View source for Organization:VAMAS

{{Infobox organization
| name = VAMAS
| formation = {{start date and age|1982}}
| full_name = Versailles project on advanced materials and standards
| logo = Versailles project on advanced materials and standards.png
| abbreviation = VAMAS
| formerly = Materials Research and Development Project
| founding_location = Versailles, France
| type = [[Engineering:Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]]
| services = 
| methods = International Interlaboratory Comparison (ILC)
| fields = Materials Science
| membership = 16
| language = English
| leader_title = Chair
| leader_name = Nicholas Barbosa (US)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steering Committee Representatives |url=http://www.vamas.org/contacts/representatives.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.vamas.org}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Steve Freiman (US)
| affiliations = NMI-Australia, [[Organization:National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|NPL-UK]], BMTA-UK, [[Organization:National Physical Laboratory of India|NPL-India]], [[Organization:National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST-US]], [[Organization:National Institute for Materials Science|NIMS-Japan]], AIST-Japan, [[Organization:Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing|BAM-Germany]], [[Organization:International Bureau of Weights and Measures|BIPM-France]], INMETRO-Brazil, NRC-Canada, ITRI-Chinese Taipei, KRISS-Korea, and CINVESTAV-Mexico, CENAM-Mexico, NMISA-South Africa, [[Organization:University of Brescia|UNIBS-Italy]], ENEA-Italy, INRIM-Italy, NIM-China, APMP, [[Organization:International Bureau of Weights and Measures|BIPM]], [[Organization:International Organization for Standardization|ISO]], [[Organization:International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.vamas.org/}}
}}
 
'''VAMAS''' stands for '''''Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards'''''. It is a collaborative project that was initiated at the 1982 G7 Economic Summit in Versailles to develop and promote standards for the [[Physics:Characterization (materials science)|characterisation of advanced materials]], including [[Physics:Surface science|surfaces]], interfaces, [[Physics:Thin film|thin films]], and [[Physics:Nanostructure|nanostructures]]. Using interlaboratory studies, the VAMAS project has developed a number of standard test methods and reference materials for a wide range of materials. These standards have been widely adopted by industry and academic researchers, and have contributed to the development of new materials and technologies.
 
== History ==
 
=== G7 summits proposals ===
[[File:G-7_Economic_Summit_Leaders_at_Grand_Trianon_Palace.jpg|left|thumb|7th G7 Summit leaders at the Palace of Versailles]]
The Versailles project on advanced materials and standards (VAMAS) was first proposed, among 18 other projects, at the 1982 G7 Economic Summit held at the Palace of Versailles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dickson |first=David |date=1983-06-17 |title=Scientific Cooperation Endorsed at Summit |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4603.1252 |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4603 |pages=1252–1253 |doi=10.1126/science.220.4603.1252 |pmid=17769355 |bibcode=1983Sci...220.1252D |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
 
However the proposal materialised during the 1983 G7 summit in the US where there was a focus on issues related to science and technology. During that meeting, the attendees acknowledged the importance of collaborating in the field of science and technology. The proposals for cooperation came from the French President François Mitterrand, which were presented in a lengthy speech highlighting the necessity of creating a new international division of labour for technology.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Dickson |first=David |date=1983-06-17 |title=Scientific Cooperation Endorsed at Summit |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4603.1252 |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4603 |pages=1252–1253 |doi=10.1126/science.220.4603.1252 |pmid=17769355 |bibcode=1983Sci...220.1252D |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
 
The proposal was met with scepticism from the US, but George A. Keyworth, director of the White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), was enthusiastic about the idea of international cooperation in science and technology. He argued that the massive cost of experimental facilities in areas such as high-energy physics and fusion research made international collaboration desirable. Both Europe and the United States were spending approximately half a billion dollars a year on controlled fusion, with Japan spending another quarter of a million dollars. Keyworth believed that this highly redundant research could be avoided with greater collaboration.<ref name=":11" />
 
"The single most important outcome [of the initiative] is that science and technology have been discussed at two successive summits by the heads of state," says Robin Nicholson, chief scientific adviser to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. "That has never happened before, and it must be significant for science and technology that it is happening now."<ref name=":11" />
 
The French, under the guidance of President Mitterrand's personal adviser, Jacques Attali, who chaired the Versailles working group, provided a more pragmatic approach to the working groups to bridge the political gap between Mitterrand's [[Social:Interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] position, broadly supported by Japan and Italy, and the United States' [[Social:Free trade|free-trade]] position, adopted by West Germany and the United Kingdom. The working group included a reference to the need to restrict the transfer of militarily technology to Soviet bloc.<ref name=":11" />
 
