-songs-and-songbooks-emc|archive-date=July 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

North American (gridiron) football traces its very origin to the University of Toronto with the first documented football game played at University College on November 9, 1861.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usafootball.com/jwc/tournament/team/canada |title=Canada sets the international standard |access-date=December 13, 2008 |work=IFAF Junior World Championship |publisher=USA Football |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219143437/http://www.usafootball.com/jwc/tournament/team/canada |archive-date=December 19, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp |title=Canadian Football Timelines (1860–present) |access-date=December 13, 2008 |publisher=Football Canada |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329005545/http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp |archive-date=March 29, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession - Mark F. Bernstein - Google Books" /> The Blues played their first intercollegiate football match in 1877 against the University of Michigan in a game that ended with a scoreless draw.<ref name="footballMediaGuide2008">{{cite journal | title=Football 2008 Media Guide | publisher=University of Toronto Varsity Blues | year=2008 | url=http://varsityblues.ca.ismmedia.com/ISM2//Football/2008%20UofT%20Football%20Media%20Guide.pdf | access-date=December 13, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205103145/http://varsityblues.ca.ismmedia.com/ISM2//Football/2008%20UofT%20Football%20Media%20Guide.pdf | archive-date=February 5, 2009 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Since intercollegiate seasons began in 1898, the Blues have won four Grey Cup, two Vanier Cup and 25 Yates Cup championships, including the inaugural championships for all three trophies.<ref name="footballMediaGuide2008" /> However, the football team has hit a rough patch following its last championship in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Cheney |title=Varsity Blues can't get no respect |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/varsity-blues-cant-get-no-respect/article18138111/ |work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada |date=September 13, 2008 |access-date=April 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420210222/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/varsity-blues-cant-get-no-respect/article18138111/ |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2001 until 2008, the Blues suffered the longest losing streak in Canadian collegiate history, recording 49 consecutive winless games.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varsity Blues topple Waterloo for first win since 2001 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/varsity-blues-topple-waterloo-for-first-win-since-2001/article955236/ |work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada |date=September 2, 2008 |access-date=April 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200541/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/varsity-blues-topple-waterloo-for-first-win-since-2001/article955236/ |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was preceded by a single victory in 2001 that ended a run of 18 straight losses.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Ralph |title=Varsity Blues set futility mark |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/varsity-blues-set-futility-mark/article1084712/ |work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada |date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=April 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200538/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/varsity-blues-set-futility-mark/article1084712/ |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The site of Varsity Stadium has served as the primary playing grounds of the Varsity Blues football and soccer programs since 1898.<ref name="friedland_2002"/> It also served as the venue for archery during the 2015 Pan American Games.
[[File:Toronto varsity rowing.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The University of Toronto Rowing Club's men's eight team trains in Toronto Harbour for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. The team won silver in the men's eight event for Canada.]]
Formed in 1891, the storied Varsity Blues men's ice hockey team has left many legacies on the national, professional and international hockey scenes. Conn Smythe played for the Blues as a centre during his undergraduate years, and was a Blues coach from 1923 to 1926.<ref name="mensHockeyBrochure2008"/> When Smythe took over the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1927, his new team adopted the Varsity Blues' familiar blue-and-white sweater design.<ref name="mensHockeyBrochure2008">{{cite journal | title=Varsity Blues Men's Hockey 2008–2009 | publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Physical Education and Health | year=2008 | url=http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men's%20Hockey%20Brochure.pdf | access-date=December 21, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203164123/http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men%27s%20Hockey%20Brochure.pdf | archive-date=February 3, 2013 | url-status=live | journal= }}</ref> Blues hockey competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics and captured the gold medal for Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b195806 |title=Smythe, Conn biography |access-date=December 21, 2008 |work=Legends of Hockey |publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206085053/http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=B195806 |archive-date=February 6, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the 1980 Winter Olympics, Blues coach Tom Watt served as co-coach of the Canadian hockey team in which six players were Varsity grads.<ref name="mensHockeyBrochure2008"/> In all, the Blues have won the U Sports University Cup national hockey title ten times, last in 1984. Varsity Arena has been the permanent home of the Blues ice hockey programs since it opened in 1926.<ref name="friedland_2002"/> In men's basketball, the Varsity Blues have won 14 conference titles, including the inaugural championship in 1909, but have not won a national title.<ref name="mensBasketball2008">{{cite journal | title=Varsity Blues Men's Basketball 2008–2009 | publisher=University of Toronto Faculty of Physical Education and Health | year=2008 | url=http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men's%20Basketball%20Brochure.pdf | access-date=December 21, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915074355/http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men%27s%20Basketball%20Brochure.pdf | archive-date=September 15, 2011 | url-status=live | journal= }}</ref> In swimming, the men's team has claimed the national crown 16 times since 1964, while the women's team has claimed the crown 14 times since 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universitysport.ca/e/championships/swimming/2009/past.cfm |title=CIS Swimming Championship History |access-date=December 21, 2008 |publisher=Canadian Interuniversity Sport |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226041757/http://www.universitysport.ca/e/championships/swimming/2009/past.cfm |archive-date=February 26, 2009 }}</ref> Established in 1897, the University of Toronto Rowing Club is Canada's oldest collegiate rowing club.<ref name="bluesBeforeSunrise"/> It earned a silver medal for the country in the men's eight rowing event in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, finishing second to [[Organization:Yale University|Yale's]] crew.<ref name="bluesBeforeSunrise">{{cite journal | first=Patrick | last=Okens |title=Blues Before Sunrise: Rowing at the University of Toronto | publisher=University of Toronto Graduate Department of History | year=1999 }}</ref>

