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{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to computer programming}}
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The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming:

'''[[Computer programming]]''' &ndash; process that leads from an original formulation of a [[Computing|computing]] problem to [[Executable|executable]] computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, [[Software verification|verification]] of requirements of algorithms including their [[Correctness (computer science)|correctness]] and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding<ref>{{cite web| author=Shaun Bebbington| year=2014| url=http://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-coding| title=What is coding| access-date=2014-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=Shaun Bebbington| year=2014| url=http://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-programming| title=What is programming| access-date=2014-03-03}}</ref>) of algorithms in a target [[Programming language|programming language]]. [[Source code]] is written in one or more [[Programming language|programming language]]s. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.

==History==
*[[History of computer science]]
*[[History of computing hardware]]
**[[History of computing hardware (1960s–present)]]
*[[History of programming languages]]
**[[Timeline of programming languages]]
*[[Computer programming in the punched card era]]
*Operating systems timeline

==Platforms==
{{further|Computing platform}}
*[[Computer]]
*[[Computer hardware]]
**[[Analog computer]]
***[[Analytical Engine]]
**Digital computer
***Vacuum-tube computer
****[[Engineering:List of vacuum-tube computers|List of vacuum-tube computers]]
***[[Engineering:Transistor computer|Transistor computer]]
****[[Engineering:List of transistorized computers|List of transistorized computers]]
***[[Mainframe computer|Mainframe]]
***[[Minicomputer]]
***[[Microcomputer]]
****Home computers
****IBM PC compatible
****[[Engineering:Personal computer|Personal computer]]
*****[[Engineering:Desktop computer|Desktop computer]]
*****Laptop computer
***Mobile computer
****[[Social:Personal digital assistant|Personal digital assistant]] (PDA)
****[[Engineering:Smartphone|Smartphone]]
****[[Engineering:Tablet computer|Tablet computer]]
****[[Wearable computer]]
***[[Server (computing)|Server]]
***[[Supercomputer]]
*[[Virtual machine]]
**[[Hardware virtualization]]
**[[Runtime system]]

==Paradigms==
{{further|Programming paradigm}}
*[[Agent-oriented programming|Agent-oriented]]
*[[Aspect-oriented programming|Aspect-oriented]]
*[[Automata-based programming|Automata-based]]
*[[Data-driven programming|Data-driven]]
*[[Declarative programming|Declarative]] (as opposed to imperative programming)
**[[Constraint programming|Constraint]]
***[[Constraint logic programming|Constraint logic]]
****[[Concurrent constraint logic programming|Concurrent constraint logic]]
**[[Dataflow programming|Dataflow]]
***[[Flow-based programming|Flow-based]] (FBP)
***[[Reactive programming|Reactive]]
**[[Functional programming|Functional]]
***[[Functional logic programming|Functional logic]]
***[[Purely functional programming|Purely functional]]
**[[Logic programming|Logic]]
***[[Abductive logic programming|Abductive logic]]
***[[Answer set programming|Answer set]]
***[[Concurrent logic programming|Concurrent logic]]
***[[Functional logic programming|Functional logic]]
***[[Inductive logic programming|Inductive logic]]
*[[Event-driven programming|Event-driven]]
**[[Time-driven programming|Time-driven]]
*[[Expression-oriented programming language|Expression-oriented]]
*Feature-oriented
*[[Function-level programming|Function-level]] (as opposed to value-level programming)
*[[Generic programming|Generic]]
*[[Imperative programming|Imperative]] (as opposed to declarative programming)
**[[Literate programming|Literate]]
**[[Procedural programming|Procedural]]
*[[Inductive programming]]
*[[Language-oriented programming|Language-oriented]] (LOP)
**Natural language programming
**[[Intentional programming|Intentional]]
*[[Non-structured programming|Non-structured]] (as opposed to [[Structured programming|Structured]])
**[[Array programming|Array]]
*[[Nondeterministic programming|Nondeterministic]]
*[[Process-oriented programming|Process-oriented]]
*[[Role-oriented programming|Role-oriented]]
*Semantic-oriented (SOP)
*[[Structured programming|Structured]] (as opposed to non-structured programming)
**[[Block (programming)|Block-structured]]
**[[Modular programming|Modular]]
***[[Concurrent computing]]
****[[Relativistic programming]]
**[[Object-oriented programming|Object-oriented]] (OOP)
***[[Class-based programming|Class-based]]
***[[Concurrent object-oriented programming|Concurrent OOP]]
***[[Prototype-based programming|Prototype-based]]
***[[Subject-oriented programming|Subject-oriented]]
*[[Tacit programming|Tacit]]
*[[Value-level programming|Value-level]] (as opposed to function-level programming)
*[[Probabilistic programming language|Probabilistic]]
*Concept

==Writing programs==
*[[Pseudocode]]