During the summits, the Working Group on Science and Technology proposed 18 specific cooperation projects, with one or more of the seven nations and the European Economic Community taking organising responsibility for each project. The projects included [[Physics:Particle physics|high-energy physics]], solar system exploration, [[Earth:Remote sensing|remote sensing]] from space, advanced robotics, biological sciences, photosynthesis, the impact of new technologies on mature industries, high-speed ground transportation, public acceptance of new technologies, and aquiculture.<ref name=":11" />
 
The United States declined to participate in projects in which it claimed government actions could impinge on the interests of the private sector, including the [[Engineering:Biotechnology|biotechnology]] project, which was led by France and generated the most controversy. Initially, France and Japan argued strongly for the internationalisation of biotechnology research.<ref name=":11" /> The UK requested to co-lead the biotechnology subject with France, but France's interest in the subject was criticised as "[[Medicine:Idiosyncrasy|idiosyncratic]]" by the UK Chief Scientist.<ref name=":14" />
 
The UK also nominated a Working Group to report on the theme of collaborative projects relating to "Technology, Growth and Employment,” which developed the “Materials research and development” project that was jointly led by the UK and the US. This last project became the “Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards”, or VAMAS.<ref name=":14" />
 
=== Inception ===
The VAMAS project was proposed by Robin Nicholson. Nicholson presented the proposal at IUVSTA meeting in Brighton, UK, in 1982, where it was well-received and subsequently led to the establishment of the VAMAS project. Nicholson and his colleagues recognised the need for international standards for the characterisation of surfaces and interfaces using [[Physics:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy|X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy]] (XPS) and [[Auger electron spectroscopy]] (AES), and proposed the idea for a collaborative project to develop and promote such standards. The proposal was a result of a collaboration between the [[Organization:National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] and the UK Department of Trade and Industry, and it received significant support from the international scientific community.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
 
Then, the proposal was put forward by Nicholson (Government Chief Scientist) to Prime Minister Thatcher to consider on 8 October 1982. In his letter, Nicholson outlined UK capabilities in excelling in Materials science research and development but “failed to reap the commercial rewards”<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |title=Dr. Nicholson letter to 10 Downing stress 2.0631}}</ref> VAMAS was meant to address the “entire materials cycle [which] is a fundamental component of economic production and technological innovation” (said President Regan), including the lack of agreed standards, test procedures, etc., which prevents the European Community from being taken as a [[Organization:European single market|single market]] for a new product involving the use of new materials.<ref name=":14" /> 
 
On 15 October 1982, Thatcher agreed to the proposed approach,<ref name=":14" /> and during the early stages of the project, the Margaret Thatcher government provided significant financial and political support. Thatcher herself was reported to have taken a keen interest in its progress.
 
The United States expressed its intention to play an active role. The United Kingdom and the United States became the leading countries.<ref name=":14" /> Out of the original 18 projects, VAMAS is the only project that continues to this date.<ref name=":16" />
 