The back campus of University College was used for field hockey during the 2015 Pan American Games and the field was renamed Pan Am / Parapan Am Fields for the duration of the Pan American Games.

==Notable people==
{{See also|List of Presidents of the University of Toronto|List of Chancellors of the University of Toronto|List of University of Toronto faculty}}<!-- This section is for real-life individuals only --><!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit List of University of Toronto people instead or discuss in talk page -->

<gallery class="center">
File:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1942.jpg|William Lyon Mackenzie King, the longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history with over 21 years in office, BA, MA
File:Lester B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|[[Biography:Lester B. Pearson|Lester B. Pearson]], Canadian Prime Minister and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957, BA
File:Paul martin 2004.jpg|Paul Martin, 21st Canadian Prime Minister, LLB
File:John Kenneth Galbraith 1982.jpg|John Kenneth Galbraith, noted economist and a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism, B.Sc.(Agr.)
File:John charles fields.jpg|John Charles Fields, mathematician and the founder of the prestigious Fields Medal
File:Harold Innis public-domain library archives-canada.jpg|[[Biography:Harold Innis|Harold Innis]], professor of political economy, helped develop the [[Finance:Staples thesis|staples thesis]] and the [[Philosophy:Toronto School of communication theory|Toronto School of communication theory]]
File:Frederick Banting 3.jpg|[[Biography:Frederick Banting|Frederick Banting]], Nobel Laureate in Medicine and the first person to use [[Biology:Insulin|insulin]] on humans, MD
File:Roberta Bondar NASA.jpg|Roberta Bondar, [[Organization:Canadian Space Agency|CSA]] astronaut and the first Canadian female in space, PhD
File:Julie Payette 2017.jpg|Julie Payette, CSA astronaut and the 29th Governor General of Canada, MASc
File:Smillie portrait.jpg|Jennie Smillie Robertson, First female surgeon in Canada, MD
</gallery><!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit List of University of Toronto people instead or discuss in talk page -->
In addition to Havelock, [[Biography:Harold Innis|Innis]], [[Biography:Northrop Frye|Frye]], Carpenter and [[Biography:Marshall McLuhan|McLuhan]], former professors of the 20th century include [[Biography:Frederick Banting|Frederick Banting]], [[Biography:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter]], Robertson Davies, John Charles Fields, [[Biography:Leopold Infeld|Leopold Infeld]] and C. B. Macpherson. Twelve<!--The vast majority of university lists the affiliation--> Nobel laureates studied or taught at the University of Toronto. As of 2006, University of Toronto academics accounted for 15 of 23 Canadian members in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (65 per cent) and 20 of 72 Canadian fellows in the American Association for the Advancement of Science (28 per cent).<ref name="researchReport2006"/>  Among honorees from Canada between 1980 and 2006, University of Toronto faculty made up 11 of 21 Canada Gairdner International Award recipients (52 per cent), 44 of 101 Guggenheim Fellows (44 per cent), 16 of 38 Royal Society fellows (42 per cent), 10 of 28 members in the [[Organization:National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|United States National Academies]] (36 per cent) and 23 of 77 Sloan Research Fellows (30 per cent).<ref name="researchReport2006"/><!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit List of University of Toronto people instead or discuss in talk page -->