===Methodology===
{{further|Programming style}}
*[[Array programming]]
*[[End-user development]]
*[[Metaprogramming]]
**[[Automatic programming]]
**[[Reflection (computer programming)|Reflection]]
***[[Attribute-oriented programming]] (AOP)
**[[Homoiconicity]]
**[[Template metaprogramming]]
***[[Policy-based design]]
**[[Service-oriented architecture]]
***[[Service-oriented modeling]]
*[[Recursion (computer science)|Recursion]]
*[[Separation of concerns]]
*[[Threaded code|Threaded coding]]

==Algorithms==
{{further|Algorithm}}
*[[List of algorithms]]
*[[List of algorithm general topics]]
*[[Algorithm characterizations]]
**[[Introduction to Algorithms]]
*[[Theory of computation]]
**[[Computational complexity theory]]
***[[Analysis of algorithms]]
****[[Empirical algorithmics]]
****[[Big O notation]]
****[[Algorithmic efficiency]]
**[[Algorithmic information theory]]
***[[Algorithmic probability]]
***[[Algorithmically random sequence]]
*[[Search algorithm]]
*[[Sorting algorithm]]
*[[Merge algorithm]]
*String algorithms
*[[Greedy algorithm]]
*[[Reduction (complexity)|Reduction]]
*[[Sequential algorithm]]
*[[Parallel algorithm]]
**[[Distributed algorithm]]
*[[Deterministic algorithm]]
*[[Randomized algorithm]]
*[[Quantum algorithm]]

==Programming languages==
[[Programming language]] &ndash; formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.
*[[Generational list of programming languages]]
*[[List of programming languages by type]]
*Alphabetical list of programming languages
**[[Compiled language]]
**[[Interpreted language]]
***[[Scripting language]]
*[[Comparison of programming languages]]
*Programming language dialect
*[[Programming language theory]]
**Formal semantics of programming languages
*[[Assembly language]]
*[[Macro (computer science)|Macro]]

===Types of programming languages===
{{further|Programming paradigm}}
*[[Array programming|Array programming language]]
*[[Aspect-oriented programming|Aspect-oriented programming language]]
*[[Class-based programming|Class-based programming language]]
*[[Concatenative programming language]]
*[[Concurrent computing|Concurrent programming language]]
*[[Dataflow programming|Dataflow programming language]]
*[[Declarative programming|Declarative programming language]]
*[[Domain-specific language]]
*[[Dynamic programming language]]
*[[Esoteric programming language]]
*[[Event-driven programming|Event-driven programming language]]
*[[Extensible programming|Extensible programming language]]
*[[Functional programming|Functional programming language]]
*[[High-level programming language]]
*[[Imperative programming|Imperative programming language]]
*[[Interpreted language]]
*[[Logic programming|Logic programming language]]
*[[Low-level programming language]]
*[[Machine code|Machine programming language]]
*[[Metaprogramming|Metaprogramming programming language]]
*Multi-paradigm programming language
*[[Non-English-based programming languages|Non-English-based programming language]]
*[[Object-based language]]
*[[Object-oriented programming|Object-oriented programming language]]
*[[Off-side rule|Off-side rule programming language]]
*Pipeline programming language
*[[Procedural programming|Procedural programming language]]
*[[Prototype-based programming|Prototype-based programming language]]
*[[Reflection (computer programming)|Reflective programming language]]
*[[Rule-based system|Rule-based programming language]]
*[[Synchronous programming language]]
*[[Very high-level programming language]]
*[[Visual programming language]]

===Popular languages===
The top 20 most popular programming languages {{as of|2022|December|lc=y}}:<ref>{{Cite web|title=index {{!}} TIOBE - The Software Quality Company|url=https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/|access-date=2022-12-27|website=www.tiobe.com}}</ref>

#[[Python (programming language)|Python]]
#[[C (programming language)|C]]
#[[C++]]
#[[Java (programming language)|Java]]
#[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
#[[Visual Basic .NET]]
#[[JavaScript]]
#[[SQL]]
#[[Assembly language]]
#[[Organization:PHP|PHP]]
#[[R (programming language)|R]]
#[[Go (programming language)|Go]]
#[[Visual Basic (classic)|Classic Visual Basic]]
#[[Software:MATLAB|MATLAB]]
#[[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]
#[[Object Pascal|Delphi/Object Pascal]]
#[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]
#[[Perl]]
#[[Objective-C]]
#[[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]