=== Formation ===
[[File:VAMAS 1st Two Chairs.png|thumb|Ernest Hondros (left) at the 1983 first VAMAS meeting at NPL, Teddington]]
The first VAMAS meeting was held at the [[Organization:National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] (NPL) in Teddington, London, in 1983. There, Ernest Hondros was selected as the Chair for the Steering Committee.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seah |first1=Martin P. |last2=Lea |first2=Colin |date=June 2018 |title=Anastasios Demetrios Hondros CMG FRS. 18 February 1930—13 September 2016 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |language=en |volume=64 |pages=231–248 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2017.0032 |s2cid=58542665 |issn=0080-4606|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
VAMAS founding countries are (1982-1983): Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA, and European Economic Community. Brazil, Mexico, Chinese Taipei, South Africa, Australia, South Korea, and India joined later between 2007 and 2008, and China joined in 2013. VAMAS is supported by leadership in National measurement institutes (NMI) including NPL, [[Organization:National Institute for Materials Science|National Institute for Materials Science]] (NIMS),<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Institute for Materials Science - About VAMAS |url=https://www.nims.go.jp/vamas/en/about/lndldd0000000767.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.nims.go.jp |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010193652/https://www.nims.go.jp/vamas/en/about/lndldd0000000767.html |url-status=live }}</ref> National Bureau of Standards (today's [[Organization:National Institute of Standards and Technology|National Institute of Standards and Technology]], NIST),<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-05-10 |title=Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards |url=https://www.nist.gov/mml/versailles-project-advanced-materials-and-standards |journal=NIST |language=en |access-date=2022-10-10 |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010193651/https://www.nist.gov/mml/versailles-project-advanced-materials-and-standards |url-status=live }}</ref> The British measurement and testing association (BMTA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) - British Measurement and Testing Association |url=https://www.bmta.co.uk/news-events/news/168-versailles-project-on-advanced-materials-and-standards-vamas.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.bmta.co.uk |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010195153/https://www.bmta.co.uk/news-events/news/168-versailles-project-on-advanced-materials-and-standards-vamas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Organization:International Bureau of Weights and Measures|International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM),<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=VAMAS - BIPM |url=https://www.bipm.org/en/liaison-partners/vamas |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.bipm.org |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010193649/https://www.bipm.org/en/liaison-partners/vamas |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Organization:Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing|Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing]] (BAM).<ref name="bam.de">{{Cite web |title=News - VAMAS interlaboratory comparison on "Surface analysis of oxide nanoparticles" - Call for participation |url=https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/News-announcements/2020/AnalyticalSciences/2020-06-24-vamas-interlaboratory-comparison.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.bam.de |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010193700/https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/News-announcements/2020/AnalyticalSciences/2020-06-24-vamas-interlaboratory-comparison.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VAMAS Structure |url=http://www.vamas.org/structure.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010173753/http://www.vamas.org/structure.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
VAMAS signed a memorandum with [[Organization:International Organization for Standardization|International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) in 1993,<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=VAMAS - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards |url=https://www.iso.org/committee/45430.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=ISO |language=en}}</ref> [[Organization:International Electrotechnical Commission|International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global partnerships {{!}} IEC |url=https://www.iec.ch/global-partnerships |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.iec.ch}}</ref> [[Organization:International Bureau of Weights and Measures|International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) and Asia Pacific Metrology Programme (APMP) in 2020.
 
First VAMAS technical groups included “[[Physics:Wear|Wear]] Test Methods”<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Czichos |first1=Horst |last2=Becker |first2=Susanne |last3=Lexow |first3=Jürgen |date=1987-01-15 |title=Multilaboratory tribotesting: Results from the Versailles Advanced Materials and Standards programme on wear test methods |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648%2887%2990020-2 |url-status=live |journal=Wear |language=en |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=109–130 |doi=10.1016/0043-1648(87)90020-2 |issn=0043-1648 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325234108/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0043164887900202?via%3Dihub |archive-date=2023-03-25 |access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref> lead by {{III|Horst Czichos|lt=Horst Czichos|de|Horst Czichos}} (Germany),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=S |last2=Lexow |first2=J |date=April 1986 |title=INTRODUCTION TO THE VERSAILLES PROJECT ON ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STANDARDS(VAMAS) TECHNICAL WORKING AREA: WEAR TEST METHODS |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1984106469993641521&hl=en&oi=scholarr |journal=NBS/BAM 1986 Symposium on Advanced Ceramics Berlin |pages=111–123}}</ref> “Surface Chemical Analysis” led by Cedric J Powell (US),<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=C. J. |date=January 1988 |title=The development of standards for surface analysis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740110113 |journal=Surface and Interface Analysis |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |pages=103–109 |doi=10.1002/sia.740110113 |issn=0142-2421}}</ref> “Polymer Blends” led by Lechoslaw Utracki (Canada), and "Ceramics" led by Phillipe Boch (France).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L Schwartz, BW Steiner |date=1986 |title=Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=6670670188939862628&hl=en&oi=scholarr |journal=Journal STAND. NEWS Stand. News |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Early |first1=James G. |last2=Rook |first2=Harry L. |date=January 1996 |title=Versailles project on advanced materials and standards (VAMAS) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080102 |journal=Advanced Materials |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–12 |doi=10.1002/adma.19960080102 |bibcode=1996AdM.....8....9E |issn=0935-9648}}</ref>
 
The first [[Round-robin test|round-robin test]] was held for Wear test methods<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bassani |first1=Roberto |last2=Meozzi |first2=Mario |date=1986 |title=VAMAS:(Versailles Project Advanced Materials and Standards): Sottoprogetto WTM (Wear Test Methods): Results of the International Round Robin, First Phase |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2129925873806000508&hl=en&oi=scholarr |journal=Università degli studi di Pisa}}</ref> and the results were reported in 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Czichos |first1=Horst |last2=Becker |first2=Susanne |last3=Lexow |first3=Jürgen |date=1987-01-15 |title=Multilaboratory tribotesting: Results from the Versailles Advanced Materials and Standards programme on wear test methods |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648%2887%2990020-2 |journal=Wear |language=en |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=109–130 |doi=10.1016/0043-1648(87)90020-2 |issn=0043-1648}}</ref>
 