<!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit List of University of Toronto people instead -->Alumni of the University of Toronto's colleges, faculties and professional schools have assumed notable roles in a wide range of fields and specialties. In government, Governors General Vincent Massey, Adrienne Clarkson, and Julie Payette, Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King, Arthur Meighen, [[Biography:Lester B. Pearson|Lester B. Pearson]], Paul Martin and Stephen Harper, and 17 justices of the Supreme Court have all graduated from the university, while world leaders include President of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, Premier of the Republic of China Liu Chao-shiuan, President of Trinidad and Tobago Noor Hassanali, and First Lady of Iceland Eliza Reid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/06/26/iceland-elects-new-president-and-gets-a-canadian-first-lady.html|title=Iceland elects new president, and gets a Canadian first lady {{!}} The Star|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=June 26, 2016 |language=en|access-date=September 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503014436/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/06/26/iceland-elects-new-president-and-gets-a-canadian-first-lady.html|archive-date=May 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Economist John Kenneth Galbraith, political scientist David Easton, historian Margaret MacMillan, philosophers [[Biography:David Gauthier|David Gauthier]] and [[Biography:Ted Honderich|Ted Honderich]], anthropologist Davidson Black, social activist Ellen Pence, sociologist [[Biography:Erving Goffman|Erving Goffman]], psychologists [[Biography:Endel Tulving|Endel Tulving]], [[Biography:Daniel Schacter|Daniel Schacter]], and [[Biography:Lisa Feldman Barrett|Lisa Feldman Barrett]], physicians Norman Bethune and Charles Best, geologists Joseph Tyrrell and John Tuzo Wilson, mathematicians [[Biography:Irving Kaplansky|Irving Kaplansky]] and [[Biography:William Kahan|William Kahan]], physicists [[Biography:Arthur Leonard Schawlow|Arthur Leonard Schawlow]] and [[Biography:Bertram Brockhouse|Bertram Brockhouse]], religion scholar Amir Hussain, architect James Strutt, engineer [[Biography:Gerald Bull|Gerald Bull]], computer scientists [[Biography:Alfred Aho|Alfred Aho]] and Brian Kernighan, and astronauts Roberta Bondar and Julie Payette are also some of the most well-known academic figures from the university.<!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit List of University of Toronto people instead -->

<!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit List of University of Toronto people instead -->In business, University of Toronto alumni include [[Company:Rogers Communications|Rogers Communications]]' Ted Rogers, [[Company:Toronto-Dominion Bank|Toronto-Dominion Bank]]'s W. Edmund Clark, [[Company:Bank of Montreal|Bank of Montreal]]'s Bill Downe, [[Company:Scotiabank|Scotiabank]]'s Peter Godsoe, [[Company:Barrick Gold|Barrick Gold]]'s Peter Munk, [[Company:BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry's]] Jim Balsillie, [[Company:EBay|eBay]]'s Jeffrey Skoll, [[Company:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat S.p.A.]]'s Sergio Marchionne, and Apotex's Bernard Sherman. In literature and media, the university has produced writers Stephen Leacock, John McCrae, Rohinton Mistry, Margaret Atwood and Michael Ondaatje, film directors Arthur Hiller, Norman Jewison, [[Biography:David Cronenberg|David Cronenberg]] and Atom Egoyan, actor Donald Sutherland, screenwriter David Shore, television producer and writer Hart Hanson, musician Paul Shaffer, and journalists Malcolm Gladwell, [[Biography:Naomi Klein|Naomi Klein]] and Barbara Amiel.<!-- Do not add any more people here; if you need to add more people, please edit List of University of Toronto people instead -->

The University of Toronto alumni-founded companies generate roughly equivalent to one-quarter of the Canadian GDP according to a survey published in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni Impact Survey|url=https://alumni.utoronto.ca/alumni-impact-survey|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205013833/https://alumni.utoronto.ca/alumni-impact-survey|archive-date=February 5, 2021|access-date=April 13, 2021|website=University of Toronto Alumni|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* Education in Toronto
* Higher education in Ontario
* List of universities in Ontario
* University of Toronto Campus Safety

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Bissell, Claude T. (1974). ''Halfway up Parnassus: A Personal Account of the University of Toronto''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-2172-7}}.
* Ford, Ann Rochon. (1985). ''A Path Not Strewn with Roses''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-3999-5}}.
* Friedland, Martin L. (2002). ''[https://archive.org/details/universityoftoro0000frie <!-- quote=The University of Toronto: A History. --> The University of Toronto: A History]''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-4429-8}}.
* Levi, Charles Morden. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NhvVMMLqxC0C&dq=Comings%20and%20Goings&pg=PP1 Comings and Goings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407112927/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhvVMMLqxC0C&dq=Comings%20and%20Goings&pg=PP1 |date=April 7, 2023 }}''. McGill-Queen's University Press. {{ISBN|0-7735-2442-8}}.
* McKillop, A. Brian. (1994). ''Matters of Mind''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-7216-X}}.
* Slater, John G. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zAdhk7aI2fAC&dq=Minerva's%20Aviary%3A%20Philosophy%20at%20Toronto&pg=PP1 Minerva's Aviary: Philosophy at Toronto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419174137/https://books.google.com/books?id=zAdhk7aI2fAC&dq=Minerva%27s%20Aviary%3A%20Philosophy%20at%20Toronto&pg=PP1 |date=April 19, 2023 }}''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-3870-0}}.
* Wallace, W. Stewart. ''A History of the University of Toronto, 1827–1927.'' University of Toronto Press, 1927.
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Association of American Universities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:University Of Toronto}}
[[Category:Universities in Canada]]

{{Sourceattribution|University of Toronto}}