=== Anatomy of a programming language ===

* [[Syntax (programming languages)|Syntax]]
** [[Lexical grammar]]
** Semicolons
* [[Value (computer science)|Value]]s
* [[Data type|Type]]s
* [[Operator (computer programming)|Operator]]s
* Program structures
** [[Variable (computer science)|Variable]]s
** [[Expression (computer science)|Expression]]s
** [[Statement (computer science)|Statement]]s
** [[Reserved word|Keywords and reserved words]]
** [[Structured programming#Control structures|Control structures]]
*** [[Subroutine]]s (also known as functions)
**** [[Anonymous function]]s
*** Loops
**** [[For loop]]s
**** [[While loop]]s
*** [[Conditional (computer programming)|Conditional]]s
**** [[Conditional (computer programming)#If–then(–else)|If-then]]
**** [[Conditional (computer programming)#If–then(–else)|If-then-else]]
**** [[Switch statement|Case and switch statements]]
* [[Control flow]]
* [[Data structure]]s
** [[Object (computer science)|Object]]s
** [[Array data structure|Array]]s
* [[Regular expression]]s

=== Comparisons of programming languages ===

[[Comparison of programming languages|Programming language comparisons]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages|General comparison]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages (syntax)|Basic syntax]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)|Basic instructions]]
* [[Exception handling syntax|Exception handling]]
* [[Enumerated type#Pascal and syntactically similar languages|Enumerated types]]
* [[Anonymous function#Examples|Anonymous functions]]
* [[?:|Conditional expressions]]
* Functional instructions
* [[Comparison of programming languages (array)|Arrays]]
* Associative arrays
* [[Comparison of programming languages (strings)|String operations]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages (string functions)|String functions]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages (list comprehension)|List comprehension]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)|Object-oriented programming]]
* [[Constructor (object-oriented programming)|Object-oriented constructors]]
* [[While loop#Demonstrating while loops|While loops]]
* [[For loop#Timeline of the for-loop syntax in various programming languages|For loops]]
* [[Evaluation strategy]]
* List of "Hello World" programs
*Languages with dependent types
*Comparison of type systems

==== Comparisons of individual languages ====
* [[Comparison of the Java and .NET platforms|Java and .NET platforms]]
* [[ALGOL 58#ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60|ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60]]
* [[ALGOL 60#CITEREFDijkstra1961|ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages]]
* [[Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++]]
* [[ALGOL 68#Comparisons with other languages|ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages]]
* [[Compatibility of C and C++]]
* [[Comparison of Pascal and Delphi|Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi]]
* [[Comparison of Object Pascal and C]]
* [[Comparison of Pascal and C]]
* [[Comparison of Java and C++]]
* [[Comparison of C Sharp and Java|Comparison of C# and Java]]
* Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
* Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET

==Compilation==
{{further|Compiler}}
*[[Programmer]]
*[[Source code]]
**[[Parsing]]
*[[Compiler|Compilation]]
**[[Preprocessor|Preprocessing]]
**Translation
***[[Assembler (computing)|Assembly]]
**[[Linker (computing)|Linking]]
**Compiler optimization
**[[Compilation error]]

==Software==
*[[Computer program]]
**Hello world (a common form of example program for learning programmers)
*Application software
**Software suite
**Database management system
*Programming software
**Programming tool
***[[Software:Text editor|Text editor]]
****[[Software:Source code editor|Source code editor]]
*****[[Integrated development environment]] (IDE)
***[[Assembly language#Assembler|Assembler]]
***[[Compiler]]
***[[Interpreter (computing)|Interpreter]]
***[[Linker (computing)|Linker]]
***[[Debugger]]
*[[Software:System software|System software]]

===Components===
*Instruction
*[[Library (computing)|Library]]
*[[Application programming interface]] (API)

===Software development===
* [[Outline of software development|Software development]]
** [[Software development process]]
***[[Debugging]]
****[[Human error]]
** Software development methodology
*** [[Agile software development]]
*** [[Extreme programming]]

===Software engineering===
[[Outline of software engineering|Software engineering]] &ndash; 
* [[Implementation]]
* Execution
* [[Software architecture]]
* Software reliability
* [[Software quality]]
* [[Software testing]]
* [[Software maintenance]]
* Software optimization
* [[Software brittleness]]

== See also ==
* [[Outline of computers]]
** [[Outline of computing]]
*** [[Outline of computer science]]
**** [[Outline of artificial intelligence]]
**** [[Outline of cryptography]]
*** [[Outline of the Internet]]
**** [[Biology:Outline of Google|Outline of Google]]
*** [[Biology:Outline of software|Outline of software]]
**** Types of software
***** [[Biology:Outline of free software|Outline of free software]]
***** [[Engineering:Outline of search engines|Outline of search engines]]
**** [[Outline of software development]]
***** [[Outline of software engineering]]
***** [[Outline of web design and web development]]
***** Outline of computer programming
****** Programming languages
******* [[Outline of C++]]
******* [[Outline of Perl]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[http://www.openbookproject.net/thinkcs/ How to Think Like a Computer Scientist] - by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey and Chris Meyers


[[Category:Computer programming| ]]
[[Category:Computing-related lists|Programming topics]]
[[Category:Outlines of sciences|Computer programming]]
[[Category:Outlines|Computer programming]]

{{Sourceattribution|Outline of computer programming}}