== Objectives ==
Using new materials is crucial in advancing technology in fields such as electronics, energy, aerospace, and biotechnology. However, these materials have different qualities compared to traditional materials, which poses a challenge in standardisation and testing methods. In order to promote their use and distribution, it is important to consider the international division of labour and future product distribution. Developing [[International standard|international standards]] for new materials effectively removes technical barriers to trade and promotes global information circulation and data sharing. Unlike conventional materials, new materials must be standardised before the production of the object is standardised, or the use of the method has been socially accumulated. Thus, standardisation for new materials is considered pre-emptive rather than follow-up.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=正雄 |first1=金尾 |last2=和嘉 |first2=新居 |last3=紀雄 |first3=新谷 |date=1988 |title=新材料の試験・評価に関する国際協力 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tetsutohagane1955/74/2/74_2_207/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=鉄と鋼 |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=207–214 |doi=10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.74.2_207|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Freiman |first1=Stephen |title=VAMAS: Accomplishments and Future Directions |date=2012-04-03 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118371480.ch34 |work=Ceramic Transactions Series |pages=251–258 |editor-last=Matsui |editor-first=Minoru |access-date=2023-03-30 |place=735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081 |publisher=The American Ceramic Society |doi=10.1002/9781118371480.ch34 |isbn=978-1-118-37148-0 |last2=Early |first2=James |editor2-last=Jahanmir |editor2-first=Said |editor3-last=Mostaghaci |editor3-first=Hamid |editor4-last=Naito |editor4-first=Makio}}</ref>
 
VAMAS initiative emerges from these needs as a collaborative endeavour involving national [[Metrology|metrology]] institutes, universities, research institutions, and industry, with the primary goal of promoting international cooperation and accelerating technological advancement by facilitating the exchange of information and standardising measurement methods related to advanced materials.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=James G. Early, Harry L. Rook |year=1996 |title=Versailles project on advanced materials and standards (VAMAS) |journal=[[Physics:Advanced Materials|Advanced Materials]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–12 |bibcode=1996AdM.....8....9E |doi=10.1002/adma.19960080102}}</ref> VAMAS support pre-standards research by providing the technical basis for measurements, testing, specifications, and standards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=orsen |date=2014-07-24 |title=VAMAS Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards |url=https://www.slideserve.com/orsen/vamas-versailles-project-on-advanced-materials-and-standards |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=SlideServe |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200248/https://www.slideserve.com/orsen/vamas-versailles-project-on-advanced-materials-and-standards |url-status=live }}</ref> Using interlaboratory studies, this will lead to new improved [[Test method|test procedures]], reference materials and data, or algorithms and software with the researchers being drawn from VAMAS and non-VAMAS countries.<ref>{{Citation |last=Freiman |first=Stephen |title=Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) and its Role in Nanotechnology Standardization |date=2017-01-20 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527800308.ch20 |work=Metrology and Standardization of Nanotechnology |pages=323–326 |editor-last=Mansfield |editor-first=Elisabeth |place=Weinheim, Germany |publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |language=en |doi=10.1002/9783527800308.ch20 |isbn=978-3-527-80030-8 |access-date=2022-10-10 |editor2-last=Kaiser |editor2-first=Debra L. |editor3-last=Fujita |editor3-first=Daisuke |editor4-last=Van de Voorde |editor4-first=Marcel |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200249/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527800308.ch20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Results of these activities are submitted to ISO, Regional or National Standards bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Early |first1=James G. |last2=Rook |first2=Harry L. |date=January 1996 |title=Versailles project on advanced materials and standards (VAMAS) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.19960080102 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–12 |doi=10.1002/adma.19960080102 |bibcode=1996AdM.....8....9E |issn=0935-9648 |access-date=2022-10-10 |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200247/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.19960080102 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Belsey |first1=Natalie A. |last2=Cant |first2=David J. H. |last3=Minelli |first3=Caterina |last4=Araujo |first4=Joyce R. |last5=Bock |first5=Bernd |last6=Brüner |first6=Philipp |last7=Castner |first7=David G. |last8=Ceccone |first8=Giacomo |last9=Counsell |first9=Jonathan D. P. |last10=Dietrich |first10=Paul M. |last11=Engelhard |first11=Mark H. |last12=Fearn |first12=Sarah |last13=Galhardo |first13=Carlos E. |last14=Kalbe |first14=Henryk |last15=Kim |first15=Jeong Won |date=2016-10-27 |title=Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards Interlaboratory Study on Measuring the Thickness and Chemistry of Nanoparticle Coatings Using XPS and LEIS |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |language=en |volume=120 |issue=42 |pages=24070–24079 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06713 |issn=1932-7447 |pmc=5093768 |pmid=27818719}}</ref>
 
The project has generated a wealth of technical reports that offer detailed guidance on various aspects of [[Physics:Characterization (materials science)|materials characterisation]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Kamal |date=1992-02-01 |title=Standardization for advanced materials: experience and strategies for the future |journal=Bulletin of Materials Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=77–89 |doi=10.1007/BF02745219 |issn=0973-7669 |s2cid=137483839 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gries |first=W. H. |date=1989-05-01 |title=The Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) project on ion‐implanted reference materials for surface analysis: September 1988 |url=https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.576063 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1639–1640 |bibcode=1989JVSTA...7.1639G |doi=10.1116/1.576063 |issn=0734-2101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016064759/https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.576063 |archive-date=2022-10-16 |access-date=2022-10-10}}</ref> including sample preparation, measurement conditions, data analysis, and reporting.<ref name="bam.de" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Piers |last2=Paton |first2=Keith R |last3=Legge |first3=Elizabeth J |last4=de Luna Bugallo |first4=Andres |last5=Rocha-Robledo |first5=A K S |last6=Zahab |first6=Ahmed-Azmi |last7=Centeno |first7=Alba |last8=Sacco |first8=Alessio |last9=Pesquera |first9=Amaia |last10=Zurutuza |first10=Amaia |last11=Rossi |first11=Andrea Mario |last12=Tran |first12=Diana N H |last13=L Silva |first13=Diego |last14=Losic |first14=Dusan |last15=Farivar |first15=Farzaneh |date=2022-07-01 |title=International interlaboratory comparison of Raman spectroscopic analysis of CVD-grown graphene |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1583/ac6cf3 |journal=2D Materials |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=035010 |bibcode=2022TDM.....9c5010T |doi=10.1088/2053-1583/ac6cf3 |issn=2053-1583 |s2cid=248654909}}</ref> These reports are publicly accessible and widely utilised as a reference by researchers, instrument manufacturers, and testing laboratories.<ref name=":2" /> In addition to its efforts to establish materials characterisation standards, the VAMAS project has also contributed to the development of international standards for other areas of materials science, such as [[Engineering:Mechanical testing|mechanical testing]],<ref name=":9" /> [[Physics:Thermal analysis|thermal analysis]],<ref name=":10" /> [[Physics:Powder diffraction|powder diffraction]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:tta:3:ed-1:v1:en:biblref:10 |title=ISO/TTA 3:2001 Polycrystalline materials — Determination of residual stresses by neutron diffraction |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |year=2001}}</ref>  [[Physics:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy|X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy]] (XPS),<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Reed |first1=Benjamen P. |last2=Cant |first2=David J. H. |last3=Spencer |first3=Steve J. |last4=Carmona-Carmona |first4=Abraham Jorge |last5=Bushell |first5=Adam |last6=Herrera-Gómez |first6=Alberto |last7=Kurokawa |first7=Akira |last8=Thissen |first8=Andreas |last9=Thomas |first9=Andrew G. |last10=Britton |first10=Andrew J. |last11=Bernasik |first11=Andrzej |last12=Fuchs |first12=Anne |last13=Baddorf |first13=Arthur P. |last14=Bock |first14=Bernd |last15=Theilacker |first15=Bill |date=2020-12-01 |title=Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene |journal=Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=063208 |bibcode=2020JVSTA..38f3208R |doi=10.1116/6.0000577 |issn=0734-2101 |pmc=7688089 |pmid=33281279}}</ref> [[Auger electron spectroscopy]] (AES),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=K. J. |last2=Moon |first2=D. W. |last3=Park |first3=C. J. |last4=Simons |first4=D. |last5=Gillen |first5=G. |last6=Jin |first6=H. |last7=Kang |first7=H. J. |date=August 2007 |title=Quantitative surface analysis of FeNi alloy films by XPS, AES and SIMS |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sia.2575 |journal=Surface and Interface Analysis |language=en |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=665–673 |doi=10.1002/sia.2575 |s2cid=97604429}}</ref> and [[Physics:Secondary ion mass spectrometry|secondary ion mass spectrometry]] (SIMS).<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Aoyagi |first1=Satoka |last2=Fujiwara |first2=Yukio |last3=Takano |first3=Akio |last4=Vorng |first4=Jean-Luc |last5=Gilmore |first5=Ian S. |last6=Wang |first6=Yung-Chen |last7=Tallarek |first7=Elke |last8=Hagenhoff |first8=Birgit |last9=Iida |first9=Shin-ichi |last10=Luch |first10=Andreas |last11=Jungnickel |first11=Harald |last12=Lang |first12=Yusheng |last13=Shon |first13=Hyun Kyong |last14=Lee |first14=Tae Geol |last15=Li |first15=Zhanping |date=2021-03-09 |title=Evaluation of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Spectra of Peptides by Random Forest with Amino Acid Labels: Results from a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards Interlaboratory Study |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04577 |url-status=live |journal=Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=93 |issue=9 |pages=4191–4197 |doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04577 |issn=0003-2700 |pmid=33635050 |s2cid=232057011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200247/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04577 |archive-date=2022-10-10 |access-date=2022-10-10}}</ref> Its endeavours have led to the emergence of new materials and technologies and fostered international collaboration in research and development.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seah MP, Kingdom U, Powell CJ |date=1985 |title=The Coordinated Development of Standards for Surface Chemical Analysis |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-6c47724489c7e43491c22b44e200fb85/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-6c47724489c7e43491c22b44e200fb85.pdf |url-status=live |journal= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200934/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-6c47724489c7e43491c22b44e200fb85/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-6c47724489c7e43491c22b44e200fb85.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |access-date=2022-10-10}}</ref>
 
More than 85 national, regional or international standards, 50 VAMAS reports, 5 ISO technology trends assessments (TTA), and 600 publications were resulted from VAMAS work.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=VAMAS - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards |url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/committee/04/54/45430.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=ISO |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325234132/https://www.iso.org/committee/45430.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=C. J. Powell and R. Shimizu |date=1988 |title=Importance of VAMAS and ISO in Developing Reference Standards and Documentary Standards for Practical Surface Analysis |url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/importance-vamas-and-iso-developing-reference-standards-and-documentary-standards |journal=NIST |pages=1–6 |access-date=2022-10-10 |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200248/https://www.nist.gov/publications/importance-vamas-and-iso-developing-reference-standards-and-documentary-standards |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== Structure ==

=== Steering Committee ===
VAMAS has a Steering Committee and a Technical Working Groups, with the latter responsible for conducting research cooperation activities in each technical field and managing research projects. The majority of joint research themes adopted by the Steering Committee focus on standardising testing and evaluation techniques. The Steering Committee, which includes representatives from Member States and the European Commission, has approves the launch of several sector working parties to promote the use of advanced materials in high-technology products and encourage international trade. This can be achieved through either national experts agreeing on compatible standards or through multilateral research to establish scientific and metrological bases for standardisation.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) |url=http://www.vamas.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010173752/http://www.vamas.org/ |archive-date=2022-10-10 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.vamas.org}}</ref>

The Steering Committee has a Chair and secretariat both from the same host institute, and they are elected every 5 years. The secretariat publishes announcements of the Technical Working Group's activities. The Steering Committee meets annually.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} 

=== Technical work areas ===
VAMAS technical work areas (TWA) are list for '''active'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAMAS - Active Technical Working Areas |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa/active.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325234140/http://www.vamas.org/twa/active.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAMAS - Completed Technical Working Areas |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa/completed.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200248/http://www.vamas.org/twa/completed.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|1    Wear Test Methods
|'''2    [[Physics:Surface science|Surface Chemical Analysis]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface Chemical Analysis |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa2/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111122/http://www.vamas.org/twa2/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|3    Ceramics for Structural  Applications<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=George D. |date=2002-01-01 |title=The Fracture Toughness Round Robins in VAMAS: What We Have Learned |url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/fracture-toughness-round-robins-vamas-what-we-have-learned |journal=NIST |language=en |access-date=2023-03-25 |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124121504/https://www.nist.gov/publications/fracture-toughness-round-robins-vamas-what-we-have-learned |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|4     Multiphase Polymers
|'''5    Polymer Composites'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polymer Composites |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa5/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2017-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225104901/http://www.vamas.org/twa5/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|6    [[Physics:Superconductivity|Superconducting]] and  Cryogenic Structural Materials
|-
|7     Biomaterials
|8    Hot Salt [[Chemistry:Corrosion|Corrosion]]  Resistance
|9    Weld Characteristics
|-
|10    Computerised Materials  Data
|11   [[Physics:Creep (deformation)|Creep Crack Growth]]
|12    Efficient Test Procedures  for Polymers
|-
|13    [[Engineering:Low-cycle fatigue|Low Cycle Fatigue]]
|14   Unified Classification  System for Advanced Ceramics
|15    Metal Matrix Composites
|-
|'''16   [[Physics:Superconductor|Superconducting Materials]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superconducting Materials |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa16/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111128/http://www.vamas.org/twa16/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|17   Cryogenic Structural Materials
|18    Statistical Techniques  for Interlaboratory Studies
|-
|19    High-Temperature Fracture  of Brittle Materials
|20   [[Physics:Residual stress|Residual Stress]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agency |first=International Atomic Energy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLVRAAAAMAAJ |title=Measurement of Residual Stress in Materials Using Neutrons: Proceedings of a Technical Meeting Held in Vienna, 13-17 October, 2003 |date=2005 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |isbn=978-92-0-106305-2 |language=en}}</ref>
|21    Mechanical Measurements  for [[Chemistry:Cemented carbide|Hardmetals]]
|-
|22   Mechanical Properties of  Thin Films and Coatings
|23   Thermal Properties of  [[Physics:Thin film|Thin Films]]
|'''24   Performance Related Properties of Electroceramics'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance Related Properties for Electroceramics |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa24/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111128/http://www.vamas.org/twa24/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|25    Creep, Fatigue Crack  Growth in Components
|26   Full Field Optical Stress  and Strain Measurement
|27    Characterisation Methods  for Ceramic Powders and Green Bodies
|-
|28   Quantitative [[Physics:Mass spectrometry|Mass Spectrometry]] of Synthetic Polymers
|29   Nanomechanics applied to  Scanning Probe Microscopy
|30    [[Engineering:Tissue engineering|Tissue Engineering]]
|-
|'''31    [[Physics:Creep (deformation)|Creep]], Crack and [[Fatigue (material)|Fatigue]] Growth in Weldments'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crack growth in Weldments under Creep/Fatigue Loading |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa31/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111133/http://www.vamas.org/twa31/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gibbons |first=T.B. |date=1992-05-01 |title=The VAMAS initiative on advanced materials and standards: A unified approach to creep crack growth measurement |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09603409.1992.11689402 |journal=Materials at High Temperatures |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=66–68 |bibcode=1992MaHT...10...66G |doi=10.1080/09603409.1992.11689402 |issn=0960-3409}}</ref>
|32   Modulus Measurements
|'''33    [[Physics:Polymer nanocomposite|Polymer Nanocomposites]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polymer Nanocomposites |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa33/index.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.vamas.org}}</ref>
|-
|'''34    Nanoparticle Populations'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanoparticle Populations |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa34/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111121/http://www.vamas.org/twa34/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Minelli |first1=Caterina |last2=Wywijas |first2=Magdalena |last3=Bartczak |first3=Dorota |last4=Cuello-Nuñez |first4=Susana |last5=Infante |first5=Heidi Goenaga |last6=Deumer |first6=Jerome |last7=Gollwitzer |first7=Christian |last8=Krumrey |first8=Michael |last9=Murphy |first9=Karen E. |last10=Johnson |first10=Monique E. |last11=Bustos |first11=Antonio R. Montoro |last12=Strenge |first12=Ingo H. |last13=Faure |first13=Bertrand |last14=Høghøj |first14=Peter |last15=Tong |first15=Vivian |date=2022-03-24 |title=Versailles project on advanced materials and standards (VAMAS) interlaboratory study on measuring the number concentration of colloidal gold nanoparticles |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/nr/d1nr07775a |url-status=live |journal=Nanoscale |language=en |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=4690–4704 |doi=10.1039/D1NR07775A |issn=2040-3372 |pmid=35262538 |s2cid=247316593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200247/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/nr/d1nr07775a |archive-date=2022-10-10 |access-date=2022-10-10|hdl=10044/1/95893 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|35   Materials Databases  Interoperability
|'''36    Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa36/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111118/http://www.vamas.org/twa36/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|'''37    Quantitative Microstructural Analysis'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quantitative Microstructural Analysis |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa37/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111118/http://www.vamas.org/twa37/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|38    Thermoelectric Materials
|'''39    [[Engineering:Solid sorbents for carbon capture|Solid Sorbents]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solid Sorbents |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa39/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111128/http://www.vamas.org/twa39/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|'''40    Synthetic Biomaterials'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synthetic Biomaterials |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa40/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111119/http://www.vamas.org/twa40/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|'''41    [[Physics:Graphene|Graphene]] and Related 2D Materials'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Graphene and Related 2D Materials |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa41/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111128/http://www.vamas.org/twa41/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|'''42    [[Physics:Raman spectroscopy|Raman Spectroscopy]] and [[Engineering:Raman microscope|Microscopy]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa42/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017114409/http://www.vamas.org/twa42/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|'''43    Thermal Properties'''<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Thermal Poperties |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa43/index.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.vamas.org |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111128/http://www.vamas.org/twa43/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|'''44    Self-Healing Ceramics'''
|'''45    [[Earth:Microplastics|Micro]] and Nano Plastics in the Environment'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Micro and Nano Plastics in the Environment |url=http://www.vamas.org/twa45/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.vamas.org}}</ref>
|}
 
=== International Interlaboratory Comparison ===
International Interlaboratory Comparison is a method of ensuring the accuracy and reliability of testing results by comparing the measurements made by different laboratories worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tachikawa |first1=K. |last2=Koyama |first2=S. |last3=Takahashi |first3=S. |last4=Itoh |first4=K. |date=June 1995 |title=The VAMAS intercomparison on the upper critical field measurement in Nb-Ti wire |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/402606 |url-status=live |journal=IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=536–539 |bibcode=1995ITAS....5..536T |doi=10.1109/77.402606 |issn=1558-2515 |s2cid=38776704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200248/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/402606/ |archive-date=2022-10-10 |access-date=2022-10-10}}</ref> In this method, a sample is sent to multiple laboratories in [[Round-robin test|round-robin tests]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Round Robin Test and Interlaboratory Comparison Program - SPEKTRA |url=https://www.spektra-dresden.com/en/dienstleistungen/round-robin-tests.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.spektra-dresden.com |language=en}}</ref> and each laboratory measures the same sample using their respective methods and equipment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Piers |last2=Paton |first2=Keith R |last3=Legge |first3=Elizabeth J |last4=de Luna Bugallo |first4=Andres |last5=Rocha-Robledo |first5=A K S |last6=Zahab |first6=Ahmed-Azmi |last7=Centeno |first7=Alba |last8=Sacco |first8=Alessio |last9=Pesquera |first9=Amaia |last10=Zurutuza |first10=Amaia |last11=Rossi |first11=Andrea Mario |last12=Tran |first12=Diana N H |last13=L Silva |first13=Diego |last14=Losic |first14=Dusan |last15=Farivar |first15=Farzaneh |date=2022-05-20 |title=International interlaboratory comparison of Raman spectroscopic analysis of CVD-grown graphene |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ac6cf3 |journal=2D Materials |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=035010 |bibcode=2022TDM.....9c5010T |doi=10.1088/2053-1583/ac6cf3 |issn=2053-1583 |s2cid=248654909}}</ref> The results are then compared to identify any differences or discrepancies, and to evaluate the consistency and reliability of the methods used by each laboratory.<ref name=":5" /> This process helps to ensure that the testing and measurement methods used by laboratories are accurate, and that the results obtained can be trusted and used confidently.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guthrie |first=William F. |date=2007-12-10 |title=Interlaboratory Comparisons |url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/interlaboratory-comparisons |journal=NIST |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=RUDOLPH |first1=NATALIE |last2=RIEDL |first2=MILENA |date=2021-02-14 |title=Why We Participate in Round Robin Tests and Why You Should Too |url=https://analyzing-testing.netzsch.com/en/blog/2021/why-we-participate-in-round-robin-tests-and-why-you-should-too |website=NETZSCH}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last1=Sjövall |first1=P. |last2=Rading |first2=D. |last3=Ray |first3=S. |last4=Yang |first4=L. |last5=Shard |first5=A. G. |date=2010-01-21 |title=Sample Cooling or Rotation Improves C 60 Organic Depth Profiles of Multilayered Reference Samples: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp9095216 |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B |language=en |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=769–774 |doi=10.1021/jp9095216 |issn=1520-6106 |pmid=20020719 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200249/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp9095216 |archive-date=2022-10-10 |access-date=2022-10-10}}</ref>
 
== References ==
<references /> __NOTOC__
[[Category:Research institutes]]

{{Sourceattribution|VAMAS}}